中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
张道真高中英语语法之·动词时态
目 录
A 时态的体
????静态动词
????动态动词
B 一般现在时
????表经常
????表现在
????表将来
C 一般过去时
????表过去
????表现在
????表将来
D 一般将来时
????基本用法
????其他用法
E 过去将来时
????基本用法
????其他形式
F 现在进行时
????表现在
????现在进行时用于从句中
????现在进行时用于无限动词与静态动词
????表将来
G 过去进行时
????表过去
????表过去的将来
????过去进行时的其他用法
H 将来进行时
????表事情的发展
????表原因等
????表委婉
????与一般将来时连用
I 现在完成时
????表经验和结果
????表持续
????现在完成时与状语的连用
????一般过去时与现在完成时的区别
J 过去完成时
????基本用法
K 将来完成时
????将来完成时的构成
????基本用法
L 现在完成进行时
????基本用法
????现在完成进行时表重复性动作
????现在完成进行时的感彩
????现在完成进行时时间状语的省略
????现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
M 过去完成进行时
????过去完成进行时的构成
????基本用法
????过去完成进行时与过去完成时的区别
N 时态的替换
????一般现在时代替一般过去时
????一般现在时代替现在完成时
????一般现在时代替现在进行时
????一般现在时代替一般将来时
O 时态的一致
学以致用
Unit 6 时 态
时态是一个语法范畴,_??¨???è?¨?¤???¨???_、行为和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。不同的语言具有不同的时态。有的语言甚至没有时态。我们所用的汉语基本上就是借助词汇表示各种时间和动作状态的。英语不但有时态,而且种类较多,区别细微,习惯性强。
时态由“时”和“态_??????????????????_”主要有4个主要部分,即现在、过去、将来和过去将来;“态”也有4种,即一般、进行、完成和完成进行。将4个“时”和4个“态”组合在一起,就是时态的种类,共16种。鉴于中学课标的要求,高中阶段应该掌握12种时态:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。为使学习者能够直观地看到时态的结构,现以work为例,将这16种时态列表如下:
work 一般 进行 完成 完成进行
现在
work / works一般现在时
is / am / areworking 现在进行时
have / has worked现在完成时
have / has been working现在完成进行时
过去
worked一般过去时
was / were working过去进行时
had worked过去完成时
had been working过去完成进行时
将来
shall / will work一般将来时
shall / will be working将来进行时
shall / will haveworked将来完成时
shall / will have beenworking将来完成进行时
过去将来
should / would work一般过去将来时
should / wouldbe working过去将来进行时
should / would have worked过去将来完成时
should / would have been working过去将来完成进行时
A 时态的体
动作的方面,从语法角度讲,称_??????????????????_动词的词性和词义来讲,则称之为“体”。动词的体可分为两大类,每一大类又可分为若干小类。现将我们的初步分类举例说明如下:
1. 静态动词
(1) 表内心活动。如:want,know,think,believe,understand等。如:
She finds that no one is believing her. 她发现没有人相信她说的话了。
What are you wanting this time? 这次你又要什么呀?
Tom is understanding French a lot better since he's been to France. 【出处:21教育名师】
汤姆从法国回来后对法语的理解能力大大提高了。
(2) 表爱憎等感情。如:like,hate,love等。如:
Do you like your teacher? 你喜欢你们的老师吗?
I'm simply loving it here. 我简直爱上这里的一切。
(3) 表各种知觉。如:see,hear,smell(不及物)等。如:
I'm hearing Prof. Gibson's lectures. 我在听吉布森教授的讲座。
He's not seeing too well. 他的视力不太好。
(4) 表身体感觉。如:feel,hurt,ache等。如:
How are you feeling today? 你今天感觉如何?
Are you hurting? 你痛吗?
My toes are itching like mad. 我的脚趾痒极了。
(5) 表相互关系。如:be,have,belong,contain,own等。如:
You are not being very polite. 你这可是不大客气呀。
It belongs to her. 这是她的。
2. 动态动词
(1) 瞬间动词,即表示动作瞬间完成,如:jump,hit,kick,knock,begin等。如:
Yes, it is beginning to be daylight. 是的,天开始亮了。
Someone is knocking. 有人在敲门。
(2) 有限动词,即表动作历时有限。如:gather,bind,produce,build,make,create,mend等。如:
A group of _studen_ts gathered in front of the administration building.
一群学生聚集在行政大楼前。
Water can be made pure by distilling it. 水可以通过蒸馏而提纯。
(3) 无限动词,也称_???????????¨è?????_即表示动作持续不断历时无限。像lie,sit,sleep,live,work,study,keep,hold,continue,remain等。如:
Where are you living? 你住在哪里?
What are you waiting for? 你等什么呢?
