中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
张道真全范围英语语法之·动词时态
目 录
话说动词时态
A 一般现在时
构成
基本用法
常用于一般现在时的动词
一般现在时表示现在时刻发生的动作
一般现在时表示将来的情况
一般现在时表示过去的动作
常与一般现在时连用的时间状语
B 现在进行时
构成
基本用法
现在进行时与动词的关系
现在进行时表示将来的动作
现在进行时表示经常性的动作
现在进行时的特殊用法
C 一般将来时
构成
基本用法
Shall的用法
Be going to的用法
Be doing结构
“be+不定式”结构
Be about to结构
Be due to结构
D 将来进行时
现在将来进行时
过去将来进行时
E 将来完成时
现在将来完成时
过去将来完成时
F 一般过去时
构成
基本用法
与一般过去时连用的时间状语
G 过去进行时
构成
基本用法
H 现在完成时
构成
基本用法
现在完成时的特殊情况
瞬间动词的完成时
I 现在完成进行时
J 过去完成时
基本用法
过去完成时的特殊用法
K 过去将来时
L 时态的比较
一般现在时和现在进行时的比较
一般现在时与现在完成时的比较
过去完成时与一般过去时的比较
现在完成时与一般过去时的比较
一般将来时与将来进行时的比较
一般现在时与一般过去时的比较
M 时态的呼应
主句中的谓语动词是过去时态的情况
主句中的谓语动词是现在时或将来时的情况
在“It+段时间+before从句”句型中的情况
在定语从句及状语从句中的情况
在主语从句和表语从句中的情况
基础练习
能力提升
Unit 12 动词时态
话说动词时态
作谓语的动词用来表示动作 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )或情况发生时间的各种形式称为动词时态。英语的时态共有16种:一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时、一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去完成进行时、一般将来时、将来进行时、将来完成时、将来完成进行时、一般过去将来时、过去将来进行时、过去将来完成时和过去将来完成进行时。英语中动词的时态用动词的不同形式来表示。现以动词write为例,列表如下:
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 完成进行时态
现在 write;writes am / ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) are / is writing have / has written have / has been writing
过去 wrote was / were writing had written had been writing
将来 will write
shall write will be ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) writing will have written will have been writing
过去将来would writ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e would be writing would have written would have been writing
A. 一般现在时
1. 构成
肯定式 否定式 疑问式
I am... I am not / I'm not... Am I...
He (She, It) is... He (She, It) is not... Is he (she, it) ...
We (You, They) are.. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ). We (You, They) are not... Are you (they)...
I (We, You, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) They) work. I (We, You,They) do not work. Do I (We, You, They) work
He (She, It) works. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) He (She, It) does not work. Does he (she, it) work
2. 基本用法
(1) 表示经常发生或反复发生的动作。如:
Amy visits her parents after work every day. 艾美每天下班去看望她的父母。
Heidi doesn't speak Chinese. 海蒂不会讲汉语。
How often do you go shopping 你多久去购物?
相关试题解析
If she doesn't te ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ll him the truth now, he'll simply keep on asking her until she______.
(四级题)
A. does B. has done C. will do D. would do
【选A】译文:如果她现在不告诉他事实,他会一直问,直到她说出来为止。
(2) 表示现在或经常出现的情况或状态。如:
How do you like this house 你觉得这房子怎么样?
Brandon lives in a small town. 布兰登住在一个小镇上。
We need your help. 我们需要你们的帮助。
相关试题解析
The earliest Asian cultural relic______Song Dynasty.(高考题)21*cnjy*com
A. dates from B. dated from
C. date from D. have been dated from
【选A】题意为:最早的亚洲文化遗址 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )追溯到宋朝。“自……存在至今;追溯”用date from表示,这里讲述的是一般发生的状况,故用一般现在时。
(3) 表示永恒的真理或客观存在的事实。如:
Gases expand when heated. 气体加热会膨胀。
Summer follows spring. 春天之后是夏天。
The moon goes round the earth. 月亮绕着地球转。
相关试题解析
It is reported that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Uruguay understands and_____China on human rights issues.(四级题)
A. grants B. changes C. abandons D. backs
【选D】译文:据报道,乌拉圭理解并支持中国在人权问题上的立场。
3. 常用于一般现在时的动词
英语中的许多动词通常表示一种状态,称为静态动词,多用于一般现在时,而不能用于进行时态。这类词常见的有:
admire adore appear astonish be
believe belong consist desire despise
doubt envy exist feel fit
forget have hear hope impress
include involve keep know lack
last like love need owe
please possess prefer prove realize
recognize remember require satisfy seat
see smell sound suppose suspect
think understand wish
What do you mean 你是什么意思?
This concerns everyone of us. 这关系到我们每个人。
The box contains a necklace. 盒子里有一条项链。
We own the house. 这是我们的房子。
注意
一个表示极为短暂的动作的动词,也可用于一般现在时。如:
I declare this exhibition open. 我宣布展览会开幕。
The Bible says love of money is the root of all evil.《圣经》说爱财是万恶之源。
I advise you to withdraw. 我劝你退出。
4. 一般现在时表示现在时刻发生的动作
一般现在时可以表示现在时刻发生的动作,其具体用法如下:
(1) 用于体育运动赛事的解说。如:
Smith passes to D ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )avency, Davency to Barnes, Barnes to Lucas—and Harriet intercepts...Harriet to Simons, nice ball—and Smith shoots. 史密斯传球给戴文西,戴文西传给巴恩斯,巴恩斯传给卢卡斯,哈利特截住球……哈利特传给西蒙斯,好球!——史密斯射门。
(2) 用于演示说明。如:
First I put a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) lump of butter into a frying pan and light the gas; then, while the butter is melting, I break three eggs into the bowl, like this. 我先在煎蛋锅里放一些黄油,把煤气点燃,然后,在黄油熔化时,我在碗里打三个鸡蛋,像这样。
(3) 用于动作的描述。如:
There's this ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Cambodian, you see, and he's walking through the jungle when he meets a gorilla and the gorilla's eating something. So the Scotsman goes up to the gorilla. 这是一个柬埔寨人,你看到了吧,他正在丛林地带穿行,他碰到一只大猩猩,大猩猩正在吃东西,于是那个苏格兰人向大猩猩跟前走去。
(4) 用于剧情的介绍。如:
In Death on the Nil ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e, Lient Ridgeway is the young and beautiful heiress to an immense fortune, but she has a lot of enemies. 在《尼罗河惨案》中,林奈·里奇薇是有一大笔家财的年轻美丽的继承人,但她有很多敌人。
(5) 用于剧本中舞台动作的说明。如:
Millison enters. W ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )illiam assumes a business air, picks up two folders, and makes for the door. 梅里逊进场。威廉装出一本正经的样子,拿起两个公文夹,向门口走去。
(6) 用于指引道路。如:
—How do I get to the station? 车站怎么走?
—You go strai ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ght to the traffic lights, then you turn right... 你笔直往前走,走到交通灯那儿时往右转……
(7) 用于图片说明。如:
The Queen arrives for the Opening of Parliament. 女王出席国会开幕式。
注意
在引用书面材料时,say,teach,stress等词通常用一般现在时。如:
Shakespeare says,“All the world is a stage.”
莎士比亚说:“整个世界就是一座舞台。”
The book teaches us to honour our parents. 这本书教导我们尊敬父母。
Chaucer writes that love is blind. 乔叟写道,爱情是盲目的。
5. 一般现在时表示将来的情况
(1) 在口语中,一般现在时常可表示按 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )时间表拟定的或安排好的事情,或要发生的动作,这时常常会有一个表示未来时间的状语。用于这种情况的动词有:arrive,be,begin,close,come,depart,dine,end,finish,go,leave,open,return,sail,start,stop等。如:
The exhibit ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ion opens on October 1st and closes at the end of November. 展览会10月1日开幕,11月底闭幕。
The plane takes ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) off at 2:30 and arrives in Shanghai at 4:20. 飞机2点30分起飞,4点20分抵达上海。
Is there a film on tonight 今晚要演电影吗?
