高中英语语法之14独立主格结构
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张道真高中英语语法之·独立主格结构
目 录
A 非谓语动词的独立主格结构
???? 动词不定式的“独立主格结构”
???? 动词?ing形式的“独立主格结构”
???? 动词?ed形式的“独立主格结构”
B 无动词独立主格结构
C with / without引导的独立主格结构
???? with+名词/代词+形容词
???? with+名词/代词+副词
???? with+名词/代词+介词短语
???? with / without+名词/代词+动词?ed形式
???? with / without+名词/代词+动词?ing形式
???? with+名词/代词+动词不定式
D 独立主格结构的句法功能
???? 作状语
???? 作定语
学以致用
Unit 14 独立主格结构
非谓语动词作状语时_?????????é??è?????_语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与句子的主语不发生关系，这称之为“独立主格结构”。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属结构。21教育网
A 非谓语动词的独立主格结构
在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。如：
Such an a_ble_ma_n to help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.
（=Since__such__an able man to help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.）
有如此能干的人来帮你，你迟早会成功的。
（such an able man和to help you之间存在着主谓关系。）
The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school. 21·cn·jy·com
（=Becaus_e_the__key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.）
由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。
（lost的逻辑主语是the key，lost也可以用完成式having been lost。）
1. 动词不定式的“独立主格结构”
在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。如：2·1·c·n·j·y
His mother to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.
（=As his mother__is_to_ come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）
他母亲今晚要来，他正忙着准备饭菜。
Many trees, fl_owers,_ and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. （=If many trees, flowers, and grass are planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.） 种上许多树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。
2. 动词-ing形式的“独立主格结构”
动词-ing_????????????è?????_，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。如果动词-ing形式拥有了自己的主语，而且与整个句子的主语不一致时，通常把“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”称为“独立主格结构”。如：
Being ill, he went home. （=As he was ill, he went home.） 2-1-c-n-j-y
由于生病，他回家了。（being ill的主语就是句子的主语he。）
Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.
（=When he__had_s_eated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.）
在课桌旁坐好后，他开始看杂志。（seating himself at the desk的主语就是句子的主语he。）【出处：21教育名师】
(1) 表示时间的动词-ing形式作“独立主格结构”。如：
Spring coming, the field is very green. 春天来了，田野一片翠绿。
（相当于一个时间状语从句：When spring comes...）
Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. 每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。
（相当于一个时间状语从句：When everyone was ready...）
(2) 表示原因的动词-ing形式作“独立主格结构”。如：
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.
由那个男孩带路，我们没费周折就找到了那个奇怪的洞。
（相当于一个原因状语从句：Because the boy led the way...）
Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous.
许多眼睛都在注视着他，他觉得有点儿紧张。
（相当于一个原因状语从句：As many eyes were watching him...）
注意
含有being的独立主格结构：
It being National Day today, the streets are very crowded.
（=As it is Natio_nal_Da_y today, the streets are very crowded.） 今天是国庆节，街上很拥挤。
There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 【版权所有：21教育】
（=As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.）
没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。
(3) 表示条件的动词-ing形式作“独立主格结构”。如：
Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.
时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一次野炊。
（相当于一个条件状语从句：If time permits...）
My he_alth_a_llowing, I will work far into the night. 如果我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。 （相当于一个条件状语从句：If my health allow...）21世纪教育网版权所有
(4) 表示方式的动词-ing形式作“独立主格结构”。如：
The students _are_wa_lking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his / her chest.
学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人都戴着胸卡。
（相当于一个并列分句：...and each wears a card in front of his / her chest.）
The bo_y_lay__on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. 男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。
（相当于一个并列分句：...and his eyes were looking at the sky.）
3. 动词-ed形式的“独立主格结构”
与“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”一样，如果动词-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致时，就需要用动词-ed形式的独立主格结构。如：
The book writt_en_in__single English, English beginners are able to read it.
（=As the book__is_wr_itten in single English, English beginners are able to read it.）
该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。
The task completed, he had two months' leave.
