高考英语书面表达概要写作微技能之全文主旨归纳课件(共19张PPT)
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| 名称 | 高考英语书面表达概要写作微技能之全文主旨归纳课件(共19张PPT) |  | |
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2021-11-16 08:09:06 | ||
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(共19张PPT)
概要写作微技能之主旨归纳
概要写作微技能之主旨归纳1
主旨归纳是概要写作的第一步，包括对全文主旨的归纳和对段落主旨的归纳。
一、全文主旨归纳
1. 常见问题
直接逐段阅读归纳各段主旨，忽略语篇整体。
2. 正确做法
全文主旨是语篇的核心，各段主旨正是围绕这一核心展开。概要写作前从整体阅读文本入手，分析文章结构，理清段间关系，从而把握全文主旨，有利于下一步各段主旨的确定与支持信息的筛选。
3.实例分析
（1）思一思
整体阅读下文，分析文章结构，想一想全文主旨是首段的第一句还是But后的句子？为什么？
The best way to manage anger is by dealing with it directly — you must learn to express your anger in a healthy and helpful way. Expressing yourself when you are very angry can be difficult. But it can be very helpful. When you can express your needs, you are taking control of your own emotions. And more importantly, you feel like you are solving the problem. Then you feel better about yourself.
But there are things you should remember when you express your needs when angry. First, stay calm when you are expressing yourself. It is also important to be clear and direct when you express yourself. You should also show respect for the other person.
Be sure not to blame other people. Blaming other people can lead to arguing and fighting. Instead, you should express your anger by saying what you are feeling. For example, you should use “I statements”, which are simple sentences that state how a person feels. You should not say “You never help me clean the home”! Instead, you could say “I am angry that you did not offer to help me clean the home”.
When you are expressing your anger, you should remember to think about the other people who are involved in the situation. Try to look at the situation from the other person's point of view. Often, when you look at a situation in this way, you can admit that you are not always being fair and your anger is not being helpful. You cannot always control what other people do or what happens around them. But you can control the way you react!
Don’t let your anger build up inside of you! As a wise man once said, “It's not good for me to hold on to anger. I am the only one that is really hurting.”
（1）思一思
答题解析：本文为总分总结构，首段第一句The best way to manage anger is by dealing with it directly — you must learn to express your anger in a healthy and helpful way.为主旨句。
这句话意为：对付愤怒的最佳方法是学会用健康而有助的方式把它表达出来。But it can be very helpful. 说明表达出自己的愤怒很有帮助。文章的第二、三、四段讲几种健康而有助表达愤怒的方式，第五段则强调了第一句的观点：不要积压愤怒，要表达出来。可以看出其它几段支撑的都是是首段第一句观点，即愤怒要用合适的方式表达出来，没有进一步说明表达出愤怒的益处，所以全文主旨在首段第一句，而不是But后的句子 。
全文主旨受到其它段落支撑，同时影响其它段落主旨。
（2）试一试
你能用以上学到的方法归纳下文主旨吗？
Retirement is the point where a person stops employment completely．The "standard" retirement age varies from country to country, but it is generally between 50 and 70, according to the latest statistics, 2011．However, for a long time, people have got into an argument about whether the age of retirement should be increased or reduced in their own countries．
There are several arguments for allowing older people to continue working as long as they are able．Many people think that older employees have a large amount of knowledge and experience which can be lost to a business or organization if they are made to retire．Besides, older employees are often extremely faithful employees and are more willing to carry out company policies than the young．A more important point is regarding the attitudes in society to old people．To force someone to resign or retire at 60 or 65 indicates that the society does not value the input of these people and that effectively their useful life is over．
Allowing old people to work indefinitely （无限地）, however, is not always a good policy．Some people took the strong view that age alone is no guarantee of ability．Many young employees have more experience or skills than older staff, who may have been stuck in one area for most of their working lives．Having compulsory retirement allows new ideas in an organization．On the other hand, older people should be rewarded by society for their life' s labor by being given generous pensions and the freedom to enjoy leisure．They can have time to do whatever they like, that is, they can have their own plans or roles and achieve their retirement goals．
With many young people unemployed or frustrated in low-level positions, there are often calls to compulsorily retire older workers．However, this can affect the older individual' s freedom and right to work．In my opinion, giving workers more choices over their retirement age will benefit society and the individual．
（2）试一试
答题解析：本文主旨为 For a long time, people have got into an argument about whether the age of retirement should be increased or reduced in their own countries．
文章为总分结构。第一段先导出退休年龄这个话题，段尾指出长久以来，人们对于在本国要增加还是降低退休年龄有不同看法。第二、三段主要讲两种不同的看法及其理由，最后一段作者提出了自己的看法。二、三、四段都是支撑第一段的最后一句，所以该句为全文主旨。
（3）辨一辨
请归纳以下文本的主旨，你能说出本文的主旨归纳与以上两个例子有何不同吗？
Biodiversity is the range of living things in an area. During the last 100 years, scientists have seen a great decline in biodiversity. This means a great loss for humans as the stewards (管家) of the planet Earth. Some studies show that one in eight plant species is threatened with extinction. It is estimated that 140, 000 species of plants are lost each year. Many of these lost plants could have been very useful in creating new drugs to fight against diseases.
