高中英语语法之22状语
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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
张道真高中英语语法之·状语
目 录
A 状语的表示法
???? 副词作状语
???? 介词短语作状语
???? 不定式（短语）作状语
???? 分词（短语）作状语
???? 形容词作状语
???? 词组作状语
???? 复合结构作状语
B 时间状语从句
???? when，while，as，whenever
???? before，after
???? till，until
???? since，ever since
???? as soon as
???? immediately，instantly，directly
???? the moment，the minute，the instant，the second
???? hardly / scarcely...when...，no sooner...than．．once21教育网
next time，the first time，the last time，every time【出处：21教育名师】
by the time
when，while与as
C 地点状语从句
D 原因状语从句
???? because
???? since
???? as
???? because，since与as
???? now that
???? considering that，seeing that
???? not that...，but that...
E 目的状语从句
???? so that，in order that
???? lest，for fear that和in case
F 结果状语从句
???? so，that，so that
???? so...that
????such...that
???? such that
G 条件状语从句
H 方式状语从句
I 比较状语从句
J 让步状语从句
???? although，though
???? even if，even though
????while，whereas
???? whoever，whatever，wherever，whenever
和however
???? whether...or (not)...
???? as303
???? if303
学以致用
Unit 22 状 语
状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词及全句的句子成分。
A 状语的表示法
1. 副词作状语
(1) 以-ly结尾的副词都可以修饰动词、形容词或副词等，作状语。如：
[修饰动词]
Generally she remained in on Monday evening. 一般来说，星期一晚上她都留在家里。
[修饰形容词]
That's a fairly easy book. 那是一本相当容易的书。
[修饰副词]
Ruth ran the house extremely well. 鲁思把家管理得非常好。
(2) 有些不以-ly结尾的副词也可以修饰动词、形容词或副词等，作状语。如：
[修饰动词]
How far can you see? 你能看多远？
[修饰形容词]
The box isn't big enough. 箱子不够大。
[修饰副词]
She swims far better than I do. 她比我游得好多了。
(3) 句子副词作状语。
有些副词修饰整个句子，说明说话人的态度等，称为句子副词。如：
Honestly, Tom didn't get the money. 说实话，汤姆没得到这笔钱。
Certain_ly_the_y must know the results of such speeches. 他们肯定知道这样发言的后果。
Maybe he would come around yet. 或许他还会来。
(4) 起连接作用的副词作状语。
许多副词起连词的作用，使句子与上下文有更紧密的联系，从而使行文更加流畅。如：
First, I must apologize to you. 首先，我要向你们表示歉意。
Lastly, let me mention the great support I've got from my wife. 21教育名师原创作品
最后，让我说一下我妻子给我的巨大支持。
He was sick, accordingly we sent him home. 他生病了，因此我们把他送回了家。
Besides, I want you to promise me one thing. 此外，我还要你答应我一件事。
(5) 一些特别的副词作状语。
与形容词同形的副词。如：
作副词 作形容词
Please send it airmail. Give me an airmail envelope.
寄航空邮件。 给我寄封航空邮件。
Come closer. His house is close to mine.
再走近一点。 他家紧挨着我家。
He flew direct to New York. He got a direct flight to New York.
他直飞纽约。 他直飞纽约。
Think hard and work hard. It is hard to please all.
多思苦干。 满足于一切是很难的。
First think and then speak. Is this your first visit?
先想后说。 这是你的首次旅行吗？
许多副词还有一个同根的副词，一个带-ly，一个不带，有时意思不同。如：
He was fully recovered. 他完全痊愈了。You know it full well. 这一点你完全知道。
They talked freely. 他们随便地谈。 Don't let the dog run free. 别让狗随便跑。
The road turns sharply. 路拐得很急。 Come at one clock's sharp. 准时一点钟来。
有些副词虽有两种形式，意思却差不多。如：
cheap / cheaply clean / cleanly close / closely
dear / dearly fair / fairly fine / finely
firm / firmly first / firstly loud / loudly
有些副词既可修饰形容词，也可修饰动词。如：
修饰形容词 修饰动词
He's badly hurt. The company had been badly managed.
他伤得很厉害。 这家公司管理得不好。
The sun_set_wa_s especially beautiful. I especially wished them to meet.
日落是特别美丽的。 我特希望见到他们。
It was a__parti_cularly pleasant day. I particularly like the brown shoes.
这是一个特别愉快的一天。 我尤其喜欢棕色的鞋。
2. 介词短语作状语
(1) 介词短语作状语表示时间、地点、方式、原因等。
[表时间]
Most people work from nine to five. 多数人都从上午9点工作到下午5点。
[表地点]
There's a bank opposite my office. 我的办公室对面有一家银行。
[表方式]
You may read the book at your leisure. 你有空时可以看这本书。
[表原因]
With all the rain, there'll be a good crop. 有这么多雨，收成会很好。
(2) 在“be+形容词”后可接介词短语作状语，多用人或事物作主语。如：
[以人作主语]
She is frightened of the dark. 她害怕黑夜。
I'm pleased at your success. 我为你的成功感到高兴。
[以物作主语]
My views are different from yours. 我的看法和你的不同。
The town is famous for its hot springs. 这座城市以温泉出名。2·1·c·n·j·y
(3) 有些动词后可跟介词短语作状语。如：
Most of them belong to the Han nationality. 他们大多数属于汉族。
English had borrowed many words from many languages. 英语借用了许多语言的词汇。
Hope for the best and prepare for the worst. 抱最好的希望，作最坏的准备。
3. 不定式（短语）作状语
(1) 不定式作状语表示目的、结果、程度、原因等。如：
[表目的]
She arrived early in order to get a good seat. 她提早到达以便有一个好座位。
[表原因]
We jumped with joy to hear their news. 听到他们的消息，我们高兴得跳了起来。
(2) 一些作表语_?????????è?????a_ble，afraid，angry，anxious，apt，ashamed，careful，bound，certain，clever,content，due，eager，easy，fit，free，frightened，glad，good，happy，kind，likely，lucky，prepared，proud，quick，ready，right，rude，slow，sorry，sure，surprised，unable，unlikely，wise等）后跟不定式（短语）作状语，多表示原因。如：
I'm glad to see you back. 看到你回来，我很高兴。
She was surprised to find him there. 发现他在那里，她很吃惊。
Be careful not to catch cold. 当心，别感冒。
(3) 不定式（短语）还用来修饰整个句子，可称为状语从句。如：
To be honest, I just don't like him. 说老实话，我就是不喜欢他。
I've never met him, to tell you the truth. 说真的，我还从未见过他。
To begin wi_th,_Jo_hn is too young for that kind of job. 首先，约翰干那种工作太年轻。
4. 分词（短语）作状语
(1) 现在分词（短语）作状语，通常用逗号把它和主、谓语分开，表示伴随情况、原因、时间等。如：
[表伴随情况]
He stood hopeless, not knowing what to do. 他无可奈何地站在那里，不知如何是好。
[表原因]
Being a student, he was naturally interested in museums.
他是一个学生，自然对博物馆感兴趣。
[表时间]
Walking through the park, we saw a fine show.
步行经过公园时，我们看到了漂亮的花卉展。
注意
(1) 现在分词与连词连用，作状语。如：
I had trie_d_to_k_eep your advice in mind when (I was) writing the book.
写这本书时我设法记住你的劝告。
She looked round as though searching for someone.
她向周围望望，仿佛在找什么人似的。
(2) 现在分词还可作句子状语。如：
Strictly speaking, you ought to sign the visitors' book first.
严格地讲，你应当先在访客簿上签名。
Women, generally speaking, live longer than men.
一般来讲，女人比男人活得长。
(2) 过去分词作状语，表示背景、伴随情况、原因或时间等。如：
[表伴随情况]
She entered, accompanied by her mother. 她由母亲陪伴着走了进来。
[表原因]
Much discouraged, he ran away from the plantation. 他忍无可忍，从种植园逃了出来。
[表时间]
Taken in time, the medicine will be quite effective. 及时吃，这药会很有效的。
5. 形容词作状语
Greatly interested, I asked how he played these new works.
我很感兴趣，问他如何演奏这些新作品。
Shyly and a bit frightened, I handed the results to my mother.
我腼腆地，也有些害怕，把成绩单递给了母亲。
They waited, breathless, for the result. 他们屏住呼吸等待结果。
6. 词组作状语
(1) 名词和它的修饰语作状语：
I shall stay another five months. 我将再待5个月。
She went jogging first thing in the morning. 她早晨第一件事就是跑步。
(2) 副词和它的修饰语作状语：
The bus arrived ten minutes late. 公共汽车迟到了10分钟。
But you went too far. 但你做得太过分。
(3) 介词和它的修饰语作状语：
He lives a long way from here. 他住得离这里很远。
Theory must go hand in hand with practice. 理论必须与实际相结合。
(4) 由and连接的两个平行的词作状语：
She looked after the child day and night. 她日夜照顾孩子。
He paced quickly up and down. 他踱来踱去。
(5) 其他词组作状语：
Sure enough, she was there. 果然她在那里。
She dived in head first. 她头朝下跳进水里。
(6) 一些常见的成语短语作状语：
day after day 日复一日 year after year 年复一年
arm in arm 手挽手 all day long 整天
now and then 不时地 first of all 首先
hand in hand 手牵手 face to face 面对面
7. 复合结构作状语
(1) 现在分词或过去分词若有逻辑上的主语，就是一种复合结构，这种结构可用作状语。如：
[现在分词作状语]
Spring coming on, the trees turned green. 春天来了，树都绿了。2-1-c-n-j-y
Her eyes glistening with tears, she asked,“What am I to do? ”
她眼中闪着泪珠，问道：“我该怎么办？”
[过去分词作状语]
That done, he put on his sweater and went out. 做完这件事，他穿上毛衣出去了。
All things considered, I think we ought to give the job to George. 21·cn·jy·com
从各方面考虑，我想我们应该把工作交给乔治。
(2) 含有形容词、介词短语或副词的复合结构作状语。如：
[形容词作状语]
He entered the room, his face pale. 他走进屋来，脸色苍白。
[介词短语作状语]
The old woman sat down, traces of tears still on her cheeks.