(2) 在时间、条件状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时表示将来的动作。如:
I'll give her the telex when she comes. 她来时我要把电传交给她。
Turn the light off before you leave. 走前关灯。
If we hurry, we may catch the bus. 如果赶紧走,我们就可能赶上公共汽车。
Tell me in case you get into difficulty. 如果遇到困难请告诉我。
相关试题解析
1. —Something ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) must be done to stop the farmers cutting down the forests.
—I agree with y ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ou. If we_____, a lot more good land will be gone with them.(中考题)
A. won't B. aren't C. don't D. mustn't
【选C】译文:——一定要采取措施来阻止农夫砍伐森林。
——我同意你的意见,如果我们不这样做,更多的良田将随之荒芜。
2. —What would you do if it______tomorrow
—We have to carry it on, since we've got everything ready.(高考题)
A. rain B. rains C. will rain D. is raining
【选B】在条件、时间、让步状语从句中用一般现在时表将来。
3. It_____you to at ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )least 50% of the regular price of either frames or lenses when you buy both. (四级题)
A. present B. entitles C. credits D. tips
【选B】译文:如果你框架和镜片两个都买,你可以至少以半价买到框架或是镜片。
(3) 个别由hope,assume,no matter等引导的从句中的谓语也可用一般现在时表示一般将来时。如:
I hope it keeps fine for a few more days. 希望还能晴几天。
Miya hopes she passes her exam all right. 米娅希望考试顺利通过。
Assuming it rains tomorrow, what shall we do 设想明天下雨我们该怎么办?
Bruce will ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )continue the work no matter what happens. 不管发生什么情况,布鲁斯都要继续这项工作。
相关试题解析
It______long befo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )re the Chinese Space Center______Shenzhou Ⅶ Spacecraft.(高考题)
A. won't be; launches B. is; will launch
C. will not be; will launch D. is; launches
【选A】题意为:不久之 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )后中国宇航中心将发射“神舟”七号宇宙飞船。根据题意,在before引导的时间状语从句中用一般现在时表将来意义,此时主句用一般将来时。It won't be long before...表示“不久之后就……”
6. 一般现在时表示过去的动作
(1) 在少数情况下,已发生的动作也可用一般现在时表示,但只限于少量动词,如hear,say,tell等。如:
I hear you're moving. 听说你要搬家了。
Diana says you told her to come over here. 戴安娜说是你让她到这儿来的。
They tell me it's a fascinating film. 他们告诉我这是一部有趣的影片。
(2) 在故事性读物中,戏剧性 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的描绘也常用一般现在时。在描述故事时突然转而使用现在时态,是为了给人以历历在目的印象。这种用法可以称为戏剧性的现在时或历史性的现在时。如:
I open the door, an ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d I look out into the garden, and I see a man. He is wearing a pink shirt and a policeman's helmet. “Good morning,”he says... 我打开门,往花园里瞧瞧,我看见一个男子,穿一件粉红色的衬衫,戴一顶警察的头盔。“早上好”,他说……
(3) 用在报纸标题中:情节自然是已发生的事,但用一般现在时来描述往往使标题更加生动。如:
Disarmament Talks Begin in Vienna 裁军谈判在维也纳开始
Bank Robbery: Robbers Take $ 100, 000 银行劫案:匪徒抢走十万美金
(4) 用在小说章节的题目中。如:
Vll Go to Bristal 第七章 去布里斯托尔途中
7. 常与一般现在时连用的时间状语
once in a while 隔些时候 now and then 不时
nowadays 现今 currently 目前
presently 现在,马上 once every... 每……一次
at present 现在 always 总是
rarely 很少 as a rule 一般说来
generally 总的来说
Joyce is out of danger now. 乔伊斯现在脱离危险了。
Generally he w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )atches TV for two hours in the evening. 通常他晚上看两个小时的电视。
I visit my grandmother once a month. 我一个月看我奶奶一次。
B. 现在进行时
1. 构成
肯定式 否定式 疑问式
I am working. I am not working. Am I working
He (She, It) is wo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rking. He (She, It) is not working. Is he (she, it) working
We are working. We are not working. Are we working
You are working. You are not working. Are you working
They are working. They are not working. Are they working
2. 基本用法
(1) 表示现在正在进行的动作即说话时正在进行的动作。如:
They're talking; they're not working. 他们在谈话,不是在工作。
June is travelling abroad now. 朱恩正在国外旅行。
The kids are playing ping-pong. 孩子们在打乒乓球。
相关试题解析
1. —Who's in the office
—Mr Smith is. He_____a report. (中考题)
A. is writing B. wrote C. would write D. is written
【选A】译文:——谁在办公室?
——史密斯先生。他在写报告。
2. Listen to the two girls by the window. What language_____?(高考题)
A. did they speak B. were they speaking
C. are they speaking D. have they been speaking
【选C】祈使句提示的时间应是说话的时候,即现在,所以应选择现在进行时。
3. Our manager ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) is_____an important customer now and he will be back this afternoon.
(四级题)
A. calling on B. calling in C. calling up D. calling for
【选A】译文:我们经理去拜访一位重要的客户,今天下午回来。
(2) 现在进行时的句子在译成 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )汉语时常带有“(正)在”这类字样。有时在汉语句子中没有这类词,但它表示的是现在正在发生的情况,也要用现在进行时。如:
工作进展得怎样? How are you getting on with the work
你进步很快。 You're making good progress.
你等谁? Who are you waiting for
太阳出来了吗? Is the sun shining
(3) 表示现在这一阶段正在发生的事,但说话的这一刻不一定在进行。如:
What's your daughter doing these days 你女儿最近干什么?
We're seeing the sights of the city. 我们正在城里观光。
Don't take the typew ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )riter away. My father is using it. 别把打字机拿走,我爸爸正在用。
相关试题解析
Since I won the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) big prize, my telephone hasn't stopped ringing. People______to ask how I am going to spend the money.(高考题)
A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning
【选D】本题考查动词时态的用法。“打电话”是现阶段正在进行的动作,故应用现在进行时。
3. 现在进行时与动词关系
(1) 并不是所有的动词都可用现 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )在进行时,表示状态或感觉的动词不能用于进行时态,也不能表示正在进行的动作。不过在特殊情况下也可用进行时态,试比较下面的句子:
The idea sounds great. 这主意听起来不错。
Why is the driver sounding his horn 那个司机为什么一直按喇叭?
I see what you mean. 我明白你的意思。
Brent's seeing the doctor now. 布伦特现在在看医生。
(2) 有很多词在一种语境中能用于进行时,而在另一语境中却不能用于进行时态。试比较下面的句子:
What are you looking for 你在找什么?(表示动作)
You look quite well. 你气色不错。 (表示状态)
What are you thinking about 你在想什么?(表示“思维”这个动作)
What do you think of the film 你觉得这部电影怎么样? (表示看法)
(3) 有些动词本来是表示动作的,在表示状态时也不宜用进行时态。如:
[表动作]
People are lying on the beach. 人们躺在海滩上。
The birds are sitting on the wires. 鸟停在电线上。
[表状态]
The city lies on the coast. 这座城市位于海岸边。
The house sits high on a hill. 房子位于小山高处。
(4) 有些动词表示极短 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )暂的动作,也不宜用于进行时态,如declare,recognize等。但有少数这类动词,可用于进行时态,表示“反复做某个动作”或“即将……”。如:
Gary is jumping up and down. 加里上上下下地跳着。
John is nodding his head. 约翰点着头。
Why is the little girl blinking her eyes 那个小女孩为什么老眨眼睛?
The train is arriving. 火车即将到达。
The Boeing 747 is taking off. 那架波音747即将起飞。
(5) 动词be用于进行时态,表示一时的表现。如:
I know I'm being selfish. 我知道我这样做是自私的。
Howard is being terribly friendly to us. 霍华德对我们表现得非常友好。
4. 现在进行时表示将来的动作
(1) 表示已经和他人约定或安排好的最近的将来,这时都有一个表示未来时间的状语。可用于这种用法的动词有:
arrive come dine do get go
have leave lunch meet play return
see sleep spend start stay wear
My old brother is coming home on Thursday. 我哥星期四回来。
What are you doing at the weekend 这个周末你干什么?