(4) 重复动词,即表示动作不断重复。如:giggle,struggle,pooh-pooh,twinkle等。如:
The girls were giggling in class. 女孩们在课堂上格格地笑。
The human being struggles with his environment. 人类与环境作斗争。
注意:
有些动词,如look,remember等,既可用作无限动词,又可用作有限动词。另外,在一定条件下,各类动词还可以相互转化。
sit和stand是无限动词,但在sit down和stand up中,它们就变成了有限动词。
read也是无限动词,但在I read a book yesterday.中,它也变成了有限动词。
尽管如此,具备一点关于动词_???????????????è??_,对于学习动词时态还是大有好处的。比如我们不能说:I have bought this TV set for three weeks. 其原因就在于buy是一个历时短暂的有限动词,它怎能持续三个星期呢?但我们可以说:I've studied English for three years. 因为study是一个无限动词。
【一般时】
一般时包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和一般过去将来时。
B 一般现在时
1. 表经常
(1) 表示经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语every...,sometimes,at...,on Sunday等连用。如: 21教育名师原创作品
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家去学校。
He always helps others. 他总是帮助别人。
(2) 表示客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。如:
The earth moves round the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
(3) 用于格言或警句中。如:
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
No man but errs. 人非圣贤,孰能无过。
但表示客观真理,客观存在,科学事实或用于格言、警句中,如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语动词也要用一般现在时。如:
Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
(4) 表示目前或现在的状态、能力、性格和个性。如:
I don't want so much. 我不想要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲得可不行。
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 现在我把糖放在杯子里。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。
第一句用一般现在_????????¨?????????_演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以用现在进行时。
(5) 由_when???w_hile,whenever,before,after,until,as soon as,if等引导的时间状语从句也可用一般现在时表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态。如:
Before I go to bed, I take a turn in the open air. 我在就寝之前要在外面转一转。
After I get dressed, I have breakfast. 我穿好衣服就吃早餐。
I'll tell her about it as soon as I see her. 我一见她就告诉她这件事。
Don't leave until he comes back. 等他回来你再走。
2. 表现在
(1) 表示现在此刻的动作或状态。如:
Are you busy? 你忙吗?
What's the matter with you? 你怎么了?
I don't understand. 我不明白。
Why is Tom so angry? Do you have any idea? 汤姆为什么生那么大的气?你知道吗?
(2) 像lie,s_tand???l_ive,keep,hold,remain,continue等无限动词常用一般现在时表示现在的动作或状态。如:
Here I sit—I wrote. 我现在坐在这里——我在写东西。
He continues in good condition. 他健康状况良好。
The contract holds good. 合同有效。
(3) 静态动词通常用一般现在时表现在。如:
How do you find the film? 你觉得这个电影怎么样?
Mr Osborne loves nature. 奥斯本先生热爱自然。
I have a terrible pain here. 我这儿很疼。
I wish you every success. 祝你成功。
3. 表将来
(1) 表示按规定、计划或_???????°?è????????_的动作,(仅限于某些表示“来、去、动、停、开始、结束、继续”等的趋向动词)可以与表示未来的时间状语连用。常见的用法是: 飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期、定点运行的交通状况。如: 21*cnjy*com
The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon. 下一趟火车今天下午3点发车。
How often does this shuttle bus run? 这班车多久一趟?
(2) 在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在时(有时也用现在完成时)表示将来发生的事情。如:
You will surely succeed if you try your best. 功夫不负有心人。
When you hav_e_fini_shed the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.
当你完成这份报告的时候,我已经等了将近3个小时了。
C 一般过去时
1. 表过去
(1) 在确定_???è?¨?¤?è????????_时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态,常用的时间状语有:yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982等。如:
Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?
(2) today,th_is_wee_k,this month,this year等时间状语也可与一般过去时连用。这些时间状语与一般过去时连用时,它们所表达的时间全指过去,决不包括“现在”在内。如:
I saw her this evening. 今天晚上我见过她。
(3) 表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作,特别是would / used to do表达的句型,本身表示的就是过去时。如: 21·cn·jy·com
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
我是个孩子的时候,常在街上踢足球。
Whenever the__Brown_s went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。
The old m_an_wou_ld sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody. 老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上,看着其他的人,一坐就是数小时,什么也不干,也不和任何人交谈。
He used to visit his mother once a week. 他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。
(4) 从句中叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。如:
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
我们老师告诉我们,哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲大陆。
2. 表现在
(1) 有时_????????????è????°_在时,表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。表示委婉语气的动词有: want,hope,wonder,think, intend 等和情态动词 could,would。如:
Did you want anything else? 您还想要什么呢?
I wondered if you could help me. 你能不能帮我一下。
I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car. 我想向您借车用一用,可以吗?
Would you mind my sitting here? 您介意我坐在这里吗?
(2) 一般过去时可用在某些格言中,表示客观真理或客观事实。如:
Care killed a cat. 过分操心反而有害。
Most men were__raise_d to succeed at work, not at home. 大多数人成就于工作上,而非在家里。
3. 表将来
用在虚拟语气中,表示现在或将来时间的动作或状态。常用的句型有:
It is time that sb. did sth. 表示“时间已迟了、某人早该做了” 。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示“宁愿某人做某事”。如:
It is time you went to bed. 你该睡觉了。
I'd rather you came tomorrow. 你还是明天来吧。
注意:
① 时间状_è????????é????????_般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组。如:yesterday,last month,in 1999,two days ago等,绝对不可与recently,in the past ten years,this month等连用,因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系,应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。
② used to的否定_????????????é?????_式很特别。其中否定形式有: used not to do,didn't used to do或didn't use to do。
D 一般将来时
1. 基本用法
(1) 表示将来有意识或无意_è?????????????¨???_或存在的状态。通常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如:tomorrow,next week,in a few days,next Sunday等。如:
It is said that it will be good weather tomorrow. 据说明天是好天气。
Will we see you again next week? 我们下星期会再见到你吗?
