高中英语语法之9情态动词

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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
张道真高中英语语法之·情态动词
目 录
A 常用情态动词的用法
????can,could
????may,might
????must;have to
????shall,should
????will;would
????need,dare
????ought to
????used to
????had better
10 would rather
B 情态动词的反意疑问句用法
C “情态动词+have done”的用法
????must have done与can’t (couldn’t) have done
????may (might) have done
????ought to have done与should have done
????needn’t have done
????had better have done
????would rather have done
????would like / love to have done
学以致用
Unit 9 情 态 动 词
  情态动词表示说话人的某种感情或语气,有自己的词义,但不能单独作谓语,必须与其他动词共同构成谓语。2·1·c·n·j·y
  情态动词没有人称和数的变化(_?????°??????????§°_不加-s),有过去式,但无过去分词。常用的情态动词有can,may,must,ought to,will,shall,would,should,need,dare等。它们的不同形式分别表示请求、允诺、愿望、命令、能力、需要、拒绝等情感和态度。如:
  [表示许可]
  You may come in now. 你现在可以进来。
  [表示能够]
  The schoolbag can hold so many books. 这个书包能装下这么多的书。
  [表示必须]
  You must be here on time. 你必须准时到这儿。
  [表示禁止]
  You mustn't make a friend with such a man. 你绝不能与这样的人交朋友。
  
A 常见情态动词的用法
1. can,could
(1) 表示能力_??????be_a_ble to同义。但在肯定句中could只表示过去有“能力”做,was / were able to表示过去有能力且确实做到了。如:2-1-c-n-j-y
I should have been there, but I could not have the time. 【版权所有:21教育】
我本应该去那儿的,可是我没有时间。
The fire spread _throug_h the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out.
火势很快蔓延到整座宾馆,但大家都逃出来了。
(2) 表示惊异、怀疑、猜测,多用于否定句和疑问句中。如:
  Can this be true? 这有可能是真的吗?
  How can you be so rude? 你怎么能这么粗鲁?
Michael can't be a policeman, for he's much too short. 【出处:21教育名师】
迈克尔不可能是警察,因为他太矮了。
  could可以表示现在和过去,只是可能性比can小。如:
  She could be serious, but I don't think so. 她可能是认真的,但我认为不是这样的。
(3) 表示请求_??????è????????m_ay同义,相当于be allowed to,常用于口语中。could比can语气委婉,回答对方提问时用can。如:
  You can smoke in this room. 你可以在这个房间吸烟。
  —Could I borrow your dictionary? 我能借用你的词典吗?
  —Yes, of course you can. 可以,当然可以。
(4) 用在疑问句、否定句中。对现在的推测,用动词原形;对过去的推测,用have done。如:
  Where can / could he be now? 他现在有可能在哪儿呢?
  It can't be my mother. 那不可能是我母亲。
(5) 用于一些固定结构中。
  cannot...too... 怎么也不过分
  You ca_nnot_b_e too careful in the choice of your friends. 你在选择朋友时,怎么小心也不过分。
  cannot (couldn't) help+doing 情不自禁
When I heard what the little girl said I couldn't help laughing.
当我听见小女孩所讲的事,不禁大笑起来。
  can but 只好,不得不
  We can but agree with him. 我们只好同意他的观点。
  not...if one can help it 如果可能就不做某事
  He won't fight with others if one can help it. 如果可能,他就不会和别人打架了。
(6) can与could的比较:can和could表“能够”与“可能”时,can表真实,could表非真实。如:
[表能够]He c_an_spe_ak English. 他能说英语。He could speak English if necessary.
他在必要时能说英语。
[表可能]You can get the book from the library. 你可以从图书馆借到这本书。
You could get the book from the library if necessary.你在必要时可从图书馆借到这本书。
  表示允许和推测时,could语气较为委婉,含义较不确定。如:
  [表允许]Can I use your pen? 我可以借用你的笔吗?Could I use your pen? (较为委婉)
  [表推测]Can it be true? 那可能是真的吗?