We are getting married on April 10 this year. 我们今年4月10日结婚。
相关试题解析
I've won a holiday for two weeks to Florida. I_____my mum. (高考题)
A. am taking B. have taken C. take D. will have taken
【选A】本句是用现在进行时表示有计划、有准备的将来的动作,常见的这类动词有go,come,leave,take,start等。
(2) 如果主语是train,concert等表示事物的名词,动词都以一般现在时表示将来的动作。如:
What time does the train leave 火车什么时候开?
The concert starts at 6:30. 音乐会6:30开始。
The programme begins at 8:00. 这个节目8点开始。
(3) 如果以人为主语,表示安排要进行的动作,通常要用现在进行时。如:
I'm not going out this evening. 今晚我不准备出去。(不宜说“I don't...”)
Is she coming to join us 她准备参加我们的活动吗?(不宜说“Does she...”)
Anna isn't coming to the party tonight. 安娜不准备参加今晚的聚会。
(4) 在时间或条件状语从句中用现在进行时表示将来的动作。如:
If she is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )still waiting there when you see her, tell her to go home. 如果你见到她时她还在等,那就让她回家吧。
While you're trave ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lling there, you must visit these places. 你在那里游览时,你一定要去这几个地方。
Suppose they're ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )still worrying about this tomorrow. What shall I do 假定他们明天还在担心,我该怎么办?
5. 现在进行时表示经常性的动作
(1) 表示一个经常性的动作,表达某种感彩。如:
[表责备]
You're always leaving your clothes on the sofa! 你老把衣服扔在沙发上!
[表不满]
My father is always losing his car keys. 我爸总弄丢车钥匙。
[表不以为然]
Jenny's constantly changing her mind. 詹妮老是改变主意。
[表厌烦]
Megan is forever complaining about her job. 梅甘总是对她的工作提出抱怨。
这类句子常带有alway ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s,constantly,forever,continually,perpetu-ally这类副词,表示强调或夸张的意思。如果改用一般现在时,就只是说明事实,而不表示情绪。试比较下面的句子: 21·cn·jy·com
一般现在时(说明事实) 现在进行时(表现情绪)
New varieties appear ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )all the time. New varieties are appearing all the time.(欣喜)
How do you feel today How are you feeling today (关切)
We haul in ten times more fish than before.
We're hauling in ten times more fish than before.(欣慰)
She does fine work a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t school. She's doing fine work at school. (赞美)
You always look ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) for faults. You're always looking for faults. (埋怨)
It rains a lot here. It's always raining here. (抱怨)
(2) 有些静态动词也可用于现在进行时。如:
I'm always hearing strange stories about him. 我老听人讲关于他的离奇故事。
I'm forgett ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing that I promised to visit him tonight. 我差点忘了,我答应今晚去看他的。
Tina is resembling her mother more and more. 蒂娜越来越像她妈妈了。
注意
有少数动词用现在进行时和一般现在时意思差不多。如:
I wonder / am wondering how I should answer him. 我想知道该怎样回答他。
Does your leg hurt / Is your leg hurting 你的腿疼吗?
It itches / is itching terribly. 痒得要命。
My back aches / is aching. 我的背疼。
6. 现在进行时的特殊用法
(1) 在故事中代替过去进行时,用以戏剧式的描绘。如:
I'm driving along ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) a country road and I'm completely lost. Then I see this old fellow. He's leaning against a gate. I stop the car and ask him the way... 我正开车顺着一条乡下公路前进,我完全迷路了。这时我看到了这位老人,他靠在篱笆门上,我停下车向他问路……
(2) 用在解说词中。如:
MacFee passes to F ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ranklyn. Franklyn makes a quick pass to Booth. Booth is away with his ball, but he's losing the advantage. 麦克菲传球给富兰克林,富兰克林给布什一个快传,布什带球前进,但他正在失去有利地位。
(3) 表示暂时或临时的情况。如:
James is living in Copenhagen. 詹姆斯现在住在哥本哈根。
I'm hearing more clearly now. 现在我听得清楚些了。
What's Jim d ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oing these days He's working as my assistant. 吉姆这些天在做什么?在做我的助手。
(4) 用在新闻标题中,句中的助动词通常要省略。如:
Cabinet Minister (Is) Resigning Soon 内阁部长即将辞职
(The) College Team ( ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Is) Training for (the) Next Game 大学队积极练习准备参加下一轮比赛
C. 一般将来时
1. 构成
肯定式 否定式 疑问式
I shall / will ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) work. I shall / will not work. Shall / Will I work
He (She, It) wil ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l work. He (She, It) will not work. Will he (she, it) work
We shall / ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) will work. We shall / will not work. Shall / Will we work
You will work. You will not work. Will you work
You will work. You will not work. Will you work
They will work. They will not work. Will they work
2. 基本用法
(1) 表示将要发生的事,在各种人称后都可由“will+动词原形”构成谓语,will常缩写为“'ll”。如:
Telephone me this evening. I'll be at home. 今晚给我电话,我会在家里。
When will I see him 我什么时候会见到他?
Leave the s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tale bread there. The birds will eat it. 把旧面包留在那儿,鸟儿会吃掉的。
相关试题解析
1. —Did you tell Peter that you've already got a job
—Oh, no. I forgot. I_____him now.(高考题)
A. will be calling B. will call C. call D. am calling
【选B】题意为:“你告诉彼得 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )你已经找到工作了吗?”“喔,没有,我忘记了。我马上就告诉他。”表示一个将要发生的动作和状态要用一般将来时。当表示在某种场合下的临时反应时,用“will+动词原形”表示。A、D两项均表示按计划将来做某事。
2. While people ma ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television______the newspaper completely. (四级题)
A. replaced B. have replaced
C. replace D. will replace
【选D】译文:虽然人们可能通过看电视来了解最新的新闻,但是电视完全取代报纸是不可能的。
(2) 用于I think / don't think...will...这类句型中。如:
I feel a bit hung ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ry. I think I'll have something to eat. 我有点饿,我想找点东西吃。
I don't think I'll go out tonight. I'm too tired. 我今晚不想出去了,我太累了。
Do you think the examination will be difficult 你认为考试会很难吗?
(3) 提出请求。如:
Will you lend me the car next week 下星期你把车借给我行吗?
Will you make a photo copy of it 你能把它复印一份吗?
Mail the letter today, will you 今天就把信发掉,好吗?
(4) 作出允诺。如:
Wait a minute, I'll open the door for you. 等一等,我来给你开门。
I'll write you every day. 我每天都会给你写信。
I won't tell anybody what happened. 发生的事我谁也不告诉。
(5) 表示同意。如:
—Come and see me tomorrow. 明天来找我。
—Yes, I will. 好的。
—Don't be late. 别来晚了。
—No, I won't. 不会的。
—Will you answer the phone 你去接电话好吗?
—Yes, I will. 好的。
(6) 表示“不肯、不能”等。如:
We asked her ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to be the director but she won't agree. 我们请她当所长,但她不同意。
The car won't start. 车开不了啦。
Oil and water will not mix. 油和水没法混在一起。
3. shall的用法
(1) shall通常用于第一人称的疑问句中,用来征求对方的意见。如:
There's no one to answer the phone, what shall we do 没人接电话,我们该怎么办?
I'll be there at 3o'clock, shall I 我3点到那里好不好?
Where shall we go this evening 今晚我们到哪里去?
(2) shall也可用于陈述句中。如:
I shan't see her next week. 下星期我不会见到她。
We shall have to hurry. 我们得快点。
I shall do everything I can to help you. 我将尽量帮助你。【版权所有:21教育】
4. be going to的用法
(1) 表示说话者已经决定的计划或安排要做的事。如:
My boyfriend says he's going to stop smoking. 我男朋友说他准备戒烟。
We are not going to stay there long. 我们不准备在那里多待。
My hair is dirty. I'm going to wash it. 我的头发脏了,我准备洗一洗。
(2) 表示说话者根据现在的现象或征兆“预测”不久即将发生的事情。如:
I'm afraid they're going to lose the game. 恐怕他们会输。
The weather fo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )recast says that it's going to be warm tomorrow. 天气预报说明天天气会暖和起来。
My aunt is going to have a baby. 我姑姑要生孩子了。
(3) be going to结构在不少情况下可以和一般将来时换用。如:
I think the weather will be fine tomorrow.
