高中英语语法之11·助动词和情态动词　基础训练＋能力提升

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
张道真全范围英语语法之·助动词和
情态动词
目 录
话说助动词
A be
助动词be
系动词be
实义动词be
Have been
B have
助动词have
及物动词have
Have got
C do
助动词do
及物动词do
不及物动词do
D will
E would
F shall
G should
话说情态动词
A can
B could
C may
D might
E must
F ought
G need
情态动词need
实义动词need
H dare
情态动词dare
实义动词dare
I be able to
J have to
K had better / best
L used to
基础练习
能力提升
Unit 11 助动词和情态动词
话说助动词
　　助动词通常没有词义，主要帮助构成谓语，表示时态、语态、语气等，或构成疑问及否定形式。英语中完全用作助动词的有：
　　be(am，is，are，was，were，been，being)
　　have(has，had，having)
　　do(does，did)
　　有些助动词如shall ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，will，should，would有一定的词义，但有时它们的作用却接近情态动词，可以说是介于助动词和情态动词之间的词。
A. be
1. 助动词be
(1) 助动词be可与动词的现在分词构成各种进行时态。如：
　　[现在完成进行时]
　　Irene has been reading a novel. 艾琳一直在看小说。
　　[过去进行时]
　　We were talking about our school days. 我们在谈我们的学生时代。
　　[现在进行时]
　　What are you doing today 你今天一直在干什么？
(2) 助动词be可与动词的过去分词构成各种被动语态。如：
　　[一般时的被动语态]
　　Smoking is not permitted here. 这里禁止吸烟。
　　[现在进行时的被动语态]
　　The road is being repaired. 这条路正在被修整。
　　[现在完成时的被动语态]
　　They have been given a warning. 他们受到警告。
　　相关试题解析
　　On May 30th，2005 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，one bowl in the Ming dynasty_____at the price of 30 million Hong Kong dollars.(中考题)
　　A. sell　 B. sold　　　　 C. is sold　　 D. was sold
　　【选D】译文：2005年的5月30日，明朝的一个碗以三千万港币出售。
(3) 助动词be与不定式连用，表示按计划将要发生的事或打算做的事，相当于be going to。如：
　　I am to see him today at six o'clock. 我今天6点钟和他见面。
　　The book I edited is to appear soon. 我编的那本书不久即将出版。
　　Doris was to meet ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Kurt at an agreed place on the street. 桃瑞丝将在街上一个约好的地方和库尔特见面。
(4) 助动词be与不定式连用，表示该做或不该做的事，相当于should，must，ought to，have to等。如：
　　In future you are not to go out alone. 以后你不要一个人出去。
　　Such men are to be pitied rather than despised. 这种人不应被看不起而应当给予同情。
　　Kenneth was to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )do whatever Mr Buggins told him to do. 肯尼斯该做伯金斯先生让他做的任何事情。
(5) 助动词be与不定式连用，表示能或不能发生的事，相当于can，may。如：
　　How am I to pay such a debt 我怎么还得付这么一笔债？
　　Not a cloud was to be seen. 天空上看不到一片云彩。
　　Similar conditi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ons are to be found in other countries. 类似的情况在其他国家也可看到。
(6) 助动词be与不定式连用，表示将来必然发生的事。如：
　　The worst is still to come. 最坏的情况还在后头。
　　They said go ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )odbye, little knowing that they were never to meet again. 他们互相道别，完全不知道他们再也不会见面。
　　Kevin didn't k ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )now that he was to become famous later on. 凯文不知道他将来会出名。
(7) 助动词be与不定式连用， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )用在条件句中，表示“如果想……”。如：　　If we are to be there in time, we'll have to hurry up. 如果我们想及时赶到，我们得快点。
　　If I were to do that, what would you say 如果我来做这事，你觉得怎么样？
　　If we are to suc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ceed, we must redouble our efforts. 如果我们想成功，必须加倍努力才行。
(8) 助动词be与不定式的完成式连用，表示“本来打算……”。如：
　　I was to have s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )een her daughter last Wednesday, but she did not come. 我本来要在上星期三和她女儿见面的，但她没有来。
　　We were to have been married last year. 我们本来打算去年结婚的。
　　相关试题解析
　　The second book ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )was______by August 1952, but two years later, the end was still nowhere in sight.(六级题)
　　A. completed　　　　　　 B. to have completed　　
　　C. to complete　　　　　　 D. to have been completed
　　【选D】译文：第二本书本来计划于1952年8月之前完成，但是两年之后，仍然不见书的结尾。
2. 系动词be
(1) be作系动词时，其后可接名词、形容词、分词、不定式、介词短语等作表语。如：
　　[名词]
　　We are pretty good swimmers. 我们是游泳技术相当好的人。
　　[形容词]
　　He is late today. 他今天迟到了。
　　[介词短语]
　　Peter is out of work again. 彼得又失业了。
(2) 系动词be本身一般不能用于进行时，但有时可以用在进行时中表示一时的表现。如：
　　Don't talk rot. I'm being serious. 别瞎扯了，我是说正经的。
　　My dear child, you're being childish. 我的乖孩子，你这是孩子气。
　　You're being clever today. 你今天聪明起来了。
3. 实义动词be
　　实义动词be，表示动作。如：
　　How long ago was it (=did it happen) 这是什么时候的事了？21教育名师原创作品
　　The meeting will be (=take place) in two weeks. 大会两周后举行。
　　When is the wedding to be 婚礼什么时候举行？
4. have been
(1) 用于构成现在完成时的have been结构。如：
　　It has been very hot lately. 最近天很热。
　　Have you ever been a doctor 你当过医生吗？
　　How long have you been a cook 你当厨师有多久了？
　　相关试题解析
　　There has been a great increase in retail sales,_____ 　　(四级题)
　　A. does there　　B. isn't there　　C. hasn't there　　D. isn't it
　　【选C】 译文：零售额有了很大增长，是吗？
(2) 用于构成将来完成时的have been。如：
　　By then, I will have been with you for five years. 到那时我们在一起就五年了。
　　By tomorrow, I ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )will have been an assistant for ten years. 到明天我当助理就满10年了。
(3) 用于完成进行时或被动语态的have been。如：
　　The boxer has been training very hard. 这位拳击运动员一直在抓紧练习。
　　They have been travelling for a whole year. 他们整年在旅游。
　　I've been assigned to cover international news. 我被派去采访国际消息。
(4) have been to表示“到过某地方”。如：
　　Have you ever been to Australia 你到过澳大利亚吗？
　　How many countries have you been to 你到过多少个国家？
　　She's just been to a party. 她刚参加一个晚会回来。
(5) have been to与副词连用时，to要省略。如：
　　Where have you been 你到哪儿去了？
　　He's only been there two or three times. 他只到过那里两三次。
　　Who has been here 刚才谁在这里？
(6) have been to do sth表示“去做(过)某事”。如：
　　I've been to see your grandmother. 我(刚才)看你奶奶去了。
　　I've been three times to see her. 我去看过她三次了。
B. have
1. 助动词have
(1) 助动词have主要用来构成各种完成时态或完成进行时态。如：
　　[现在完成时]
　　You haven't been abroad before, have you 你以前没出过国，对吧？
　　[过去完成时]
　　I had not seen him at least one year. 我至少有一年没见到他了。
　　[过去完成进行时]
　　That was the place I had been longing to see. 这是我一直渴望见到的地方。
　　相关试题解析
　　Since 2000，Nanchang has become a new city. Everything______.(中考题)
　　A. is changed　　　　　　 B. was changed　　
　　C. has changed　　　　　　 D. had changed
　　【选C】译文：从2000年以来，南昌变成了一个新城市，一切都发生了变化。
(2) 助动词have可构成不定式、动名词、现在分词的完成式。如：
You ought to have noticed the thief in the bus.