老太太坐了下来，面颊上还有泪痕。
[副词作状语]
He put on his socks wrong side out. 他把袜子穿反了。
(3) with后常可跟复合结构，中间包含有现在分词、过去分词、介词短语或其他成分作状语。如：
[现在分词作状语]
The day was bright, with a fresh breeze blowing. 天气晴朗，吹着一股凉风。
[过去分词作状语]
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午，他锁着门在家里工作。
[介词短语作状语]
His wife ca_me_dow_n the stairs, with her baby in her arms. 他妻子抱着宝宝走下楼来。
[伴随情况作状语]
In the a_fterno_on, with nothing to do, I went on a round of the bookshops.
由于下午无事可做，我到书店转了转。
【状语从句】
在复合句中作_???è??????????????_做状语从句。状语从句根据它表达的意思，可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等九种状语从句。
B 时间状语从句
时间状语从句是表示时间关系的从句。引导时间状语从句的连词很多，根据意义和主、从句之间的时间关系，通常可分为以下几种情况：【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
1. when,while,as,whenever
when，while，as表示主句的谓语动作和从句的谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生。
when
(1) when既可以表示在某一点的时候，又可表示在某一段时间内，主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。如：
[when表示点时间]
When I got home, my family were already having dinner.
我到家的时候，全家人都已在吃晚饭。
When we lived in town, we often went to the theater. 我们在城里住时，常常去看戏。
[when表示段时间]
When they were still talking and laughing, the teacher came in.
当他们还在说笑的时候，老师进来了。
He entered the room when the meeting was going on. 正当开会的时候，他走进了房间。
(2) 有时when表示“虽然，尽管”的含义，相当于although或since。如：
How can you hope for mercy yourself when you show none?
既然你不宽恕别人，你自己又怎能希望得到别人的宽恕呢？
He walks when he might take a taxi. 尽管可以打车，但他还是步行。
while
(1) while通常表示一段时间，从句中的谓语动词要用持续性动词。如：
Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。
While Jim was mending his bike, Lin Tao came to see him.
正当吉姆修自行车的时候，林涛来看他。
(2) while有时可以作并列连词，表示对比，可译为“……，而……”。如：
I li_ke_pla_ying football while you like playing basketball. 我喜欢踢足球，而你喜欢打篮球。
We slept while the captain kept watch. 我们睡觉，而上尉在站岗。
(3) while有时可引导让步状语从句，意思是“虽然”。如：
While they love the children, they are strict with them.
虽然他们都爱这些孩子，但却对他们要求很严格。
While I__admit_ that the problem is difficult, I don't think that they can't be solved.
尽管我承认这个问题很难，但我并不认为无法解决。
as
(1) as表示“当……的时候”，往往与while / when通用，但它着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生。如：
You can feel the air moving as your hands push through it.
当你的手在空气中挥动的时候，你就能感觉到空气在流动。
The thief was caught as / when he was stealing in the supermarket.
小偷在超市行窃时被抓住了。
(2) as表示“一边……一边……”，强调从句和主句中的两个动作交替进行或同时进行。如：
We always sing as we walk. 我们总是边走边唱。
He looked behind from time to time as he went. 他一边走，一边不时地往后看。
(3) as表示“随着”。如：
As time goes on, it's getting warmer and warmer.
随着时间的推移，天气变得越来越暖和了。
As spring wa_rms_th_e earth, all the flowers begin to bloom. 随着春回大地，百花开始绽放。
whenever
whenever是when的强势语，它描述的不是一次性动作，而是经常发生的习惯性动作。如：
You are always welcome whenever you come. 无论你何时来都受欢迎。
Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us.
每当我们遇到困难的时候，他们就来帮助我们。
2. before, after
before和after表示的是两个时间或两个事件之间的先后关系。
(1) before“在……之前”。before引导的从句动作通常发生在主句动作之后，如果从句是过去时，主句一般用过去完成时。如：21·世纪*教育网
It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过4天才能回来。
They _had_go_t everything ready before I arrived. 在我到达之前，他们已经把一切准备好了。
注意
before从句往往带有否定的含义。如：
He ran off before I could stop him. 我还没来得及阻止他，他就跑掉了。
Take it down before you forget it. 趁着还没忘记的时候就记下来。
(2) after“在……之后”。after引导的从句动作通常发生在主句动作之前，如果主句用过去时，从句要用过去完成时。如：
After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.
你仔细考虑过以后，告诉我你是怎样决定的。
After we had finished the work, we went home. 完成工作之后，我们回家了。
注意
如果不强调时间的先后，或是因为从句中使用的是某个状态动词，after和before句子中的谓语动词也可以都用一般过去时。如：
He arrived after the game started. 比赛开始后他才到达。
She did not understand me before I explained it to me.
在我向她解释之前，她不理解我的意思。
3. till,until
(1) till / until用于肯定句时，表示“直到……为止”，主句的谓语动词必须为延续性动词。如：21cnjy.com
Please wait until / till I arrived. 在我到达之前请等我。
I worked until / till he came back. 我工作到他回来为止。
(2) not...unt_il_/_t_ill “直到……才……”，主句的谓语动词通常要用短暂性动词，这时until和till可用before 代替。如：
I didn't go to bed until / till my father came back. 直到父亲回来我才上床睡觉。
It was not unt_il_the_ meeting was over that he began to teach me English. 直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。
(3) 当not until位于句首时，主句中的主、谓语要使用倒装语序。如：
Not until she stopped crying did I leave. 直到她不哭了，我才离开。
Not until after the war did they meet. 他们直到战后才相见。
(4) 在强调句型中一般只用until，不用till。如：
It was not u_ntil_s_he took off her dark glasses that I recognized her.
直到她摘下墨镜，我才认出她。
It was not until__late__afternoon that they began to tackle the major problem.
直到下午晚些时候，他们才开始着手处理这个主要的问题。
4. since, ever since
(1) since“自_??????????????????_表示动作从过去某一点时间一直延续到说话时间为止。主句中通常为延续性动词的现在完成时，since从句中一般用短暂性动词的一般过去时。如：
I have made great progress since I was ill. 我自病愈以来取得了很大的进步。
She has never come to see me since I have lived in the city.
自从我住到城里，她就一直不来看我。
注意
有时since从句也可以用延续性动词，但要注意它的译法。如：
Tom is now work_ing_on_ the farm. It's two years since he was a college student.
汤姆现在在农场上班，他大学毕业已有两年了。
(2) ever since“从那时起直至现在，此后一直”。表示说话者强调主句动作或状态持续时间长，语气比since强。如：
I have lived here ever since I was a child. 我从还是个孩子时就一直住在这儿。
The family had lived in gloom ever since the tragedy.
自从这场悲剧发生后，这个家庭活在愁云惨雾中。
(3) since还可以用作副词或介词。如：
The big clock _was_da_maged during the war and has been silent (ever) since.
这只大钟在战争中损坏，从此就一直不响了。
You have made great achievements in your work since graduation.
你们自毕业以来已经在工作中取得了巨大成就。
5. as soon as
as soon as“一……就……”，用来表示主句和从句的动作是紧接着发生的。如：
As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大，就给你来电话。
I shall come as soon as I've finished supper. 我一吃过晚饭就来。
6. immediately, instantly, directly
这些词相当于as soon as，从句中用一般过去时。如：
I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早饭，我立即去那里。
I recognized her instantly I caught a glimpse of her. 我一看见她就认出她了。
They told me the news immediately they got the message.
他们一得到口信就把消息告诉我了。
7. the moment, the minute, the instant, the second
这几个名词短语也可用作连词，直接引导时间状语从句，表示“一……就……”。如：
The m_oment__I heard the news, I hastened to the spot. 我一听到消息就赶到了出事地点。
Tell me I need to see him the minute he arrives. 告诉我，他一到我就要见他。
注意
“一……就……”还可以用on / upon doing结构来表示。如：
On arriving _home_h_e called up Lester. =As soon as he arrived home, he called up Lester.
他一到家就给莱斯特打电话。
5. hardly/scarcely...when..., no sooner...than...
这两个短语都表示主句和从句动作随即相继发生，意为“一……就，刚刚……就”，主句动词用过去完成时。如：
Todd h_ad_no__sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.
托德刚到家，就被邀请开始另一旅程。
Leo had _hardly_ fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.
利奥刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。
注意
(1) 当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。如：
Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in. 我刚坐下，他就进来了。
No s_ooner__had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work. 太阳刚从地平线上升起，他就起床开始工作了。
(2) hardly...when和scarcely...when有时也可同not...before互换使用。如：
They had hardly talked for half an hour when she entered.
They had not _talked_ for half an hour before she entered.他们说了不到半小时她就来了。
9. once
once作连词时，也相当于as soon as，但它含有的条件意味更浓，引导的从句较短。如：
Once o_ver_th_e pass, you will see the town before you. 一过关，你就会看到那座城市在你前面。
Once you begin, you must continue. 一旦开了头，你就得继续下去。
10. next time, the first time, the last time, every time
Every time I catch a cold, I have pain in my back. 每次感冒，我的背都疼。
Be sure to call on us next time you come to town. 下次你进城一定来看我们。
11. by the time
by the time也可以引导时间状语从句，意为“到……时为止”，主句一般要用完成时态。如：
By the__time__you came back, I had finished this book. 到你回来时，我已经写完这本书了。
By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work.
你明天来这儿的时候，我已经完成此工作了。
12. when, while与as
(1) 当从句表示的是段时间，即其谓语动词有持续性特征时，这三个词之间可以互换。如：
I got the ne_ws_on__the radio when / as / while I was having breakfast.
我在吃早饭的时候从收音机里听到这一消息。
(2) 在下列情况下，三者彼此之间不能替换使用：
as更强调同一时间、紧接的一前一后或伴随着的变化。如：
As we were going out, it began to snow. 当我们出门时，开始下雪了。
I thought of it just as you opened your mouth. 你一张嘴我就知道你要说什么。
when更强调特定时间，还可表示从句中的动作先于或后于主句的动作。如：
When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.