I think the weather is going to be fine tomorrow. 我想明天会是好天气。
It will be a busy day for us.
It's going to be a busy day for us. 对我们来说,这会是忙碌的一天。
(4) be going to结构和将 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )来时结构有时有细微的差别,be going to结构强调“打算”,而将来时结构表示未事先思考或计划过的意图;be going to结构表示客观迹象表明马上要发生,而将来时结构表明说话者的观点、主观意识。试比较下面的句子:
—I am going to the pictures on Friday; would you like to come
我星期五打算去看电影,你愿意去吗?(事先经过思考)
—Yes, I'll com ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e. I'll go if you go; Peter will come to if you ask him.
我愿意去。你要是去我就去,如果你邀请彼得去他也会去。(未经事先考虑的意图)
Look at the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )clouds. There is going to be a storm. 看看这些云彩,要有暴风雨。(客观迹象)I hope it will be warm tomorrow. 我希望明天会暖和起来。(主观意愿)
Take this medi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cine. You'll feel better in an hour or so. 把药吃了,过一个多小时你会感觉好些的。(主观意愿)
(5) 表示“准备”或“打算”做某 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )事时多用be going to结构,而表示主观推测一定会或大概会发生某事时,有时用含有某些固定短语的一般将来时结构表示。如:
probably: I'll probably be home late this evening. 今晚我回家可能比较晚。
I expect: I expect she'll phone this afternoon. 我估计今天下午她会来电话。
I'm sure: I'm sure you'll succeed. 我肯定你会成功。
I wonder: I wonder what will happen. 不知道会发生什么情况。
5. be doing结构
(1) 常用于这种结构的动词有:go ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ),come,leave,start,stay,do,take等。这种用法指马上要发生的行为或安排好要做的事情,很少变更。如:
I'm leaving. 我要走了。
We are staying in Guangzhou the whole next week. 我们下周将在广州待着。
(2) 有时可换作其他结构。如:
I'm having / ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )going to have dinner with her tomorrow evening. 我明晚要和她一起吃晚饭。
She's coming / going to come home early this evening. 她今天晚上要早回家。
6. “be+不定式”结构
(1) 表示将要发生或必然要做的事情。如:
The APEC re ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )presentatives are to meet in Shanghai next Tuesday. 亚太经贸合作组织的代表们下星期二在上海开会。
You're to deliver these lily before 10. 把这些百合花在10点前送到。
相关试题解析
Greater efforts to in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )crease agricultural production must be made if food shortage______avoided. (考研题)
A. is to be B. can be C. will be D. has been
【选A】译文:假如想避免食品短缺,那就必须作出更大的努力来增加农业产量。
(2) 表示“是否应该、能不能、想要……”等含义。如:
[表示是否应该]
Suppose father comes here. What am I to tell him 如果爸爸来,我该对他说什么?
[表示能不能]
How are we to convince him 我们怎么能说服他呢?
[表示想要]
If there is to be p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eace, we must try in every way to prevent war. 要和平,就得想尽一切办法制止战争。【来源:21·世纪·教育·网】
7. be about to结构
表示客观就要发生的事,通常指马上或眼下就要发生。一般不能与具体的时间状语连用。如:
Look!The match is about to start. 瞧,比赛就要开始了。
Justin is about to go. 贾斯汀就要走了。
I'm not ab ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )out to stop when I'm so close to success. 我这样接近成功时不打算停下来。
8. be due to结构
表示按时间表将…… 如:
The BA561 is due t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o arrive from Athens at 13:15. 由雅典飞来的英国航空公司561号班机将于下午13:15到达。
The talk is due to last for three days. 会谈将持续三天。
It's due to be completed in 2010. 它将在2010年建成。
D. 将来进行时
1. 现在将来进行时
构成形式为will / shall be doing。
(1) 表示未来某个时间某动作将正在进行。如:
This time nex ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t week I'll be lying on the bed of my room's. 下星期这个时候我就会躺在我卧室的床上了。
Don't phone me ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) between 7and 8p.m.. We'll be having dinner then. 晚上七八点钟之间别来电话,那时我们会在吃晚饭。
On Tuesday ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) from 2to 4p.m., she'll be attending a meeting. 星期二下午两点至四点她将在开会。
(2) 表示安排要做的事。如:
Will you be passing the bank when you're out 你出去时会路过银行吗?
We'll be spending the winter in Hainan Island. 我们将在海南岛过冬。
Professor Blake ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )will be giving a lecture on Shelly tomorrow evening. 明天晚上布雷克教授将作一个关于雪莱的报告。
(3) 现在将来进行时和现在进行时有时可以换用,表示安排要做的事。如:
We'll be spending the summer in Harbin.
We're spending the summer in Harbin. 我们将在哈尔滨避暑。
Eve'll be giving us a lecture this evening.
Eve's giving us a lecture this evening. 今晚伊芙要给我们作一个报告。
注意
现在将来进行时这个时态口语用得多,有时意思和一般将来时相差不远。如:
They will call us on Monday.They will be calling us on Monday.
他们将在星期一给我们打电话。(比较口语化)
They will want us to clean our own rooms.
They will be wanting us to clean our own rooms. (更口语化)
他们想让我们来打扫我们自己的房间。
相关试题解析
The car______(go)at ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about ten o'clock tonight. (考研题)
【填will be going】译文:这辆车将以现在的速度行驶,大约今晚10点到达山脚。
2. 过去将来进行时
一般表示计划中的事,不表示主观打算,构成形式为would / should be doing。如:
The interview th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at I would be going to made me nervous. 我马上要参加的面试使我很紧张。
Quincy told me tha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t he would be seeing his parents next week. 昆西告诉我说下个月要去看他父母。
E. 将来完成时
1. 现在将来完成时
构成形式为shall / will have+过去分词。
(1) 表示在将来某时某刻将会完成的事情,而且对这一时间产生了影响。如:
The film will have ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )started by the time we get to the cinema. 我们到达电影院,电影就会开始放映。
—Will you be free at 11 你11点有空吗?
—Yes, the meeting will have finished by that time. 有,那时会议已结束。
By the end ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) of the trip, she'll have travelled more than 3,000 miles. 到此行程结束时,她也旅游3,000多里了。
相关试题解析
1. By the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )time Jane gets home, her aunt______for London to attend a meeting. (高考题)
A. will leave B. leaves C. will have left D. left
【选C】由by the time可以判断出,主句应用将来完成时。
2. —May I speak to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )your manager Mr Williams at five o'clock tonight
—I'm sorry, Mr Williams_____to a conference long before then.(四级题)
A. will have gone B. had gone C. would have gone D. has gone
【选A】译文:——我可以今晚5点钟和你们的经理威廉斯先生谈话吗?
——很抱歉,威廉斯先生届时早就开会去了。
2. 过去将来完成时
表示到过去某一时刻将会完成的事情。构成形式为should / would have+过去分词。如:
Lesley said t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hat she would have lived in China for three years by the end of the spring term. 莱斯莉说到春季学期,她在中国就已生活三年了。21cnjy.com
F. 一般过去时
1. 构成
肯定式 否定式 疑问式
I was... I was not... Were you (they)...
I worked. I did not work. Did I work
He (She, It) work ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed. He (She, It) did not work. Did he (she, it) work
We (You, T ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hey) worked. We (You, They) did not work. Did we (you, they) work
2. 基本用法
(1) 表示过去发生的事,用动词的过去式表示。如:
I saw your cousin a few days ago. 前几天我见到你表弟了。
Did you enjoy the fiction 你喜欢那部小说吗?
How long did the film last 影片演多久了?
相关试题解析
Scientists ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )think that the continents______always where they______today.(高考题)
A. aren't; are B. aren't; were C. weren't; are D. weren't; were
【选C】本题考查时态的运用 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )和对句子的理解,表语从句where they...中有today一词,肯定用一般现在时,大陆板块在不同时期的位置有变化,用今天和过去作对比,前面用一般过去时。
(2) 即使在前一分钟发生的事也要用一般过去时。如:
Did you hear anyone knocking at the door 你听见有人敲门了吗?