你应当已经注意到那个在公交车上的小偷了。
　　I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. 对不起，给你添了这么多麻烦。
　　I remember having heard you speak on that subject. 我记得曾听见你谈过这个问题。
2. 及物动词have
(1) 表示所有关系。如：
　　Larry had an American accent. 拉里有美国口音。
　　The year has twelve months. 一年有12个月。
　　The book has illustrations. 这本书有插图。
　　注意
　　have作实义动词时，常有较灵活的翻译。如： 　　
　　You have a bad temper. 你脾气很坏。
　　I have a very bad memory. 我记性不好。
　　He has had a very happy boyhood. 他童年很幸福。
(2) 与名词连用，表示一个动作。如：
　　Daddy and I had a long talk this afternoon. 爸爸和我今天下午谈了很长时间。
　　Let's have a look at the things. 咱们看看这些东西。
　　I must have a wash first. 我得先洗一洗。
(3) 表示“吃”“喝”“抽烟”“患(病)”等。如：
　　Lanny had his meals in the hotel dining room. 兰尼在旅馆的餐厅吃的饭。
　　Then have some coffee. 那么就要点咖啡吧！
　　Many peopl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e here had the SARS in the year of 2003. 在2003年，这儿的许多人都得了“非典”。21教育网
(4) 接不带to的不定式复合结构，表示“让某人做某事”。如：
　　I'm going to have her live with me soon. 我不久将让她和我一起住。
　　I'll be proud to have you read it. 我将自豪地让你读它。
　　He did not wish to have her go with him. 他不愿让她和他一起去。
(5) 接过去分词的复合结构，表示“让某事做好，遭到某种情况”等。如：
　　I've had the stove lighted. 我已让人把炉子生好了。
　　Jean might have gone to have her hair waved. 姬恩可能去烫发了。
　　Mavis is having her eyes tested. 梅维丝将要去验光。
(6) 接现在分词的复合结构，表示“让发生某情况”。如：
　　I have the car waiting. 我让汽车等着。
　　Paul soon had them all laughing. 保罗很快逗得大家都笑了。
　　We'll soon have you walking about again. 我们不久就可让你到处走动了。
(7) have to表示“不得不”。如：
　　Mike said he had to see me about something important. 麦克说他有要事要见我。
　　First I'd have to get my parents' consent. 我得先得到我父母亲的同意。
　　相关试题解析
　　She left th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e reception early because she_____get up early the next morning. (四级题)
　　A. had to　　 B. might　　　　C. used to　　D. needed
　　【选A】译文：她早早离开了招待会，因为她第二天早晨必须早起。
3. have got
　　I've got another three minutes to test. 我还有三分钟的测试时间。
　　I haven't got a thermometer. 我没有体温表。
　　I think he's got prospects. 我认为他有前途。
　　注意
　　have got在翻译时，常有很灵活的译法。如：
　　Amy hasn't got a bank account. 艾美没在银行开户。
　　I've got a bad headache. 我头疼得很厉害。
　　I've got a cold. 我着凉了。
C. do
1. 助动词do
(1) 助动词do用在一般现在时及一般过去时中，构成疑问句、否定句或倒装句。如：
　　[特殊疑问句]
　　When do we meet again 我们什么时候再见面？
　　[否定句]
　　I don't care what she thinks. 她怎么想我不管。
　　[一般疑问句]
　　Did Stacy do well in the competition 丝塔茜在比赛中表现好吗？
(2) 助动词do置于动词前，表示强调。如：
　　I do hope you'll stay for lunch. 我的确希望你留下吃午饭。
　　Do have another cup of coffee before you go. 走前请一定再喝一杯咖啡。
　　So you did come after all. 所以你还是来了。
　　相关试题解析
　　Buyers and sel ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lers should be aware of new developments in technology for the simple reason that technology_____affect marketing activities. (托福题)
　　A. can do　　　　　　 B. can it do　　
　　C. does what it can　　　　 D. can and does
　　【选D】译文：购买者和销售者应该了解技术方面的新发展，这是由于技术能够而且确实影响着销售活动。
(3) 助动词do表示刚提到的动作，以避免重复。如：
　　Nancy works 16 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hours a day. I don't know how she does it. 南希每天工作16小时，我不知道她怎么做到的。
　　—I love roses. 我喜欢玫瑰。
　　—So do I. 我也喜欢。
　　Helen got there earlier than I did. 海伦比我到得早。
　　相关试题解析
　　America would ne ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ver again have as a nation the spirit of adventure as it______before the West was settled. (六级题)
　　A. has 　　 B. did　　 C. was　　 D. would
　　【选B】译文：作为一个国家，美国或许不会再有西部移民之前的那种冒险精神了。
2. 及物动词do
(1) 及物动词do与名词或代词连用，表示“做(某事)”。如：
　　I used to do business with them. 我过去常和他们做生意。
　　I have not done much work on this subject. 在这个问题上我没做多少工作。
　　In the afternoon Philip did his lessons. 菲利普下午做了功课。
(2) 及物动词do 可用于被动结构。如：
　　What's to be done 该怎么办？
　　Easier said than done. 说来容易做时难。
　　No sooner said than done. 说了就干。
(3) 及物动词do常与动名词连用，在不同的语境中，有较灵活的译法。如：
　　Martin did no reading that night. 马丁那天晚上没看书。
　　Rich had to do some studying. 里奇得学习学习。
　　Do you do much thinking 你常常进行思考吗？
(4) 及物动词do与名词连用，表示“打扫，洗，刷，煮，学”等。如：
　　They do the rooms every day. 他们每天打扫房间。
　　I am doing the dishes. 我在洗盘子。
(5) 及物动词do常可表示“写，画，招待，对待，扮演，欺骗”等。如：
　　I'm doing my report on Shakespeare. 我正在写关于莎士比亚的报告。
　　The barber will do you next. 理发师下一个就给你理。
　　They did me very well at that hotel. 在那家旅馆他们把我招待得很好。
　　Smith will certainly do you well. 史密斯一定会好好待你的。
3. 不及物动词do
(1) 不及物动词do表示工作、学习等方面的情况。如：
　　How do you do 你好！
　　She is doing nicely. 她干得很好。
　　Mother and child are doing well. 母子都平安。
(2) 不及物动词do表示“行，够了，合适，可以”等。如：
　　Will it do if we let you rely by next Monday 假如我们让你下星期一以前答复行吗？
　　Perhaps that will do. 或许这就够了。
　　It doesn't do to work too much. 干得太多也不行。
D. will
(1) 用于各种人称的将来时态。其否定式为will not，常缩写为won't。如：
　　I will call you when I am ready. 我准备好了就给你打电话。
　　Will you be in tomorrow 你明天在家吗？
　　I will not let you down. 我不会让你失望的。
　　相关试题解析
　　—Where is your father going
　　—He______to Australia on business. (中考题)
　　A. has been　　B. has gone　　 C. went　　　　D. will go
　　【选D】译文：——你父亲要去哪儿？
——他要去澳大利亚出差。
(2) 用于第二人称的疑问句，表示“请求、建议”。如：
　　Will you type this please 劳驾，可否帮我打一下？
　　Will you have a whisky, Doctor 大夫，你要不要喝一杯威士忌？
　　Will you stay for lunch 你可否留下吃午饭？
　　相关试题解析
　　Jeff, please lend me a hand. My drawer______open.(高考题)
　　A. mustn't 　　 B. won't 　　 C. needn't　　 D. oughtn't to
【选B】will表示一种倾向、习惯时，意为“总是会，老是”；否定句中意为“没法；不能”。
(3) 用于各种人称，表示“愿意，肯，会”等。如：
　　I will pay you at the rate you ask. 我愿意照你要求的价钱付款。
