高中英语语法之16·句法 基础训练+能力提升

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名称 高中英语语法之16·句法 基础训练+能力提升
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更新时间 2022-03-01 14:16:08

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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
张道真全范围英语语法之·句法
目 录
话说句法
A 句子成分
B 句型
主语+不及物动词
主语+及物动词+宾语
主语+系动词+表语
主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语
There be句型
C 句子种类
陈述句
疑问句
祈使句
感叹句
D 句子结构
简单句
并列句
复合句
Unit 16 句 法
话说句法
  句法研究的对象是句子的各个组成部分及其安 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )排的规律。构成篇章的基本单位是句子,每个句子是由词或短语构成的,这些词或短语便是句子成分。不同的内容需要不同的句式结构,这些句式结构又构成英语中不同的句子类型。句子成分、句子类型、句子结构是英语句法的基础。
A. 句子成分
  英语的句子成分主要包 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )括主语、谓语、表语、宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)、宾语补足语、主语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。表语、宾语和宾语补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成分如定语和状语是句子的次要部分。
(1) 主语是句子所要说明的人或事物,是句子的主体。
  We are Chinese. 我们是中国人。(we是句子的主语)
  Chinese is our mother tongue. 汉语是我们的母语。(Chinese是句子的主语)
(2) 谓语动词用来说明主语的动作或状态。如:
  We love our motherland. 我们热爱祖国。(love是谓语)  
  Everybody is working hard. 人人都努力工作。(is working是谓语)  
(3) 表语放在连系动词之后,表示主语的身份或特征。如:
  I am a student. 我是一个学生。(student是表语)
  Our classroom is clean. 我们的教室很干净。(clean是表语)
(4) 宾语表示及物动词动作的对象或动作的承受者。介词后面的名词或代词叫做介词宾语。如:
  I study English. 我学习英语。(English是宾语)
  They don't work on Sunday. 他们星期天不工作。(Sunday是介词on的宾语)
(5) 定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词。如:
  He likes to drink cold milk. 他喜欢喝冷牛奶。(cold是定语)
(6) 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。如:
  He works hard. 他努力工作。(hard是状语)
B. 句型
  英语中最基本的句型有6种,其他各种句型都是由其转换来的。
1. 主语+不及物动词
(1) 主语+不及物动词+状语。如:
  They walked leisurely in the park. 他们在公园里悠闲地走着。
  Brian was breathing hard. 布莱恩气喘吁吁。
  Have you been waiting long 你等的时间长吗?
  注意:
  在个别动词后可跟名词作状语。如:
  The show lasted two hours. 演出持续了两小时。
  The temperature rose ten degrees. 气温上升了10度。
(2) “动词+副词”构成的成语动词。如:
  They often quarrel, but they soon blow over. 他们常吵架,但很快就会平静下来。
  To our delight, the sun burst forth. 令我们高兴的是,太阳出来了。
  Business dropped off during the summer. 夏天买卖萧条。
  When the judge became ill, he had to step down. 法官生病后不得不辞职。
  注意:
  有些动词的主动形式表被动意义。如:
  My play is acting wonderfully well. 我的剧演出情况极好。
  The window won't shut. 窗户关不上了。
  The apartment rents for $ 500 a month. 这套房子每月租金500美元。
2. 主语+及物动词+宾语
  [主语+及物动词+名词或代词]
(1) “主语+谓语+宾语”是英语中最常见的句型,在多数情况下宾语用名词或代词表示。如:
  Emily loves musi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )c and plays the piano beautifully. 艾米丽热爱音乐,因此钢琴弹得很好。
  Gaby made an appointment to see her that evening. 加比约好那天晚上和她见面。
  Can you take my blood pressure 你能量一下我的血压吗?
  Who discovered this new element 谁发现了这个新元素?