I saw the manager a minute ago. 一分钟前我还见经理了。
Grace phoned a moment ago. 格瑞丝前一阵来过电话。
(3) 表示过去习惯性的动作。如:
We often played together when we were children. 我们小时候常在一起玩。
Sometimes we quarrelled. 有时候我们也吵架。
But we always enjoyed each other's company. 可我们总是喜欢在一起。
(4) 有时情况发生的时间不明显,但实际上是过去发生的,仍需用一般过去时。如:
I was glad to get your letter. 收到你的信我很高兴。
How did you like their dance 你觉得他们的舞蹈怎么样?
What did you say when I was reading the newspaper 当我在看报纸时,你说什么?
(5) 在谈及已去世的人的情况时多用一般过去时。如:
Lu Xun was a great writer. 鲁迅是一位伟大的作家。
My grandmother was kind to us. 我奶奶对我们很好。
但谈特别出名的已去世的人时,有时可用一般现在时。如:
Beethoven was ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )/ is one of the greatest representatives of German classical music.
贝多芬是德国古典音乐的伟大代表之一。
注意
在口语中,一般过去时可用来代替一般现在时,使口气显得更缓和,因此更客气。如:
I want / wanted to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) ask if I can / could borrow your car 我想知道我可否借你的车?
I hope / hoped you can / could give us some help. 我希望你能给我们一些帮助。
3. 与一般过去时连用的时间状语
(1) 像last night, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a year ago,in 1993,at that time,during the time,yesterday,when等状语可与一般过去时连用。如:
When did you learn about it 这事你是什么时候知道的?
This happened last Sunday. 这是上周日发生的事。
I played basketball every day when I was a boy. 我小时候每天打篮球。
相关试题解析
1. —Hi, Kate. You look tired. What's the matter
—I______well last night. (中考题)
A. didn't sleep B. don't sleep C. haven't slept D. won't sleep
【选A】译文:——嗨,凯特,你看起来很疲惫,怎么了?
——我昨晚没睡好。
2. I would h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ave gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I______fully occupied the whole of last week. (考研题)
A. were B. had been C. have been D. was
【选D】译文:要是有可能,我本来是会去医院看望他的,可是上周我整周一直在忙。
(2) 与程度副词连用,谈过去的情况。如:
We often talked together. 我们常常一起聊天。
Sometimes she didn't agree with me. 有时她和我意见不一致。
But we were as happy together as ever. 但我们在一起仍像过去一样快乐。
注意
在上下文表明时间时,可不用时间状语。如:
He played many sports in high school. 他在高中时就从事许多运动。
What did she major in 她是学哪个专业的?
相关试题解析
He was proud of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) being chosen to participate in the game and he______us that he would try as hard as possible. (四级题)
A. insured B. guaranteed C. assumed D. assured
【选D】译文:他对自己被选中参加这场比赛感到自豪,并向我们保证他会竭尽全力。
(3) 在小说、童话、传记等叙述性作品中绝大部分句子都用一般过去时。
G. 过去进行时
1. 构成
肯定式 否定式 疑问式
I was working. I was not working. Was I working
He (She, It) wa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s working. He (She, It) was not working. Was he(she, it) working
We were working. We were not working. Were we working
You were working. You were not working. Were you working
They were working. They were not working. Were they working
2. 基本用法
(1) 表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作,常和表示过去的时间状语连用,相当于现在进行时的过去形式。如:
During the summer ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of 1999 she was travelling in Italy. 1999年夏天时她在意大利旅行。
Loren was study ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing at the library at the time of the fire. 起火时劳伦在图书馆看书。
We were reviewing our lessons last night. 昨天晚上我们在复习功课。
相关试题解析
—Has Sam finished his homework today ______
—I have no idea. He______it this morning.(高考题)
A. did B. has done C. was doing D. would do
【选C】本题考查时态。应使用过去进行时 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ),表示上午(当时)正做着(不知道现在是否完成)。若选A则指过去做完的事,与题意不符。由于有表过去的具体时间this morning,不能用现在完成时和过去将来时。
(2) 有时时间可通过上下文表示出来,而不需用表示过去的时间状语。如:
Greta didn't h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ear the door bell, she was listening to the radio. 格瑞塔没听见门铃响,她在听收音机。
Someone was following her. She was frightened. 有人在后面跟她,她很害怕。
(3) 过去进行时也可用于状语从句中。如:
While I was ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )waiting for the bus, I dropped my purse. 我等公共汽车时把钱包丢了。
I met Diana while I was shopping this morning. 我今早买东西时碰到了戴安娜。
Father hurt ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )his back when he was working in the garden. 爸爸在花园干活时把背扭伤了。
相关试题解析
While Jane_____(carry)a pail of milk from the barn to the kitchen, she spilled some of it on her skirt. (考研题)
【为was carrying】译文:简从谷仓提着一桶牛奶到厨房时,把一些奶洒到了自己的裙子上。
(4) 过去进行时用来描绘一片景象。如:
They were all workin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g in the garden. Tom was moving the grass. James was cutting the hedge, and Lily was weeding the flowerbeds. 他们都在花园里干活。汤姆在推草,詹姆斯在修剪篱笆,莉莉在花圃锄草。
It was a drea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dful morning. The snow was still falling, the wind was blowing, and the cars were skidding on the icy roads. 这是一个令人不快的早晨,雪还在下,风在刮,汽车在结冰的路上打滑。
(5) 也可以描绘一个背景,表明这个背景下故事情节的逐渐展开。如:
It was jus ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t before the Second World War. Bill was 18 at the time and was living with his mother. He was working in the post office and travelling all the time in the country delivering mail. One day, he received a mysterious letter. 这是第二次世界大战爆发前的事。比尔这时才18岁,和他母亲住在一起。他在邮局工作,经常在乡下转来转去送信。有一天他接到一封神秘的信。
H. 现在完成时
1. 构成
现在完成时是由“助动词have (has)+动词的过去分词”构成。
肯定式 否定式 疑问式
I have worked. I have not worked. Have I worked
He (She, I ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t) has worked. He (She, It) has not worked. Has he (she, it) worked
We have worked. We have not worked. Have we worked
You have worked. You have not worked. Have you worked
They have worked. They have not worked. Have they worked
2. 基本用法
(1) 现在完成时是一个把过去和现在联系 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )起来的时态。谈的都是已经发生的事,但对现在造成了影响。就是指从过去某时到现在,某事已完成或已经发生。常用的时间状语有:already,yet,just,now,by this time等。如:
Where's he gone 他到哪里去了?
Has she found her car key 她找到她的车钥匙了吗?
I've already posted your letter. 我已把你的信发出去了。
I've just had my breakfast. 我刚吃过早餐。
相关试题解析
You should hav ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e put the milk into the ice-box. I expect it______undrink-able by now.
(六级题)
A. became B. had become C. has become D. becomes
【选C】译文:你本该把牛奶放到冰箱里。我估计现在已经不能喝了。
(2) 表示从过去到 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )现在这段时间内发生的事。常用的时间状语有:often,ever,only twice,in the past two years等。如: 2·1·c·n·j·y
I've been to Shenzhen twice this year. 今年我去过深圳两次。
We've plante ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d thousands of trees in the past few years. 过去几年我们种了成千上万棵树。
Up till now I've ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) only learned a thousand English words. 到现在为止,我只学了1,000个英语单词。
I've often heard her sing this song. 我常常听见她唱这支歌。
相关试题解析
The Oriental Pear ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l TV Tower______tens of thousands of visitors since 1995.(中考题)
A. attracted B. attracts C. has attracted D. will attract
【选C】译文:自从1995年以来,东方明珠电视塔吸引着成千上万的游客。
(3) 表示从过去持续到现在的状态, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )还可能继续持续下去。常用的时间状语有:today, this morning,this week,recently,since then,since last year,for a long time等。如:
They've lived here since 1989. 从1989年起他们就在这里住了。
The storm has lasted for four hours. 暴雨已经持续4个小时了。
How long have you lived here 你在这里住了多久了?