　　Why won't you exhibit this portrait 你为什么不愿意展出这张人像？
　　I meant to talk ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) with you, but you won't talk anything. 我本想和你谈话，但你不肯谈。
(4) 用于各种人称，可用来表示习惯、决心、诺言、命令、叮嘱或猜测等。如：
　　[表习惯]
　　A drowning man will catch at a straw. 快淹死的人一根稻草也要抓。
　　She will talk for hours on end. 她总是滔滔不绝地一讲就是几小时。
　　[表决心]
　　—Tell me the answer. 把答案告诉我。
　　—I won't. 我才不呢。
　　I won't have anything said against her. 我绝不让谁说她的坏话。
　　[表诺言]
　　We'll pay back the money soon. 我们不久就偿还这笔钱。
　　I won't forget he ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r birthday, I will send her a present. 我不会忘记她的生日，我将送她一个礼物。
　　[表命令]
　　You will report to the principal at once. 你立即到校长那里汇报去。
　　[表叮嘱]
　　Until we have cured you, you won't be leaving here. 在把你治愈之前你不得离开这里。
　　[表猜测]
　　Peter will have gone back to China. 彼得可能已回中国去了。
　　The audience will not be aware of such details. 听众想必不知道这样的细节。
　　相关试题解析
　　Turn on the te ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )levision or open a magazine and you_____advertise-ments showing happy, balanced families. (四级题)
　　A. are often seeing　　　　 B. often see　　
　　C. will often see　　　　 D. have often seen
　　【选C】译文：打开电视或翻开杂志，你常常会看到展示幸福和谐家庭的广告。
E. would
(1) 助动词would可用来构成过去将来时。如：
　　I knew you would agree with our plan. 我知道你会同意我们的计划。
　　I thought you would be watching TV. 我还以为你会在看电视。
　　I said I would arrange everything. 我说我将安排一切。
(2) 助动词would用来表示客气地提出请求、愿望、看法等。如：
　　Would you tell her that Charles phoned 你可否告诉她查尔斯来过电话？
　　Would you ask them to wait outside 你可否请他们在外面等等？
　　We wouldn't like to lose you. 我们不想失去你。
　　相关试题解析
　　This box is too heavy,_____give me a hand (四级题)
　　A. would you mind　　　　 B. would you please
　　C. will you like to　　　　　　 D. will you please to
　　【选B】译文：这个箱子太重，请帮我一下好吗？
(3) 用于虚拟条件句和含蓄条件句。如：
　　I would do it if I could. 如果我能够，我会这样做。
　　If he were in town he would help you. 如果他在城里，他会帮助你的。
　　I might see her personally. It would be better. 我可能亲自去看她，那样更好些。
　　Such a thing wouldn't have happened elsewhere. 这样的事在别处是不会发生的。
　　相关试题解析
　　The millio ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ns of calculations involved, had they been done by hand,_____all practical value by the time they were finished. (四级题)
　　A. could lose　　 　　 　　　　B. would have lost　　
　　C. might lose　　 　　　　 D. ought to have lost
　　【选B】译文：假如相关的上百万次计算是手工进行的话，等完成的时候它们已经没有任何实际价值了。
(4) 表示过去的情况：愿意，肯，会。如：
　　He wouldn't hear of Philip leaving them. 他不愿听到菲利普离开他们的消息。
　　No matter what hap ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )pened, he would not say a word. 不管发生什么情况，他一句话也不肯说。
　　If Ann would admit this, I'd be quite happy. 如果安承认这一点，我会很高兴。
　　相关试题解析
　　Last night I t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ried to call on you but your dog simply_____not let me come through the gate.(高考题)
　　A. might　　 　　 B. could　　 C. should　　 　D. would
　　【选D】might表示“也许”，could表示“可能”，should表示“应该”，would表示“意愿”。
(5) 表示过去习惯性的动作。如：
　　Occasionally they would go out and paint pictures. 偶尔他们会出去画画。
　　Now and then a black bird would call. 黑鸟不时会啼叫两声。
　　Tommy would si ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t there for hours sometimes doing nothing at all. 有时汤米在那里一坐几个钟头，什么也不做。
(6) 表示“倾向”时，是will的过去式。如：
　　The windows wouldn't open. 窗子打不开了。
　　The wound would not heal. 伤口老不愈合。
　　That's just like her—she would lose her money! 她就是这样，老爱丢钱！
(7) 表示猜测：想必是，一定…… 如：
The person you mentioned would be her father, is that right
你提的那个人想必是她的父亲，对吗？
I thought you would have finished your homework by now.
我想现在你一定已经做完作业了。
　　 Few people would agree with this idea. 很少有人会同意这种看法。
(8) 用于would rather / sooner等结构中。如：
　　 Keith wou ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ld rather listen to others than talk himself. 凯斯宁愿听别人谈而不自己谈。
　　 I'd rather / sooner you didn't ask me to speak. 我宁愿你不让我发言。
F. shall
(1) 助动词shall用于第一人称的疑问句中，构成将来时态，表示征求对方的意见。shall not缩写为shan't。如：【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
　　 Shall I turn on the light, Madam 夫人，要不要把灯打开？
　　 What shall we do now 现在我们应该怎么办？
　　 Tomorrow we shall have finished with this business. 明天我们就能干完此事。
　　 We shan't be coming back today. 我们今天不回来了。
　　相关试题解析
1. —The room is so dirty._____we clean it
　　 —Of course.(中考题)
　　A. Will　　　　 B. Would　　 C. Do　　　　 D. Shall
　　【选D】译文：——房间太脏了，我们打扫一下好吗？
　　　　 ——当然好。
2. —_____he start at once or wait for a while
　　 —Let him start at once.(高考题)
　　A. Will　　 　　B. Would　　 　　C. Does　　　　 D. Shall
　　【选D】征求对方意见或请求且主语是第三人称时用shall。
(2) shall用于陈述句，与第二人称或第三人称连用。
　　表示许诺。如：
　　 You shall hear everything directly you come. 你一来就可听到所有事情经过了。
　　 Very well, my dear, you shall have the coat. 好的，亲爱的，你会得到这件大衣。
“Whatever you want you shall have,”said the Fairy.
“你想要什么就会得到什么，”仙女说。
　　表示决心。如：
　　 Nothing shal ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l stop us from carrying out this plan. 什么也不能阻止我们实现这项计划。
　　 That day shall come. 那一天一定会来的。
　　 The enemy shall not pass. 绝不会让敌人通过。
　　表示威胁、命令。如：
　　 He shall suffer for this. 他将为此受苦。
　　 Then you shall come. 那你就得来。
　　 She shall not stay under my roof! 绝不能让她住在我这里！
　　表示规定。如：
Persons under 18 shall not be employed in night work.
不满18岁的人不得被雇用干夜间工作。
　　 Each competitor shall wear a number. 每个参赛者要戴一个号码。
Members shall enter the names of their guests in the book provided.