  Could it be true? (较不确定)
  [表不大可能]It can't be true. 那不大可能是真的。It couldn't be true. (较不确定)
  注意:
  could可表示提出委婉的要求,或在否定句、疑问句中表示推测或怀疑,这种情况下不表示时态。如:
  —Could I visit your new house? 我可以看看你的新家吗?
  —Yes, you can. / No, you can't. 是的,可以。/不,不可以。
  He couldn't be a bad man. 他不可能是个坏人。
2. may,might
(1) 表示许可_?????¨è????????é??_述句中,may表示说话人给予的许可。在疑问句或if条件句中,表示征询听话人的许可。might比may语气更加委婉,否定回答用mustn't表示“禁止、不可以”,也可以用can't或may not。如:【来源:21·世纪·教育·网】
  You may keep the novel for two weeks. 这本小说你可以借两个星期。
  —May I take this book out? 我可以把书带出去吗?
  —No, you mustn't / can't. 不,不可以。
(2) 表示可能。表示说话人对所述命题进行推测。否定形式为may not。如:
  That may be true. 那可能是真的。
  —May I take the dictionary away? 我可以把这本词典拿走吗?
  —You__may_n_ot take it away. (=I don't want you to take it away.) 我不允许你把它拿走。
(3) 用于目的状语从句中,含有“为了……”或“以便……”之意。如:
  Study h_ard_th_at you may work better in the future. 为了将来能够更好地工作,努力学习吧。
  They set out early that they might arrive in time. 他们早点动身,以便按时到达。
(4) 表示期望或祝愿。如:
  May you good luck. 祝你好运!
  May you have many more days as happy as this one. 但愿你有更多像今天这么愉快的日子。
(5) may be和maybe
  may be是“情态动词+_?????¨è??be???_的结构,表示“可能有,可能在”,否定式为may not be,maybe是副词,意为“大概,也许,可能”,在句中作状语。如:
  Anne may be right. 安妮可能是对的。
  He may not be right. 他也许不对。
  Maybe Becky is right. 大概贝基是对的。
  注意:
  ① “may well+动词原形” 理所当然。如:
  You may well say so. 你当然可以这样讲。
  ② may as well=had better 最好。如:
  We may as well stay where we are. 我们最好留在原地。
  ③ “may as well+动词原形+as+动词原形” 与其……不如,最好……不要。如:
  You migh_t_as_w_ell throw your money away as lend it to him. 你要是借给他钱,不如把钱扔了。
3. must;have to
(1) must表示必_é????????è°???????_一种主观看法,也表示责任或义务,而have to表示必须时,强调的是客观需要,have to可以用在更多的时态中。如:
  [强调主观看法]
  You must stop smoking. 你必须把烟戒掉。
  [强调客观需要]
  I have to stop the car and wait for the policeman. 我不得不停车等那个警察。
  [表示责任或义务]
  You must obey the rules. 你必须遵守规则。
(2) “must+be+表语”表示推测,它的否定或疑问形式用can代替must。如:
  This must be your pen. 这一定是你的钢笔。
(3) “must+have+过去分词”的结构常用在肯定句中,表示对过去发生的行为的推测。它的否定或疑问形式用can代替must。如:21*cnjy*com
  He must have been to Shanghai. 他一定是去了上海。
(4) have__to?????????_与must相似,两者往往可以互换使用,但have to有多种形式,随have的变化而定。must与have to有下列几点不同:
  must表示说话人的主观看法,而have to往往强调客观需要。如:
  The play is not interesting. I really must go now. 这出戏剧很乏味,现在我要走了。
  I had to work when I was your age. 当我是你这个年龄的时候,我不得不工作。
  must一般只表示现在,have to则有更多的时态形式。
  二者的否定意义不大相同,must的否定式表示“禁止”。如:
  You mustn't go. 你可不要去。
  You don't have to go. 你不必去。
  询问对方的意愿时要用must。如:
  Must I clean all the rooms? 我必须打扫所有房间吗?