（=When the task had been completed, he had two months' leave.）
任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。
注意
动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生；动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束；动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。如：
The manager looks worried, many things to settle.
经理看上去很着急，有许多事情要处理。
（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle。）
The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.
许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。
（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled，表示动作已经结束。）
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.
男孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）
The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 饭做好了，男孩去睡了。
（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，男孩才去睡觉的。）
B 无动词独立主格结构
“逻辑主语_+being_+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种结构。在这种结构中，being可以省去，这种省去being的结构，称之为“无动词独立主格结构”。
(1) 逻辑主语+名词。如：
Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12. 21cnjy.com
10个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。
（the youngest和a boy of 12之间省略了being。）
The brave man fought the wolves, a stick his only weapon. 【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
那勇士与狼群搏斗，木棍是他的唯一武器。（a stick和his only weapon之间省略了being。）
(2) 逻辑主语+形容词。如：
Paul turned to m_e,_his_ eyes sleepy.（=Paul turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.）
保罗睡眼惺忪地转向我。（his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being。）
Neil stoo_d_ther_e, his mouth wide open. （=Neil stood there, and his mouth was wide open.）
尼尔站在那里，嘴张得大大的。（his mouth和wide open之间省去了being。）
(3) 逻辑主语+副词。如：
School over, we__all_w_ent home. （=School was over, and we all went home.）
放学了，我们都回家了。（school和over之间省去了being。）
Roy sat a_t_his__desk, his shoes off. （=Roy sat at his desk and his shoes were off.）
罗伊坐在课桌旁，没穿鞋子。（his shoes和off之间省去了being。）
(4) 逻辑主语+介词短语。如：
He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. 21教育名师原创作品
（=He wa_s_stan_ding in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.）
他站在黑板前面，背对着我们。
The new teacher came in, a smile on her face.
（=The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.）
新老师面带微笑，走了进来。
注意
在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，如果名词用单数，其前可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。如： 21·世纪*教育网
The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.
（=The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his / her hand.）
音乐老师站在门口，手里拿着一把小提琴。
C with/without引导的独立主格结构
“介词with / without+宾语+宾语补足语”可以构成独立主格结构。具体如下：
1. with+名词/代词+形容词
Simon doesn't like to sleep with windows open.
（=Simon doesn't like to sleep when windows are open.） 西蒙不喜欢开着窗户睡觉。
Tony stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.
（=Tony stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.） 托尼站在雨中，衣服湿透了。
注意
在“with+名词/代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的动词-ing形式或-ed形式。如：21*cnjy*com
With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。
With his father well-known, the boy didn't want to study.
父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。
2. with+名词/代词+副词
Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.
（=Our school loo_ks_eve_n more beautiful if / when all the lights are on.）
所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。
The boy was walking, with his father ahead.
（=The boy was walking and his father was ahead.） 父亲在前，男孩在后面跟着。
3. with+名词/代词+介词短语
He stood at the door, with a computer in his arms.
（=He stood at the door, and a computer was in his arms.或
He stood at the door, computer in arms.） 他站在门口，怀里抱着一台电脑。
Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth.
（=Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.或
Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.） 文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里叼着一支钢笔。
4. with/without+名词/代词+动词-ed形式
With his homework done, Peter went out to play.
（=When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.） 作业做完了，彼得出去玩了。
With the _signal_ given, the train started. （=After the signal was given, the train started.）
信号发出后，火车开始启动了。
5. with/without+名词/代词+动词-ing形式
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.
（=When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.或
Without being noticed, he slipped through the window.）
他趁没人注意的时候，从窗户上溜走了。
The little girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
（=The little girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.）
小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。
6. with+名词/代词+动词不定式
The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.