Most of the extinctions in the last thousand years are due to humans. The main cause is the cutting down of tropical rain forests. These habitats are being turned into pasture(牧场) , cropland, and fruit gardens. Most of this destruction is done to create pasture for beef cattle. It is also done to make wheat for bread as well as fruit for human consumption.
The introduction of exotic (外来) species is another threat. When exotic species are introduced to a habitat, they try to establish a population to be continued by themselves. Then they threaten the local species. They rob the local species of nutrients. Because the local species haven’t had a chance to gradually change and develop, they often lack defenses. They cannot compete against the exotic species. Actually, the rich diversity across the world exists only because of barriers. The main barriers are seas and oceans. These barriers could never be crossed by natural means. But since humans invented ships and airplanes, it is now possible for species to meet. There is no time for them to adapt, but humans continue to combine species from different regions. The world’s ecosystems will soon be dominated(主宰) by very few, aggressive super-species.
In order to settle these problems, people need to minimize their consumption. They need to consume less beef and other products that require damage to the natural environment. Also, governments need to make strict rules against destroying natural land and introducing exotic species.
（3）辨一辨
答题解析：本文主旨为During the last 100 years, scientists have seen a great decline in biodiversity due to different reasons，so both government and people need to find ways to solve the problem.
这篇文章为总分总结构。首段提出近百年来生物多样性大大减少，第二、三两段说明原因，最后一段提出解决办法。文章不仅呈现了问题、原因，还提出解决方法，所以与前两个例子不同的是，全文主旨没有现成的主旨句，需要通过整合各段主要内容得出。
当全文主旨没有现成的主旨句时，需要通过整合各段主要内容得出。
4.全文主旨归纳建议
（1）高考英语概要写作原文倾向于议论和说明文体。这两类文章的全文主旨通常位于文章首段，但也有可能位于中间或尾段，还可能需要通过整合各段主要内容得出。
（2）概要写作第一步整体阅读主要着眼于分析文章结构，明确段间关系。全文主旨通常受到其它各段的支撑或与其它各段有着密切的逻辑关系。
5.课后微练
整体阅读以下短文，分析文章结构，归纳全文主旨。
(1)
Change is an unavoidable part of everyday life. It happens as time passes or as a consequence of one’s decision. Changes may be positive or negative depending on how we understand them. Whereas some people are happy to live a life of routine, others accept change and prefer a challenging world where events are unpredictable.
From one point of view, people who accept changes think that changes make their life meaningful. Firstly, changes create new opportunities, which make us leap forward. A new job, for instance, might present challenges that push the person to adapt, acquire new knowledge, or add to their skill set. Secondly, a change can represent a break with the past and an old routine which has become boring and predictable. Finally, as well as making life more fun and interesting, new experiences can be good for our physical and mental health. We find that changes can make us experienced and valuable.
On the other hand, people who don’t want to step outside their comfort zone prefer following their daily habits. They feel satisfied with their circumstance. Maybe they are not fond of surprises or confident enough to face new challenges. They believe that staying secure and maintaining the present circumstance is the best way to live life safer. Such people have set times for performing certain functions and do things in the same way all the time. They fear the uncertainty of the unknown and may associate change with negative outcomes. For example, transition in position or status gives people worries as to whether they can manage new task.
Both sides seem to have their own advantages. However, I personally think change is necessary if someone wants to keep up with the fast pace of modern life. Even if some people maintain a form of stability by following a routine, the world keeps spinning and evolving. Without change there would be no life at all. Our lives are actually fueled by change and seeing change as natural and unavoidable will bring us considerable stress relief.
(1)
参考答案：本文为总分结构，全文主旨为第一段的第二句：Changes may be positive or negative depending on how we understand them.