  注意:
  回答must引起的问句,如果是否定回答,要用needn't或don't have to。如:
  —Must we hand in our exercises today? 我们今天必须交作业吗?
  —Yes, you must. 是的,必须交。
  —No, you needn't / you don't have to. 不,不必今天交。
4. shall,should
(1) shall用于第一、三人称的疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请求。如:
  Shall we begin our lesson? 我们开始上课,好吗?
  When shall he be able to leave the hospital? 他什么时候可以出院?
(2) shall用于第二、三人称,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。如:
  [警告]
  You shall fail if you don't work harder. 如果你再不努力,你将会失败的。
  [威胁]
  He shall be punished. 他将会受到惩罚。
  [命令]
  The patient shall do what the doctor tells him to do. 病人一定要遵守医嘱。
  [允诺]
Tell the boys that they shall have a new ball if they pass the test.
告诉孩子们,如果他们通过了测验,他们就会得到一个新球。
(3) shall用于所有人称,表示规章、法令、预言等,可译为“必须”。如:
  [规则或规定]
  It has__been__announced that candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected. 在所有试卷收上来之前,应试者必须留在座位上。21世纪教育网版权所有
(4) should可用来表示推测或可能。如:
  They should finish it by now. 他们现在应该完成这件事了。
(5) should表示劝告、义务、建议、命令,其同义词是ought to,在疑问句中,通常用should代替ought to。如:21cnjy.com
  We should learn some English. 我们应该学些英语。
  You should go to class right away. 你应该马上去上课。
  Should I open the window? 我可以打开窗户吗?
(6) should表示允诺。如:
  It should be ready at noon. 中午一切将准备就绪。
(7) should的特殊用法。如:
  I should think it would be better to try it again. 我倒是认为最好再试一试。
  You are mistaken, I should say. 依我看,你是搞错了。
  I should advise you not to do that. 我倒是劝你别那样做。
  This is something I should have liked to ask you. 这件事我本来想问你的。
5. will;would
  would可以看作是_will???è??_去式,这两个词除了时态不同外,在表达意思的许多方面是相近的。但will和would又都有一些各自不同的独特用法。
  will
(1) 表示主观意志、意愿,可用于各种人称。如:
  I will tell you about it. 我会告诉你有关那件事的情况。
If workers are afraid of management, they won't do good work.
如果工人们害怕管理,他们不会做好工作。
(2) will常用在第二人称的疑问句中,表示说话人向对方提出“请求”或“询问”。如:
  Will y_ou_ple_ase tell her the news when you see her? 你看到她时,能告诉她这个消息吗?
(3) 表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性等,意为“经常,惯于,总是”。如:
  Mary will read for hours at a time. 玛丽常常读好几个小时的书。
(4) 表示命令(说话者确信命令一定会得到执行)或允诺。如:
  [命令]
  You'll report to me afterwards. 你必须随后向我报告。
  [允诺]
  They will get enough money from me. 他们会从我这里得到足够的钱。
(5) 表示能力、功能。如:
  This tree will live for three months without water. 这棵树没有水能活3个月。
  This bottle will hold a pint of milk. 这个瓶子能装一品脱牛奶。
(6) 表示推测、估计,可译为“可能、想必,大概”。如:
  That will be the postman ringing. 按铃的可能是邮递员。
That will be my husband. He said he would phone me at this time.
大概是我丈夫打来的电话。他说过他这时候要给我打电话的。
(7) will可用于祈使句的附加疑问句。如:
  Don't go now, will you? 现在别走,好吗?
  would
(1) 作为will的_è?????????????¨???_过去时,表示主观愿望或意志,意为“愿意,执意”。will (would)用于if引导的条件状语从句,也表意愿。如:www-2-1-cnjy-com
  She said she would take care of the child. 她说她愿意照顾那个孩子。
  The man would not let her enter the hall. 那人不让她进入大厅。
No, we are not going to quarrel at all if you'll only let me talk.