（=The little boy looks sad because he was so much homework to do.）
有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。
The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
（=The ki_d_feel_s excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.）
有这么多的名胜可参观，这个小孩很兴奋。
注意
在with / without的复合结构中，多数情况下with能省略，但without不能省略。如：
Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
她没说什么话就离开了会议室。（without不能省略）
通常情况下，独立主格结_???????????????è??_、副词和介词短语表示状态；不定式表示未发生的动作；而独立主格结构中的动词-ing形式表示主动的含义，它的逻辑主语是这个动作的发出者。动词-ing形式有时又可换成动词-ing形式的完成式。动词-ed形式表示被动的含义，它的逻辑主语是这个动作的承受者。动词-ed形式有时可换成动词-ing形式完成式的被动形式。如：
Spring having been here, they still haven't got ready for sowing.
春天已到，但他们还未做好春播的准备。
The book _having_ been published, the readers will benefit a lot from it.
那本书已经出版，读者将会从中受益。
D 独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构在句中除了能充当_?????????è????????_间状语、条件状语和伴随性状语外，还能作定语。在形式上，独立主格结构可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗号与主句隔开。
1. 作状语
独立主格结构作状语，其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。
(1) 表示时间
Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel. 【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
（=When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.）
夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住下了。
All the guests seated, they began their dinner.
（=When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.）
所有的客人就座后，他们开始吃饭。
The gover_nor_po_ndering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path.
（＝While th_e_gove_rnor was pondering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path.）
总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。
(2) 表示原因
With a lot of di_fficul_t problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
（=As he h_as_a_l_ot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.） 因为有许多难题要解决，新当选总统的日子不好过。21*cnjy*com
There b_eing_n_o means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.
（=As there was _no_mea_ns of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.）
由于半夜没有交通工具，他只好步行回家。
The _Cossac_k being intent on his stalking, his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger.（＝Because the Cossack was intent on his stalking, his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger.） 这位哥萨克人只顾专心致志地朝前大步走着，所以一只脚踩上了伸出地面的树枝，那是一个机关的起动装置。
(3) 表示条件
Such being the case, you have no grounds for dismissing him.
（＝If such is the case, you have no grounds for dismissing him.）
如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。
Weather per_mittin_g, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.
（=If weather p_ermits_, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next year.）
如果天气允许的话，我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。
Everyt_hing_t_aken into consideration, your plan seems to be more practical.
（=If ev_erythi_ng is taken into consideration, your plan seems to be more practical.）
如果从各方面考虑，你的计划似乎更实用些。
注意
表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首，并且不能保留连词。如：
When class being over, the students left their classroom. （误）
Class (being) over, the students left their classroom. （正）
下课了，学生们都离开了教室。
The moon appearing and they continued their way. （误）
The moon appearing, they continued their way. （正）
月亮出来了，他们继续赶路。
(4) 表示伴随情况或补充说明
I took _my_tic_ket, and marched proudly up the platform, with my cheeses, the people falling back respectfully on either side. （＝I took my ticket, and marched proudly up the platform, with my cheeses, and the people fell back respectfully on either side.） 我拿着车票还有我的奶酪，雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我，纷纷向两边退去。
The stran_ge_man_ was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand.
（=The strange ma_n_was__walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.）
那个奇怪的男人在街上走着，手里拿根手杖。
The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. www.21-cn-jy.com
（=The murd_erer_w_as brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.）
杀人犯被带了出来，手被捆在背后。
2. 作定语
独立主格结构作定语，其功能相当于一个定语从句。如：
He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.
（=He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.）
他就是有许多问题需要解决的那个人。（with的复合结构作定语，修饰the person。）
You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off.
（=You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.）
你可以使用一个瓶颈被切掉的大塑料瓶。（with的复合结构作定语，修饰bottle。）
注意
在这里我们讨论了很多用连词连接的两个句子改成独立主格结构的情况。但并不是所有用连词的地方都可改为独立主格结构。如：
If you s_tand_o_n the top of the mountain, the park looks more beautiful.
如果你站在山顶，公园看上去更美。（不能改为独立主格结构）
If you check yo_ur_tes_t paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided.