会员必须将他们客人的名字登记在提供的本子里。
　　 表示“应当”，相当于should。如：
　　 We demand that the rich shall pay for them. 我们要求富人为他们付款。
　　 It has been decided that he shall be given the job. 已决定应当给他工作。
　　 My mother is determined that I shall stay with Jack. 母亲决定让我和杰克住一起。
G. should
(1) 助动词should是shall的过去式，用来构成过去将来时。如：
　　 We thought we should never see you again. 我们以为再也见不到你了。
　　 We hoped tha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t we should have confidence in each other again. 我们希望我们会对彼此重拾信心。
　　 The CCTV weath ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )er report this morning said that we should have rain. 今早的中央电视台的天气预报说会有雨。
(2) 情态动词should与ought to的意思相似，表示“应该”，可用于各种人称。如：
　　 I should write some letters tonight. 今晚我应当写几封信。
　　 Why should I pay him 我为什么要给他付款？
　　 You should have w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ashed the wound. But you haven't. 你应当把伤口洗一洗的，但你没洗。
(3) 用在某些固定句型中。如：
　　 Tyler wrote, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )suggesting that he should come to Paris. 泰勒写信，建议他到巴黎来。
　　 Tom preferred that such comments should cease. 汤姆希望停止这种讨论。
　　 I was anxious that our plan should not fail. 我急盼我们的计划不会失败。
(4) 用在某些从句或主句中，表示惊异、不以为然等情绪。如：
　　 It's dreadful that anyone should be so miserable. 有人竟这样悲惨，真可怕。
　　 It seems so unfa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ir that this should happen to me. 这事竟发生在我身上，似乎太不公平了。
　　 It wasn't right t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hat such near neighbours should not know one another. 这样近的邻居却互相不认识，这可不对。
(5) 用在虚拟条件句中有下面几种情况：
　　 用在主句中。如：
　　 I should ne ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ver have done it if I hadn't been so hard up. 要不是我经济上那样困难，我绝不会做这事。
　　 I should ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )not have laughed if I had thought you were serious. 要是我察觉到你是认真的，我就不会发笑了。
　　 用在含蓄条件句中。如：
　　 We shouldn't have won without you. 要不是有你我们不会赢。
　　 What should I have done in her place 要是处在她的位置，我会怎样做呢？
　　 相关试题解析
　　 You_____him so closely; you should have kept your distance.(四级题)
　　 A. shouldn't follow　　　　 B. mustn't follow　　
　　 C. couldn't have ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )been following　　 D. shouldn't have been following 　　
　　【选D】译文：你不应该一直这样紧紧地跟着他，而该和他保持一定的距离。
　　 用在条件从句中，主句可用陈述语气或祈使语气来表示未来的情况。如：
　　 I should be happ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y to go with you if I should not be in the way. 如果我不碍事，我愿和你们一道去。www.21-cn-jy.com
　　 Should I be free tomorrow, I will come. 如果明天有空我就来。
　　 If you should be passing, do come and see us. 如果你从这儿过，一定来看我们。
(6) 用于so that，lest等引起的从句中。如：
　　 She stood away s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o that he should enter the room first. 她站在一边，让他先进屋去。
　　 We hid it so that he should not see it. 我们把它藏起来以免他看到。
　　 Here is a shilling in case you should need it. 万一你需要用，这里是一先令钱。
(7) 用在某些句子中使口气更婉转，态度更谦和。如：
　　 I should be glad to talk to him. 我愿意和他谈谈。
　　 I should be very unhappy on the Continent. 住在欧洲，我可能很不愉快。
　　 I should like to ask the minister a question. 我想向部长提一个问题。
(8) 用来表示猜测。如：
　　 They should be there by now, I think. 我想现在他们都已经到了。
　　 The poems should be out in a month or so. 大约一个月之后这些诗估计就可以出版了。
　　 This young man should go far. 这个年轻人看来有前途。
　　 相关试题解析
　　 He told me how to get here but perhaps he_____me a map.　　(高考题)
　　 A. had to give　　 　　　　 B. ought to give　　 　　
　　 C. should have given　　　　 D. must have given
　　【选C】told暗示“给”的动作发生在过去，故用表责备的情态动词should，后应用have done形式，表示“应该做却没做”。21·cn·jy·com
话说情态动词
　　情态动词表示说话人的语气和情 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )态，如需要、可能、愿意和怀疑等。情态动词有一定的词义，但不完整，必须和主要动词的原形一起构成谓语。常用的情态动词有：
A. can
　　 can表示现在或将来的情况。
(1) 表示做某事的能力。如：
　　 Who can prove it 谁能证明这一点？
　　 These difficulties we can and must conquer. 这些困难我们能够也必须克服。
　　 Can you play the piano 你会弹钢琴吗？
(2) 表示可能性，意为“可以，可能”。如：
　　 We can see the lake from the window. 从窗口我们可以看到湖。
　　 We can call for you at nine. 我们可以9点钟去接你。
　　 A cracked bell can never sound well. 开裂的钟的声音不会好听。
(3) 表示同意、允许。如：
　　 Can I come in 我能进来吗？
　　 You can have my seat. I am going away. 你可以坐我的座位，我要走了。
　　 Of course you can. 你当然可以。
　　 相关试题解析
　　 —Oh, I forgot to bring my dictionary with me.
　　 —That's all right. You______use mine.(中考题)
　　 A. should　　　B. must　　 C. can　　　 D. have to
　　【选C】译文：——噢，我忘记带词典了。
　　　　 ——没关系，你可以用我的。
(4) 用在疑问句及否定句中，表示惊讶、不相信等，后面可跟完成式或进行式。如：
　　 How can you be so conceited 你怎么能这样高傲？
　　 Can he still be alive after all these years 过了这么多年他还活着？
　　 You can't have forgotten me. 你不可能已忘记我了。
　　 If he said that, he can't be telling the truth. 如果他这样说，他讲的不可能是真话。
　　 相关试题解析
　　 Comrade Li ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )_____be in Beijing because I saw him in town only a few minutes ago.(考研题)
　　 A. mustn't　　　B. can't　　　　 C. may not　　 D. isn't able to
　　【选B】译文：小李不可能在北京，因为仅仅几分钟之前我还在城里看见他了。
B. could
(1) could作为can的过去式，表示能力或可能性。如：
　　 Lanny could run and was a good tennis player. 兰尼能跑，是一名优秀的网球运动员。
　　 Robert couldn't follow the argument closely. 罗伯特没法紧紧跟上这场争论。
　　 It was so dark that we could see nothing. 天那么黑，我们什么也看不见。
(2) 表示婉转地提出问题或陈述看法。如：
　　 Could I borrow your bike 我能借你的自行车吗？
　　 I could come early, if necessary. 如有必要我可以早点来。
　　 No one could b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e more generous, he has a heart of gold. 没有人比他更大方了，他有一颗金子般的心。21世纪教育网版权所有
(3) 用于疑问句及否定句，表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。如：
　　 Could this be true 这能是真的吗？
　　 Oh, how could you be so stupid 哦，你怎么会这样愚蠢？
　　 They couldn't have left so soon. 他们不可能走得这么早。
(4) 用于虚拟条件句构成谓语。如：
　　 If it hadn' ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t been for the freezing wind they could have reached the injured man in time. 要不是有刺骨的寒风，他们就及时赶到伤员身边了。【出处：21教育名师】
　　 We could have go ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ne away if we'd had enough money. 如果我们有足够的钱，我们就离开了。
　　 Even if he had bee ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n there, he couldn't have helped you. 即使他在那里，他也不能帮你的忙。
(5) 用于含蓄条件句中。如：
　　 Why didn' ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t you apply for the job You could have got it. 你为什么没去申请这份工作？你是可能得到的。www-2-1-cnjy-com
　　 Paul couldn't have ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )gone anyway because he was ill. 保罗不管怎样都不能去，因为他生病了。
　　 You did very ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) well to pass the exam. I couldn't have passed it. 你考得很好，通过了，我可能不会通过。
(6) “could+完成式”可用来谈论过去的情况：