不,我们根本不会吵架,只要你让我说话。
(2) 表示请求和建议,比will更委婉,更有礼貌。如:
  Would you please do me a favour? 你可以帮我忙吗?
(3) 表示过去的习惯性动作。如:
He would go swimming in summer when he was in the countryside.
他在农村的时候,夏天经常去游泳。
(4) 表示可能。如:
  I am afraid the journey would be too expensive. 我担心旅游的花费会很高。
(5) would常用于虚拟条件句,表示与事实相反或不太可能实现的情况。如:
  But for your help, we would have been late. 要不是你帮忙,我们就迟到了。
(6) “would...mind”用于疑问句和否定句中。如:
  Would you mind my staying here for a while? 你介意我在这儿待一会儿吗?
6. need,dare
  两词既可作实义_??¨è??????????????_情态动词。作为情态动词,没有人称和数的变化,主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中;作为实义动词,有人称、数和时态的变化,可用于各种句型中。
(1) need作情态_??¨è?????è?¨???é??_要,有必要”,主要用于否定句和疑问句中。在肯定答语中,多改用must,have to,ought to或should。如:
  —Need I tell Mr Li about it? 我是否把这件事情告诉李先生呢?
  —No, you needn't. 不,没有必要。
  —Yes, you must. You must tell him about it. 是的,你必须把这件事告诉他。
  You needn't go there so early. 你不必去得那么早。
(2) need用_???????????¨è?????_后接带to的不定式,有一般现在时的第三人称单数形式(即词尾加-s),现在分词needing,过去式和过去分词是needed。可用于不同的句型中。如:
  I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。
  Do you need anything to eat? 你要不要吃点东西?
  She doesn't need to take any medicine. 她不需要吃药。
(3) dare的用法(见表)
  情态动词/实义动词
  肯定式
  He dare escape. 他敢逃跑。
  He dared to escape. 他敢逃跑。
  否定式
  He daren't escape. 他不敢逃跑。
  He doesn't dare to escape. 他不敢逃跑。
  肯定疑问式
  Dare he escape? 他敢逃跑吗?
  Does he dare to escape? 他敢逃跑吗?
  否定疑问式
  Dare he not escape? 难道他不敢逃跑吗?
  Doesn't he dare to escape? 难道他不敢逃跑吗?
(4) dare用作情态动词,用于疑问句、否定句及条件句中;用作实义动词,后面通常接带to的不定式,to有时也可以省略。如:【来源:21cnj*y.co*m】
The girl dare not stay here alone in this empty house. 21*cnjy*com
这个姑娘不敢独自待在这所空房子里。
  Dare you swim across the river? 你敢游到河那边去吗?
  How dare you do such a thing? 你怎么敢做这样的事情?
  I don't know if she dare say that to him. 我不知道她敢不敢跟他说那话。
  注意:
  ① didn't n_eed_to_ do表示“过去不必做某事,事实上也没做”;needn't have done表示“过去不必做某事,但事实上做了”。如:
Tom went__to_th_e station with the car to meet Rose, so she didn't need to walk back home.
汤姆开车去车站接罗斯,所以她不必步行回家了。
  You needn't have completed so many exercises.
  你本来不必完成这么多习题。
  ② 习惯用语“I dare say=perhaps”,表示可能性。如:
  My son is not in town, but I dare say he will be before long.
  我儿子现在不在城里,不过我想不久他会来的。
7. ought to
(1) 表示出于职责、义务该做某事。如:
  You ought not to be so careless in your work. 你不应该在工作上如此粗心大意。
  We ought to _study__hard for the sake of our motherland. 我们应该为了我们的祖国而努力学习。
(2) 表示极有可能发生某事。如:
Tomorrow ought to be a nice day for we have such a fine sunset today.