如果你仔细检查试卷的话，有些错误是可以避免的。（不能改为独立主格结构）
_21?????????è?????(www.21cnjy.com)_
张道真高中英语语法之·独立主格结构
目 录
A 非谓语动词的独立主格结构
???? 动词不定式的“独立主格结构”
???? 动词?ing形式的“独立主格结构”
???? 动词?ed形式的“独立主格结构”
B 无动词独立主格结构
C with / without引导的独立主格结构
???? with+名词/代词+形容词
???? with+名词/代词+副词
???? with+名词/代词+介词短语
???? with / without+名词/代词+动词?ed形式
???? with / without+名词/代词+动词?ing形式
???? with+名词/代词+动词不定式
D 独立主格结构的句法功能
???? 作状语
???? 作定语
学以致用
Unit 14 独立主格结构
非谓语动词作状语时_?????????é??è?????_语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与句子的主语不发生关系，这称之为“独立主格结构”。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属结构。21教育网
A 非谓语动词的独立主格结构
在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。如：
Such an a_ble_ma_n to help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.
（=Since__such__an able man to help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.）
有如此能干的人来帮你，你迟早会成功的。
（such an able man和to help you之间存在着主谓关系。）
The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school. 21·cn·jy·com
（=Becaus_e_the__key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.）
由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。
（lost的逻辑主语是the key，lost也可以用完成式having been lost。）
1. 动词不定式的“独立主格结构”
在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。如：2·1·c·n·j·y
His mother to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.
（=As his mother__is_to_ come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）
他母亲今晚要来，他正忙着准备饭菜。
Many trees, fl_owers,_ and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. （=If many trees, flowers, and grass are planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.） 种上许多树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。
2. 动词-ing形式的“独立主格结构”
动词-ing_????????????è?????_，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。如果动词-ing形式拥有了自己的主语，而且与整个句子的主语不一致时，通常把“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”称为“独立主格结构”。如：
Being ill, he went home. （=As he was ill, he went home.） 2-1-c-n-j-y
由于生病，他回家了。（being ill的主语就是句子的主语he。）
Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.
（=When he__had_s_eated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.）
在课桌旁坐好后，他开始看杂志。（seating himself at the desk的主语就是句子的主语he。）【出处：21教育名师】
(1) 表示时间的动词-ing形式作“独立主格结构”。如：
Spring coming, the field is very green. 春天来了，田野一片翠绿。
（相当于一个时间状语从句：When spring comes...）
Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. 每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。
（相当于一个时间状语从句：When everyone was ready...）
(2) 表示原因的动词-ing形式作“独立主格结构”。如：
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.
由那个男孩带路，我们没费周折就找到了那个奇怪的洞。
（相当于一个原因状语从句：Because the boy led the way...）
Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous.
许多眼睛都在注视着他，他觉得有点儿紧张。
（相当于一个原因状语从句：As many eyes were watching him...）
注意
含有being的独立主格结构：
It being National Day today, the streets are very crowded.
（=As it is Natio_nal_Da_y today, the streets are very crowded.） 今天是国庆节，街上很拥挤。
There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 【版权所有：21教育】
（=As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.）
没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。
(3) 表示条件的动词-ing形式作“独立主格结构”。如：
Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.
时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一次野炊。
（相当于一个条件状语从句：If time permits...）
My he_alth_a_llowing, I will work far into the night. 如果我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。 （相当于一个条件状语从句：If my health allow...）21世纪教育网版权所有
(4) 表示方式的动词-ing形式作“独立主格结构”。如：
The students _are_wa_lking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his / her chest.
学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人都戴着胸卡。
（相当于一个并列分句：...and each wears a card in front of his / her chest.）
The bo_y_lay__on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. 男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。
（相当于一个并列分句：...and his eyes were looking at the sky.）
3. 动词-ed形式的“独立主格结构”
与“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”一样，如果动词-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致时，就需要用动词-ed形式的独立主格结构。如：
The book writt_en_in__single English, English beginners are able to read it.
（=As the book__is_wr_itten in single English, English beginners are able to read it.）
该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。
The task completed, he had two months' leave.