提示：第二段阐述认为changes是meaningful的人对它们的理解、第三段阐述不喜欢changes的人对它们的理解，最后一段作者表明自己的看法及理解，这几段都是支撑文章第二句话，所以全文主旨为changes是积极还是消极取决于我们对它的理解。
(2)
Work is a very important part of life in the United States. When the early immigrants came to this country, they brought the idea that work was the way to God and heaven. This attitude still influences America today. Work is not only important for the salary, but also for social and psychological working, being productive. For most Americans, they are what they do. What happens, then, when a person retires at the age of sixty-five or seventy It’s easy to imagine that retirement is no easy thing. Retirees often feel they are unproductive and no longer needed by others.
Once people retire, they may also get into financial trouble. Many people rely on Social Security checks every month. During their working years, employees contribute a certain percentage of their salaries to the government. When people retire, they receive this money as income. These checks do not provide enough money to live on, however, because prices are increasing very rapidly. After retirement, they have to change their lifestyles. They have to spend carefully to be sure that they can afford to buy food, fuel, and other necessities.
Of course, not all senior citizens feel sad when they are in face of retirement. Working for so many years, they eventually have time to spend with their families or to enjoy their hobbies such as reading, traveling or joining some senior citizen clubs. Some continue to work part time; others choose to do volunteer work like helping young people to get started in new business.
American government is taking steps to ease the problems of retired people. They are building new housing, offering discounts in stores and museums and on buses, and providing other services, such as free courses, food service, and help with housework. It is wise to do so. Retired citizens are an important part of the population and their special needs must be concerned about. After all, everyone will be a senior citizen someday.
(2)
参考答案：本文为总分总结构，全文主旨为Retirement is no easy thing for American people and the government is taking steps to ease the problems of retired people.
提示：第一段先提到工作对美国人的重要性，所以退休对他们而言并非易事。第二段讲退休造成的主要问题，第三段讲也有人认为退休还是给他们带来不少好处的。最后一段讲美国政府针对退休问题采取的措施。文章主要还是围绕退休带来的问题及解决措施展开。
（3）
It's a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus(校园) like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and,of course,the students.It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses,and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away.But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.
There's no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won't be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out!
If campus visits aren't going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you'd like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don't like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn't know unless you actually visit.
Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. It's a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors(顾问)，and it won't cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at . While visiting an online college fair can't take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you'd like to attend.
（3）
参考答案：本文为总分结构，全文主旨为：It's a really good idea to visit colleges you’d like to attend.
提示：本文第一段提出申请大学前有必要去参观一下你想去的学校，以下几段说明不管地点、时间或财力条件是否允许都有必要也可以参观和了解，所以本文的主旨可根据整体概括归纳为：It's a really good idea to visit colleges you'd like to attend.
Thank you for your attention.
Welcome to the next lesson!
End
概要写作微技能之主旨归纳
概要写作微技能之主旨归纳1
主旨归纳是概要写作的第一步，包括对全文主旨的归纳和对段落主旨的归纳。
一、全文主旨归纳
1. 常见问题
直接逐段阅读归纳各段主旨，忽略语篇整体。
2. 正确做法
全文主旨是语篇的核心，各段主旨正是围绕这一核心展开。概要写作前从整体阅读文本入手，分析文章结构，理清段间关系，从而把握全文主旨，有利于下一步各段主旨的确定与支持信息的筛选。
3.实例分析
（1）思一思
整体阅读下文，分析文章结构，想一想全文主旨是首段的第一句还是But后的句子？为什么？
The best way to manage anger is by dealing with it directly — you must learn to express your anger in a healthy and helpful way. Expressing yourself when you are very angry can be difficult. But it can be very helpful. When you can express your needs, you are taking control of your own emotions. And more importantly, you feel like you are solving the problem. Then you feel better about yourself.
But there are things you should remember when you express your needs when angry. First, stay calm when you are expressing yourself. It is also important to be clear and direct when you express yourself. You should also show respect for the other person.
Be sure not to blame other people. Blaming other people can lead to arguing and fighting. Instead, you should express your anger by saying what you are feeling. For example, you should use “I statements”, which are simple sentences that state how a person feels. You should not say “You never help me clean the home”! Instead, you could say “I am angry that you did not offer to help me clean the home”.
When you are expressing your anger, you should remember to think about the other people who are involved in the situation. Try to look at the situation from the other person's point of view. Often, when you look at a situation in this way, you can admit that you are not always being fair and your anger is not being helpful. You cannot always control what other people do or what happens around them. But you can control the way you react!
Don’t let your anger build up inside of you! As a wise man once said, “It's not good for me to hold on to anger. I am the only one that is really hurting.”