当你以为自己一无所知的时候，你就是在开始知道一些事物了。
When truth is _buried_ under the ground, it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out, it blows up everything with it. 当真理被埋在地下的时候，它在生长，它感到压抑，它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量，一旦冒出，它就会炸破一切！
while从句只能表示延续的动作或状态以及主、从句中动作的对比。如：
She thought I w_as_tal_king about her daughter, while in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
她以为我在谈论她女儿，而事实上，我在谈论我女儿。
若表示两个短暂动作几乎同时发生时，用as的场合多于when。如：
As he finished his speech, the audience burst into applause. 【版权所有：21教育】
他演讲结束时，观众爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。
C 地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由where，wherever和everywhere等引导，可以放在主句前，也可放在主句后。
(1) where“在……地方，去……地方”。如：
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者， 事竟成。www.21-cn-jy.com
Cross the stream where it is shallowest. 在水最浅的地方过河。
The thread breaks where it is weakest. 线在最薄弱的地方断。
(2) wherever“在任何……地方，无论哪里”，是where的强势语。如：
Sit wherever you like. 你想坐哪儿就坐哪儿。
Wherever the sea is, you will find seamen. 任何有海的地方就有船员。
(3) everywhere“每一……地方”。如：
Everywhere I go, I find the same thing. 不管我走到哪里，都会发现同样的情况。
Everywhere they went, they were warmly welcomed.
他们每到一个地方都受到热烈欢迎。
D 原因状语从句
原因状语从句是表示原因_????????±?????????_。引导原因状语从句的连词有because，as，since，now (that)，considering that，seeing that等。21*cnjy*com
1. because
表示理由充分、必然的因果关系。如：
Paren_ts_sho_uld take seriously their children's requests because eye protection is necessary in sunny weather. 父母应该认真对待孩子们的要求，因为光线较强的天气里保护眼睛很有必要。
He was angry because we were late. 他很生气是因为我们迟到了。
Many Italian _parent_s discourage their children from working while at university because it may give the impression that they are needy. 许多意大利家长不鼓励孩子在上大学时打工，因为这么做会给人留下他们是贫困的印象。
注意
because和for的比较
(1) for是并列连词，只用于连接表示原因的分句，因此不能用于句首。be-cause表示原因时，可位于句首。如：
For he did not obey the rules, he was punished. （误）
Because he did not obey the rules, he was punished. （正）
由于不遵守规章制度，他受到了惩罚。
(2) for表示的是推断解释；because强调动作发生的直接原因。如：
The day breaks, for the birds are singing. 天亮了，因为鸟在叫。
（不可用because，因为鸟叫不是天亮的原因。）
Sean went to bed early, because he was tried. 由于肖恩累了，所以他很早就睡觉了。
（直接的原因）
Hale must be tried, for he went to bed early. 黑尔肯定累了，因为他很早就睡觉了。
（间接的推断）
2. since
表示“因为，既然”。它引导的从句大多置于句首，主句和从句的时态一般相同。如：
Since you'_re_not_ interested, I won't tell you about it. 既然你不感兴趣，那我就不告诉你了。
Since you are going, I will go. 既然你去，那我也去。
3. as
表示“由于”，它引导的从句置于句首或句末，表示附带的原因或往往被人们所知的原因。如：
As th_e_soup_ was very salty, we were thirsty afterwards. 由于汤太咸，后来我们都很口渴。
It is very _diffic_ult for us to know what to do as we are not his parents.
由于我们不是他的父母，因此，我们很难知道该怎么办。
4. because, since与as
(1) be_cause__语气最强，表达的是未知的新信息，一般置于主句之后，也可以放在主句之前，用逗号隔开。在回答 why引导的特殊疑问句时，或在强调句型It is / was...that...和关联词not...but...引导的原因状语从句中，要用because。另外，because还常和副词just，merely等连用。如：
Just be_cause__he doesn't complain, you must suppose that he is satisfied.
你不能只因他不抱怨，就以为他满足了。
You shouldn't get angry only because some people speak ill of you.
你不该仅仅因为有些人说了你的坏话就生气。
It's because he helped me that I'm pleased to help him.
正是因为他帮助过我，所以我乐意帮助他。
He deci_ded_to_ give up the chance of going abroad, not because he did not want to, but because his wife was ill. 他决定放弃出国的机会，不是因为他不想去，而是因为他妻子病了。
(2) since往往表示的是已知的客观事实，或分析后的推理，引导的从句大多置于句首，主句和从句的时态一般一致。如：
Since you _are_fr_ee today, you had better help me with my mathematics.
既然你今天休息， 你最好帮我补习数学。
(3) as 表示的理由最弱，只是对从句的附带说明，重点在主句。as从句通常放在主句之前。如：
As it is raining, you'd better take a taxi. 既然在下雨， 你最好乘出租车。
As you are tired, you had better rest. 既然你累了， 最好休息一下吧。
5. now that
既然，因为。that可以省略。如：
Now that you are here, you'd better stay. 你既然来了，最好还是留下吧。/既来之，则安之。
Now (that) dinner is ready, go and wash your hands. 既然饭已好了，去洗手吧。
6. considering that, seeing that
这两个短语和since，now that意思相近，都有“鉴于……事实，考虑到……”的意思，它们引导的从句都表示对方所知的原因。如：
Seeing _(that)_ you're already at the door, I suppose I must invite you inside.
鉴于你已到了门口，我想我必须邀请你入内。
Consideri_ng_(th_at) he's only just started, he knows quite a lot about it.
考虑到他只是刚刚开始, 他对此了解的已经不少了。
7. not that..., but that
这一结构相当于汉语中的“不是……，而是……”。如：
Not that I don't like the film, but that I have no time for it.
不是我不喜欢这部电影，而是我没有时间看。
Now that I do no_t_want_ to lend you money, but that I do not have any money now.
不是我不肯借钱给你，而是我现在根本就没钱。
E 目的状语从句
目的状语从句是表示行为、_??????????????????_引导目的状语从句的主要连词有that，so that，in order that，lest，for fear that，in case等，从句中常常使用一些情态动词，如can，could，may，might，should等。
1. so that, in order that
这两个短语都表示“为了，_????????????so_ that较常用，in order that用于正式文体。如果主句是一般现在时，从句通常用may或can；如果主句是一般过去时，从句通常用could，should或might。in order that从句可放在主句之前或之后，而so that从句一般放在主句之后，间或也可位于主句之前。如：
In order__that__you may create such a picture, you have to possess certain artistic weapons.
为了创作出这样一幅图，你必须具备某些艺术细胞。
We tal_ked_qu_ietly in order that we should not disturb the other passengers.
我们小声说话，以免打扰别的游客。
Speak clearly so that they may understand you. 说清楚，以便让他们能明白你的意思。
注意
当主句和从句的主语一致时，so that和in order that
引导的目的状语从句可以转换成相应的动词不定式。如：
We got up ear_ly_so__that we would arrive in time.We got up early so as to arrive in time.
为了能及时赶到，我们起得很早。
Betty saved money in order that she could buy a portable computer.
Betty saved money in order to buy a portable computer.
贝蒂存钱是为了买一台手提电脑。
2. lest, for fear that和in case
这三个连词_???è??????????????_是“以防，以免”。lest从句一般要用虚拟语气，形式为“should+动词原形”或只用动词原形。for fear that从句和in case从句一般用虚拟语气，但有时也可以用陈述语气。如：
He emphasi_zed_it_ again and again, lest she (should) forget. 他反复强调这一点，免得她忘了。
Shut the window for fear (that) it may rain. 关上窗户以防下雨。
Be quiet in case you should wake the baby. 安静些，免得把婴儿吵醒。
F 结果状语从句
结果状语从_??????è?¨?¤???????_、结果的从句。引导结果状语从句的连词有that，so that，so...that，such...that等。结果状语从句通常置于主句之后。
1. so, that, so that
这三个连词_é?????????????????_果状语从句。so that最为常用，so和that常用于口语或非正式文体中。so that从句常用逗号同主句隔开。如：
It was very cold, so that the river froze. 天气寒冷， 河水都结冰了。
He told me to do it, and so I did it. 他让我这样做，于是我就这样做了。
What had happened that she looked so worried and disappointed?
她看上去如此忧伤、失望，究竟发生了什么事？
2. so...that
so...that表示“如此……以至于……”。其引导的结果状语从句有如下几种结构：
(1) so＋adj. / adv.＋that从句
They wer_e_so_s_urprised that they did not try to stop him. 他们是那样吃惊，竟没有设法阻止他。
The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward.
风刮得那么大，我们简直寸步难行。
(2) so＋adj.(＋a / an)＋单数n.＋that从句
There is so__rapid_ an increase in population that a food shortage is caused.
人口增长如此迅速， 以至于造成了粮食的短缺。
It was so hot a day that even the crops withered. 天气极其炎热连庄稼都枯萎了。
(3) so+many / few+复数名词+that从句
I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.
我摔了许多跤，以至于浑身青一块紫一块。
He has so few friends that he often feels lonely. 他朋友很少，所以经常感到孤独。
(4) so+much / little+不可数名词+that从句
Our country has so much coal that she can export large quantities.
我们国家煤炭资源丰富， 可以大量出口。
I had so little money then that I couldn't even afford a used car.
我当时囊中羞涩，甚至连一辆二手车都买不起。
(5) 在“so+adj. / adv.+that从句”结构中，如将“so+adj. / adv.”置于句首，主谓要倒装
So excited was Richard that he could not say a word. 理查德激动得说不出话来。
So loudly did Je_sse_sp_eak that even the people in the next room could hear him.
杰西说话声音很大，连隔壁房间的人都能听见。
3. such...that
such...that表示“如此……以至……”，引导的结果状语从句有如下几种结构：
(1) such +a / an+adj.+单数可数名词+that从句
He's such a good person that we mustn't blame him. 他是这么好的人， 我们不能怪他。
We left i_n_such_ a hurry that we forgot to lock the door. 我们走得如此匆忙，以至于忘了锁门。
(2) such+adj.+复数名词+that从句
They are such fine teachers that we all hold them in great respect.