My husband will come back in a few days. 我丈夫几天后就回来。
The boat will sail next Sunday. 这艘船将于下星期日起航。
(2) 表示一种倾向、一种固有性或经常发生的动作。如:
Without air, a living thing will die. 没有空气,生物就会死亡。
When it gets warmer, the snow will start to melt. 当天气变暖时,雪就开始融化。
2. 其他用法
be going to +do
(1) 表示主语的意图,即将做某事。如:
What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天你打算做什么呢?
(2) 表示计划、安排要发生的事。如:
The play is going to be produced next month. 这出戏下月开拍。
(3) 表示有迹象要发生的事。如:
Look at the dark clouds. There is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。
be to+不定式
(1) 表示根据计划或安排将要发生的动作。如:
We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
She is to be seen in the lab on Monday. 星期一你准会在实验室见到她。
(2) 用于表示“命令”“通知”等。如:
You are to do your homework before you watch TV. 你必须做完作业才能看电视。
The form _is_to__be filled in and returned within three days. 请于三日内将表填好交回。
be about to do
意为“马上要做某事”,表示即将发生的动作,通常不与具体的时间状语连用。如:
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。
Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.
别担心,我马上就给你做一次仔细的检查。
注意:
① be going to_??????è??è±?è?¨???_某事发生或肯定会发生,通常表示很快就要发生的事情。而will表示说话人认为、相信、希望或假定要发生的事,不含任何具体时间,可以指遥远的将来。如:
Listen to the wind. We are going to have a rough crossing.
听那风声,我们横渡时一定困难很大。
I beli_eve_Ch_ina will become one of the richest countries in the world.
我相信,中国将会成为世界上最富的国家之一。
② be going to / will用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿。如:
If you are go_ing_to_ make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
如果你要去旅行,你最好马上准备好。
Now if _you_wi_ll take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 现在如果你愿意脱下你的衣服,我们将在镜子前给你试新装。
③ be to表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事;be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。如:
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主观打算)
一般现在时表将来
(1) 趋向动词_?????????com_e,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return等的一般现在时可以表示将来,即在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。如:
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天早上6点开。
—When does the bus start? 汽车什么时候出发?
—It starts in ten minutes. 10分钟后。
(2) 用于某些时间状语从句或条件状语从句中。如:
When Bill comes, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就给你写信。
(3) 在动词hope,take care that,make sure that等后的宾语从句中通常用一般现在时表示将来的意义。如: 21*cnjy*com
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。
E 过去将来时
过去将来时表示从过去某时看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
过去将来时由“sho_uld_/__would + 动词原形”构成,第一人称用should,其他人称用would(在美国,甚至在英国,第一人称现在也常用would)。过去将来时的肯定、否定式以动词work为例,列表如下:
肯定式
I / We should (would ) work...
He / She / You / They would work...
否定式
I / We shouldn't (wouldn't) work...
He / She / You / They wouldn't work...
1. 基本用法
(1) 过去将来时常用于宾语从句中。如:
She wa_nted_t_o know when you would finish the article. 她想知道你什么时候写完这篇文章。
He told me yesterday that you would leave for Shanghai soon.
他昨天告诉我,你不久就要去上海。
(2) 除宾语从句外,只要表示从过去某时看来将要发生的事。过去将来时也可用于其他类型的句子中。如:
He was sixteen. In two years he would be eighteen. 他16岁,再过两年就18岁了。
The time was not far off when he would regret this decision.
不久之后,他将要懊悔作出这个决定了。
(3) 过去将来的动作,除用过去将来时表示外,还可用其他的表示形式(特别是在间接引语中)。如:
They told me school began on September 1. 他们告诉我,学校9月1日开学。
He said he was going to try. 他说他准备试试。
I didn't know when they were coming again. 我不知道他们什么时候再来。
2. 其他形式
(1) was / were going + to do sth.
表示过去曾经打算或准备要做的,但由于某些原因没有做到,或过去将要发生的或很有可能发生的事情。如:2·1·c·n·j·y
They were going to have a meeting. 他们本打算开个会。
There was going to be a thunderstorm. 将要有雷暴。
(2) was / were about to do sth.表示“正要,即将”。如:
He was about to be transferred to a seaside town. 他正要被调往一座海滨小城。
We were about to get there when it began to rain. 我们就要到了,这时下雨了。
(3) was / were to do sth.表示曾计划做某事,如果计划的事情没有实现,要用不定式的完成式。试比较:
She said she was to take up the position. 她说她要承担这个职务。
She said she _was_to_ have taken up the position, but later changed her mind.
她说她本打算承担这个职务的,但是后来改变了主意。
注意:
was / were to do sth.有时表示“后来结果,注定”的含义,并非单纯地指过去的将来。如:【版权所有:21教育】
Few men unde_rstood_ Einstein's theories when first published, but they were to change our whole view of the universe. 爱因斯坦的理论刚发表时,很少有人能够理解。但是,这些理论后来却改变了我们对宇宙的整个看法。
【进行时】
进行时表示动作正在进行,这个动作是暂时的,也是未完成的。进行时包括现在进行时、过去进行时和将来进行时。
F 现在进行时
1. 表现在
(1) 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在进行的动作或发生的事情。如:
We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
What are you doing now? 你现在在做什么?