　　 表示“那时(不)可能”，是can的过去式。如：
　　 Lisa could not ha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ve been more than sixteen at that time. 那时丽莎不可能超过16岁。
　　 I do not see how I could have done otherwise. 我看不出那时我还能有什么别的做法。
　　 Mark put it i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n such a way that I could not very well have walked off. 马克都这样讲了，我没法就这样走掉。
　　 表示那时“本来可以、差点就要”等。如：
　　 I could ha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ve lent you the money. Why didn't you ask me 我本来可以借这笔钱给你的。你为什么不向我提出？
　　 You needn't hav ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e cooked it. We could have eaten it raw. 你其实可以不煮熟它，我们本来可以生吃。
　　 I could have died laughing. 我差点笑死了。
　　 用来提出婉转的批评。如：
　　 You could have been more considerate. 你本可以考虑得更周到的。
　　 You could have started a little earlier. 你本可早点动身的。
　　 注意
　　 can 和could可以表示某个人或物一时的特点。如：
　　 He can / co ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )uld be friendly if he chooses / chose to. 如果他愿意的话，可以很友好。(平时却不如此)
　　 Lucia can / could be very naughty at times. 露西娅有时候很调皮。
　　 It can be very cold in this part. 这一带有时会很冷。(平时不冷)
　　 相关试题解析
　　 Some women_____a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family. (四级题)
　　 A. must make　　　　　　 B. should have made
　　 C. would make　　　　　　 D. could have made
　　【选D】译文：有些妇女本来能够挣一份很好的工资，而不是待在家里，但是为了家庭，她们决定不工作。　　
C. may
(1) 用在疑问句中，问“可否”。如：
　　 May I have a word with you 我能跟你说句话吗？
　　 May I leave this with you 我能把这放在你这里吗？
(2) 用在陈述句中表示允许或可能。如：
　　 You may do exactly as you like. 你可以爱怎么做就怎么做。
　　 If I may say so, your work needed revision. 如果我可以这样说的话，你的著作需要修订。
　　 Mark may not be there. 马克可能不在那里。
　　 注意
　　 may后可以跟完成式或进行式。如：
　　 They may have seen him. 他们可能见过他。
　　 Mathews may have written that letter. 这封信可能是麦修斯写的。
　　 I may be going back in the spring. 我可能今年春天回去。
　　 相关试题解析
1. —_____I borrow your MP3
　　 —Sure. Here you are.(中考题)
　　 A. May　　　　　B. Should　　 C. Must　　　　 D. Would
　　【选A】译文：——我可以借你的MP3吗？
　　　　 ——可以，给你。
2. Research ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we______during the day.(四级题)
　　 A. should have done　　　　 B. would have done
　　 C. may have done　　　　 D. must have done
　　【选C】译文：研究结果表明，我们不论白天可能做什么，每天晚上都要有大约两个小时的做梦时间。
(3) 与well连用，表示很可能。如：
　　 That may well have been their intention. 这很可能是他们的意图。
　　 It may well be the largest cathedral in the world. 它可能是世界上最大的教堂。
(4) 用在某些状语从句中构成谓语。如：
　　 Write to him at once, so that he may know in time. 立即给他写信，让他能及时知道。
　　 Lift Little ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Harry up so that he may see the procession. 把小哈利抱起来，使他能看到游行队伍。
　　 Shut the window for fear that it may rain. 把窗子关上以防下雨。
(5) 用来表示祝愿。如：
　　 May you enjoy many years of health and happiness. 祝你享有许多年的健康和幸福。
　　 May you continu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e in your efforts and achieve new and greater successes. 祝你们继续努力取得新的更大的胜利。
　　 May you succee ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d in building up a strong and prosperous country. 希望你们将你们的国家建成一个繁荣富强的国家。
(6) 用于may as well(=might as well), 意为“不妨”或“完全有理由”或“还是……”。如：
　　 Since you are here ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), you may as well make yourself useful. 既然你在这儿，不妨做点有益的事。
　　 All the pubs a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )re closing. We may as well go home. 所有的酒馆都打烊了，我们还是回家吧。
　　 相关试题解析
　　 If you don't like to swim, you______stay at home. (四级题)
　　 A. should as well　　　　　　 B. may as well　　
　　 C. can as well　　　　　　 D. would as well
　　【选B】may as well意为“不妨”。
D. might
(1) might是may的过去式，表示可以做的事或可能做的事。如：
　　 I asked her if I might call and see her. 我问她我可否去看望她。
　　 I thought you might stay with us. 我想你可以在我们这儿住。
　　 I was careful no ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t to look at him. He might have seen the surprise in my eyes. 我注意尽量不看他，否则他可能会看出我眼中的惊异。
(2) 用在某些状语从句中和动词原形构成谓语。如：
　　 Loren died so that others might live. 劳伦牺牲了自己使别人能够活下来。
　　 I wished that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) you were there so that I might thank you in person. 我希望你在那儿，以便我能当面向你致谢。【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
　　 Try as she migh ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t, she could not persuade her friends to go. 她想尽办法，都不能劝说她的朋友们去。
(3) 用来代替may，谈现在的情况，表示的语气更不肯定些。如：
　　 Might I inquire if you are the owner 我可否问一句你是不是房东？
　　 It might be worth thinking about. 这可能值得考虑。
　　 I might have come to a wrong conclusion. 我可能得出了错误的结论。
(4) might well表示“很可能”。如：
　　 We might well get injured. 我们很可能受伤。
　　 You might well be right. 你很可能是对的。
(5) 用在虚拟条件句的主句中构成谓语。如：
　　 If I knew ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )them better, I might invite them to dinner. 如果我和他们再熟一点，我就可以请他们来吃饭。
　　 If you didn't mind, we might go there. 如果你不介意，我们可以去那里一趟。
　　 If I had been less ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cautious, I might have been more wise. 如果我不那么谨慎，或许反倒更聪明一点。
(6) 用来表示轻微的埋怨或批评。如：
　　 You might have let me know before!你要是早点让我知道就好了！
　　 You might have told us half an hour ago. 你半个小时前告诉我们就好了。
　　 You might at least offer to help. 你至少可以主动帮忙呀。
(7) “might+完成式”用来谈过去的情况，意为“或许……本来可以”，表示本来或许可以的，但事实已不可能了。如：2-1-c-n-j-y
　　 They might not have considered me as their friend. 或许他们本没把我当成朋友。
　　 Father might not have been to blame. 或许本不应怨父亲。
　　 Grandpa might have married Pepita. 爷爷本来可能和帕毕塔结婚的。
　　 相关试题解析
　　 He______another ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )career but, at the time, he didn't have enough money to attend graduate school.(六级题)
　　 A. might have chosen　　　　 B. might choose
　　 C. had to choose　　　　　　 D. must have chosen
　　【选A】译文：他本来可能选择另一种职业，但是那时他没有足够的钱去读研究生。
(8) 用于might as well，表示“不妨”或“还不如”。如：
　　 —Shall we walk 要不要走着去？
　　 —We might as well. 我们不妨走去。
　　 Now that she has c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ome up to London, she might as well speak her mind. 既然已来到伦敦，她不妨讲出她的心里话。
　　 The buses are so ex ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )pensive these days, you might as well get a taxi. 最近公交汽车车费很贵，还不如坐出租车去。
E. must
(1) 表示“必须”“一定要，得”,多指现在或将来的情况。如：
　　 We must call the doctor. 我们必须去请医生。
　　 It's a fantastic film. You must see it. 这部片子好极了。你一定得去看。
　　 We must show concern for every student. 我们要关心每一个同学。
　　 注意
　　 must可用于被动结构，也可用于进行形式。如：
　　 The book must be finished by the end of the month.这书必须在月底前完成。
　　 I'm afraid I must be going. 我看我得走了。
　　 She was nearly grown up and must soon be looking after herself.