The temperature has stayed hot this week. 这星期天气一直很热。
We've not been to the cinema recently. 我们最近没去看过电影。
相关试题解析
1. The fir ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )st use of atomic weapons was in 1945, and their power______increased enormously ever since.(高考题)
A. is B. was C. has been D. had been
【选C】本题的关键在于抓住信息词ever since(自此以后,用于现在完成时态)。
2. Ever since P ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )icasso's paintings went on exhibit, there_____large crowds at the museum every day. (四级题)
A. have been B. has been C. is D. are being
【选A】译文:自从毕加索的绘画展出以来,博物馆每天都有大批的人前来参观。
3. 现在完成时的特殊情况
have gone (to)与have been (to)
(1) have gone(to)表示“到某地去了,人还在那里”。如:
Olina has gone to town. 奥琳娜进城去了。 (说明还没有回来)
Jason has gone abroad to continue his studies. 詹森出国深造去了。(目前还在国外)
相关试题解析
—Tom, can you tell me where Jack is
—He_____to the library. (中考题)
A. has gone B. had gone C. has been D. had been
【选A】译文:——汤姆,你能告诉我杰克去哪了吗?
——他去图书馆了。
(2) have been (to)表示“到过某处、去过某地”,用以叙述去过某地这种经历,人不在那里。如:
Molly has been to London twice. 茉莉去过伦敦两次。
Glen has been abroad many times. 格林多次出国。
since引导的从句中的时态
(1) since引导的从句通常用一般过去时,而主句中的动词通常都用现在完成时。如:
We have lived in England since I was a child. 从我小时候起我们就住在英国。
I have had a baby since I saw you last. 上次见到你之后我生了个孩子。
(2) 有since引起的状语时,当主句表示“有多少时间”时,动词可用一般现在时。如:
It's a long time since I met you last. 好久不见了。
It's just one week since we arrived here. 我们到这里才一个星期。
(3) 有since引起的状语时,当动词为be时,从句中有时可用现在完成时。如:
Hunk has never been to see me since I have been ill. 我生病以来汉克从未看过我。
It's some t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ime since I have spoken to you about our daughter's marriage. 我和你谈的关于女儿的婚事已有相当长的时间了。www.21-cn-jy.com
其他用法
(1) 在时间或条件状语从句中可用现在完成时代替将来完成时。如:
I shall go t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o see you when I have finished my homework. 当我完成家庭作业的时候,就去看你。
(2) 有this mo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rning,this afternoon,this season这类状语时,如果说话时间仍在这个范围内,则可用现在完成时,否则用一般过去时。如:
I haven't seen Tom this morning. (现在仍是早晨)
I didn't see Tom this morning. (现在已不是上午)
今天早上我没有见汤姆。
Denny hasn't gone anywhere this afternoon. (现在仍是下午)
Denny didn't go anywhere this afternoon. (现在已经到晚上了)
今天下午丹尼哪儿也没去。
(3) 当与含有the first...,the second...等表示“第……次做某事”的句子连用时用现在完成时。如:
That's the th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ird time he's phoned her this evening. 今晚这是他第三次给她打电话了。
It's the first good meal I've had for ages. 这是好久以来我吃到的第一顿好饭。
(4) have got在形式上是现在完成时,有时却与have的意思相同,表示“有”。如:
Haven't got any opinion to offer 你没有什么意见要提吗?
How many brothers have you got 你有几个兄弟?
I've got a bad headache.=I have a bad headache. 我头疼得很厉害。
(5) have got to是“不得不”的意思,与have to相同。如:
I've got to be off now. 我现在得走了。
The child has got to have an operation. 这孩子得动手术。
That's what you've got to do. 那是你不得不做的事。
在口语中have有时可以省略。如:
We got to make ends meet. 我们得使收支相符。
4. 瞬间动词的完成时
瞬间动词的肯定式通常不能与表一 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )段时间的for短语、since短语或从句等连用,因为瞬间动词不能表示延续状态,它只能用现在完成时表达“已经做了”或“还没有做”,而不能表达“做了多久”,但在否定句中就没有这个限制了。如:
I have joined the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Youth Volunteers for five years. (误)I joined the Youth Volunteers five years ago.或I have been a member of the Youth Volunteers for five years. (正)我是五年前加入青年志愿者队伍的。
I. 现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时的构成:have / has been+现在分词
(1) 表示一个由过去某时起一直持续的动作,这动作可能刚刚停止,也可能还在进行。如:
Why are your cloth ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es so dirty What have you been doing 你的衣服为什么这么脏?你干什么来着?
There you are!I've been waiting for two hours. 你还是来了!我等了你两个小时了!
相关试题解析
1. I haven't seen Ja ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ne for a few days. I'm afraid she______herself for some time.(高考题)
A. hasn't been feeling B. hadn't been feeling
C. isn't feeling D. wasn't feeling
【选A】题意为:我已经有 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )一段日子没看见简了,恐怕她这段时间身体不舒服。表示动作从过去某一时间延续到现在,而且动作有可能继续下去,用现在完成进行时。
2. The com ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )pany_____a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened yet. (六级题)
A. is promised B. has been promising
C. is promising D. promised
【选B】译文:公司一直许诺要加工资,可至今什么动静都没有。
(2) 与表示现在之前的状语连用。如:
I've been learning English for three years. 我学英语三年了。
Mike's been smoking too much recently. 麦克近来抽烟太多。
This week, he's been training some new employees. 这星期他一直培训新员工。
(3) 与how long或long,all连用。如:
How long have you been doing this work 这工作你干了多久了?
Have you been waiting long 你等了很久了吗?
All night long this has been going on. 这已持续了一整夜了。
(4) 表示在持续的一段时间中动作的多次重复,但动作不一定会持续下去。如:
John has been phoni ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng Lucy every night for the past week. 在过去的星期里,约翰每天晚上给露西打电话。
They have b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )een meeting together weekly now for two years. 他们每周见面至少已有两年了。
注意
在不少情况下这种动作和现在的状况有联系。如:
Her eyes are red. She has been crying. 她眼睛红红的。她一直在哭。
The room stinks. Someone's been smoking in here. 屋里有烟味,有人抽烟来着。
Aren't you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tired You 've been standing for three hours. 难道你不累吗?你已经站了三个小时了。
J. 过去完成时
过去完成时的构成:had+过去分词
1. 基本用法
(1) 表示过去某时之前发生的动作,即过去的过去发生的动作。如:
When I got to the station, the train had left. 我到达车站时火车已经开走了。
We cleaned up as soon as our guest had left. 客人一走我们就收拾房间。
When the doctor arrived the patient had died. 医生到时病人已经死了。
相关试题解析
It was onl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y after some progress_____in the use and development of electric current that men began to realize the importance and possibilities of magnetism. (六级题)
A. was made B. would have been made
C. has been made D. had been made
【选D】译文:在电流的利用和发展有了一定进步之后,人们才开始意识到磁学的重要性及其发展前途。
(2) 过去的时间有时由时间状语表现出来。如:
Had you ever seen her before that 那以前你见过她吗?
By this time Kenneth had already finished the job. 到这时肯尼斯已完成了工作。
By 9:30 she still hadn't arrived. 到9:30时她还没到。
(3) 在after引起的状语从句中,常可用过去完成时,有时也可用一般过去时。如:
I found the letter after he had gone away. 他走了以后我找到了那封信。
I told them after you had left / you left. 你走后我把这事告诉了他们。
(4) 在很多情况下,过去时间由上下文表示出来,而不需用表示过去的时间状语。如:
We had wan ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ted to visit Canada for a long time. So we went there last year. 好久以来我们都想去加拿大,因此去年我们去了。
The room was dirty. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )I hadn't cleaned it for weeks. 房间很脏,我好几星期没打扫了。
When had you las ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t seen her Where had you seen her 你最后一次见她是什么时候?你在哪里见的她?