(2) 表示_????¤??????°??????_惯性动作,往往含赞赏、遗憾、厌恶、不满等情绪。常与always,constantly,continually,gradually等副词连用。如:2-1-c-n-j-y
He is always thinking of others first. 他总是先想到他人。
Language is constantly and gradually evolving. 语言在不断地缓慢发展。
(3) 英语里有少数瞬间动词,_??????jump_,hit,kick,knock,nod,tap,wink,cough,meet,shoot,drop等,用进行时态表示动作的重复性。如:
The boy is jumping with joy. 那男孩高兴得跳着。
Someone is knocking. 有人敲门。
The stars are winking in the sky. 星星在天空中闪烁。
(4) 有些表示“过程”的动词,如:change,get,come,mature,widen等,用进行时态表示逐渐的含义。如:
The weather is changing for the better. 天气逐渐好起来了。
The dress is wearing thin. 这衣服逐渐磨薄了。
She is maturing into a self-possessed and articulate young woman.
她逐渐变成一个镇定自若、言谈清晰的年轻女性。
(5) 习惯进行: 表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。如:
Mr Green is writing another novel.
格林先生在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)
(6) 以here,there等开头的倒装句,用一般现在时表示动作正在进行。如:
Here comes the bus. (=The bus is coming.) 车来了。
There goes the bell. (=The bell is ringing.) 铃响了。21·世纪*教育网
2. 现在进行时用于从句中
现在进行时除用于时间状语从句外,还可用于条件状语从句,表示将来进行的动作。如:
When you _are_ta_lking with him, take care not to mention this. 你与他说话时,注意别提这事。
Will you post this letter for me if you are passing a postbox?
如果你路过邮箱的话,帮我寄这封信好吗?
3. 现在进行时用于无限动词与静态动词
(1) 无限动词如用进行时态,强调动作的临时性。如:
Where are you living? 你住在哪里?
What are you waiting for? 你等什么呢?
She is keeping her intentions to herself. 她不会将她的意图告知外人。
There's a la_dy_in__the picture. She's lying in the couch. 画中有一位贵夫人。她躺在睡椅上。
(2) 静态动词用于进行时态,表示一种临时性、能动性或生动性,有时还带有感彩。如:
[临时性]
We are having a cold wave these days. 这些天我们正遇上了寒流。
[能动性]
They are seeing(=watching) an English film now. 他们正在看一部英文电影。
[生动性]
I am aching all over. 我浑身都疼。
[表委婉,客气]
I am wondering if you have any questions. 我倒想知道你们有什么问题。
4. 表将来
(1) 表示按计划或_?·??????????è?????_的事。这一用法只适用于某些动词,如:go,come,leave,start,arrive,return,spend,sail,meet,fly等。如:21教育网
I'm leaving by train tonight. 我今晚坐火车走。
Are you going abroad next year? 明年你出国吗?
The plane is taking off an hour later. 飞机将在一小时后起飞。
(2) 现在进行时用在时间或条件状语从句中也可以表示将来。如:
When you are passing my way, please drop in. 你什么时候路过我们家,请进来坐。
While you are sorting your things, I'll pack my books.
你在整理你的东西时,我将包装我的书籍。
If she isn't a_ttendi_ng classes, she will have time to work at her own writing.
她若是不上课,就有时间钻研自己的作品了。
注意:
表示自然现象或事_???????±???????è§?_规律“逐渐地……”,即渐变,这样的动词有:get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。如:
The leaves are turning red. 叶子变红了。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。
G 过去进行时
1. 表过去
(1) 表示在过去一个比较具体的时间或过去的一段时间之内正在发生的动作。如:
Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago. 10分钟前,玛丽正在听轻音乐。
Professor Li was writing a novel from May to December last year.
去年5月到12月期间,李教授在写一部小说。
(2) 过去进行时中常_??¨??????é?????è??_有this morning,the whole morn-ing,all day yesterday,from nine to ten last night,when,while等。如:
I was reading the book all the morning. 整个上午我都在看书。
He was watching TV from 7 to 9 last night. 昨晚7点到9点他在看电视。
2. 表过去的将来
表示预计的或安排的,从过去看将要发生的动作。如:
Was it next Sunday that they were coming? 他们是下星期天来吗?
They were sailing tomorrow. 他们明天将起航。
3. 过去进行时的其他用法
(1) 过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。如:
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
我弟弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。
It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨。
When I got _to_the_ top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。
(2) 表示过去反复出现或习_?????§?????¨??????_往往含赞赏、遗憾、厌恶、不满等情绪。通常与always,forever,constantly,continually,gradually,all the time等副词连用。如:
Alice was constantly complaining of the weather. 艾丽斯总是抱怨天气。
The old man was always telling that old story. 那位老人总是讲那个古老的故事。
He was forever complaining about something. 他总是怨这怨那。
H 将来进行时
将来进行时的基本用法是表_?¤???¨?°??????????_时间正在进行的动作。这个时态一般不表意愿,常表已安排好之事,给人一种期待之感。它一般只表离现在较近的将来,与表将来的时间状语连用。如:
What will you be doing this time tomorrow? 明天这时你做什么?
The train will be leaving in a second. 火车马上就开。
1. 表事情的发展
将来进行时常表事情的正常发展,是由客观情况决定的。如:
I'll be seeing Mr Smith tomorrow. 我明天将见到史密斯先生。
—Would it be any trouble for you to post this letter? 你方便给我寄这封信吗?
—No, not at all. I shall be going out presently. 方便,很方便。我正要出去呢。
有时这种时态含有一种附带的意思,语气较为委婉。如:
I'll be finishing it. 我一会儿就完。(附带的含义可能是:过一会儿你就会拿到它了。)
They'll be coming before long.