（=When the task had been completed, he had two months' leave.）
任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。
注意
动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生；动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束；动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。如：
The manager looks worried, many things to settle.
经理看上去很着急，有许多事情要处理。
（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle。）
The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.
许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。
（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled，表示动作已经结束。）
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.
男孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）
The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 饭做好了，男孩去睡了。
（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，男孩才去睡觉的。）
B 无动词独立主格结构
“逻辑主语_+being_+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种结构。在这种结构中，being可以省去，这种省去being的结构，称之为“无动词独立主格结构”。
(1) 逻辑主语+名词。如：
Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12. 21cnjy.com
10个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。
（the youngest和a boy of 12之间省略了being。）
The brave man fought the wolves, a stick his only weapon. 【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
那勇士与狼群搏斗，木棍是他的唯一武器。（a stick和his only weapon之间省略了being。）
(2) 逻辑主语+形容词。如：
Paul turned to m_e,_his_ eyes sleepy.（=Paul turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.）
保罗睡眼惺忪地转向我。（his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being。）
Neil stoo_d_ther_e, his mouth wide open. （=Neil stood there, and his mouth was wide open.）
尼尔站在那里，嘴张得大大的。（his mouth和wide open之间省去了being。）
(3) 逻辑主语+副词。如：
School over, we__all_w_ent home. （=School was over, and we all went home.）
放学了，我们都回家了。（school和over之间省去了being。）
Roy sat a_t_his__desk, his shoes off. （=Roy sat at his desk and his shoes were off.）
罗伊坐在课桌旁，没穿鞋子。（his shoes和off之间省去了being。）
(4) 逻辑主语+介词短语。如：
He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. 21教育名师原创作品
（=He wa_s_stan_ding in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.）
他站在黑板前面，背对着我们。
The new teacher came in, a smile on her face.
（=The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.）
新老师面带微笑，走了进来。
注意
在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，如果名词用单数，其前可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。如： 21·世纪*教育网
The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.
（=The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his / her hand.）
音乐老师站在门口，手里拿着一把小提琴。
C with/without引导的独立主格结构
“介词with / without+宾语+宾语补足语”可以构成独立主格结构。具体如下：
1. with+名词/代词+形容词
Simon doesn't like to sleep with windows open.
（=Simon doesn't like to sleep when windows are open.） 西蒙不喜欢开着窗户睡觉。
Tony stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.
（=Tony stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.） 托尼站在雨中，衣服湿透了。
注意
在“with+名词/代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的动词-ing形式或-ed形式。如：21*cnjy*com
With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。
With his father well-known, the boy didn't want to study.
父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。
2. with+名词/代词+副词
Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.
（=Our school loo_ks_eve_n more beautiful if / when all the lights are on.）
所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。
The boy was walking, with his father ahead.
（=The boy was walking and his father was ahead.） 父亲在前，男孩在后面跟着。
3. with+名词/代词+介词短语
He stood at the door, with a computer in his arms.
（=He stood at the door, and a computer was in his arms.或
He stood at the door, computer in arms.） 他站在门口，怀里抱着一台电脑。
Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth.
（=Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.或
Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.） 文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里叼着一支钢笔。
4. with/without+名词/代词+动词-ed形式
With his homework done, Peter went out to play.
（=When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.） 作业做完了，彼得出去玩了。
With the _signal_ given, the train started. （=After the signal was given, the train started.）
信号发出后，火车开始启动了。
5. with/without+名词/代词+动词-ing形式
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.
（=When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.或
Without being noticed, he slipped through the window.）
他趁没人注意的时候，从窗户上溜走了。
The little girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
（=The little girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.）
小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。
6. with+名词/代词+动词不定式
The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.