　　 她已差不多长大成人，不久应该自己照顾自己了。
　　 相关试题解析
　　 Cars，buses and bikes______stop when the traffic light is red.(中考题)
　　 A. can 　　 B. must 　　C. may 　　　　D. need
　　【选B】译文：当交通灯变成红色的时候，汽车、公交车和自行车都不能通行。
(2) must可表示过去的情况，主要用在间接引语或宾语从句中。如：
　　 She must see Hubert that very night. 那天晚上她就得去看赫伯特。
　　 The play began a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t eight, so they must dine at seven. 戏8点开演，因此他们必须7点吃饭。
　　 She told ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )us we must (had to) wait until we were called. 她告诉我们，必须等到叫我们再去。
(3) mustn't表示“一定不要”。如：
　　 Of course she mustn't leave us. 当然她不能离开我们。
　　 You must not drive without a license. 你不得无证开车。
　　 You mustn't do that. 你千万不要那样做。
　　 注意
　　 mustn't为“千万不要”。在回答以must引起的问题时，如果是否定回答，要用needn't。如：
　　 —Must I come at four 我一定要4点钟来吗？
　　 —Yes, you must. 是的，一定要4点来。
　　 —No, you needn't ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ). You may come any time in the afternoon. 不一定，你可以在下午的任何时候来。
(4) 表示“一定是、准是”，有揣度、估计的意味。如：
　　 Your brothe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r must be anxious to know the particulars. 你哥哥一定急于知道详细情况。
　　 You can e ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at all this. You must have a good digestion. 你能吃这么多。你的消化力一定很强。
　　 You must know Diana surely. 你准认识戴安娜。
　　 如果must表示“一定，准是”，其后接完成式或进行式时，表示“估计已经……”或“估计正在……”。如：
　　 He must have arrived already. 他一定已经到了。
　　 Nonsense, you must have misheard. 胡说，你准是听错了。
　　 You must be joking. 你准是在说笑话。
　　 注意
(1) 在表示“必须 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )”这个意思时，must和have to是很接近的，只是have to比较强调客观需要，must着重说明主观看法。试比较下面的句子：
　　 I must tidy up the room. (主观想法)
　　 I have to tidy up the room. (客观需要)
　　 You must be back by ten. (命令或叮嘱)
　　 You have to be back by ten. (客观需要)
(2) have to能用于更多时态。如：
　　 We had to be there by nine. 我们得9点钟到了那里。
　　 We'll have to reconsider the whole thing.这一切我们将不得不重新考虑。
　　 相关试题解析
1. —Is Phie over his cold yet
　　 —He______. He went skiing today. (托福题)
　　 A. must be　　　B. ought to　　 C. will be　　 D. has to
　　【选A】译文：——菲的感冒好了吗？
　　 ——他一定是好了。他今天滑雪去了。
2. Investigators agr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eed that passengers on the airliner_____at the very moment of the crash.
(四级题)
　　 A. should have died　　　　 B. must be dying
　　 C. must have died　　　　　　 D. ought to die
　　【选C】译文：调查人员一致认为，该班机上的乘客一定是在坠机的一刹那丧生的。
(5) 表示“应当”时，相当于should，ought to。如：
　　 You must recogni ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ze that we can't allow such behaviour. 你应当明白我们不会允许有这样的行为。
　　 You must say hello to her. 你应当跟她打个招呼。
(6) 表示偏要、偏偏做或发生不愉快的事。如：
　　 After I gave her my ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) advice, she must go and do the opposite. 在我给她出主意之后她偏反着干。
　　 Just when ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )we are ready to go away for the holidays, the baby must catch measles. 我们正准备出去休假，偏偏宝宝又出麻疹了。
　　 Why must she be so nasty to me 为什么她偏对我这样恶劣？
F. ought
(1) ought 与不定式构成谓语，表示出于义务、责任、道义等方面的要求而应该、应当做的事情。如：
　　 There's one thing I ought to tell you. 有一件事我应该告诉你。
　　 He ought not to do that. 他不应当这样做。
　　 We ought to celebrate. 我们应当庆祝。
(2) 用于劝告或建议，表示应当、宜于做某事。ought to常可缩写为oughtn't。如：
　　 You ought to be out in the fresh air. 你应当到户外呼吸一些新鲜空气。
　　 You ought ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to be prepared for something unpleasant. 你应对发生不愉快的事有点思想准备。
　　 We oughtn't to take risks. 我们不宜于冒险。
(3) 用于一种揣测，表示想必、应当已经。如：
　　 Jim ought to be up now. 吉姆应当已经起床了。
　　 It ought to be ready by now. 现在应当已经准备好了。
　　 I ought to be fit for work next month. 下个月我想必可以工作了。
(4) ought与完成式或进行式连用。如：
　　 He ought to have arrived by now. 现在他应当已经到了。
　　 She ought to have got everything ready by now. 她现在想必已把一切准备好了。
　　 We ought to be hearing from him soon. 不久我们应当会接到他的信。
　　 相关试题解析
　　 —Tom, did you see the film Jaws last night
　　 —Yes, but I really_____, because I had lots of work to do.(高考题)
　　 A. couldn't have　　 　　　　 B. mustn't have　　
　　 C. needn't have　　　　　　 C. oughtn't to have
　　【选D】ought to have done意为“应该做却没做”，oughtn't to have done意为“本不该做却做了”。
G. need
(1) 情态动词need表示需要的意思，没有人称和数的变化，主要用于否定句及疑问句。如：
　　 You needn't clean the windows. They aren't dirty. 你不必擦窗户，不脏。
　　 Must we take action ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) immediately No, you needn't fuss. 我们必须立即采取行动吗？不，你不必大惊小怪。
　　 Why need you go today 为什么你需要今天走？
　　 Need you have scolded him so severely 你有必要这样严厉批评他吗？
　　 相关试题解析
　　 —Would you like me to go to the dentist with you
　　 —No, you______with me.(托福题)
　　 A. need not to go　　　　　　 B. do not need go　　
C. need not go　　　　　 D. need go not
　　【选C】译文：——要我和你一起去看牙科医生吗？
　　　　 ——不，你不必和我一起去。
(2) “need+完成式”表示对过去情况的温和的责备、后悔等，通常用于否定句。如：
　　 They need not have been punished so severely. 他们不必受到这样严厉的惩罚。
　　 You needn't have mentioned it. 这事你不必提的。
　　 相关试题解析
1. You_____the boys ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ). Before you did that, as a matter of fact, they had regretted the fight and agreed to make peace.(高考题)
　　 A. needn't have separated　　 　 B. mustn't have separated　　
　　 C. wouldn't have separated　　 D. couldn't have separated
　　【选A】needn't have done意为“没必要做，但做了”，表示对某人的责备和批评。
2. Why didn't you t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ell me you could lend me the money I_____it from the bank. (六级题)
　　 A. haven't needed to borrow　　 B. will not need to borrow
　　 C. needn't have borrowed　　 D. didn't need to borrow
　　【选C】译文： 你为什么不告诉我你能借钱给我？我本来不必从银行借钱的。
　　 在下面这类有否定意思的句子中也可以用need。如：
　　 I don't believe you need worry. 我相信你不必忧虑。
　　 I don't think you need take it too seriously. 我看你不必对这事太认真。
　　 But you need have no anxiety on my account. 但你不必为我焦急。
　　 注意
　　 情态动词need的否定式是needn't；及物动词need的否定式是don't / doesn't / didn't need。
2. 实义动词need
　　 实义动词need表示需要，是及物动词，有人称和数的变化，后面可以跟名词、代词、不定式、动名词和复合结构等。如：
　　 [名词]
　　 George needs a new pair of shoes. 乔治需要一双新鞋。
　　 [疑问代词]
　　 Tell me what you need. 告诉我你需要什么。
　　 [不定式]
　　 The instruments needed to be sterilized. 这些器具需要消毒。
　　 [动名词]
　　 These shoes need repairing. 这双鞋需要补一补。
　　 [复合结构]
　　 I need you over to help me with the children. 我需要你过来帮我看孩子。
H. dare
1. 情态动词dare
(1) 情态动词dare没有人称和数的变化，现在时和过去时的形式相同，通常用于否定句和疑问句。如：
　　 He dare not go near Ruth's neighbourhood. 他不敢走进露丝的邻近地区。
　　 No one dare speak of it. 没人敢谈及此事。
　　 How dare you ask me such a question 你怎么敢问我这样的问题？
　　 相关试题解析
1. —He daren't jump into the water, dare he
　　 — ______.(中考题)
　　A. Yes, he dare　　　 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )B. No, he dare 　　　C. Yes, he daren't 　　D. Yes, he dares
　　【选A】译文：——他不敢跳进水里，是吗？
　　 ——不是，他敢。
2. The little ch ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ild_____go out alone at night, so he_____walk in the dark that night.(高考题)