他们不久即将到达。(附带的含义可能是:赶快准备迎接他们吧。)
2. 表原因等
将来进行时可以表示原因、结果和可能。如:
(1) 表原因的将来进行时,可以用在because从句中。如:
You'd better borrow my bike. I won't be needing it. 你最好借我的自行车吧,我不用。
It's no use tryi_ng_to__see him at six this evening, because he will be giving a lesson then.
今晚6点去找他不行,他那时在讲课。
(2) 将来进行时表结果时,常与条件状语从句连用。如:
If I fail__to_ap_pear by 7 o'clock, I will not be coming at all. 如果我7点不到,我就不会来了。
If you don't write, they will be wondering what has happened to you.
你若不写信,他们就会怀疑你出了什么事。
(3) 将来进行时表可能时,说话人往往有“我料想”或“我估计”的含义。如:
The roses will be coming out soon. 玫瑰花很快就会开的。
He won't be wanting these. 他不会要这些东西的。
3. 表委婉
Will you be having some tea? 喝点茶吧?
If you will be wanting anything, just let me know. 你如果需要什么,尽管告诉我。
You will be working here tomorrow. 明天你就在这里工作吧!
4. 与一般将来时连用
将来进行时常可置于一般将来时之后,表稍靠后的安排。如:
My duties wil_l_end__in July and I will be returning to Arizona in the U.S..
我的工作7月结束,之后我将回到美国亚利桑那州。
My brother'll h_ave_to_ take care of you. I'll call him today and he'll be expecting you.
我的弟弟一定会关照你的。我今天先给他打个电话,然后他就会等你来。
【完成时】
完成时是用来表示动作的完成与未完成的情况。完成时包括现在完成时、过去完成时和将来完成时。
I 现在完成时
1. 表经验和结果
(1) 表示到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成的动作,对现在造成的某种影响,即已完成的用法。如:
Someone has broken the window. 有人把窗户打破了。
He has travelled over many countries. 他到过许多国家。
(2) 现在完成时可用于叙述往事,表示经常发生的情况。如:
He loo_ked_wo_ebegone and yet ridiculous, like a man who has fallen into the water with all his clothes on, and, being rescued from death, frightened still, feels that he only looks a fool.
他哭丧着脸,但又显得可笑,像是一个穿着衣服落水的人,被救出后,还感到害怕,觉得自己活像一个傻瓜。
She did not seem like a person who has been ill. 她不像是一个刚生过病的人。
2. 表持续
(1) 表示过去持续到现在(或许还在进行下去或刚刚结束)的动作或状态,即未完成的用法。如:
I have been here since last October. 从去年10月起,我一直在这里。
These _shoes__are worn out. They have lasted a long time. 这些鞋子破了,穿了很长时间了。
注意:
since 用来说明动作的起始时间,for用来说明动作延续的时间长度。如:
I have lived here for more than twenty years. 我住在这儿20多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。21cnjy.com
(2) 瞬间动词和有限动词往往不能用现在完成时表持续性。但这些动词的否定结构则可以用现在完成时。如:
I haven't seen you for ages. 好久没有见到你了。
I haven't bought anything for three months. 我3个月没买过任何东西。
I haven't touched beer for a whole week. 我整整一个星期没沾啤酒。
3. 现在完成时与状语的连用
(1) 表示从过去开始到目前为止反复发生的动作或多次出现的状态,常与频度副词always,often,every day等连用。如:
I have__often_ heard that he is the cleverest person in the government.
我常听人说,他是政府里最聪明的人。
They have cleaned the classroom already. 他们已打扫了教室。
(2) 现在完成时可以和during,before,after,for,from,in 等介词引导的短语连用。如:
He has usually finished all his correspondence before bedtime.
他通常在就寝前将所有信件处理完毕。
After six yea_rs,_a__quite different Smith has emerged. 6年之后,史密斯变得判若两人了。
The state has not existed from all eternity. 国家并非从来就有。
(3) 现在完成时可以和how,why,where等疑问副词连用。如:
Why has he run away? 他为什么跑掉呢?
Where have you been? 你上哪儿去了?
How have you done it? 你做得怎么样?
(4) 在时间、条件、让步状语从句中表示将来某时以前已经完成的动作。如:
I'll go with you as soon as I have finished my work. 我一结束工作就跟你一块去。
We'll start at nine if it has stopped raining by that time.
到那时要是雨停了,我们就9点钟出发。
4. 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别
(1) 一般过去时表示过去某时_???????????¨??????_单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时虽为过去发生的,但强调过去的事情或动作的结果对现在的影响。如:
I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了。)
I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。)
Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了。)
Who hasn't handed in his paper? (强调有试卷未交,意为不公平竞争。)
(2) 一般过去时的时间状语:_yester_day,last week,...ago,in 1980,in October,just now等,皆为具体的时间状语;而现在完成时的时间状语:for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till / until,up to now,in past years,always等,皆为不确定的时间状语。共同的时间状语:this morning,tonight,this April,already,recently,lately 等。如:
It's onl_y_sinc_e I have been blind that I have begun to see through him.