今天有这么美的晚霞,明天准是个好天气。
If we set off right now, we ought to be able to get there in time.
如果我们马上出发,我们能够按时到达那里。
  注意:
  ① 在美国英语中,ought to用于否定句和疑问句中,to可以省略。如:
  You oughtn't smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。
  ② 含有ought to的句子改为疑问句时,可直接将ought提前。如:
  We ought to go out. 我们应该出去。
  →Ought we to go out? 我们应该出去吗?
  used to
(1) “used to+动词原形”表示过去(有规律的)习惯或过去某一时期的状况,现在已不存在。如:
My father used to go to the office by bike when he was young.
我父亲年轻的时候总是骑车去上班。
  He used to drink so much when he lost the job. 当他失业时,他酗酒很厉害。
(2) 在疑问句、否定句、否定疑问句或强调句中,可有两种形式。如:
  疑问句
  Did you use to go to the same school as your brother?21教育名师原创作品
  Used you to go to the same school as your brother?你过去和你哥哥在同一所学校吗?
  否定句
  I usedn't to go there.
  I didn't use to go there. 我不经常去那儿。
  否定疑问句
  Usen't you to be interested in the theatre?
  Didn't you use to be interested in the theatre?你过去对戏剧不感兴趣吗?
(3) be used to do,be used to doing和“used to+动词原形”的比较21教育网
   be used to do是实义动词use的被动语态形式,意为“被用来做……”。
  Stone is used to build bridges and roads. 石头被用来造桥修路。
  Knives are used to cut things. 小刀被用来切割东西。
  be used to doing意为“习惯于做……”。
  My grandfather is used to walking in the park.
  我的爷爷习惯于在公园散步。
  “used to+动词原形”意为“过去常常做某事”,隐含现在已不做的意思。
  He used to come by bus, use(d)n't he / didn't he? 他过去常常坐公共汽车来,是吗?
9. had better
  had bette_r????????¨è?????_形,构成固定句型had better do sth.,意为“最好做……”。其否定形式为had better not do sth.,意为“最好不做……”,常用于一般式。had better be doing sth.意为“最好立即”。如:
  The first man__who_h_ad landed on the moon never thought that he'd better do things in a certain way because he was a hero. 曾是第一个登上月球的人从未这样想过:因为他是英雄,他最好是这样做或那样做。
  She'd better not play with the dog. 她最好不要和那条狗玩耍。
  I think I'd better be going. 我想我最好马上就走。
10. would rather
(1) would rathe_r_do_s_th. 表示“宁愿做某事”;而would rather not do sth. 表示“宁愿不做某事”。如:
  I'd rather have something with chocolate. 我宁愿吃含巧克力的。
  I'd rather not say anything. 我宁愿什么也不说。
(2) would rather表选择,后可接than,表示“宁愿做……,而不愿做……”。如:
  I would rather watch TV than go to see the film. 我宁愿看电视,也不愿看电影。
  
B 情态动词的反意疑问句用法
(1) can't表示“推测”时,其附加问句一般应与can't后的动词及时间状语的含义相呼应。如:
  Eve can't be a teacher, is she? 伊夫不可能是医生,是吗?
(2) must表示“必须、有必要”时,其附加问句用mustn't或needn't。如:
  We must stop for a break now, mustn't / needn't we? 我们得停下来歇一会儿,不是吗?
(3) 当mustn't表示“禁止”时,附加疑问句部分用must或may。如:
  We mustn't walk on grass, must / may we? 我们不应该践踏草地,是吗?
(4) must如果表示“推测”,附加疑问句部分一般应与must后动词的含义相呼应。如:
  Tina must be very tired, isn't she? 廷娜一定很累,是吗?
  You must have slept very late last night, didn't you? 昨晚你一定睡得很晚,是吗?