(2) “动词+名词”构成一种习惯用语。如:
  Make haste, or we'll miss the bus. 赶快,否则我们就赶不上汽车了。
  The new system will take effect next May. 新制度将在明年5月实行。
  We must draw a line between right and wrong. 我们必须分清是非。
  [主语+及物动词+反身代词]
(1) 有些及物动词可以用反身代词作宾语。如:
  I don't know how to express myself. 我不知道怎样表达自己的意思。
  I don't mean ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to praise myself. I have my fault. 我不想赞扬自己,我有我的缺点。   Adeline freed herself from his embrace. 艾德琳从他的拥抱中挣脱出来。
  Larry was about ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to say something more, and then checked himself. 拉里打算再说几句的,但忍住没说。
(2) 反身代词可用于某些固定的词组中。如:
  Many students absented themselves from the meeting. 这次班会有许多学生缺席。
  I must excuse mysel ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f from coming to the party; I am ill. 我请求不来参加晚会,我不舒服。
(3) 在某些动词后,可用反身代词,也可不用反身代词。如:
  Do you shave yourself or go to the barbers 你自己刮胡子还是请理发师刮?
  A man has to shave every morning. 男子每天早晨得刮脸。
  While she i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s working, Rose hides herself in her room. 罗丝工作时,总躲在自己房间里。
  The child was hiding behind the sofa. 这个孩子躲在长沙发后面。
  [主语+动词+同源宾语]
 有些动词通常为不及物动词,却可以用一个与之同源的名词构成宾语,这种宾语称为同源宾语。如:
  Dennis slept the peaceful sleep of the young. 丹尼斯像年轻人一样睡了一个平稳的觉。
  Think happy thoughts and you'll feel better. 想些高兴的事,你会感觉好些。
  Blanche closed her eyes and wished a wish. 布兰奇闭上眼睛许了一个愿。
  [主语+成语动词+宾语]
  成语动词/例证
  不及物动词+副词
  I called on her this evening. 我今晚去看望了她。
  We'll look into this matter. 我们将调查这件事。
  In the library he came upon Kipps. 在图书馆他碰到了基普斯。
  不及物动词+介词+名词
  The manager rose to his feet. 经理站起身来。
  The trees are coming into blossom. 树要开花了。
  The first act had come to an end. 第一幕结束了。
  不及物动词+副词+介词
  I should break away from such habits. 我应改掉这种习惯。
  They have done ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) away with corporal punishment in their schools. 他们在学校中废除了体罚。
  We have to face up to the situation. 我们不得不面对形势。
  及物动词+副词
  Carina brought about a quarrel between his parents. 卡瑞娜引起父母的一场争吵。
  Andrew mixed up the people in the story. 安德鲁把故事里的人物弄混了。
  The government set up many hospitals for them. 政府为他们建了许多医院。
  及物动词+名词+介词
  I caught sight / a glimpse of Fred in the crowd. 我在人群中看到了弗瑞德。   
  His words gav ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e rise to a considerable amount of speculation. 他的话引起相当多的猜测。
  We had no objection to their getting higher wages. 他们工资高一些我们不反对。
  及物动词+反身代词+介词短语
  Edwin threw himself into his work. 艾德文投身于这项工作。
  Maggie indulged herself with the best of food. 玛姬尽情享受美食。
  The father addressed himself to the main difficulty.那位父亲着手解决主要困难。
  [主语+及物动词+不定式]
(1) 有些及物动词后可用不定式作宾语。如:
  Mike determined to go at once. 麦克决定立即出发。
  The little boy had ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )somehow managed to tie his shoelaces together. 这小男孩总算给自己系上了鞋带。
  Sam deserved to be punished. 萨姆应受惩罚。
  Neil chose to ignore her warning. 尼尔决定不理她的警告。
(2) 有些动词后可用“连接副词或代词+不定式”作宾语。如:
  You ought to learn how to be patient. 你应当学会有耐心。
  The mother could ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n't think what to give the children for Christmas. 那位母亲想不出圣诞节该送孩子们什么礼物。
  I was wondering where to spend the weekend. 我正在想周末该在哪里过。
  I'll remember how to do this in future. 以后我会记住该怎么处理这种事的。
  [主语+及物动词+动名词]
(1) 有些动词常可用动名词作宾语。如:
  Kate avoided answering their question. 凯特避而不答他们的问题。
  They delayed publi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )shing the report until after the election. 他们把报告延迟到选举后才发表。
  Our teacher considered giving a new course. 我们老师考虑开一门新课。
  By criticizing the boss he risked losing his job. 他冒了丢掉饭碗的危险去批评老板。
(2) 有些动词后面既可用动名词作宾语,也可用不定式作宾语,在某些情况下两种结构差别不大。如:
  What do you propose doing 你打算怎么办?