在我失明之后,我才开始看透了他。
It has b_een_ov_er a year since I came back from the countryside. 我从乡下回来已经一年多了。
(3) 现在完成时可表_?¤?????????°??°??¨_的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如:live,teach, learn,work,study,know等;而一般过去时中常用非持续性动词come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,get married等。如:
He has lived in Hangzhou since last spring. 他从去年春天以来(到现在)就住在杭州了。
His sister worked in a school five years ago. 他的姐姐5年前在学校工作。
注意:
用于现在完成时的句型
① It is the first / second time that...结构中的从句部分用现在完成时。如:
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次参观这座城市。
This is the _second_ time that I have broken a cup this year. 这是我今年第二次打碎茶杯了。
② This is+形容词的最高级+that..结构,that从句要用现在完成时。如:
This is the best film that I've ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
J 过去完成时
过去完成时由助动词had+过去分词构成。
1. 基本用法
(1) 表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的“过去的过去的动作或状态”。如:
There had _been_s_omeone in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door. 刚才有人在我们的房间里,因为我们打开前门进来时,我发现地板上有一支仍在燃烧的烟头。(虽然时间状语是just now,似乎应该使用一般过去时,但是“在房间里”这个状态是在“开门”和“发现”这两个过去的动作之前发生的,所以应该用过去完成时。)
(2) 用在to_ld???sai_d,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句中,表示动作发生在told,said,knew,heard,thought等之前。如:
She said (that) she had never been to Paris. 她说她从未去过巴黎。
I learnt that I had passed the test. 我得悉我已通过了这次测试。
(3) 用在状语从句中,在过去不同的时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先的,用过去完成时;发生在后的,用一般过去时。如:
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。
How long had they known each other before they got married?
在结婚前他们彼此认识有多久了?
(4) 表示意向的动词(_hope???w_ish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等),用过去完成时表示“原本……未能……”。如:
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 我们原本希望你能来,但是你没有来。
I had wanted to__come__to see you but someone called and I couldn't get away.
我本来想去看你的,但有人来访脱不开身。
注意:
在下列情况下可用一般过去时代替过去完成时:
① 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but等连词连接时,多用一般过去时。如:
When she saw the mouse, she screamed. 她看到老鼠就叫了起来。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。
② 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。如:
When I heard the news, I was very excited.当我听到这个消息的时候,我很兴奋。
(5) 表示从过去某一_???é??????§???????_直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。常与since,for,when,until,by the end of...等时间状语连用。如:
We had not seen each other since I left Beijing. 自从我离开北京,我们就没有见过面。
By the end of last week, I had been on that ship for two years.
到上个周末,我已经在那艘船上工作两年了。
(6) 用于wish_???would_ rather,if only之后的分句,表示过去未能实现的愿望;用于if引导的非真实条件句,表示与过去事实相反的情况。如:
I wish I had gone with you to the concert. 我真希望和你一起去听音乐会。
I would rather you had told her the truth. 我倒宁愿你告诉她真相。
If anythi_ng_had_ happened, he would have let her know. 如果出了什么事,他都会告诉她。
K 将来完成时
1. 将来完成时的构成
肯定式 主语 + will / shall + have + 过去分词
否定式 主语 + will / shall + not + have + 过去分词
疑问式 Will / Shall + 主语 + have + 过去分词
疑问否定式 Will / Shall + 主语 + not + have + 过去分词
2. 基本用法
(1) 表示将来某时之前或某动作发生之前已经完成的动作。如:
I shall have finished it by next Friday. 到下周五我就把它完成了。
They will have been graduated from the university before 2008.
他们在2008年之前就大学毕业了。
She will have written it tomorrow at noon. 明天中午她就写好了。
(2) 表示一个持续到将来某时或某动作发生之前的动作。如:
By next Monday, she will have studied here for three years.
到下周一,她在这里学习就满3年了。
The con_cert_w_ill begin at half past eight. They will have played half an hour when you arrive.
音乐会将在8点半开始。你到达时,他们就将已演奏半小时了。
(3) 表示对现在或将来可能已完成动作的推测。如:
She will ha_ve_arr_ived by now. (=It is likely that she has arrived by now.) 她这时可能已经到了。
It is seven. He will have got up. 现在是7点钟,他可能已经起床了。
He is somebody now. He will have forgotten his old friends.
他现在是个要人了,可能把老朋友都忘了。
【完成进行时】
完成进行时是完成时和进行时的结合,包括现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。
L 现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时由“助动词have / has + been+现在分词”构成。如:
Your eyes are red. Have you been crying? 你的眼睛红了。你刚刚哭过了吗?
What have you been doing all this time? 这段时间你在干什么?
1. 基本用法
(1) 表示动作从过去某时开始,一直延续到现在。如:
I have been reading Hemingway's Farewell to Arms recently.
我最近一直在读海明威的《永别了,武器》。
This is what I have been expecting since my childhood.
这是我从小以来就一直期待着的事情。
(2) 表示动作刚刚结束。如:
My clothes are all wet. I have been working in the rain.
我的衣服全湿了,我刚才一直在雨中干活。
He is dead drunk. He's been drinking with his friends.
他烂醉如泥,他刚才一直在和朋友们喝酒。
2. 现在完成进行时表重复性动作
有时现在完成进行时所表示的动作并不是在不停地进行,而是在断断续续地重复。这时,现在完成进行时可用于非无限动词。如:
I have been bidding goodbye to some places today. 我今天到几个地方告别了。
He's been shaving since last year. 他是从去年开始刮脸的。
You've been saying that for five years. 这话你已经说了5年了。
3. 现在完成时进行时的感彩
现在进行时和其他进行时态一样,也可以带有感彩。如:
What have you been doing to my dictionary? 你把我的字典弄成什么样子了?