(5) 陈述句中有ought to时,附加疑问句部分用oughtn't(英)或shouldn't(美)。如:
  John ought to get there now, oughtn't / shouldn't he? 约翰现在该到那儿了,是吧?
(6) 陈述句中有used to时,附加疑问部分用usedn't或didn't,其中后者更为常见。如:
  You usedn't to be good friends, usedn't / didn't you? 你们过去是好朋友,对吗?
(7) 陈述句中有needn't时,附加疑问句部分用need或must。如:
  Jason needn't go yet, need / must he? 贾森还不必走,是吗?
(8) 当陈述部分含有have to时,附加疑问句部分常用don't或haven't,前者较普遍。如:
  We have to start early, don't / haven't we? 我们必须早点动身,是吗?
  
C “情态动词+have+done”的用法
1. must have done与can't (couldn't) have done
  must h_ave_do_ne用于表示对过去的肯定推测,只能用于肯定句,表示“一定……,肯定已经……”;而can't (couldn't) have done用于表示对过去否定的推测,用于否定句,表示“不可能……”。如:
Look at your sch_ool_re_port. You must have made a lot of mistakes in your test papers.
看看你的成绩单,你试卷上一定出了好多错。
She suddenly _fell_d_own on her way to school, and she must have been ill.
她在上学的路上突然摔倒了,肯定是生病了。
  He can't hav_e_been_ in his office this time yesterday. 昨天这个时间他不可能在办公室里。
She couldn't have seen me because I wasn't there at all yesterday.
昨天她不可能看见我,因为我根本不在那里。
2. may (might) have done
  该结构可用于_è?????????????????_句中,表示对过去情况的猜测,意为“也许,已经,本来可以”等。其否定形式意为“大概不会,可能不是”等,其疑问形式要用can或could来提问。如:
  He may have arrived in America by now. 到这时候他可能已经到达美国了。
  They may have misunderstood us. 他们可能误解我们了。
  I might have told you about the things earlier. 我本来可以早一点告诉你这些情况的。
I might have lent him more money when he came to me.
当他来找我时,我本可以多借给他一些钱。
3. ought to have done与should have done
  这两种结构都表示过去必须做的事而没做,含有“本来应该……”的意思。如:
  You ought to have gone into this question earlier. 你本应该早一些深入研究这个问题。
They ought to have prepared the work for the meeting more carefully.
他们本该把会议工作准备得更充分一些。
  Gavin should have done better in the car race. 加文本应该在汽车大赛中表现得更好一些。
  We should have climbed up to the top of the mountain. 我们本应该爬到山顶的。
4. needn't have done
  该结构表示过去不需要做的事情,却已经做了,含有“本来不必这样”的意思。如:
  You needn't have done it instead of him yesterday. 你昨天原本不必替他做那件事情的。
Duke needn't have given her so much money at that time. 21·cn·jy·com
那时,杜克本来不必给她那么多的钱。
  There are plenty of time. She needn't have hurried. 时间很充裕,她本不必匆忙。
5. had better have done
  用于事后的建议,含轻微责_?¤????????????????_为“当时最好做了某事”,其否定式had better not have done表达相反的含义。如:
  You had better have started earlier. 当时你最好早点出发。
  You had better not have scolded her. 你当时最好不要责备她。
6. would rather have done
  表示“当时宁愿做某事”,其否定式would rather not have done表达相反含义,两者都表示“后悔”之意。如:
  I would rather have taken his advice. 我宁愿当时接受了他的建议。
I raised object_ions_a_t the meeting, but now I would rather not have done that.
我在会上提出了反对意见,但现在我宁愿自己没那样做。
7. would like / love to have done
  表示过去愿意做某事,但未做成。如:
  I would love t_o_have_ gone to the party last night, but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. 昨晚我很想去参加晚会,但我不得不在额外的时间完成报告。
_21?????????è?????(www.21cnjy.com)_