他们是非常好的老师， 我们对他们极为尊敬。
They are such interesting novels that all of us want to read them.
这些小说十分有意思，大家都想看。
(3) such+adj.+不可数名词+that从句
It is su_ch_nic_e weather that I would like to go to the beach. 天气这么好， 我想去海滩。
He made _such_r_apid progress that the teacher praised him. 他进步很快，老师表扬了他。
注意
“such+a / an+adj.+单数名词”结构可以和“so+adj.+a / an+单数名词”结构互换使用。如：21世纪教育网版权所有
He told us such a funny story that we all laughed.
He told us so funny a story that we all laughed.
他给我们讲了一个如此有趣的故事，大家都笑了。
The story he told us was so funny that we all laughed.
他给我们讲的故事如此有趣，大家都笑了。
4. such that
such that意为“（是）这样……以至……”。如：
Mother's answer _was_su_ch that she didn't say yes and she didn't say no.
母亲的回答就是这样，既没有同意也没有不同意。
His anger was such that he lost control of himself. 他勃然大怒，以至不能自制。
注意
such...that...与such...as...。如：
She had such a fright that she fainted. 她吓得昏了过去。（结果状语从句）
Luckil_y_such_ earthquake as can cause a lot of damage do not happen very often.
幸运的是，这种破坏性很大的地震并不经常发生。（定语从句）
G 条件状语从句
条件状语从句_???è?¨?¤?????????¨_作发生的前提或条件的从句。引导条件状语从句的连词有if，unless，so / as long as，as / so far as，on condition that，in case，suppose，supposing等。条件状语从句中的谓语动词一般要用现在时或过去时代替一般将来时或过去将来时。
(1) if表示正面条件，意为“如果”。如：
Could you endure poverty if I went away? 我要是离开了，你能忍受贫穷吗？
You could get a better job if you spoke a foreign language.
如果你能讲外语的话，你就可以找到好点儿的工作。
(2) unless=if...not，表示反面条件，意思是“如果不，除非”。如：
Nobody will get anything unless they ask for.
除非他们提出要求，否则谁也不会得到什么。
Unless I parted from Sheila, l could not keep up that struggle.
如果我不和希拉分手，我就没法坚持那种斗争。
注意
if...not和unless通常是可以互换的，但在下列情况下，两者是有区别的：
(1) unless多引导真实条件句，if...not可以引导真实条件句或非真实条件句。如：
Bruce won't be able to pass the final exam unless he works hard.
除非布鲁斯努力，否则就通不过期末考试。
Jim won't be able to pass the final exam if he doesn't work hard.
如果吉姆不努力，就不能通过期末考试。
(2) 如果主句描述的是情感或情绪活动方面的内容，if...not结构就不能换成unless。如：
I'll be quite glad if she doesn't come this evening.
如果她今晚不来，我会很高兴。
(3) unless引导的状语从句可用于否定结构。如：
Don't come unless I telephone. 除非我给你打电话，否则不要来。
(4) unless作为介词，相当于except。如：
Nothing will come out of it unless disaster.
这种事除了引起灾祸之外不会有什么结果。
(3) as / so long as，on condition that这三个短语意思大致相同，都表示“只要，条件是……”。如 ：
As long as you understand, we shall say no more about it.
只要你能理解，我们就不说什么了。
You may use the room on condition that you clean it afterwards.
只要你用完后打扫干净，你就可以使用这个房间。
(4) in case既可引导目的状语从句，也可以引导条件状语从句，相当于“if it happens that”。如：
In case I forget, please remind me about it. 万一我忘记了，请提醒我一下。
In case he arrives before I get back, please ask him to wait.
如果他在我回来以前到，请让他等一下。
(5) providing，provided that，supposing that，given that
这几个词和词组意思相近，有“如果，只要，假如”等意思。如：
Supposing he can't come, who will do the work? 如果他不来，谁来做这项工作？
Given (that) they were inexperienced, they've done a good job.
考虑到他们缺乏经验，他们的工作已做得很好了。
H 方式状语从句
方式状语从句是描述动作、方式的从句。方式状语从句常由as，as if/as though等词引导，通常位于主句之后。
(1) as，just as这两个连词的意思是“如……，正如……一样”。just as比as的强调性更强。如：
Type this again as I showed you a moment ago.
把这份材料按我刚才告诉你的那样再打一遍。
Just as__water_ is the most important of liquids, so air is the most important of gas.
空气是气体中最重要的一种，正如水是液体中最重要的一种一样。
注意
在口语中，可用like来代替as，引导一个方式状语从句。如：
She is doing the work exactly like I want her to.
她完全按照我的要求做这项工作。
Do you make bread like you make cakes?
你做面包的方法是不是和做蛋糕一样呢？
(2) as if，as though
由as if或as th_ough??????_的状语从句可以用陈述语气，表示（可能）符合事实的情况，也可以用虚拟语气，表示不符合事实或与事实相反的情况。这两个连词意义相同，意为“好像，仿佛”。如：
They comple_tely_i_gnore these facts as if / as though they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实，就好像它们不存在似的。
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。
I 比较状语从句
比较状语从句常由as，than等连词引导。
(1) as...as，t_he_sam_e...as这两个词组用于表示同等程度的比较。否定句用not so / as...as，not the same...as。如：www-2-1-cnjy-com
They are as firm as one could expect. 他们像人们希望的那样坚定。
Your watch is not the same as mine. 你的表和我的表不一样。
(2) than表示不同等级的比较。如：
The weather was worse than I had expected. 天气比我预料得坏。
It is even colder than yesterday. 今天比昨天冷。
(3) the more..., the more...表示比例的比较，意思是“越……就越……”。如：
The more you read, the better you understand. 你看的书越多，你就理解得越透彻。
The more le_arned__a man; the more modest he usually is. The more learned, the more modest.
一个人越有学问，就往往越谦虚。
J 让步状语从句
让步状语从句表示在某_?§????????????????_下，主句仍然会出现的情况。让步状语从句由though，although，however，whatever，even though，while等引导。
1. although, though
这两个词意思一样，都有“虽然，尽管”的意思。although比though正式。
(1) although指事实，多用于句首。多数情况下可与though互换。如：
Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children. 21*cnjy*com
尽管我们已经长大了,可是我们的父母仍把我们当小孩看待。
Although / Though he was worn out, (still) he kept on working.
虽然他已经精疲力竭了，但仍然继续工作。
(2) though既指事实，又指设想，可用于句首、句中或句尾。如：
She passed the examination though she had not studied very hard.
她虽然不用功学习，但考试及格了。
Though we are poor, we're still happy. 虽然我们穷，但我们仍然很快乐。
(3) though引导的从句有时可以倒装，这时可将从句中的一部分置于句首。如：
Hard as / though he works, he makes little progress.
（=Though he works hard, he makes little progress.）
尽管他学习很努力，但几乎没取得什么进步。
Child as / though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
（=Though he was a child, he knew what was the right thing to do.）
虽然他是一个孩子，但他知道该做什么。
注意
though, although不能与but连用，但可以与still，yet连用。如：
Although it's raining, they are still working in the field. 【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
尽管在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
伤口虽愈合，但留下了伤疤。
2. even if, even though
这两个词组的语气比though，although强，意为“即使”，两者可互换使用。如：
We'll make _a_trip_ even if / though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好，我们也要去旅行。
Even if he is _poor,__she loves him. （=He may be poor, yet she loves him.）
即使他很穷，但她还是爱他。
3. while, whereas
这两个词也可引导让步状语从句，突出对比主句和从句所表示的两种差异情况。如：
While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you.
虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。
Some peo_ple_do_n't have enough food to eat, whereas others waste food.
有些人吃不饱，而有些人浪费粮食。
4. whoever, whatever, wherever, whenever和however
这几个词都可引导让步状_è?????????????????_于no matter who(what，where，when，how)，意思为“无论谁，无论什么，无论何地，无论何时，无论如何”，表示不论在什么条件下进行的随意的选择。如：
Whatever / No matter what happened, he would not mind.
无论发生了什么，他都不会介意的。
Whoeve_r_/_No_ matter who you are, you must keep the law. 不管你是谁，你都要遵纪守法。
Howe_ver_/__No matter how expensive it may be, I'll take it. 无论它有多贵，我都要买下它。
5. whether...or(not)...
whether...or (not)...意思是“不管……还是……”。如：
You'll have to attend the ceremony whether you're free or busy.
不管你忙不忙，都要参加这个典礼。
Whether you believe it or not, it's true. 无论你是否相信，这都是真的。
注意
有时可直接用or来连接两个相同结构，表示让步。如：
Walking or sleeping, she always has the question in her mind.
无论走路还是睡觉，她总是想着这个问题。
6. as
连词as，同though一样，也可以引导让步状语从句，但从句要用倒装语序。即“adj. / adv. / v.+as+主谓结构”。如：
Try as he might, he couldn't solve the problem.
（=Though he might try, he couldn't solve the problem.）
尽管他设法这样做，却不能解决这个问题。
Cold as it is, the children are playing outdoors.