（=The little boy looks sad because he was so much homework to do.）
有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。
The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
（=The ki_d_feel_s excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.）
有这么多的名胜可参观，这个小孩很兴奋。
注意
在with / without的复合结构中，多数情况下with能省略，但without不能省略。如：
Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
她没说什么话就离开了会议室。（without不能省略）
通常情况下，独立主格结_???????????????è??_、副词和介词短语表示状态；不定式表示未发生的动作；而独立主格结构中的动词-ing形式表示主动的含义，它的逻辑主语是这个动作的发出者。动词-ing形式有时又可换成动词-ing形式的完成式。动词-ed形式表示被动的含义，它的逻辑主语是这个动作的承受者。动词-ed形式有时可换成动词-ing形式完成式的被动形式。如：
Spring having been here, they still haven't got ready for sowing.
春天已到，但他们还未做好春播的准备。
The book _having_ been published, the readers will benefit a lot from it.
那本书已经出版，读者将会从中受益。
D 独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构在句中除了能充当_?????????è????????_间状语、条件状语和伴随性状语外，还能作定语。在形式上，独立主格结构可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗号与主句隔开。
1. 作状语
独立主格结构作状语，其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。
(1) 表示时间
Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel. 【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
（=When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.）
夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住下了。
All the guests seated, they began their dinner.
（=When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.）
所有的客人就座后，他们开始吃饭。
The gover_nor_po_ndering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path.
（＝While th_e_gove_rnor was pondering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path.）
总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。
(2) 表示原因
With a lot of di_fficul_t problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
（=As he h_as_a_l_ot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.） 因为有许多难题要解决，新当选总统的日子不好过。21*cnjy*com
There b_eing_n_o means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.
（=As there was _no_mea_ns of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.）
由于半夜没有交通工具，他只好步行回家。
The _Cossac_k being intent on his stalking, his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger.（＝Because the Cossack was intent on his stalking, his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger.） 这位哥萨克人只顾专心致志地朝前大步走着，所以一只脚踩上了伸出地面的树枝，那是一个机关的起动装置。
(3) 表示条件
Such being the case, you have no grounds for dismissing him.
（＝If such is the case, you have no grounds for dismissing him.）
如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。
Weather per_mittin_g, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.
（=If weather p_ermits_, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next year.）
如果天气允许的话，我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。
Everyt_hing_t_aken into consideration, your plan seems to be more practical.
（=If ev_erythi_ng is taken into consideration, your plan seems to be more practical.）
如果从各方面考虑，你的计划似乎更实用些。
注意
表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首，并且不能保留连词。如：
When class being over, the students left their classroom. （误）
Class (being) over, the students left their classroom. （正）
下课了，学生们都离开了教室。
The moon appearing and they continued their way. （误）
The moon appearing, they continued their way. （正）
月亮出来了，他们继续赶路。
(4) 表示伴随情况或补充说明
I took _my_tic_ket, and marched proudly up the platform, with my cheeses, the people falling back respectfully on either side. （＝I took my ticket, and marched proudly up the platform, with my cheeses, and the people fell back respectfully on either side.） 我拿着车票还有我的奶酪，雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我，纷纷向两边退去。
The stran_ge_man_ was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand.
（=The strange ma_n_was__walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.）
那个奇怪的男人在街上走着，手里拿根手杖。
The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. www.21-cn-jy.com
（=The murd_erer_w_as brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.）
杀人犯被带了出来，手被捆在背后。
2. 作定语
独立主格结构作定语，其功能相当于一个定语从句。如：
He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.
（=He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.）
他就是有许多问题需要解决的那个人。（with的复合结构作定语，修饰the person。）
You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off.
（=You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.）
你可以使用一个瓶颈被切掉的大塑料瓶。（with的复合结构作定语，修饰bottle。）
注意
在这里我们讨论了很多用连词连接的两个句子改成独立主格结构的情况。但并不是所有用连词的地方都可改为独立主格结构。如：
If you s_tand_o_n the top of the mountain, the park looks more beautiful.
如果你站在山顶，公园看上去更美。（不能改为独立主格结构）
If you check yo_ur_tes_t paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided.
如果你仔细检查试卷的话，有些错误是可以避免的。（不能改为独立主格结构）
_21?????????è?????(www.21cnjy.com)_