　　 A. daren't; didn't dare to　　　　 B. doesn't dare; dare not 　　
　　 C. isn't dared ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to; dared not to 　　 D. doesn't dare to; dare not to
　　【选A】dare作为情 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )态动词，后面直接跟动词原形，否定形式是在dare后面直接加not；dare作为一般动词使用时，用dare to do结构，否定形式在dare前面加助动词和not。
(2) 用于I dare say表示“猜测，或许，可能”。如：
　　 I dare say the trustees would give Adrian leave. 我猜测董事们会给亚得里安假的。
　　 I dare say I ove ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rdo it. But you go to the other extreme. 或许我做得过分了，但你却走了另一个极端。
　　 I dare say he will come. 可能他会来。
2. 实义动词dare
　　 实义动词dare有人称和数的变化，它 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )有过去式和现在式，可以和助动词连用。肯定句中要跟带to的不定式，而在否定句和疑问句中，dare之后的不定式符号to可以省略。如：
(1) 表示敢做某事。如：
　　 I did not dare to move. 我不敢动。
　　 Nobody would dare to ask. 没人敢问。
　　 She dared to walk the tightrope without a net. 她敢在不用安全网的情况下踩钢丝。
　　 Donna didn't dare (to) go out after dark. 堂娜天黑以后不敢出门。
(2) 表示敢于面对或尝试。如：
　　 He will dare any danger. 他敢于面对任何危险。
　　 He dared the anger of her family. 他敢于面对他家人的愤怒。
　　 The actress dared ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a new way of playing that famous character. 那位女演员敢于尝试以一个新方式来扮演这个著名角色。
(3) 表示“向……挑战，要某人做某件危险的事”。如：
　　 I dared him to fight. 我要求和他打一架。
　　 He dared me to jump over the stream. 他问我敢不敢跳过那条小溪。
　　 I dare you to jump off that wall. 我看你敢不敢从墙上跳下来。
I. be able to
(1) be able to常和动词连用，表示“能够”，意思接近can。有时两者可以换用。如：
　　 Brent is able to swim (=can swim) long distances. 布伦特能游很远一段距离。
　　 I'm not able to (=can't) explain this. 我不能解释这个问题。【版权所有：21教育】
　　 Cary was able to (=could) speak five languages. 凯里能讲五种语言。
(2) be able to可用于多种时态。如：
　　 I shan't be able to come on January 1. 1月1日我不能来。
　　 Amber had been a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ble to send money home regularly to maintain the family. 安伯一直能定期寄钱回家维持家人的生活。
(3) be able to可与情态动词或某些系动词连用。如：
　　 You should be able to choose your own course. 你应该能选择自己的道路。
　　 Austin seemed ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )able to put complicated thought in simple words. 奥斯汀似乎能用简单的词表达复杂的思想。21·世纪*教育网
(4) be able to 可用于非谓语动词中。如：
　　 I should like to be able to read. 我希望我能看书。
　　 Marcy said he so ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )much regretted not being able to swim. 马西说他对不会游泳感到非常遗憾。
　　 Becky gras ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ped my hand, not being able to say anything. 贝基抓住我的手，一句话也说不出来。
J. have to
(1) have to主要 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )用于表示客观外界向主语施加的义务。它有一般现在时的第三人称单数形式has to和一般过去时的过去式形式had to，也可以与助动词或其他情态动词连用。如：
　　 I had to go to hospital. 我得去医院看病。
　　 You don't have to worry. 你不必忧虑。
　　 Do you have to leave so soon 你必须这么早就走吗？
　　 Other problems also had to be faced. 还有其他问题必须面对。
(2) have to可用于各种时态。如：
　　 [一般过去时]
　　 I had to go to the bank yesterday. 我昨天不得不去银行。
　　 [一般将来时]
　　 I shall have to help him as much as I can. 我将不得不尽量帮助他。
　　 [虚拟语气]
　　 If it had ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n't been for her support, he would have had to leave. 如果不是她支持，他就不得不离开了。
(3) 含有have to的疑问句及否定句可借助助动词do，does，did构成，如：
　　 What do I have to do to get a licence 我要怎样做才能领到驾驶证呢？
　　 Why did you have to go there 你为什么不得不去那里？
　　 Ella doesn't have to stay up so late. 埃拉不必熬到这么晚。
　　 注意
　　 有时也可不用助动词构成。如：
　　 Have you to leave so soon 你必须这么早走吗？
　　 You haven't to go to school today. 你今天不必上学。
(4) have got to和have to的意思差不多，表示“不得不，一定得”。如：
　　 I've got to be off now. 我现在得走了。
　　 That's what you've got to do. 这是你不能不做的。
　　 Have you got to get yourself involved with all this 你有必要卷进这一切吗？
K. had better / best
(1) had better与should的意思相近，表示“最好……”。had常缩写为'd。如：
　　 I'd better stop smoking. 我最好戒烟。
　　 We'd better be off. 我们最好就走。
　　 What had we better do 我们最好怎么办？
(2) had better与进行式连用，表示立即做某事。如：
　　 I think I'd better be going. 我想我最好还是马上走。
　　 You'd better be getting your clothes ready. 你最好马上把衣服准备好。
(3) had best表示“差不多”的意思。如：
　　 I suppose I had best go to Oxford after then. 我想在那之后我最好去牛津。
　　 You had best get home before midnight. 你最好在午夜之前回到家里。
　　 We had best be going. 我们最好现在就走。
L. used to
(1) used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在已不存在，没有人称和数的变化。如：
　　 I used to play foot ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ball a lot but I don't play very often now. 我过去常常踢足球，但现在不常踢了。
　　 Diana used to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) travel a lot. These days she doesn't go away so often. 戴安娜过去经常旅游，最近她不常出门了。
　　 Hunk used to be devoted to her. 汉克过去是很爱她的。
　　 相关试题解析
　　 —Do you like to play baseball
　　 —No, but I_____play basketball at college. (托福题)
　　 A. used to　　 B. was used to　　 C. get used to　　 D. use to
　　 【选A】译文：——你喜欢打棒球吗？
　　　　 ——不，但是我过去在大学常常打篮球。
(2) used to的疑问结构和否定结构有两种形式：一种是不用助动词，另一种是借助于助动词did，而借助于助动词的形式更为常见。如：
　　 [借助did]
　　 Did you use to e ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at a lot of sweets when you were a child 你小时候吃很多糖吗？
　　 You used to smoke a pipe, didn't you 你过去是抽烟斗的，是吧？
　　 I didn't use to have my own room. 我过去不是一个人住一间房的。
　　 [不借助did]
　　 Used you to know them 你过去认识他们吗？
　　 Linda used not (usedn't) to be so forgetful. 琳达过去不是那样爱忘事的。
(3) used to do ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) sth表示过去经常做某事，而be used to+n. / doing sth表示习惯于某事或习惯于做某事。如：　　
　　 I'm used to life in the country. 我习惯于乡村生活。
　　 Manda was not used to getting up early. 曼达不习惯早起。
　　 相关试题解析
　　 —Marie has blisters in her boots.
　　 —She______walking such a long distance.(托福题)
　　 A. was used not to　　 　　　　 B. used to　　
　　 C. is not used to　　　　　　 D. did not used to
　　 【选C】译文：——玛丽穿靴子的脚起了泡。
　　　　 ——她不习惯走这么长的路。
学以致用
【基础练习】
1. 用can，can't，may，must，mustn't，needn't填空。
(1) “What about ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) seeing a new film this evening ”“I'm afraid I______. I______finish my English exercises this evening.”
(2) You______keep ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) your word. You______wash your hands before dinner.
(3)“______you drive a car ”“Sorry， I______.”
(4) Excuse me， sir.______I ask you a question， please
(5) I'm not sure about the news. It______or______not be true.21*cnjy*com
(6) Lily isn't h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ere. She______have gone to the school library， or she______have gone to the meeting room， or she______have gone home. Who knows
(7) Time is flying. We______waste our time.
(8) You______be afraid of the difficulty. We'll give you a helping hand.
(9) You______hurry. I'm sure you won't be late.
(10) “May I ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )go now ”“No， you______，you must finish the job before you go.”