  What do you propose to do with the letter 你打算怎么处理这封信?
  Mark scorned begging / to beg. 马克不屑于求人。
  [主语+及物动词+that从句]
(1) 大量动词可以跟that从句作宾语。如:
  This shows ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) that Robert is not without a sense of humour. 这说明罗伯特并不是没有幽默感。 【版权所有:21教育】
  I estimate th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at it'll take three months to build the house. 我估计盖这座房子需要三个月。
  Cassie claim ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed that the ring was stolen, not lost. 凯西声称这只戒指是被偷的,而不是丢失的。
(2) 在某些动词后的从句中,谓语动词要用动词原形或“should+动词原形”的结构来表示。如:
  Neil proposed that Mr O'leary be chairman. 尼尔提议奥列利先生担任主席。   
  The king ordered that the man be released. 国王命令释放那人。
(3) 用于“It is / was+动词的过去分词+that从句”结构,常用先行词it作形式主语,代表后面的从句。如:
  It is said that he is the richest man in the world. 据说他是世界上的头号富翁。
  It is requested that a vote be taken. 建议付诸表决。
  It was proposed ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )that this matter be considered at the next meeting. 有人提议这事下次会议再讨论。
(4) 有些动词引导的从句中的谓语或者为虚拟语气或者含有情态动词should(或其他情态动词)等。如:
  [虚拟语气]
  I wish you wouldn't smoke any more. 我希望你别再抽烟。
  [含有情态动词should]
  God forbid ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) that I should ever say nasty things about you. 我保证不说你的坏话。
  [含有情态动词can]
  The contract ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) provides that he cannot work for another studio. 合同规定他不得为别的制片厂工作。
  注意:
  有时可用先行词it作形式上的宾语,而把宾语从句放到后面去。如:
  I took it for granted that you would stay with us.我肯定你会住我们这里的。
  You may depend upon it that we shall never lose heart. 你放心我们绝不会灰心。
  Legend has it that Wu Song is buried at Hangzhou. 传说武松葬在杭州。
  [主语+及物动词+连接词引导的从句]
(1) 有些及物动词后可跟连接代词或连接副词引导的从句。如:
  You can discuss ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) which is the most exciting incident in the novel. 你们可以讨论哪部分是这部小说中最令人激动的。 【来源:21·世纪·教育·网】
  Ellen inquired w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hy he had not thought of this before. 爱伦问他以前为什么没想到这一点。
  Astronomers ca ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n calculate when there will be eclipses of the moon. 天文学家可以计算出什么时候会有月食。
(2) 有些动词后的从句可以由whether 或 if引导。如:
  Elsa asked whether / if he could stay another day. 埃尔莎问他是否可以再逗留一天。
  I don't know whether you like these flowers. 不知道你是否喜欢这种花。
  Jessie began ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to question if there was some truth in what she said. 杰西开始质疑她的话是否有些道理。
(3) 从句也可由关系代词型的what或whatever等词引导。如:
  Show me what you've bought. 把你买的东西拿给我看看。
  I will do whatever you wish. 我将做你愿意让我做的事情。
  Ruth can marry whoever she chooses. 露丝愿意嫁谁就嫁谁。
  Buy whichever is cheapest. 买最便宜的。
  注意:
  在某些动词后,从句可以缩写成不定式结构。如:
  I was wondering how to get there quickly. 我不知道怎样能最快到达那里。
  I don't know where to get in touch with David. 我不知道该在哪里和戴维取得联系。
  I'll discuss with you what to do next. 我将和你讨论下一步该怎么办。
  I can't decide whom to invite. 我不能决定该邀请谁。
(4) 有些动词和介词构成动词短语后用疑问词引导的从句作宾语,介词有时可省略。如:
  I'll think over what we had better do. 我将考虑一下我们最好怎样做。