（=Though it is cold, the children are playing outdoors.）
虽然天气冷，但孩子们仍在户外玩。
7. if
if有时也可引导让步状语从句，相当于even if。如：
If he is poor, he is at least honest. 尽管他穷，但至少他是诚实的。
I'll do it if I die in the attempt. 即使会丧命，我也要试一下。
注意
在有些时间、地_??????????????????_式或让步状语从句中，如果谓语含有动词be，主语又和主句中的主语一致，或者主语是it，常把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分（特别是动词be）省略掉。如：
Look out for _cars_w_hen crossing the road.（=...when you are crossing the road.）
过马路时当心车辆。
If possible, I_'d_lik_e to have two copies of it. （=If it is possible,...）
可能的话，我想要两本。
_21?????????è?????(www.21cnjy.com)_
张道真高中英语语法之·状语
目 录
A 状语的表示法
???? 副词作状语
???? 介词短语作状语
???? 不定式（短语）作状语
???? 分词（短语）作状语
???? 形容词作状语
???? 词组作状语
???? 复合结构作状语
B 时间状语从句
???? when，while，as，whenever
???? before，after
???? till，until
???? since，ever since
???? as soon as
???? immediately，instantly，directly
???? the moment，the minute，the instant，the second
???? hardly / scarcely...when...，no sooner...than．．once21教育网
next time，the first time，the last time，every time【出处：21教育名师】
by the time
when，while与as
C 地点状语从句
D 原因状语从句
???? because
???? since
???? as
???? because，since与as
???? now that
???? considering that，seeing that
???? not that...，but that...
E 目的状语从句
???? so that，in order that
???? lest，for fear that和in case
F 结果状语从句
???? so，that，so that
???? so...that
????such...that
???? such that
G 条件状语从句
H 方式状语从句
I 比较状语从句
J 让步状语从句
???? although，though
???? even if，even though
????while，whereas
???? whoever，whatever，wherever，whenever
和however
???? whether...or (not)...
???? as303
???? if303
学以致用
Unit 22 状 语
状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词及全句的句子成分。
A 状语的表示法
1. 副词作状语
(1) 以-ly结尾的副词都可以修饰动词、形容词或副词等，作状语。如：
[修饰动词]
Generally she remained in on Monday evening. 一般来说，星期一晚上她都留在家里。
[修饰形容词]
That's a fairly easy book. 那是一本相当容易的书。
[修饰副词]
Ruth ran the house extremely well. 鲁思把家管理得非常好。
(2) 有些不以-ly结尾的副词也可以修饰动词、形容词或副词等，作状语。如：
[修饰动词]
How far can you see? 你能看多远？
[修饰形容词]
The box isn't big enough. 箱子不够大。
[修饰副词]
She swims far better than I do. 她比我游得好多了。
(3) 句子副词作状语。
有些副词修饰整个句子，说明说话人的态度等，称为句子副词。如：
Honestly, Tom didn't get the money. 说实话，汤姆没得到这笔钱。
Certain_ly_the_y must know the results of such speeches. 他们肯定知道这样发言的后果。
Maybe he would come around yet. 或许他还会来。
(4) 起连接作用的副词作状语。
许多副词起连词的作用，使句子与上下文有更紧密的联系，从而使行文更加流畅。如：
First, I must apologize to you. 首先，我要向你们表示歉意。
Lastly, let me mention the great support I've got from my wife. 21教育名师原创作品
最后，让我说一下我妻子给我的巨大支持。
He was sick, accordingly we sent him home. 他生病了，因此我们把他送回了家。
Besides, I want you to promise me one thing. 此外，我还要你答应我一件事。
(5) 一些特别的副词作状语。
与形容词同形的副词。如：
作副词 作形容词
Please send it airmail. Give me an airmail envelope.
寄航空邮件。 给我寄封航空邮件。
Come closer. His house is close to mine.
再走近一点。 他家紧挨着我家。
He flew direct to New York. He got a direct flight to New York.
他直飞纽约。 他直飞纽约。
Think hard and work hard. It is hard to please all.
多思苦干。 满足于一切是很难的。
First think and then speak. Is this your first visit?
先想后说。 这是你的首次旅行吗？
许多副词还有一个同根的副词，一个带-ly，一个不带，有时意思不同。如：
He was fully recovered. 他完全痊愈了。You know it full well. 这一点你完全知道。
They talked freely. 他们随便地谈。 Don't let the dog run free. 别让狗随便跑。
The road turns sharply. 路拐得很急。 Come at one clock's sharp. 准时一点钟来。
有些副词虽有两种形式，意思却差不多。如：
cheap / cheaply clean / cleanly close / closely
dear / dearly fair / fairly fine / finely
firm / firmly first / firstly loud / loudly
有些副词既可修饰形容词，也可修饰动词。如：
修饰形容词 修饰动词
He's badly hurt. The company had been badly managed.
他伤得很厉害。 这家公司管理得不好。
The sun_set_wa_s especially beautiful. I especially wished them to meet.
日落是特别美丽的。 我特希望见到他们。
It was a__parti_cularly pleasant day. I particularly like the brown shoes.
这是一个特别愉快的一天。 我尤其喜欢棕色的鞋。
2. 介词短语作状语
(1) 介词短语作状语表示时间、地点、方式、原因等。
[表时间]
Most people work from nine to five. 多数人都从上午9点工作到下午5点。
[表地点]
There's a bank opposite my office. 我的办公室对面有一家银行。
[表方式]
You may read the book at your leisure. 你有空时可以看这本书。
[表原因]
With all the rain, there'll be a good crop. 有这么多雨，收成会很好。
(2) 在“be+形容词”后可接介词短语作状语，多用人或事物作主语。如：
[以人作主语]
She is frightened of the dark. 她害怕黑夜。
I'm pleased at your success. 我为你的成功感到高兴。
[以物作主语]
My views are different from yours. 我的看法和你的不同。
The town is famous for its hot springs. 这座城市以温泉出名。2·1·c·n·j·y
(3) 有些动词后可跟介词短语作状语。如：
Most of them belong to the Han nationality. 他们大多数属于汉族。
English had borrowed many words from many languages. 英语借用了许多语言的词汇。
Hope for the best and prepare for the worst. 抱最好的希望，作最坏的准备。
3. 不定式（短语）作状语
(1) 不定式作状语表示目的、结果、程度、原因等。如：
[表目的]
She arrived early in order to get a good seat. 她提早到达以便有一个好座位。
[表原因]
We jumped with joy to hear their news. 听到他们的消息，我们高兴得跳了起来。
(2) 一些作表语_?????????è?????a_ble，afraid，angry，anxious，apt，ashamed，careful，bound，certain，clever,content，due，eager，easy，fit，free，frightened，glad，good，happy，kind，likely，lucky，prepared，proud，quick，ready，right，rude，slow，sorry，sure，surprised，unable，unlikely，wise等）后跟不定式（短语）作状语，多表示原因。如：
I'm glad to see you back. 看到你回来，我很高兴。
She was surprised to find him there. 发现他在那里，她很吃惊。
Be careful not to catch cold. 当心，别感冒。
(3) 不定式（短语）还用来修饰整个句子，可称为状语从句。如：
To be honest, I just don't like him. 说老实话，我就是不喜欢他。
I've never met him, to tell you the truth. 说真的，我还从未见过他。
To begin wi_th,_Jo_hn is too young for that kind of job. 首先，约翰干那种工作太年轻。
4. 分词（短语）作状语
(1) 现在分词（短语）作状语，通常用逗号把它和主、谓语分开，表示伴随情况、原因、时间等。如：
[表伴随情况]
He stood hopeless, not knowing what to do. 他无可奈何地站在那里，不知如何是好。
[表原因]
Being a student, he was naturally interested in museums.
他是一个学生，自然对博物馆感兴趣。
[表时间]
Walking through the park, we saw a fine show.
步行经过公园时，我们看到了漂亮的花卉展。
注意
(1) 现在分词与连词连用，作状语。如：
I had trie_d_to_k_eep your advice in mind when (I was) writing the book.
写这本书时我设法记住你的劝告。
She looked round as though searching for someone.
她向周围望望，仿佛在找什么人似的。
(2) 现在分词还可作句子状语。如：
Strictly speaking, you ought to sign the visitors' book first.
严格地讲，你应当先在访客簿上签名。
Women, generally speaking, live longer than men.
一般来讲，女人比男人活得长。
(2) 过去分词作状语，表示背景、伴随情况、原因或时间等。如：
[表伴随情况]
She entered, accompanied by her mother. 她由母亲陪伴着走了进来。
[表原因]
Much discouraged, he ran away from the plantation. 他忍无可忍，从种植园逃了出来。
[表时间]
Taken in time, the medicine will be quite effective. 及时吃，这药会很有效的。
5. 形容词作状语
Greatly interested, I asked how he played these new works.
我很感兴趣，问他如何演奏这些新作品。
Shyly and a bit frightened, I handed the results to my mother.
我腼腆地，也有些害怕，把成绩单递给了母亲。
They waited, breathless, for the result. 他们屏住呼吸等待结果。
6. 词组作状语
(1) 名词和它的修饰语作状语：
I shall stay another five months. 我将再待5个月。
She went jogging first thing in the morning. 她早晨第一件事就是跑步。
(2) 副词和它的修饰语作状语：
The bus arrived ten minutes late. 公共汽车迟到了10分钟。
But you went too far. 但你做得太过分。
(3) 介词和它的修饰语作状语：
He lives a long way from here. 他住得离这里很远。
Theory must go hand in hand with practice. 理论必须与实际相结合。
(4) 由and连接的两个平行的词作状语：
She looked after the child day and night. 她日夜照顾孩子。
He paced quickly up and down. 他踱来踱去。
(5) 其他词组作状语：
Sure enough, she was there. 果然她在那里。
She dived in head first. 她头朝下跳进水里。
(6) 一些常见的成语短语作状语：
day after day 日复一日 year after year 年复一年
arm in arm 手挽手 all day long 整天
now and then 不时地 first of all 首先
hand in hand 手牵手 face to face 面对面
7. 复合结构作状语
(1) 现在分词或过去分词若有逻辑上的主语，就是一种复合结构，这种结构可用作状语。如：
[现在分词作状语]
Spring coming on, the trees turned green. 春天来了，树都绿了。2-1-c-n-j-y
Her eyes glistening with tears, she asked,“What am I to do? ”
她眼中闪着泪珠，问道：“我该怎么办？”
[过去分词作状语]
That done, he put on his sweater and went out. 做完这件事，他穿上毛衣出去了。
All things considered, I think we ought to give the job to George. 21·cn·jy·com
从各方面考虑，我想我们应该把工作交给乔治。
(2) 含有形容词、介词短语或副词的复合结构作状语。如：
[形容词作状语]
He entered the room, his face pale. 他走进屋来，脸色苍白。
[介词短语作状语]
The old woman sat down, traces of tears still on her cheeks.