2. 完成下列对话。
　　用“must或may / might / could+所给的短语”完成对话。
　　(be at a meeting；ha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ve got a cold；have the wrong number； miss them very much)
(1) A：Where's Ms Smith She's not in her office.21cnjy.com
　　 B: Sorry，I don't know. She____________.
　　 A: Would you tell her that I'm looking for her if you see her 21*cnjy*com
　　 B: Certainly，Mr Johnson.
(2) A: Hello
　　 B: Hello. May I speak to Bill Gates， please
　　 A: I'm sorry. You____________. There is no one here by that name.
(3) A: You're cough ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing, blowing your nose and having a fever. I believe you______.
　　 B: You're not a doctor， are you
　　 A: No. That's why I said “you might have got a cold”.
(4) A: How long has it been since you last saw your family
　　 B: Over two years. A: You____________. B: I do indeed.
　　 用“can/can't/could/couldn't+所给动词”完成对话。
　　 (wait；hear；run；sleep；eat；help)
(5) A: You look tired. B: Yes， I am. I______last night.
(6) A: When my bro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ther was 17， he was a fast runner. B: Oh How fast
　　 A: He______100 metres in 11 seconds.
(7) A: Are you in a hurry
　　 B: No， I have plenty of time. I______.
(8) A: Could you speak up a little bit
　　 B: You______me， can you
(9) A: I was feeling terrible yesterday.
　　 B: Did you eat anything
　　 A: No，I______anything.
(10) A: Could you help me with my lessons now
　　 B: Sorry，I______you now. I have so many things this evening.
3. 选择最佳答案填空。
(1) —Must I get up early tomorrow
　　—No，_____.
A. you mustn't B. I don't think you have to　
C. you can't　　　　　 D. you need
(2) You_____play with fire， Tom. It's dangerous.
　　A. needn't　　 B. may not　　 C. mustn't　　 D. wouldn't
(3) We______keep the new traffic law and learn how to protect ourselves.
　　A. may　　　　 B. should　　 C. can　　　　 D. need
(4) —Who's that woman with Ann
　　—I'm not sure. It_____be her mother.
　　A. may　　　　 B. can　　　　 C. will　　　　 D. must
(5) You_____worry about him. He will get well soon.
　　A. needn't　　 B. can't　　　　 C. mustn't　　 D. may not
(6) —I thi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nk Miss Gao must be in the library. She said she would go there.
　　—No. She_____be there. I've just seen her in the office.
　　A. can't　　　　 B. mustn't　　 C. needn't　　 D. wouldn't
(7) —______you play golf
　　—No. But I can play table tennis.
　　A. Can　　　　 B. May　　　　 C. Must　　　　 D. Should
(8) My mot ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )her_____make rice dumplings. She'll teach me how to do it.
　　A. must　　 B. need　　　　 C. should　　 D. can
(9) —Don't make any noise in the movie theatre.
　　 —______.
　　A. Sorry，I can't　 B. Sorry，I won't　　
　　C. Yes，I will　　　　　　 D. No，I won't
(10) —Will you please stay here for the party
　　 —Sorry，I______. I'll have to go to an important meeting.
　　A. mustn't　　 B. needn't　　 C. can't　　　　 D. won't
【能力提升】
1. 选择最佳答案填空(情态动词练习)。
(1) —My cat's really fat.
—You_____have given her so much food.
　　A. wouldn't　 B. couldn't　　 C. shouldn't　　 D. mustn't
(2) We hope that as ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) many people as possible_____join us for the picnic tomorrow.
　　A. need　 B. must　　　　 C. should　　　　 D. can
(3) —What's the name
　　—Terence.______I spell that for you
　　A. Shall　　　　B. Would　　　　C. Can　　　　 D. Might
(4) We_____have pro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ved great adventures, but we have done the greatest march ever made in the past ten years.
　　A. needn't　　 B. may not　　 C. shouldn't　　 D. mustn't
(5) —I think I'll give Bob a ring.
　　—You_____. You haven't been in touch with him for ages.
　　A. will　　　　 B. may　　　　 C. have to　　 D. should
(6) Some aspec ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ts of a pilot's job_____be boring, and pilots often_____work at inconvenient hours.
　　A. can; have to B. may; can　　 C. have to; may　　 D. ought to; must
(7) If it were not ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )for the fact that she_____sing, I would invite her to the party.
　　A. couldn't　　 B. shouldn't　　 C. can't　　　　 D. might not
(8) —May I smoke here
　　 —If you_____, choose a seat in the smoking section.2·1·c·n·j·y
　　A. should　 B. could　　　　C. may　　　　 D. must
(9) —Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you.
　　—Thanks. You_____it. I could manage it myself.
　　A. needn't do　　　　　　 B. needn't have done
　　C. mustn't do　　　　　　 D. shouldn't have done
(10) John, look at ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the time._____you play the piano at such a late hour
　　A. Must　　 B. Can　　　　 C. May　　　　 D. Need
(11) He paid for a seat, when he_____have entered free.
　　A. could　　 B. would　　　 C. must　　　　 D. need
(12) The World Wi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )de Web is sometimes jokingly called the World Wide Wait because it_____be very slow.
　　A. should　 B. must　　　　 C. will　　　　 D. can
(13) I_____have bee ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n more than six years old when the accident happened.
　　A. shouldn't　 B. couldn't　　 C. mustn't　　 D. needn't
(14) —I've taken someone else's green sweater by mistake.
　　 —It_____Harry's. He always wears green.
　　A. has to be　 B. will be　　　C. mustn't be　　 D. could be
(15) —The wom ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )an biologist stayed in Africa studying wild animals for 13 years before she returned.
　　 —Oh, dear! She_____a lot of difficulties!
　　A. may go through　　　　　　 B. might go through
　　C. ought to have gone through　　 D. must have gone through
2. 阅读短文，在空格处填入适当的情态动词，使上下文意思通顺。
　　Despite the fa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ct that you (1)______wear school uniform every day, you (2)______still find yourself a place at the cutting edge (领先地位) of fashion. From coloured shoelaces to special snakes (零食), this is what the cool kids in your class believe in for the summer.
　　It (3)_____not be pr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )actical for you to have a new pair of shoes every day, but moving from one colour shoelaces to another (4)______show your desire for a new look. Bright colours—red, green, light gold, navy blue (深蓝色), orange, pink, purple,
rainbow—are the t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )op choices. There are also sports laces that come in colour combinations, such as red / white and red / black. You (5)_____even try to lace up your sports shoes in two colours!
　　Has changing cell ph ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )one accessories (小挂件) become part of your life Although you (6)_____not be able to afford the most advanced phone, you (7)______still decorate it. Girls (8)_____prefer fluffy (毛茸茸的) Teddy Bears that change colour
according to the tempe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rature, while many boys like taking accessories that say things such as “The teacher is coming”.
　　If you want to loo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )k at your friends whenever you have time, don't bother putting a picture on your desk. Try sticking photos (大头照). They are cheap, convenient and (9)_____be carried around in your wallet. You (10)______even choose special backgrounds of cartoon figures to show your individuality (个性).
参考答案
【基础练习】
1. (1)can't；must 　 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )　(2)must；must (3)Can；can't (4)May 　　(5)may；may
　　(6)may；may；may (7)mustn't (8)needn't (9)needn't 　　(10)mustn't
2. (1)may/ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )might/could be at a meeting 　　(2)must have the wrong number　　(3)might have got a cold 　　(4)must miss them very much (5)couldn't sleep
　　(6)could run (7)can wait (8)can't hear (9)couldn't eat (10)can't help
3. (1)B (2)C (3)B (4)A (5)A (6)A (7)A (8)D (9)B (10)C
【能力提升】
1. (1)C (2)D (3)A (4)B (5)D (6)A (7)C (8)D (9)B (10)A (11)A (12)D (13)B (14)D (15)D
2. (1)have to (2)ca ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n (3)may (4)can / will (5)can / may (6)may (7)can (8)may (9)can (10)can / may
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