  That largely depends upon how you do it. 这在很大程度上取决于你怎样做。   
  We couldn't agree as to how it should be done. 关于该怎么做这件事,我们意见不统一。
  George hesitated (about) what he should do next. 乔治犹豫下一步怎么办。
(5) 有些“动词+名词+介词”构成的短语后常用疑问词引导的从句作宾语。如:
  Take no notice of what they are saying about you. 不要理会他们评论你的话。   
  Please make a guess at how old Molly is. 请猜一猜莫利多大了。
  Glen gave an account of what had happened at home. 格伦描述了家里发生的事情。
  注意:
  有时在由“动词+名词+介词”构成的短语中介词可以省略。如:
  You have no idea (of) how worried I was! 你不知道我多着急!
  I had some doubt (as to) whether John would come on time.
  我有点怀疑约翰是否能准时来。
3. 主语+系动词+表语
  [主语+系动词+形容词]
(1) 表示状态。如:
  Pearl has been ill for over a month. 珀尔病了一个多月。
  These oranges taste nice. 这些橘子味道很好。
  You appeared all right when I left. 我走时你还没事。
(2) 表示状态的改变或结果如何。如:
  Brant turned pale at the thought. 想到这儿,布兰特脸色苍白。
  The child soon fell asleep. 孩子很快睡着了。
  Mrs Gerhardt became very fond of her. 盖哈特太太开始喜欢她了。
(3) 表示状态的继续。如:
  The shop stays open till seven o'clock. 商店一直开到7点。21·cn·jy·com
  Hunk continued silent. 汉克继续沉默着。
  Chris knew she must keep calm. 克莉丝知道她必须保持冷静。
  You can rest assured that I'll do my best. 你可以放心,我会尽力而为的。
(4) 表示被动。如:
  The water feels warm. 水摸起来很暖和。
  The door blew open. 门被风刮开了。
  This material has worn thin. 这料子已经磨得很薄了。
(5) 有些系动词后用现在分词或过去分词作表语。如:
  A swim in cold water is very invigorating. 在冷水里游泳使人感到很清醒。
  Many of his ideas were amusing to her. 他的许多想法使她感到有趣。
  We were all worried about her safety. 我们都为她的安全担心。2·1·c·n·j·y
  Please remain seated. 请不要站起来。
(6) 有个别不及物动词可跟形容词作表语。如:
  Sunday dawned beautiful and cloudless. 星期天天亮时,天气晴朗,万里无云。
  Many talented people died young. 许多有才华的人年纪轻轻就去世了。
  Cathy married young. 凯茜结婚时很年轻。
  [主语+系动词+名词或代词]
(1) 有些系动词后可跟名词或代词作表语。如:
  It appears to be a true story. 这似乎是一个真实的故事。
  Daisy seems an unusually clever girl. 戴茜似乎是一个聪慧过人的姑娘。
  It turned out a disaster. 结果是一场灾难。
  Neil isn't feeling quite himself this morning. 尼尔今天早上感到不太舒服。
(2) 有少数动词后也可跟名词作表语。如:
  From these heated de ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )bates the Prime Minister emerged victor. 在激烈的辩论中,首相获得胜利。21世纪教育网版权所有
  Don't act the fool. 别发傻了。
(3) 有些作表语的名词意思接近形容词。如:
  Beata is all skin and bones. 贝亚特骨瘦如柴。
  All this is no use. 这一切都没有用。
  They are the same size. 它们同样大小。
  [主语+系动词+副词]
(1) 动词be后可以跟许多副词作表语。如:
  I'll be around again this afternoon. 今天下午我会再来。
  Cary hid the money when nobody was by. 附近没人时凯里把钱藏了起来。
  The stretchers will be across at six a.m.. 担架清晨6点就运过来。21·世纪*教育网
  Charles'll be round in the morning. 查尔斯早上来。
  I'll be home around five o'clock. 我5点左右回家。
(2) 有些副词在不同的语境中有不同的意思。如:
  down
  Two trees are down. 吹倒了两棵树。
  The telephone wires are down. 电话线刮倒了。
  Sales are down. 销售量下降了。
  The temperature is down. 气温下降了。
  off
  The manager told me that the trip was off. 经理告诉我旅行取消了。
  The milk is off. 牛奶坏了。
  Christmas is not far off. 圣诞节不远了。
  The electricity is off. 断电了。
  out
  I was out in my calculations. 我算错了。
  The truth is out at last. 终于真相大白。
  Is the result out 结果发表了吗?