老太太坐了下来，面颊上还有泪痕。
[副词作状语]
He put on his socks wrong side out. 他把袜子穿反了。
(3) with后常可跟复合结构，中间包含有现在分词、过去分词、介词短语或其他成分作状语。如：
[现在分词作状语]
The day was bright, with a fresh breeze blowing. 天气晴朗，吹着一股凉风。
[过去分词作状语]
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午，他锁着门在家里工作。
[介词短语作状语]
His wife ca_me_dow_n the stairs, with her baby in her arms. 他妻子抱着宝宝走下楼来。
[伴随情况作状语]
In the a_fterno_on, with nothing to do, I went on a round of the bookshops.
由于下午无事可做，我到书店转了转。
【状语从句】
在复合句中作_???è??????????????_做状语从句。状语从句根据它表达的意思，可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等九种状语从句。
B 时间状语从句
时间状语从句是表示时间关系的从句。引导时间状语从句的连词很多，根据意义和主、从句之间的时间关系，通常可分为以下几种情况：【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
1. when,while,as,whenever
when，while，as表示主句的谓语动作和从句的谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生。
when
(1) when既可以表示在某一点的时候，又可表示在某一段时间内，主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。如：
[when表示点时间]
When I got home, my family were already having dinner.
我到家的时候，全家人都已在吃晚饭。
When we lived in town, we often went to the theater. 我们在城里住时，常常去看戏。
[when表示段时间]
When they were still talking and laughing, the teacher came in.
当他们还在说笑的时候，老师进来了。
He entered the room when the meeting was going on. 正当开会的时候，他走进了房间。
(2) 有时when表示“虽然，尽管”的含义，相当于although或since。如：
How can you hope for mercy yourself when you show none?
既然你不宽恕别人，你自己又怎能希望得到别人的宽恕呢？
He walks when he might take a taxi. 尽管可以打车，但他还是步行。
while
(1) while通常表示一段时间，从句中的谓语动词要用持续性动词。如：
Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。
While Jim was mending his bike, Lin Tao came to see him.
正当吉姆修自行车的时候，林涛来看他。
(2) while有时可以作并列连词，表示对比，可译为“……，而……”。如：
I li_ke_pla_ying football while you like playing basketball. 我喜欢踢足球，而你喜欢打篮球。
We slept while the captain kept watch. 我们睡觉，而上尉在站岗。
(3) while有时可引导让步状语从句，意思是“虽然”。如：
While they love the children, they are strict with them.
虽然他们都爱这些孩子，但却对他们要求很严格。
While I__admit_ that the problem is difficult, I don't think that they can't be solved.
尽管我承认这个问题很难，但我并不认为无法解决。
as
(1) as表示“当……的时候”，往往与while / when通用，但它着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生。如：
You can feel the air moving as your hands push through it.
当你的手在空气中挥动的时候，你就能感觉到空气在流动。
The thief was caught as / when he was stealing in the supermarket.
小偷在超市行窃时被抓住了。
(2) as表示“一边……一边……”，强调从句和主句中的两个动作交替进行或同时进行。如：
We always sing as we walk. 我们总是边走边唱。
He looked behind from time to time as he went. 他一边走，一边不时地往后看。
(3) as表示“随着”。如：
As time goes on, it's getting warmer and warmer.
随着时间的推移，天气变得越来越暖和了。
As spring wa_rms_th_e earth, all the flowers begin to bloom. 随着春回大地，百花开始绽放。
whenever
whenever是when的强势语，它描述的不是一次性动作，而是经常发生的习惯性动作。如：
You are always welcome whenever you come. 无论你何时来都受欢迎。
Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us.
每当我们遇到困难的时候，他们就来帮助我们。
2. before, after
before和after表示的是两个时间或两个事件之间的先后关系。
(1) before“在……之前”。before引导的从句动作通常发生在主句动作之后，如果从句是过去时，主句一般用过去完成时。如：21·世纪*教育网
It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过4天才能回来。
They _had_go_t everything ready before I arrived. 在我到达之前，他们已经把一切准备好了。
注意
before从句往往带有否定的含义。如：
He ran off before I could stop him. 我还没来得及阻止他，他就跑掉了。
Take it down before you forget it. 趁着还没忘记的时候就记下来。
(2) after“在……之后”。after引导的从句动作通常发生在主句动作之前，如果主句用过去时，从句要用过去完成时。如：
After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.
你仔细考虑过以后，告诉我你是怎样决定的。
After we had finished the work, we went home. 完成工作之后，我们回家了。
注意
如果不强调时间的先后，或是因为从句中使用的是某个状态动词，after和before句子中的谓语动词也可以都用一般过去时。如：
He arrived after the game started. 比赛开始后他才到达。
She did not understand me before I explained it to me.
在我向她解释之前，她不理解我的意思。
3. till,until
(1) till / until用于肯定句时，表示“直到……为止”，主句的谓语动词必须为延续性动词。如：21cnjy.com
Please wait until / till I arrived. 在我到达之前请等我。
I worked until / till he came back. 我工作到他回来为止。
(2) not...unt_il_/_t_ill “直到……才……”，主句的谓语动词通常要用短暂性动词，这时until和till可用before 代替。如：
I didn't go to bed until / till my father came back. 直到父亲回来我才上床睡觉。
It was not unt_il_the_ meeting was over that he began to teach me English. 直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。
(3) 当not until位于句首时，主句中的主、谓语要使用倒装语序。如：
Not until she stopped crying did I leave. 直到她不哭了，我才离开。
Not until after the war did they meet. 他们直到战后才相见。
(4) 在强调句型中一般只用until，不用till。如：
It was not u_ntil_s_he took off her dark glasses that I recognized her.
直到她摘下墨镜，我才认出她。
It was not until__late__afternoon that they began to tackle the major problem.
直到下午晚些时候，他们才开始着手处理这个主要的问题。
4. since, ever since
(1) since“自_??????????????????_表示动作从过去某一点时间一直延续到说话时间为止。主句中通常为延续性动词的现在完成时，since从句中一般用短暂性动词的一般过去时。如：
I have made great progress since I was ill. 我自病愈以来取得了很大的进步。
She has never come to see me since I have lived in the city.
自从我住到城里，她就一直不来看我。
注意
有时since从句也可以用延续性动词，但要注意它的译法。如：
Tom is now work_ing_on_ the farm. It's two years since he was a college student.
汤姆现在在农场上班，他大学毕业已有两年了。
(2) ever since“从那时起直至现在，此后一直”。表示说话者强调主句动作或状态持续时间长，语气比since强。如：
I have lived here ever since I was a child. 我从还是个孩子时就一直住在这儿。
The family had lived in gloom ever since the tragedy.
自从这场悲剧发生后，这个家庭活在愁云惨雾中。
(3) since还可以用作副词或介词。如：
The big clock _was_da_maged during the war and has been silent (ever) since.
这只大钟在战争中损坏，从此就一直不响了。
You have made great achievements in your work since graduation.
你们自毕业以来已经在工作中取得了巨大成就。
5. as soon as
as soon as“一……就……”，用来表示主句和从句的动作是紧接着发生的。如：
As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大，就给你来电话。
I shall come as soon as I've finished supper. 我一吃过晚饭就来。
6. immediately, instantly, directly
这些词相当于as soon as，从句中用一般过去时。如：
I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早饭，我立即去那里。
I recognized her instantly I caught a glimpse of her. 我一看见她就认出她了。
They told me the news immediately they got the message.
他们一得到口信就把消息告诉我了。
7. the moment, the minute, the instant, the second
这几个名词短语也可用作连词，直接引导时间状语从句，表示“一……就……”。如：
The m_oment__I heard the news, I hastened to the spot. 我一听到消息就赶到了出事地点。
Tell me I need to see him the minute he arrives. 告诉我，他一到我就要见他。
注意
“一……就……”还可以用on / upon doing结构来表示。如：
On arriving _home_h_e called up Lester. =As soon as he arrived home, he called up Lester.
他一到家就给莱斯特打电话。
5. hardly/scarcely...when..., no sooner...than...
这两个短语都表示主句和从句动作随即相继发生，意为“一……就，刚刚……就”，主句动词用过去完成时。如：
Todd h_ad_no__sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.
托德刚到家，就被邀请开始另一旅程。
Leo had _hardly_ fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.
利奥刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。
注意
(1) 当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。如：
Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in. 我刚坐下，他就进来了。
No s_ooner__had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work. 太阳刚从地平线上升起，他就起床开始工作了。
(2) hardly...when和scarcely...when有时也可同not...before互换使用。如：
They had hardly talked for half an hour when she entered.
They had not _talked_ for half an hour before she entered.他们说了不到半小时她就来了。
9. once
once作连词时，也相当于as soon as，但它含有的条件意味更浓，引导的从句较短。如：
Once o_ver_th_e pass, you will see the town before you. 一过关，你就会看到那座城市在你前面。
Once you begin, you must continue. 一旦开了头，你就得继续下去。
10. next time, the first time, the last time, every time
Every time I catch a cold, I have pain in my back. 每次感冒，我的背都疼。
Be sure to call on us next time you come to town. 下次你进城一定来看我们。
11. by the time
by the time也可以引导时间状语从句，意为“到……时为止”，主句一般要用完成时态。如：
By the__time__you came back, I had finished this book. 到你回来时，我已经写完这本书了。
By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work.
你明天来这儿的时候，我已经完成此工作了。
12. when, while与as
(1) 当从句表示的是段时间，即其谓语动词有持续性特征时，这三个词之间可以互换。如：
I got the ne_ws_on__the radio when / as / while I was having breakfast.
我在吃早饭的时候从收音机里听到这一消息。
(2) 在下列情况下，三者彼此之间不能替换使用：
as更强调同一时间、紧接的一前一后或伴随着的变化。如：
As we were going out, it began to snow. 当我们出门时，开始下雪了。
I thought of it just as you opened your mouth. 你一张嘴我就知道你要说什么。
when更强调特定时间，还可表示从句中的动作先于或后于主句的动作。如：
When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.