Too much has been happening today. 今天可真是个多事的日子。
You know,__you_r_eally have been making things terribly difficult for him.
你要知道,你也真是太为难他了。
4. 现在完成进行时时间状语的省略
现在完成进行时在上_??????????????????_可不用时间状语,这种现在完成进行时多指“刚才”或“近来”发生的动作,一般不再继续,并往往含有一种直接的结果。如:
You have been working too hard. 你工作太辛苦了。(直接结果可能是:你一定累了。)
Who's been insulting you? 谁欺侮你了?(对方可能在哭)
We have been c_leanin_g the classroom. 我们打扫教室来着。(刚打扫过,直接结果可能是:我们身上有灰,如用现在完成时have cleaned则不一定是刚才打扫的,也可能是昨天打扫的,其结果是:教室很干净,可以用了。)
5. 现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
(1) 现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复,而现在完成时一般不表示重复性。如:
Have you been meeting him recently? 你最近常和他见面吗?
Have you met him recently? 你最近见到他了吗?
(2) 现在完成进行时有时含有感彩,而现在完成时一般是平铺直叙的。如:
[可能表示不满]
I have been waiting for you for two hours. 我一直等了你两个小时。
[说明一个事实]
I have waited for you for two hours. 我等了你两个小时。
(3) 现在完成进行时_???è°?????????????_刚刚完成的动作,或某个过去的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果,也可表示延续性;现在完成时则强调动作的延续性,有时表示临时性。如:
I have thought it over. 我已经考虑过这件事了。
I have been thinking it over. 我一直在考虑这件事。
She has put coal on the fire. 她已经在炉子上加了煤。(这件事已结束)
She has been putting coal on the fire. 她刚才在炉子上加煤呢。(一直在做这件事)
M 过去完成进行时
1. 过去完成进行时的构成
过去完成进行时由“had been + 现在分词”构成。如:
Had they been expecting the news for some time? 他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧?
Raphael was scolded even though he hadn't been doing anything wrong.
尽管拉斐尔没做什么错事,但他还是受到了责备。
2. 基本用法
(1) 表示过去某一时间之前一直进行的动作。
过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始,一直延续到这一过去时间。和过去完成进行时一样,过去完成进行时也必须以过去时间为前提。如:
I had been looking for it for days before I found it. 这东西我找了好多天才找着。
They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came.
他们只等了一会儿,车就来了。
(2) 表示反复的动作。如:
You had been asking me the question all the time. 你那时一直在问我那个问题。
He had been mentioning your name to me. 他过去多次向我提到过你的名字。
(3) 过去完成进行时还常用于间接引语中。如:
The doctor asked what he had been eating. 医生问他吃了什么?【来源:21·世纪·教育·网】
I asked where they had been staying all those days. 我问他们那些天在哪儿待着呢?
(4) 过去完成进行时之后可接具有“突然”之意的when引导的分句。如:
I had o_nly_be_en reading a few minutes when he came in. 我刚看了几分钟,他就进来了。
She'd only been__revie_wing her lessons for a short while her little sister inter-rupted her.
她才复习了一会儿功课,她妹妹就打断了她。
3. 过去完成进行时与过去完成时的区别
过去完成进行时强调动作一直在进行,而过去完成时强调结果。如:
Ginny had been cleaning the office, so we had to wait outside.
金妮一直在打扫办公室,所以我们不得不在外面等着。
Gail had clea_ned_th_e offices, so it was very tidy. 盖尔已经打扫过办公室了,所以很整洁。
N 时态的替换
1. 一般现在时代替一般过去时
(1) 表示“书上说”,“报纸上说”等。如:
The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。
The writer of _this_b_ook says that it is not easy to write a good book.
这本书的作者说写一本好书很难。
(2) 叙述往事,使其生动。如:
Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.
拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进,一场伟大的战斗就要开始了。
...Then the ma_n_in_t_he mask pulls a revolver out of his pocket and raises it. I put up my hands. Then suddenly the man raises the mask and I see my best friend! It all was a joke... 随后那个戴面具的人从口袋里掏出左轮手枪,举了起来。我举起了双手。这时那个人突然掀开了面具,原来是我最好的朋友。他在跟我开玩笑。
2. 一般现在时代替现在完成时
(1) 用一般现在时代替_??????????????¨è??_有:hear,tell,learn,write,understand,forget,know,find,say,remember等。如:
I hear (=have heard) he will go to London. 我听说他将去伦敦。
I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is. 我忘记他多大了。
(2) 用句型“It is...since...”代替“It has been...since...”。如:
It is(=has been) five years since we last met. 自从我们上次见面已有5年了。
3. 一般现在时代替现在进行时
在“Here comes...”,“ There goes...”等句型中,用一般现在时代替现在进行时。如:
There goes the bus, we still have to wait for the next one.