  That's completely out. 这完全不可能。
  Soon the first game was out. 不久第一场比赛结束了。
  up
  Alisa'll be up in a day or two. 艾丽莎一两天后就可以起来了。
  Her hand was up. 她的手举起来了。
  The sun is up already. 太阳已经出来了。
  The new house hasn't been up long. 那座新房子没盖多久。
  注意:
  除了be之外,还有少数其他系动词可以与副词连用作表语。如:
  I feel down today. 我今天情绪很低沉。
  The boy looks awfully down. 那个男孩子显得情绪很低。
  Emily stayed up reading until midnight. 艾米丽一直看书看到深夜。
  You keep away from those chaps. 你避开那些家伙。
   [主语+系动词+介词短语]
(1) 大部分介词都可构成短语作表语。如:
  —How far is it from here 它离这儿多远?
  —Just around the corner. 就在拐角处。
  The darkest hour is before the dawn. 黎明之前是黑暗。
  Helena is like a narcissus trembling in the wind. 海伦娜像一朵在风中颤抖的水仙花。
  We had been poor and without influence. 我们无钱又无势。21*cnjy*com
(2) 有一些介词可和许多名词连用作表语,表示不同的意思。如:
  at
  His ideas were at variance with ours. 他的意见和我们不一致。【来源:21cnj*y.co*m】
  Lanny was at a disadvantage. 兰尼处于不利地位。
  Summer was at its height. 正值盛夏。
  Ruth was at the piano. 露丝正在弹钢琴。
  Business was at a standstill. 业务停滞了。
  I'm at the end of my forces. 我已用尽力气。
  beyond
  The road is beyond that hill. 公路在山那边。
  The rumour is beyond belief. 这谣言不可信。
  Jenny is beyond my control. 我是控制不了詹妮的。
  All this is beyond my comprehension. 这一切我都无法理解。
  Good advice is beyond price. 良言无价。
  Carl was beyond the help of the doctor. 医生无法治疗卡尔。
  in
  Fred is still in danger. 弗瑞德仍处于危险期。
  Grandfather is in good spirits. 祖父情绪很好。
  The house was in ruins. 房子已成废墟。
  Mother is in good health. 妈妈身体很好。
  The room was in disorder. 房间很乱。
  Hunk had never been in love before. 汉克从未恋爱过。
  Cherry was in the wrong. 切莉错了。
  Nobody was in opposition. 没人反对。
  A revolution was in full swing. 革命正处于高潮。
  Congress was in session. 国会正在开会。
  of
  They are of middle height. 他们中等身材。
  Angus is of the same opinion. 安格斯也有同样的看法。
  Albert is of a different way of thinking. 艾伯特是另一种想法。
  It is of any use to you 这对你有用吗?
  They tried ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )artificial respiration but it was of no avail. 他们试着做人工呼吸,但没有用。
  Would it be of benefit to her 这会对她有好处吗?