(5) 可用于宾语从句、状语从句或定语从句中。如:
[宾语从句]
I thought you had already got my letters. 我还以为你已经收到我的信了。
[原因状语从句]
I didn't go because I had already seen the film. 我没有去是因为我已看过这部电影。
[定语从句]
I wore the necklace my mother had left me. 我戴着我妈留给我的项链。
相关试题解析
—Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.
—Oh! I thought they_____without me.(高考题)
A. went B. are going C. have gone D. had gone
【选D】主句用一般过去时thought,go的动作发生在think前,应用过去完成时。
2. 过去完成时的特殊用法
(1) 与“It (That, This)+be+the+序数词+time...”句型连用。如:
That was the third time he had entered the house. 那是他第三次进入这座房子。
It was the first time that I had ever driven a taxi. 这是我第一次开出租车。
(2) hope,intend,mean,think等词用过去完成时,表示未实现的愿望。如:
I had intended ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to come over to see you last night, but someone called and I couldn't get away. 昨晚我本想去看你的,但有人来了我走不开。
I had meant to go on Saturday but have stayed on. 我本想星期六走的,但又留下了。
We had thou ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ght to return early but they wouldn't let us go. 我们本想早回来的,但他们不让我们走。
相关试题解析
We_____to start our own business,but we never had enough money. (四级题)
A. have hope B. would hope C. had hoped D. should hope
【选C】译文:我们本希望开自己的公司,但是我们总没有足够的资金。
(3) 在比较级中,用expect,hope,want,think等词的过去完成时表示“比……”。如:
It was easier than I had thought. 它比我想的容易。
Things didn't go so smoothly as we had hoped. 情况并不像我们希望的那样顺利。
The place was ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n't as clean as we had wanted it to be. 这地方没有我们希望的那样干净。
(4) 与过去进行时连用来描绘一种景象。如:
Dusk had fallen. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )The moon was shining faintly on the winding road. Silence reigned in the village. 夜色已经降临,淡淡的月光照在蜿蜒的路上,村子里是一片寂静。
(5) 用于追叙已发生的情况。如:
When we re ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )turned from our holidays, we found our house in a mess. What had happened when we had been away A burglar had broken into the house and had stolen a lot of things. 我们度假回来时发现屋里给弄得一塌糊涂。我们不在时发生了什么事呢?一个小偷潜入屋内,偷了许多东西。21教育名师原创作品
K. 过去将来时
表示从过去的时间看将要发生的事,由“would+动词原形”构成。这个时态常用于宾语从句中。如:
We had already re ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ached 8,000 feet. Soon we would reach the top. 我们已经到了8,000英尺的高度。不久就能到达山顶。
From these outings ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )we would return on Sunday morning. 这些短途旅行后,我们将于周日早上返回。
I asked if he would come and mend my DVD. 我问他可否来修我的DVD。
Edwin told me he would wait for me at the station. 艾德文告诉我他将在车站等我。
注意
追叙部分如果比较长,在时间关系已经明确后,可以接着用一般过去时往下接。如:
The burglar got in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) through the kitchen window. He had no difficulty in forcing it open. Then he went into the living-room. 小偷是从厨房的窗子里进去的,他把窗子撬开并不难,然后就进入了客厅。
相关试题解析
1. Yao Ming has be ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )come a superstar in the States, but several years ago no one could have imaged the role on the basketball playground he_____.(高考题)
A. has played B. played C. was to play D. plays
【选C】由several years ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) ago可知后半句用过去时,排除A、D;was to do表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作和状态。
2. With full k ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nowledge of his past experience,we knew all along that he______(succeed).
(考研题)
【为would succeed】译文:我们完全了解他过去的经历,因此,我们始终认为他会取得成功。
L. 时态的比较
1. 一般现在时和现在进行时的比较
(1) 一般现在时表示经常性的动作;现在进行时表示现在即说话时刻或现阶段正在发生的动作,强调时间观念。如:
Jimmy studies hard. 吉米努力学习。(经常)
Jimmy is studying hard. 吉米正在努力学习。(此刻或现阶段)
(2) 一般现在时表示现在发生的动作;现在进行时强调眼前看得见的动作。如:
Boats pass under the bridge. 船从桥下穿过。
The boat is passing under the bridge. 这艘船正从桥下穿过。
(3) 一般现在时不带感彩;现在进行时与频率副词连用,表达某种感彩。如:
[事实]
Xiao Ming does fine work at school. 小明在学校成绩优秀。
[赞扬]
Xiao Ming is constantly doing fine work at school. 小明在学校总是成绩优秀。
注意
表示知觉、看法、知识、 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )感情、愿望或者某种状态,而不表示持续行为的动词通常不用现在进行时。这类词常见的有see,hear,smell(嗅),taste,recognize,notice(注意,看出),forget,remember,understand,know,believe,suppose,mean,think,feel (以为),love,hate,care(关心),like,dislike,worry,forgive,want,wish,hope。
相关试题解析
Linda often______her homework in the evening. But this evening she______TV. (中考题)
A. does; watches B. is doing; is watching
C. does; is watching D. is doing; watches
【选C】译文: 琳达经常在晚上做作业,但今晚她在看电视。
2. 一般现在时与现在完成时的比较
现在完成时强调一个动作从过去到现在的演变过程;而一般现在时强调能力、习惯、心理状态或现在存在的状态等。试比较:21·世纪*教育网
I come from Shanghai. 我出生在上海。(即说明“我是上海人”这样一种客观存在)
I have come ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )from Shanghai. 我是从上海来的。(此话的含义可能是:So I can tell you that what Shanghai is like now. 丝毫没有“出生在上海”的含义)21*cnjy*com
You read very well. 你朗读得很好。(表示你不仅刚才朗读得好,而且具有朗读才能)
You have re ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ad the text very well. 这篇课文你朗读得很好。(表示刚完成的一次动作,不指平常朗读课文的水平如何)
3. 过去完成时与一般过去时的比较
两者都表示过去的动作,但一般过去时表 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )示相对于现在的过去时间;而过去完成时表示相对于过去某一时刻的过去,即“过去的过去”。但不要在无过去相对时间的句子中误用过去完成时,也不要在有过去相对时间的句子里误用过去时。如:
They had finished that work yesterday.(误)
They finished that work yesterday.(正) 他们昨天完成了那项工作。
4. 现在完成时与一般过去时的比较
(1) 两者都表示过去发生的动 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )作,但现在完成时表示的是过去动作对现在的影响;而一般过去时则是表示过去动作这一事实,只是叙述事情发生在过去。如:
Evan has gone to Beijing. 埃文到北京去了。
Gaby went to Beijing last week. 加比上星期到北京去了。
(2) 两者都表示开始并延续了一段时间的动作,现在完成时强调该动作仍在继续;而一般过去时则说明该动作早已经停止。如:
My uncle has lived in London for four years. 我叔叔在伦敦住了四年了。(现在仍在那儿住)
My uncle lived in Rome for four years. 我叔叔在罗马住了四年。(现在不在那儿住了)
现在完成时 一般过去时
He has had lunch. 他吃过午饭了。 He had lunch at 12:00. 他12点吃了午饭。
I have written to hi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )m. 我已给他写过信了。I wrote to him last night. 我昨晚给他写了信。
I have been ill for a week. I was ill for a week. 我病了一周。
我已病了一周了。(现在还在生病) (过去病了一周,现在好了)
I haven't seen him for ages. I didn't see him for ages.
我好久没见到他了。(现在仍未见面) 我那时有好久没见到他。(仅指过去)
5. 一般将来时与将来进行时的比较
(1) 一般将来时表示将来发生的动作或情况;将来进行时则强调这种动作的持续。如:
I hope it won't rain tomorrow. 我希望明天别下雨。(表示将来的情况)
I hope it won't still be raining tomorrow. 我希望明天别再下雨了。(强调情况的持续性)
(2) 一般将来时所表示的动作往往表示说话人的意向,即说话人有意要去做的事;而将来进行时则表示一种无意图的动作。如:
I'll come ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to your office tomorrow. 明天我将去你办公室。(说话人的意图,也是一种许诺,即“明天我要到你这儿来”,很可能是为某种事情有备而来的)
I'll be comi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng to your office tomorrow. 明天我来你办公室。(不含任何意图,只是叙述“明天我会到你这儿来”这个事情) 相关试题解析
At this time tomorrow_____over the Atlantic.