（1）思一思
答题解析：本文为总分总结构，首段第一句The best way to manage anger is by dealing with it directly — you must learn to express your anger in a healthy and helpful way.为主旨句。
这句话意为：对付愤怒的最佳方法是学会用健康而有助的方式把它表达出来。But it can be very helpful. 说明表达出自己的愤怒很有帮助。文章的第二、三、四段讲几种健康而有助表达愤怒的方式，第五段则强调了第一句的观点：不要积压愤怒，要表达出来。可以看出其它几段支撑的都是是首段第一句观点，即愤怒要用合适的方式表达出来，没有进一步说明表达出愤怒的益处，所以全文主旨在首段第一句，而不是But后的句子 。
全文主旨受到其它段落支撑，同时影响其它段落主旨。
（2）试一试
你能用以上学到的方法归纳下文主旨吗？
Retirement is the point where a person stops employment completely．The "standard" retirement age varies from country to country, but it is generally between 50 and 70, according to the latest statistics, 2011．However, for a long time, people have got into an argument about whether the age of retirement should be increased or reduced in their own countries．
There are several arguments for allowing older people to continue working as long as they are able．Many people think that older employees have a large amount of knowledge and experience which can be lost to a business or organization if they are made to retire．Besides, older employees are often extremely faithful employees and are more willing to carry out company policies than the young．A more important point is regarding the attitudes in society to old people．To force someone to resign or retire at 60 or 65 indicates that the society does not value the input of these people and that effectively their useful life is over．
Allowing old people to work indefinitely （无限地）, however, is not always a good policy．Some people took the strong view that age alone is no guarantee of ability．Many young employees have more experience or skills than older staff, who may have been stuck in one area for most of their working lives．Having compulsory retirement allows new ideas in an organization．On the other hand, older people should be rewarded by society for their life' s labor by being given generous pensions and the freedom to enjoy leisure．They can have time to do whatever they like, that is, they can have their own plans or roles and achieve their retirement goals．
With many young people unemployed or frustrated in low-level positions, there are often calls to compulsorily retire older workers．However, this can affect the older individual' s freedom and right to work．In my opinion, giving workers more choices over their retirement age will benefit society and the individual．
（2）试一试
答题解析：本文主旨为 For a long time, people have got into an argument about whether the age of retirement should be increased or reduced in their own countries．
文章为总分结构。第一段先导出退休年龄这个话题，段尾指出长久以来，人们对于在本国要增加还是降低退休年龄有不同看法。第二、三段主要讲两种不同的看法及其理由，最后一段作者提出了自己的看法。二、三、四段都是支撑第一段的最后一句，所以该句为全文主旨。
（3）辨一辨
请归纳以下文本的主旨，你能说出本文的主旨归纳与以上两个例子有何不同吗？
Biodiversity is the range of living things in an area. During the last 100 years, scientists have seen a great decline in biodiversity. This means a great loss for humans as the stewards (管家) of the planet Earth. Some studies show that one in eight plant species is threatened with extinction. It is estimated that 140, 000 species of plants are lost each year. Many of these lost plants could have been very useful in creating new drugs to fight against diseases.
Most of the extinctions in the last thousand years are due to humans. The main cause is the cutting down of tropical rain forests. These habitats are being turned into pasture(牧场) , cropland, and fruit gardens. Most of this destruction is done to create pasture for beef cattle. It is also done to make wheat for bread as well as fruit for human consumption.
The introduction of exotic (外来) species is another threat. When exotic species are introduced to a habitat, they try to establish a population to be continued by themselves. Then they threaten the local species. They rob the local species of nutrients. Because the local species haven’t had a chance to gradually change and develop, they often lack defenses. They cannot compete against the exotic species. Actually, the rich diversity across the world exists only because of barriers. The main barriers are seas and oceans. These barriers could never be crossed by natural means. But since humans invented ships and airplanes, it is now possible for species to meet. There is no time for them to adapt, but humans continue to combine species from different regions. The world’s ecosystems will soon be dominated(主宰) by very few, aggressive super-species.
In order to settle these problems, people need to minimize their consumption. They need to consume less beef and other products that require damage to the natural environment. Also, governments need to make strict rules against destroying natural land and introducing exotic species.
（3）辨一辨
答题解析：本文主旨为During the last 100 years, scientists have seen a great decline in biodiversity due to different reasons，so both government and people need to find ways to solve the problem.