  I hope it will be of assistance to you. 我希望这对你有帮助。
  They are of the same sex. 他们是同一性别。
  on
  They're on the defensive now. 他们现在处于守势。
  Be on the lookout for pickpockets. 小心小偷。
  Carina's always on the go. 卡瑞娜老是忙忙碌碌。
  Who's on the phone 谁的电话?
  I was on my holidays. 我正在休假。
  Crimes were on the rise. 犯罪率在上升。
  The nurse was on call. 护士等候召唤。
  The show is on the air. 演出正在播出。
  It was on the brink of war. 它正处于战争边缘。
  out of
  Brandon was out of employment. 布兰顿失业了。
  I've been out of touch with her. 我一直和她没有联系。
  I'm a little out of sorts. 我有点不舒服。
  Rest was out of the question. 休息是不可能的。
  Peaches are out of season. 桃子下市了。
  I was out of my element. 我与环境格格不入。
  under
  The subject is under discussion. 问题正在讨论。
  I was under obligation to tell them. 我有责任告诉他们。
  I'm under the weather. 我身体不太舒服。
  The fort was under attack. 城堡正受到攻击。
  Edward was under fire. 爱德华受到严厉批评。
  The land is under water. 这块地被水淹了。
(3) 表语也可与一些其他的系动词连用。如:
  Cosmo seemed on ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the verge of reconsolidation with them. 科兹莫似乎处在和他们和解的边缘。 【出处:21教育名师】
  The soldiers ran out of ammunition. 士兵们没有弹药了。
  I wish I could get out of debt. 但愿我能还清债务。
(4) 系动词后还可用“介词+名词+介词+名词或动名词”短语作表语。如:
  Who is in charge of this work 谁负责这项工作?
  Edwin was in danger of losing his job. 艾德文有失去这份工作的危险。
  The general is in command of the army. 这位将军指挥这支军队。21cnjy.com
  He goes in fear of his life. 他害怕丧失生命。
  These ballads are of special interest to us. 对这些歌谣我们特别感兴趣。
  [主语+系动词+动名词]
(1) 系动词be 后跟动名词作表语。如:
  His chief interest is playing chess. 他的主要兴趣是下棋。 2-1-c-n-j-y
  One of my weakness is smoking too much. 我的缺点之一是抽烟太多。
  Our problem is not having sufficient raw material. 我们的问题是原料不足。
(2) 主语和表语都是动名词。如:
  Doing that was playing with fire. 这样做是玩火。
  [主语+系动词+从句]
(1) 用于由that 引导的从句,有时that可省略。如:
  The trouble with you is you won't listen. 你的问题是不听别人的话。
  My secret hope was ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )that one day I should become an author. 我暗中希望有一天我能成为作家。
  What surprised me ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) was that she spoke English so well. 使我惊奇的是她的英语讲得这么好。
(2) 用于由连接代词、连接副词或连词whether引导的从句。如:
  The question is what you want to do. 问题是你想干什么。
  What I want to know is when all this happened. 我想知道的是这些都是什么时候发生的。
  The coat is where you left it. 大衣在你原来放的地方。
(3) 用于由关系代词what引导的从句。如:
  That's what I ought to do. 这是我的本分。
  That's what I hope. 这正是我希望的。
  Times aren't what they were. 时代不同了。
  [主语+系动词+形容词引导的结构]
(1) 主语+系动词+形容词+介词短语 。如:
  Eva was afraid of snakes. / Eva feared snakes. 伊娃怕蛇。
  We are short of fund. / We lack fund. 我们缺乏资金。
  My sister is fond of classical music. 我姐姐喜欢古典音乐。
  Adam was conscious of his shortcomings. 亚当意识到了他的缺点。  
  We were confident of victory. 我们有胜利的信心。
(2) 可与其他系动词连用。如:
  Hannah looked astonished at the news. 听了这消息汉娜显得很吃惊。
  They seem delighted with the result. 他们似乎对这结果很满意。21教育网
  We're running short of bread. 我们的面包不够了。
  Joan remained ignorant of what had happened. 琼对发生的情况仍然一无所知。
  Katherine became very keen on photography. 凯瑟琳对摄影很感兴趣。
(3) 主语+系动词+形容词+不定式。如:
  Luke was happy to be coming home. 卢克回到家很高兴。
  I'm really anxious to see him. 我的确急于见他。