A. we're going to fly B. we'll be flying
C. we'll fly D. we're to fly
【选C】根据题中所给的at this time tomorrow表示在明天这个时间发生的事,要用将来进行时态。
(3) 将来进行时用于表示碰巧发生的事。如:
I shall be comin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g to Beijing next week. Perhaps I could see him then. 我下星期要到北京,也许那时我能见到他。(含有“在这种情况下我可能遇见他”之意)
如果这句话改为“I shall come to Beijing...”那就含有“我准备去北京为了见他”这样一种意思了。
(4) 将来进行时一般用于陈述情况。如:
What a lot of c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lothes. We'll probably be washing them all day. 这么多的衣服,我们可能得洗一整天。
这里用将来进行时说明“可能整天都会洗衣服”这种情况。当然这里的“all day”强调延续的时间。如:
What will you be doing this time next week 下星期这个时候你会做什么呢?
这里问的是下个星期这个时候的情况,而不含“你要做什么”这种意图。在否定句中也是这种用法。试比较下面的句子:
He won't come. 他不会来的。(含有“他拒绝来”的意思)
He won't be coming. 他不来。(对于事情的陈述,如果只告知“他不来”,原因或许是他病了或许是他外出了等)
6. 一般现在时与一般过去时的比较
(1) 一般过去时有时可以表示现在,这时和一般现在时所表达的意思相同,但一般过去时的语气较委婉客气。试比较:2-1-c-n-j-y
Did you wish t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o see me (语气婉转客气,彬彬有礼)Do you wish to see me (没有上句那样礼貌) 【来源:21cnj*y.co*m】
(2) 在英语中,谈到死去的人要用一般过去时;一般现在时则说明健在的人。试比较:
My grandfather was a model worker. (表明我的祖父生前是一位模范工作者,现已去世)
My grandfather is a model worker. (说明我的祖父还健在)
Shakespeare was t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he author of Hamlet. (用一般过去时,说明莎士比亚其人及其作品《哈姆雷特》皆属过去,和我们现在已无直接关系)www-2-1-cnjy-com
Shakespeare is the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) author of Hamlet. (用一般现在时, 则表示《哈姆雷特》这个剧本现今仍被人们传诵或演出,而作者虽已死去三百多年,但因其作品之不朽而不朽了)
(3) 有时一般过去时和一般 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )现在时都可以说明现在的结果,但两者的侧重点不同:一般过去时暗含过去某一时刻;而一般现在时实际上相当于现在完成时,强调结果。试比较:
I came to apologize to you. (有“当我决定向你道歉的时候我就来了”的含义)
I come to ap ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ologize to you. (只强调“我已到此”的结果,基本相当于I have come to apologize. 不过用come只强调结果,用have come不仅说明结果,而且有从过去过渡到现在的含义)
(4) 这两种时态说明现状时,事前、事中或泛指某事时要用一般现在时,事后说明用一般过去时。试比较:
How did you like the film (表示电影已看完,问对方喜欢不喜欢刚才看过的那部电影)
How do you like the film (表示说话人在看电影的过程中,或在泛泛而谈这部电影时问对方的用语)
It was so nice to see you. (此句用于谈过话之后行将离别之际)
It is so nice to see you. (此句则用在刚见面的时候)
(5) 如果在这两种时态中用了always或其反义词never时,一般过去时强调不但现在如此,而且过去一贯如此。试比较:
Phoebe always was that way. (此句强调菲比过去现在一贯如此)
Phoebe always is t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hat way. (这句只是说,菲比总是那样)I never liked him. (我从来不喜欢他)
I never like him. (我决不喜欢他)
(6) 两种时态有时场景不同。如:
Ah, ha! I think I know that voice. (但说话时,客人即说话人所指的那个人尚在门外,没有进屋)
Ah, ha! I thought I knew that voice. (表示客人已经进屋和说话人见面了)
M. 时态的呼应
在英语的复合句中,特别是在宾语从句中的动词时态,常受到主句中谓语时态的制约,语法上称这种现象为时态呼应。时态呼应应遵循以下原则:
1. 主句中的谓语动词是过去时态的情况
主句中动词是过去时态,宾语从句中的动词时态通常是各种过去时态的一种,具体用过去时态的哪一种,则需要根据具体意义来确定。
(1) 主句中的动作与宾语从句中的动作同时发生:从句中的动词用一般过去时,或根据具体情况的需要用过去进行时。如:
No one knew he studied in this school. 没人知道他在这所学校学习过。
(2) 从句中的动作发生在主句中的动作之前时,从句谓语动词要用过去完成时。如:
They told me they had cleaned the classroom. 他们告诉我他们已经打扫过教室了。
Donald said that he had visited his old neighbours. 唐纳德说他已拜访了他的老邻居。
(3) 从句不强调一个完成在先的动作,且有具体的过去时的时间状语或连续动作时,仍可用过去时。如:
Jack told me that his grandmother died in 1975. 杰克告诉我,他奶奶是1975年去世的。
His mother said th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at he put on a coat and went fishing. 他母亲说他穿上外套去钓鱼了。
(4) 从句谓语动作发生在主句或另一从句谓语动作之后时,则该从句谓语用过去将来时。如:
What I wanted was that you would come to me quickly. 我想让你快点来我这里。
I wanted to know when they would come to see me. 我想知道他们什么时候能来看我。
(5) 从句内容表示的是真理或不变规律的客观事实时,其谓语动词仍用一般现在时表示。如:
The teacher said the earth rotates from west to east. 老师说地球自西向东转。
Luke told us that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Asia is the largest continent in the world. 卢克告诉我们亚洲是世界上最大的洲。
2. 主句中的谓语动词是现在时或将来时的情况
主句谓语动词是现在时或将来时,从句谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态。如:
I wonder what she is doing now. 我想知道她在干什么。
Do you know when I was born 你知道我是何时出生的吗?
I'll write to tell him when we'll meet. 我将写信告诉他我们何时见面。
I wonder whethe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r he'll have finished reading that novel when he comes to me. 我想知道,当他来看我的时候,他是否已看完了那本小说。
3. 在“It+段时间+before从句”句型中的情况
在“It+一段时间+b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )efore从句”句型中,如果主句用将来时,则从句用一般现在时表将来,意为“多久以后才会发生某事”。如果主句用过去时,从句也用过去时,意为“多长时间以后就发生了某事”。如:
It will be two years before we meet again. 两年以后我们才能见面。
It won't be long before he succeeds. 他不久就会成功的。
It was ten yea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rs before they met again. (=They met again ten years later.) 十年后他们又见面了。
4. 在定语从句及状语从句中的情况
在定语从句及表示原因、结果、比较、让步等的状语从句中通常不受时态呼应的限制。如:
[定语从句]
Now my brother is read ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing the magazine which I bought the day before yesterday.
我弟弟正在读前天我买回来的那本杂志。
[状语从句]
His grade was higher last year than it is this year. 他去年的分数比今年高。
5. 在主语从句和表语从句中的情况
在主语从句和表语从句中通常要受时态呼应的限制。如:
[主语从句]
What he would do was of no importance. 他将做什么并不重要。
[表语从句]
The question was what he would do next. 问题是他下一步将做什么。
学以致用
【基础练习】
1. 选择动词的适当形式填空。
(1) He______back a month ago. (come)
(2) My mother often tells me______in bed. (not read) 21教育网
(3) I must take ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) it back the day after tomorrow. You can only______it for 24 hours. (keep)
(4) Why have you kept me______here for so long a time (wait)
(5) Please come to our meeting if you______free tomorrow. (be)
(6) She______to the Great Wall several times. (go)
(7) In his letter, he said that he______us very much. (miss)
(8) The film______for nearly fifteen minutes when I got to the cinema. (be)
(9) He said he became______in physics. (interest)
(10 )This film is worth______. (see)
2. 选择最佳答案填空。
(1) According to the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) timetable, the train for London_____at seven o'clock in the evening.
A.