这篇文章为总分总结构。首段提出近百年来生物多样性大大减少，第二、三两段说明原因，最后一段提出解决办法。文章不仅呈现了问题、原因，还提出解决方法，所以与前两个例子不同的是，全文主旨没有现成的主旨句，需要通过整合各段主要内容得出。
当全文主旨没有现成的主旨句时，需要通过整合各段主要内容得出。
4.全文主旨归纳建议
（1）高考英语概要写作原文倾向于议论和说明文体。这两类文章的全文主旨通常位于文章首段，但也有可能位于中间或尾段，还可能需要通过整合各段主要内容得出。
（2）概要写作第一步整体阅读主要着眼于分析文章结构，明确段间关系。全文主旨通常受到其它各段的支撑或与其它各段有着密切的逻辑关系。
5.课后微练
整体阅读以下短文，分析文章结构，归纳全文主旨。
(1)
Change is an unavoidable part of everyday life. It happens as time passes or as a consequence of one’s decision. Changes may be positive or negative depending on how we understand them. Whereas some people are happy to live a life of routine, others accept change and prefer a challenging world where events are unpredictable.
From one point of view, people who accept changes think that changes make their life meaningful. Firstly, changes create new opportunities, which make us leap forward. A new job, for instance, might present challenges that push the person to adapt, acquire new knowledge, or add to their skill set. Secondly, a change can represent a break with the past and an old routine which has become boring and predictable. Finally, as well as making life more fun and interesting, new experiences can be good for our physical and mental health. We find that changes can make us experienced and valuable.
On the other hand, people who don’t want to step outside their comfort zone prefer following their daily habits. They feel satisfied with their circumstance. Maybe they are not fond of surprises or confident enough to face new challenges. They believe that staying secure and maintaining the present circumstance is the best way to live life safer. Such people have set times for performing certain functions and do things in the same way all the time. They fear the uncertainty of the unknown and may associate change with negative outcomes. For example, transition in position or status gives people worries as to whether they can manage new task.
Both sides seem to have their own advantages. However, I personally think change is necessary if someone wants to keep up with the fast pace of modern life. Even if some people maintain a form of stability by following a routine, the world keeps spinning and evolving. Without change there would be no life at all. Our lives are actually fueled by change and seeing change as natural and unavoidable will bring us considerable stress relief.
(1)
参考答案：本文为总分结构，全文主旨为第一段的第二句：Changes may be positive or negative depending on how we understand them.
提示：第二段阐述认为changes是meaningful的人对它们的理解、第三段阐述不喜欢changes的人对它们的理解，最后一段作者表明自己的看法及理解，这几段都是支撑文章第二句话，所以全文主旨为changes是积极还是消极取决于我们对它的理解。
(2)
Work is a very important part of life in the United States. When the early immigrants came to this country, they brought the idea that work was the way to God and heaven. This attitude still influences America today. Work is not only important for the salary, but also for social and psychological working, being productive. For most Americans, they are what they do. What happens, then, when a person retires at the age of sixty-five or seventy It’s easy to imagine that retirement is no easy thing. Retirees often feel they are unproductive and no longer needed by others.
Once people retire, they may also get into financial trouble. Many people rely on Social Security checks every month. During their working years, employees contribute a certain percentage of their salaries to the government. When people retire, they receive this money as income. These checks do not provide enough money to live on, however, because prices are increasing very rapidly. After retirement, they have to change their lifestyles. They have to spend carefully to be sure that they can afford to buy food, fuel, and other necessities.
Of course, not all senior citizens feel sad when they are in face of retirement. Working for so many years, they eventually have time to spend with their families or to enjoy their hobbies such as reading, traveling or joining some senior citizen clubs. Some continue to work part time; others choose to do volunteer work like helping young people to get started in new business.
American government is taking steps to ease the problems of retired people. They are building new housing, offering discounts in stores and museums and on buses, and providing other services, such as free courses, food service, and help with housework. It is wise to do so. Retired citizens are an important part of the population and their special needs must be concerned about. After all, everyone will be a senior citizen someday.
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参考答案：本文为总分总结构，全文主旨为Retirement is no easy thing for American people and the government is taking steps to ease the problems of retired people.
提示：第一段先提到工作对美国人的重要性，所以退休对他们而言并非易事。第二段讲退休造成的主要问题，第三段讲也有人认为退休还是给他们带来不少好处的。最后一段讲美国政府针对退休问题采取的措施。文章主要还是围绕退休带来的问题及解决措施展开。
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It's a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus(校园) like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and,of course,the students.It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses,and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away.But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.
There's no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won't be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out!
If campus visits aren't going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you'd like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don't like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn't know unless you actually visit.
Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. It's a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors(顾问)，and it won't cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at . While visiting an online college fair can't take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you'd like to attend.
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参考答案：本文为总分结构，全文主旨为：It's a really good idea to visit colleges you’d like to attend.
提示：本文第一段提出申请大学前有必要去参观一下你想去的学校，以下几段说明不管地点、时间或财力条件是否允许都有必要也可以参观和了解，所以本文的主旨可根据整体概括归纳为：It's a really good idea to visit colleges you'd like to attend.
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