这趟车走了,我们只能等下一趟了。
4. 一般现在时代替一般将来时
在由when,while,b_efore???_after,till,once,as soon as,so long as,by the time,if,in case(that),unless,even if,whether,the moment,the minute,the day,the year,immediately等引导的时间、让步和条件状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替将来时。如:
I will wait till he comes. 我要等到他回来。
He is g_oing_t_o visit his aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京,就去拜访他姨妈。
Unless you overcome that habit,you will be ruined. 21世纪教育网版权所有
你要是不戒掉这种嗜好,你就会毁掉自己的。
O 时态的一致
(1) 在由下_é?????è????????è??_引导的条件状语从句、时间状语从句和让步状语从句中,主句如果是将来时态或句中含有情态动词,从句一般用现在时态表示将来。这类词或短语有:
if unless as when as soon as each time
until even if after before while whenever
till whatever the moment every time so long as
no matter how (what,when...) on condition that... 【来源:21cnj*y.co*m】
(2) 主句是现在或将来范畴的时态,宾语从句的谓语动词可以是任意时态,不受主句谓语动词的影响。如:
Jim believes that he will get the job. 吉姆相信他会得到这份工作。
The officer has just told us (that) his annual leave was approved.
这个官员刚告诉我们,他的年假被批准了。
(3) 主句的谓语动词是过去时态,从句的时态通常是过去范畴的时态,情况如下:
当从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生,从句中一般用一般过去时或过去进行时。如:
Tom said that he was busy yesterday. 汤姆说他昨天很忙。
Lily failed because she did not submit the project report.
莉莉失败了,因为她没有递交工程报告。
从句的动作发生在主句动作之后,从句时态用过去将来时。如:
The students s_aid_th_ey would go to visit the Great Wall the next day.
学生们说第二天他们要去参观长城。
Late at night o_n_Nove_mber 28, 1938, Dr. Bethune got word that a battle would soon begin.
1938年11月28日深夜,白求恩大夫接到通知说,一场战斗不久将打响。
从句的动作发生在主句动作之前,从句的时态用过去完成时。如:
When we got there the basketball match had already started. www-2-1-cnjy-com
我们到达那里时,篮球赛已经开始了。
When the _reserv_oir was completed, it had become the largest in that province.
这个水库竣工之后就成了那个省最大的水库。
从句的动作紧接着主句动作_????????????????°¤_其在after,when,as soon as,immediately,the moment,the minute等引导的从句中,一般用一般过去时。如:
Although David was unwell,he went to office as usual.
虽然戴维身体不好,但他还是像往常一样去了办公室。
Janet wanted to know why she was not given a more important job.
珍妮特想知道为什么不给她一些重要的工作。
注意:
在下面几种情况下,从句时态用一般现在时。
① 当宾语从句表示客观真理、科学原理、自然现象、谚语或格言时。
Newton discovered that gravitation causes apples to fall.
牛顿发现苹果落地是由引力作用引起的。
Our elders told us that experience is the best teacher.
我们的长辈们告诉我们,经验是最好的老师。
② 当宾语从句表示的是某一阶段存在的客观事实时。
③ 当宾语从句表示的是现在经常性或习惯性的动作时。
(4) 定语从句中的时态最自由,且不受拘束。如:
Tom m_ooted__the idea which some ignored, which others tend to attack, but which many will eventually accept. 汤姆提出这个曾被有些人忽略,有些人试图攻击,但最终会被大多数人接受的想法。(该句主句的谓语动词mooted是过去式,第一个定语从句的动词ignored虽是过去式,第二个定语从句的动词tend却是现在式,第三个定语从句的动词accept是将来式。)
(5) since引_??????????????¨???_句之后,从句应是时间状语从句,用一般过去时,主句则是现在完成时;since引导的从句在主句之前,一般是原因状语从句,主句是将来时态或含有情态动词,从句应是现在时态。如:
He has studied very hard since he came to our school.
自从他来我们学校,他学习就非常努力。
Since you have _consid_ered over the plan, it must be left to you to decide.
既然你已经考虑了这个计划,那一定要由你来决定。
(6) 固定结构no s_ooner._..than,hardly...when,scarcely...when中,no sooner,hardly,scarcely引导的句子一般用过去完成时,而than,when引导的句子则用一般过去时。如:
No soo_ner_ha_d we sat down than we found it was time to go. 我们刚刚坐下就发现该走了。
The game had hardly begun when it started raining. 比赛刚刚开始就下起雨了。
Scarcely had he arrived when he had to leave again. 他刚到就不得不又要离开。
(7) if引导的非真实条件句和wish后的宾语从句,应用虚拟语气。如:
I wish that I had never met you! 我要是从未遇上你多好!
I wish I were a bird. 我要是只鸟就好了。
The party was awful, and we all wished we had never gone to it.
那次聚会真糟,我们真希望自己没有去。
(8) 主句中如果含_???è?¨?¤?è?·?±????_命令、建议等意义的词,后面的宾语从句、主语从句和表语从句中的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”或省去should。如:
My father sug_gested_ that we (should) do the job at once. 我父亲建议我们立刻做这项工作。
The su_ggesti_on that the sports meeting (should) be put off was rejected.
推迟运动会的建议被否决了。
It is quite natural that such fears (should) arise. 产生这样的疑虑是很自然的。
(9) It is time (high time) 和 would rather后从句的时态一般用过去时。如:
It is time we went home. 我们该回家了。
It is high time we started (should start). 我们早该动身了。
I'd rather you didn't tell him. 我倒宁愿你没告诉他。
(10) It is the first time后的从句应用现在完成时态。如:
It was the first time I had ever been in a plane. 那是我第一次坐飞机。
It is the first _time_t_hat gene therapy has been used successfully to treat cancer.
这是基因疗法被成功应用到癌症治疗中的第一次。
_21?????????è?????(www.21cnjy.com)_