当你以为自己一无所知的时候，你就是在开始知道一些事物了。
When truth is _buried_ under the ground, it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out, it blows up everything with it. 当真理被埋在地下的时候，它在生长，它感到压抑，它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量，一旦冒出，它就会炸破一切！
while从句只能表示延续的动作或状态以及主、从句中动作的对比。如：
She thought I w_as_tal_king about her daughter, while in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
她以为我在谈论她女儿，而事实上，我在谈论我女儿。
若表示两个短暂动作几乎同时发生时，用as的场合多于when。如：
As he finished his speech, the audience burst into applause. 【版权所有：21教育】
他演讲结束时，观众爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。
C 地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由where，wherever和everywhere等引导，可以放在主句前，也可放在主句后。
(1) where“在……地方，去……地方”。如：
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者， 事竟成。www.21-cn-jy.com
Cross the stream where it is shallowest. 在水最浅的地方过河。
The thread breaks where it is weakest. 线在最薄弱的地方断。
(2) wherever“在任何……地方，无论哪里”，是where的强势语。如：
Sit wherever you like. 你想坐哪儿就坐哪儿。
Wherever the sea is, you will find seamen. 任何有海的地方就有船员。
(3) everywhere“每一……地方”。如：
Everywhere I go, I find the same thing. 不管我走到哪里，都会发现同样的情况。
Everywhere they went, they were warmly welcomed.
他们每到一个地方都受到热烈欢迎。
D 原因状语从句
原因状语从句是表示原因_????????±?????????_。引导原因状语从句的连词有because，as，since，now (that)，considering that，seeing that等。21*cnjy*com
1. because
表示理由充分、必然的因果关系。如：
Paren_ts_sho_uld take seriously their children's requests because eye protection is necessary in sunny weather. 父母应该认真对待孩子们的要求，因为光线较强的天气里保护眼睛很有必要。
He was angry because we were late. 他很生气是因为我们迟到了。
Many Italian _parent_s discourage their children from working while at university because it may give the impression that they are needy. 许多意大利家长不鼓励孩子在上大学时打工，因为这么做会给人留下他们是贫困的印象。
注意
because和for的比较
(1) for是并列连词，只用于连接表示原因的分句，因此不能用于句首。be-cause表示原因时，可位于句首。如：
For he did not obey the rules, he was punished. （误）
Because he did not obey the rules, he was punished. （正）
由于不遵守规章制度，他受到了惩罚。
(2) for表示的是推断解释；because强调动作发生的直接原因。如：
The day breaks, for the birds are singing. 天亮了，因为鸟在叫。
（不可用because，因为鸟叫不是天亮的原因。）
Sean went to bed early, because he was tried. 由于肖恩累了，所以他很早就睡觉了。
（直接的原因）
Hale must be tried, for he went to bed early. 黑尔肯定累了，因为他很早就睡觉了。
（间接的推断）
2. since
表示“因为，既然”。它引导的从句大多置于句首，主句和从句的时态一般相同。如：
Since you'_re_not_ interested, I won't tell you about it. 既然你不感兴趣，那我就不告诉你了。
Since you are going, I will go. 既然你去，那我也去。
3. as
表示“由于”，它引导的从句置于句首或句末，表示附带的原因或往往被人们所知的原因。如：
As th_e_soup_ was very salty, we were thirsty afterwards. 由于汤太咸，后来我们都很口渴。
It is very _diffic_ult for us to know what to do as we are not his parents.
由于我们不是他的父母，因此，我们很难知道该怎么办。
4. because, since与as
(1) be_cause__语气最强，表达的是未知的新信息，一般置于主句之后，也可以放在主句之前，用逗号隔开。在回答 why引导的特殊疑问句时，或在强调句型It is / was...that...和关联词not...but...引导的原因状语从句中，要用because。另外，because还常和副词just，merely等连用。如：
Just be_cause__he doesn't complain, you must suppose that he is satisfied.
你不能只因他不抱怨，就以为他满足了。
You shouldn't get angry only because some people speak ill of you.
你不该仅仅因为有些人说了你的坏话就生气。
It's because he helped me that I'm pleased to help him.
正是因为他帮助过我，所以我乐意帮助他。
He deci_ded_to_ give up the chance of going abroad, not because he did not want to, but because his wife was ill. 他决定放弃出国的机会，不是因为他不想去，而是因为他妻子病了。
(2) since往往表示的是已知的客观事实，或分析后的推理，引导的从句大多置于句首，主句和从句的时态一般一致。如：
Since you _are_fr_ee today, you had better help me with my mathematics.
既然你今天休息， 你最好帮我补习数学。
(3) as 表示的理由最弱，只是对从句的附带说明，重点在主句。as从句通常放在主句之前。如：
As it is raining, you'd better take a taxi. 既然在下雨， 你最好乘出租车。
As you are tired, you had better rest. 既然你累了， 最好休息一下吧。
5. now that
既然，因为。that可以省略。如：
Now that you are here, you'd better stay. 你既然来了，最好还是留下吧。/既来之，则安之。
Now (that) dinner is ready, go and wash your hands. 既然饭已好了，去洗手吧。
6. considering that, seeing that
这两个短语和since，now that意思相近，都有“鉴于……事实，考虑到……”的意思，它们引导的从句都表示对方所知的原因。如：
Seeing _(that)_ you're already at the door, I suppose I must invite you inside.
鉴于你已到了门口，我想我必须邀请你入内。
Consideri_ng_(th_at) he's only just started, he knows quite a lot about it.
考虑到他只是刚刚开始, 他对此了解的已经不少了。
7. not that..., but that
这一结构相当于汉语中的“不是……，而是……”。如：
Not that I don't like the film, but that I have no time for it.
不是我不喜欢这部电影，而是我没有时间看。
Now that I do no_t_want_ to lend you money, but that I do not have any money now.
不是我不肯借钱给你，而是我现在根本就没钱。
E 目的状语从句
目的状语从句是表示行为、_??????????????????_引导目的状语从句的主要连词有that，so that，in order that，lest，for fear that，in case等，从句中常常使用一些情态动词，如can，could，may，might，should等。
1. so that, in order that
这两个短语都表示“为了，_????????????so_ that较常用，in order that用于正式文体。如果主句是一般现在时，从句通常用may或can；如果主句是一般过去时，从句通常用could，should或might。in order that从句可放在主句之前或之后，而so that从句一般放在主句之后，间或也可位于主句之前。如：
In order__that__you may create such a picture, you have to possess certain artistic weapons.
为了创作出这样一幅图，你必须具备某些艺术细胞。
We tal_ked_qu_ietly in order that we should not disturb the other passengers.
我们小声说话，以免打扰别的游客。
Speak clearly so that they may understand you. 说清楚，以便让他们能明白你的意思。
注意
当主句和从句的主语一致时，so that和in order that
引导的目的状语从句可以转换成相应的动词不定式。如：
We got up ear_ly_so__that we would arrive in time.We got up early so as to arrive in time.
为了能及时赶到，我们起得很早。
Betty saved money in order that she could buy a portable computer.
Betty saved money in order to buy a portable computer.
贝蒂存钱是为了买一台手提电脑。
2. lest, for fear that和in case
这三个连词_???è??????????????_是“以防，以免”。lest从句一般要用虚拟语气，形式为“should+动词原形”或只用动词原形。for fear that从句和in case从句一般用虚拟语气，但有时也可以用陈述语气。如：
He emphasi_zed_it_ again and again, lest she (should) forget. 他反复强调这一点，免得她忘了。
Shut the window for fear (that) it may rain. 关上窗户以防下雨。
Be quiet in case you should wake the baby. 安静些，免得把婴儿吵醒。
F 结果状语从句
结果状语从_??????è?¨?¤???????_、结果的从句。引导结果状语从句的连词有that，so that，so...that，such...that等。结果状语从句通常置于主句之后。
1. so, that, so that
这三个连词_é?????????????????_果状语从句。so that最为常用，so和that常用于口语或非正式文体中。so that从句常用逗号同主句隔开。如：
It was very cold, so that the river froze. 天气寒冷， 河水都结冰了。
He told me to do it, and so I did it. 他让我这样做，于是我就这样做了。
What had happened that she looked so worried and disappointed?
她看上去如此忧伤、失望，究竟发生了什么事？
2. so...that
so...that表示“如此……以至于……”。其引导的结果状语从句有如下几种结构：
(1) so＋adj. / adv.＋that从句
They wer_e_so_s_urprised that they did not try to stop him. 他们是那样吃惊，竟没有设法阻止他。
The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward.
风刮得那么大，我们简直寸步难行。
(2) so＋adj.(＋a / an)＋单数n.＋that从句
There is so__rapid_ an increase in population that a food shortage is caused.
人口增长如此迅速， 以至于造成了粮食的短缺。
It was so hot a day that even the crops withered. 天气极其炎热连庄稼都枯萎了。
(3) so+many / few+复数名词+that从句
I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.
我摔了许多跤，以至于浑身青一块紫一块。
He has so few friends that he often feels lonely. 他朋友很少，所以经常感到孤独。
(4) so+much / little+不可数名词+that从句
Our country has so much coal that she can export large quantities.
我们国家煤炭资源丰富， 可以大量出口。
I had so little money then that I couldn't even afford a used car.
我当时囊中羞涩，甚至连一辆二手车都买不起。
(5) 在“so+adj. / adv.+that从句”结构中，如将“so+adj. / adv.”置于句首，主谓要倒装
So excited was Richard that he could not say a word. 理查德激动得说不出话来。
So loudly did Je_sse_sp_eak that even the people in the next room could hear him.
杰西说话声音很大，连隔壁房间的人都能听见。
3. such...that
such...that表示“如此……以至……”，引导的结果状语从句有如下几种结构：
(1) such +a / an+adj.+单数可数名词+that从句
He's such a good person that we mustn't blame him. 他是这么好的人， 我们不能怪他。
We left i_n_such_ a hurry that we forgot to lock the door. 我们走得如此匆忙，以至于忘了锁门。
(2) such+adj.+复数名词+that从句
They are such fine teachers that we all hold them in great respect.