  He's very keen to see his birthplace again. 他迫切想重访他的出生地。
  Kelly was afraid to tell you. 凯莉害怕告诉你。
(4) 主语+系动词+形容词+从句
  从句由that引导,that有时可以省略。如:
  Jenny was glad that she had controlled herself. 詹妮很高兴她控制住了自己。
  Joy was confident that she would find work. 乔伊有信心找到工作。
  We are certain that he will get over his illness. 我们肯定他的病会痊愈。
  I'm still hopeful that he will come. 我仍然相信他会来。
  从句由连接代词、副词或连词whether引导。如:
  I'm not certain whether he will come. 我不能确定他是否会来。
  I'm doubtful what I ought to do.对该怎么办我很犹豫。
  They were uncertain whether they ought to go. 他们不能肯定他们是否该去。
4. 主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
  [主语+双宾动词+名词或代词+名词]
(1) 有些动词引导的间接宾语可改为由to引起的短语。如:
  Mother passed her the bread / the bread to her. 妈妈把面包递给了她。
  Can you recommend me a doctor / a doctor to me 你能向我推荐一位医生吗?
  Our hotel serves y ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ou breakfast / breakfast to you in your room. 我们的旅馆把早饭送到您的房间。
(2) 有些动词引导的间接宾语可改为由for引起的短语。如:
  Olina sang ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )us a Japanese song / a Japanese song for us. 奥琳娜给我们唱了一首日本歌曲。
  Robert ordered the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )m some new clothes / some new clothes for them. 罗伯特给他们订购了一些新衣服。
  Martha cook ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed her husband a delicious meal / a delicious meal for her husband. 玛莎给她丈夫做了一顿可口的饭菜。
  Please cut me a piece of cake / a piece of cake for me. 请给我切块蛋糕。
  注意:
  有些动词后的间接宾语不能改为由to或for引导的短语。如:
  Loren has played ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) me a mean trick / a mean trick on me. 劳伦跟我开了一个低劣的玩笑。
  Why do you ask me such a question 你为什么问我这样一个问题?
  I envy you your health. 我羡慕你的好身体。
  The teacher set his students a difficult problem.
  老师给学生们出了一道难题。
  I mean you no harm. 我对你没有恶意。
   [主语+双宾动词+名词或代词+从句]
(1) 用于由that引导的从句。如:
  Sandy informed him t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hat she was to send for it the next day. 桑迪告诉他她将在第二天派人来取那个东西。www.21-cn-jy.com
  May I remind ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )you that the dinner-bell will ring presently 我可否提醒你吃晚饭的铃马上就要响了呢?21*cnjy*com
  I assure you that this medicine cannot harm you. 我向你保证这药对你不会有害。
  We flatter ourselv ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es that we can do without their help. 我们自认为我们不需要他们的帮助。 www-2-1-cnjy-com
(2) 用于由连接代词、连接副词、连词whether或if引导的从句。如:
  [连接代词who引导的从句]
  I seized the opportunity to inform Sharon who he was. 我抓住机会告诉莎伦他是谁。
  [连接副词why引导的从句]
  William taug ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ht the children why they should love their country. 威廉教导孩子们为什么要热爱自己的祖国。21教育名师原创作品
  [whether引导的从句]
  Please adv ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ise me whether I should accept the offer. 请帮我拿主意是否应接受这个帮助。
  [if引导的从句]
  I asked Mary if I might call and see her. 我问玛丽我可否去看她。
  注意:
  这类从句有时可缩短为不定式结构。如:
  Will you tell me how to do it 你能告诉我应当怎样做吗?
  They will teach Nicole how to run the farm. 他们将教妮可怎样管理农场。
  Please inform me how to find his house. 请告诉我怎样找到他的家。
5. 主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语(请参阅Unit 20 宾语一章)
6.