他们是非常好的老师， 我们对他们极为尊敬。
They are such interesting novels that all of us want to read them.
这些小说十分有意思，大家都想看。
(3) such+adj.+不可数名词+that从句
It is su_ch_nic_e weather that I would like to go to the beach. 天气这么好， 我想去海滩。
He made _such_r_apid progress that the teacher praised him. 他进步很快，老师表扬了他。
注意
“such+a / an+adj.+单数名词”结构可以和“so+adj.+a / an+单数名词”结构互换使用。如：21世纪教育网版权所有
He told us such a funny story that we all laughed.
He told us so funny a story that we all laughed.
他给我们讲了一个如此有趣的故事，大家都笑了。
The story he told us was so funny that we all laughed.
他给我们讲的故事如此有趣，大家都笑了。
4. such that
such that意为“（是）这样……以至……”。如：
Mother's answer _was_su_ch that she didn't say yes and she didn't say no.
母亲的回答就是这样，既没有同意也没有不同意。
His anger was such that he lost control of himself. 他勃然大怒，以至不能自制。
注意
such...that...与such...as...。如：
She had such a fright that she fainted. 她吓得昏了过去。（结果状语从句）
Luckil_y_such_ earthquake as can cause a lot of damage do not happen very often.
幸运的是，这种破坏性很大的地震并不经常发生。（定语从句）
G 条件状语从句
条件状语从句_???è?¨?¤?????????¨_作发生的前提或条件的从句。引导条件状语从句的连词有if，unless，so / as long as，as / so far as，on condition that，in case，suppose，supposing等。条件状语从句中的谓语动词一般要用现在时或过去时代替一般将来时或过去将来时。
(1) if表示正面条件，意为“如果”。如：
Could you endure poverty if I went away? 我要是离开了，你能忍受贫穷吗？
You could get a better job if you spoke a foreign language.
如果你能讲外语的话，你就可以找到好点儿的工作。
(2) unless=if...not，表示反面条件，意思是“如果不，除非”。如：
Nobody will get anything unless they ask for.
除非他们提出要求，否则谁也不会得到什么。
Unless I parted from Sheila, l could not keep up that struggle.
如果我不和希拉分手，我就没法坚持那种斗争。
注意
if...not和unless通常是可以互换的，但在下列情况下，两者是有区别的：
(1) unless多引导真实条件句，if...not可以引导真实条件句或非真实条件句。如：
Bruce won't be able to pass the final exam unless he works hard.
除非布鲁斯努力，否则就通不过期末考试。
Jim won't be able to pass the final exam if he doesn't work hard.
如果吉姆不努力，就不能通过期末考试。
(2) 如果主句描述的是情感或情绪活动方面的内容，if...not结构就不能换成unless。如：
I'll be quite glad if she doesn't come this evening.
如果她今晚不来，我会很高兴。
(3) unless引导的状语从句可用于否定结构。如：
Don't come unless I telephone. 除非我给你打电话，否则不要来。
(4) unless作为介词，相当于except。如：
Nothing will come out of it unless disaster.
这种事除了引起灾祸之外不会有什么结果。
(3) as / so long as，on condition that这三个短语意思大致相同，都表示“只要，条件是……”。如 ：
As long as you understand, we shall say no more about it.
只要你能理解，我们就不说什么了。
You may use the room on condition that you clean it afterwards.
只要你用完后打扫干净，你就可以使用这个房间。
(4) in case既可引导目的状语从句，也可以引导条件状语从句，相当于“if it happens that”。如：
In case I forget, please remind me about it. 万一我忘记了，请提醒我一下。
In case he arrives before I get back, please ask him to wait.
如果他在我回来以前到，请让他等一下。
(5) providing，provided that，supposing that，given that
这几个词和词组意思相近，有“如果，只要，假如”等意思。如：
Supposing he can't come, who will do the work? 如果他不来，谁来做这项工作？
Given (that) they were inexperienced, they've done a good job.
考虑到他们缺乏经验，他们的工作已做得很好了。
H 方式状语从句
方式状语从句是描述动作、方式的从句。方式状语从句常由as，as if/as though等词引导，通常位于主句之后。
(1) as，just as这两个连词的意思是“如……，正如……一样”。just as比as的强调性更强。如：
Type this again as I showed you a moment ago.
把这份材料按我刚才告诉你的那样再打一遍。
Just as__water_ is the most important of liquids, so air is the most important of gas.
空气是气体中最重要的一种，正如水是液体中最重要的一种一样。
注意
在口语中，可用like来代替as，引导一个方式状语从句。如：
She is doing the work exactly like I want her to.
她完全按照我的要求做这项工作。
Do you make bread like you make cakes?
你做面包的方法是不是和做蛋糕一样呢？
(2) as if，as though
由as if或as th_ough??????_的状语从句可以用陈述语气，表示（可能）符合事实的情况，也可以用虚拟语气，表示不符合事实或与事实相反的情况。这两个连词意义相同，意为“好像，仿佛”。如：
They comple_tely_i_gnore these facts as if / as though they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实，就好像它们不存在似的。
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。
I 比较状语从句
比较状语从句常由as，than等连词引导。
(1) as...as，t_he_sam_e...as这两个词组用于表示同等程度的比较。否定句用not so / as...as，not the same...as。如：www-2-1-cnjy-com
They are as firm as one could expect. 他们像人们希望的那样坚定。
Your watch is not the same as mine. 你的表和我的表不一样。
(2) than表示不同等级的比较。如：
The weather was worse than I had expected. 天气比我预料得坏。
It is even colder than yesterday. 今天比昨天冷。
(3) the more..., the more...表示比例的比较，意思是“越……就越……”。如：
The more you read, the better you understand. 你看的书越多，你就理解得越透彻。
The more le_arned__a man; the more modest he usually is. The more learned, the more modest.
一个人越有学问，就往往越谦虚。
J 让步状语从句
让步状语从句表示在某_?§????????????????_下，主句仍然会出现的情况。让步状语从句由though，although，however，whatever，even though，while等引导。
1. although, though
这两个词意思一样，都有“虽然，尽管”的意思。although比though正式。
(1) although指事实，多用于句首。多数情况下可与though互换。如：
Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children. 21*cnjy*com
尽管我们已经长大了,可是我们的父母仍把我们当小孩看待。
Although / Though he was worn out, (still) he kept on working.
虽然他已经精疲力竭了，但仍然继续工作。
(2) though既指事实，又指设想，可用于句首、句中或句尾。如：
She passed the examination though she had not studied very hard.
她虽然不用功学习，但考试及格了。
Though we are poor, we're still happy. 虽然我们穷，但我们仍然很快乐。
(3) though引导的从句有时可以倒装，这时可将从句中的一部分置于句首。如：
Hard as / though he works, he makes little progress.
（=Though he works hard, he makes little progress.）
尽管他学习很努力，但几乎没取得什么进步。
Child as / though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
（=Though he was a child, he knew what was the right thing to do.）
虽然他是一个孩子，但他知道该做什么。
注意
though, although不能与but连用，但可以与still，yet连用。如：
Although it's raining, they are still working in the field. 【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
尽管在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
伤口虽愈合，但留下了伤疤。
2. even if, even though
这两个词组的语气比though，although强，意为“即使”，两者可互换使用。如：
We'll make _a_trip_ even if / though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好，我们也要去旅行。
Even if he is _poor,__she loves him. （=He may be poor, yet she loves him.）
即使他很穷，但她还是爱他。
3. while, whereas
这两个词也可引导让步状语从句，突出对比主句和从句所表示的两种差异情况。如：
While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you.
虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。
Some peo_ple_do_n't have enough food to eat, whereas others waste food.
有些人吃不饱，而有些人浪费粮食。
4. whoever, whatever, wherever, whenever和however
这几个词都可引导让步状_è?????????????????_于no matter who(what，where，when，how)，意思为“无论谁，无论什么，无论何地，无论何时，无论如何”，表示不论在什么条件下进行的随意的选择。如：
Whatever / No matter what happened, he would not mind.
无论发生了什么，他都不会介意的。
Whoeve_r_/_No_ matter who you are, you must keep the law. 不管你是谁，你都要遵纪守法。
Howe_ver_/__No matter how expensive it may be, I'll take it. 无论它有多贵，我都要买下它。
5. whether...or(not)...
whether...or (not)...意思是“不管……还是……”。如：
You'll have to attend the ceremony whether you're free or busy.
不管你忙不忙，都要参加这个典礼。
Whether you believe it or not, it's true. 无论你是否相信，这都是真的。
注意
有时可直接用or来连接两个相同结构，表示让步。如：
Walking or sleeping, she always has the question in her mind.
无论走路还是睡觉，她总是想着这个问题。
6. as
连词as，同though一样，也可以引导让步状语从句，但从句要用倒装语序。即“adj. / adv. / v.+as+主谓结构”。如：
Try as he might, he couldn't solve the problem.
（=Though he might try, he couldn't solve the problem.）
尽管他设法这样做，却不能解决这个问题。
Cold as it is, the children are playing outdoors.
（=Though it is cold, the children are playing outdoors.）
虽然天气冷，但孩子们仍在户外玩。
7. if
if有时也可引导让步状语从句，相当于even if。如：
If he is poor, he is at least honest. 尽管他穷，但至少他是诚实的。
I'll do it if I die in the attempt. 即使会丧命，我也要试一下。
注意
在有些时间、地_??????????????????_式或让步状语从句中，如果谓语含有动词be，主语又和主句中的主语一致，或者主语是it，常把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分（特别是动词be）省略掉。如：
Look out for _cars_w_hen crossing the road.（=...when you are crossing the road.）
过马路时当心车辆。
If possible, I_'d_lik_e to have two copies of it. （=If it is possible,...）
可能的话，我想要两本。
_21?????????è?????(www.21cnjy.com)_