6. there be 句型(请参阅Unit 17 主语一章)
C. 句子种类
英语句子按使用目的和交际功能分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1. 陈述句
  用来陈述一个事实,表明一个愿望、猜测等,形式是主语先行。包括肯定陈述句和否定陈述句。
(1) 肯定陈述句。如:
  [事实]
  The bank closes at six. 银行6点关门。
  [愿望]
  I wish you success. 祝你成功。
  [猜测]
  He may be in bed now. 他现在可能在睡觉。
(2) 否定陈述句:须将not放在be,have和助动词之后。如:
  He is not here yet. 他还没有到。
  He dare not speak. 他不敢讲。
  We usually do not stay late. 我们一般不熬夜。
  She has not been sleeping well recently. 她近来睡得不太好。
2. 疑问句
  提出问题,请对方回答,形式是助动词 / 情态动词 / 疑问词先行。疑问句有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。如:
  May I ask you a question 我能向你提一个问题吗?
  Where should I sit 我应坐在哪里?
  Which would you like, tea or coffee 你要茶还是咖啡?
  You hardly know her, do you 你几乎不认识她,对吗?
3. 祈使句
  表示命令、请求等,形式是动词原形先行,主语省略。否定结构是:Don't +不带to的不定式。如:
  [命令]
  Get everything ready tomorrow. 明天把一切都准备好。
  Don't touch me. 不要碰我!
  [请求]
  Take a seat, please. 请坐。
  [叮嘱]
  Take care!保重!
4. 感叹句
  表示赞美、惊异等情绪,形式是修饰性短语先行,后接主语及谓语。主语及谓语可省略。如:
  What a nice day! 多好的天气!
  How beautiful (this is)! (这)多么美丽!
  How silly (you are)! (你)真傻!
D. 句子结构
  英语句子按其结构分为简单句、并列句、复合句三种。
1. 简单句
  当一个句子只包含一个主谓结构时称为简单句。如:
  The train has arrived. 火车到了。
  The door bell rang. 门铃响了。
  Mother isn't in at the moment. 妈妈此刻不在家。
  Who can answer this question 谁能回答这个问题?
2. 并列句
   由两个或更多独立的主谓结构或 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )简单句并列在一起的句子称为并列句。英语中的并列连词有:and,but,for,or,so,yet,nor,not only...but (also),either...or,neither...nor。如:
  Jim worked ha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rd in college and later he became an architect. 吉姆在大学时很用功,后来他当了建筑师。
  You must hurry or you won't make it for the train. 你得赶快,否则你会赶不上火车的。
  Either you imp ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rove your work or I shall dismiss you. 要么你改进你的工作,否则我将辞退你。
3. 复合句
内含一个或一个以上的从句就是复合句。复合句中可以包含下面几类从句:
(1) 名词性从句,它在句中可担任主语、宾语、表语、介词宾语等。如:
  That the match will be cancelled is now certain. 球赛将取消已经是肯定的了。
  I wonder if you could stay for another day. 不知你可否再待一天。
  The question is whether they have signed a contract. 问题是他们签没签合同。
(2) 关系从句(定语从句),多由关系代词或关系副词引导。如:
  Jim introduced me to a girl who sat next to him. 吉姆把我介绍给坐在他旁边的一个姑娘。
  All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的不都是金子。
  The girl wh ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ose work got the prize is the youngest in her class. 作品得奖的女孩子是班上最小的学生。
  This is the book which (that) was on the table. 这就是桌上的那本书。
(3) 状语从句,可以表示时间、地点、原因、条件、方式、目的、结果、比较、让步等。如:
  I didn't go because (since) I wasn't feeling well. 我没去,因为我身体不舒服。
  Let's meet tomorrow if it is convenient for you. 我们可以明天碰头,如果对你方便的话。
  Though they were poor, they were still happy. 他们虽然很穷,但仍然很快活。
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