高中英语语法之23·状语　基础训练＋能力提升

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
张道真全范围英语语法之·状语
目 录
话说状语
A 状语表示法
不定式作状语
副词作状语
介词短语作状语
现在分词作状语
过去分词（短语）作状语
复合结构作状语
词组作状语
B 状语从句
时间状语从句
地点状语从句
方式状语从句
原因状语从句
条件状语从句
让步状语从句
目的状语从句
结果状语从句
比较状语从句
基础练习
能力提升
Unit 23 状 语
话说状语
　　修饰动词、形容 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词、副词或全句的成分是状语。修饰形容词的状语通常放在它所修饰的词之前，修饰动词的状语通常放在动词之后。但有些副词(如often，always，usually等)作状语时，则放在行为动词之前。【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
A. 状语的表示法
(1) 副词和副词性短语构成的状语。如：
　　Daisy welcomed us warmly. 戴茜热情地欢迎了我们。
　　Plastic bags are seen here and there. 到处能看见塑料袋。
(2) 介词短语构成的状语。如：
　　Eva did this out of kindness. 伊娃这样做是出于好心。
　　In spite of the diff ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )iculties, workers went on with their work. 尽管有困难，但是工人们仍继续努力。【版权所有：21教育】
(3) 不定式构成的状语。如：
　　They did everything they could to save her life. 他们尽一切力量拯救她的生命。
　　Rebecca is pr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oud to have passed the national college entrance examination. 丽贝卡因通过高考而感到自豪。
(4) 分词构成的状语。如：
　　Please fil ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l in the card, giving all the information required. 请填写这张卡片，把要填的项目填清楚。
　　Not knowing ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )when to go, he decided to ask the teacher for advice. 他不知道何时走，于是决定问老师。
(5) 形容词构成的状语。如：
　　Keith rushed over, eager to help. 凯斯跑了过来，急于要帮助。
　　Enthusiastic, they are quite cooperative. 他们很热心，很愿意合作。
(6) 复合结构构成的状语。如：
　　That being ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the case, we'll have to put the meeting off. 既然如此，我们将不得不把会议推迟。
　　Abraham dashed into the room, gun in hand. 亚伯拉罕端着枪冲进屋里。
(7) 从句构成的状语。如：
　　I must work ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) harder in order that I may catch up with the others. 为了赶上其他人，我必须更努力地学习。21教育网
　　Patient as ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Ivan was, he had no intention of waiting for three hours. 尽管伊凡很耐心，也无心等三个钟头。
1. 不定式作状语
　　不定式引起的状语可用来修饰动词，表示目 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的、结果、原因、程度，也可用来修饰形容词，帮助说明它的意义，还可修饰整个句子，表明说话人对所说的话所持的态度或其他原因。如：
　　[表目的]
　　Joy arrived early in order to get a good seat. 乔伊及早到达,以便有一个好座位。
　　[表结果]
　　What have I done to deserve so much 我做了什么值得你们对我这样好？
　　[表原因]
　　We jumped with joy to hear the news. 听到这个消息我们高兴得跳了起来。
　　The girls w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ere greatly moved to hear the hero's story. 听了英雄的故事，女孩子们深受感动。【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
　　[修饰形容词]
　　I found her very pleasant to talk to. 我发现和她谈话很有意思。
　　[修饰整个句子]
　　To begin with, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) John is too young for that kind of job. 首先，约翰干这种工作太年轻。
2. 副词做状语
(1) 以-ly结尾的副词作状语，修饰动词、形容词和副词等。如：
　　[修饰动词]
　　Generally Linda remained in on Monday evening. 通常星期一晚上琳达都待在家里。
　　[修饰形容词]
　　That's a fairly easy book. 这是一本相当容易的书。
　　[修饰副词]
　　Ruth ran the house extremely well. 露丝把家管理得非常好。
(2) 副词修饰动词、形容词和副词等。如：
　　[修饰动词]
　　You behaved well yesterday. 你昨天表现得很好。
　　[修饰形容词]
　　The box isn't big enough. 箱子不够大。
　　[修饰副词]
　　She writes far better than I do. 她写的字比我好得多。
(3) 有些副词修饰整个句子，说明说话人的态度等，称为句子副词。如：
　　Honestly, Tom didn't get the money. 说实话，汤姆没得到这笔钱。
　　Surely you know him. 想必你认识他吧。
　　Certainly they must know the results of such speeches. 他们肯定知道发言的后果。
　　Maybe Ben would come around yet. 或许本还会来。
(4) 许多副词使句子与上下文联系更紧密，从而使行文更加流畅。如：
　　First, I must apologize to you. 首先，我要向你们表示歉意。
　　Lastly, let me m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ention the great support I've got from my wife. 最后，让我提一下我妻子给我的巨大支持。
　　Albert was sick. Accordingly we sent him home. 艾伯特生病了，因此我们把他送回了家。
　　Besides, I want you to promise me one thing. 此外，我还要你答应我一件事。
　　Judy waited, however, for no explanation. 但朱蒂没有等候解释。
　　注意：
① 有些副词与形容词同形。如：
　　作副词 　　　　　　　　 作形容词
　　Please send it airmail. 　　 Give me an airmail envelope.
　　寄航空。　　　　　　 给我一个航空信封。
　　Sing it loud and clear.　 The water was as clear as glass.
　　大声清楚地唱。　　　　 水与玻璃一样透明。
　　Think hard and work hard. It is hard to please all.
　　多思苦干。　　　　　　 很难让所有人高兴。
② 有些副词还有一个同根的副词，一个带-ly，一个不带，意思不同。如：
　　带-ly词尾的副词　　　　　　 不带-ly词尾的副词
　　 He was fully recovered. 　　 You know it full well.
　　他恢复健康了。　　 　　　　 这一点你完全知道。
　　I haven't been well lately. 　　 Jerry goes to bed late.
　　近来我身体不太好。　　　　　　 杰瑞睡得很晚。
③ 有些副词虽有两个形式，意思却差不多。如：
　　cheap / cheapl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y　　 clean / cleanly　　 close / closely dear / dearly　　
　　fair / fai ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rly　　　　 fine / finely 　　 firm / firmly　　 first / firstly　　
④ 有些副词既可修饰形容词，也可修饰动词。如：
　　修饰形容词　　　　　　 修饰动词　　
　　He's badly hurt. 　　 We badly need rain.
　　The answer is definitely true.　 He's definitely not coming. 21·cn·jy·com
　　He is seriously ill.　　　　　　　He listened very seriously.
3. 介词短语作状语
(1) 介词短语作状语表示时间、地点、方式、原因等。如：
　　[表时间]
　The plane takes off at 10：30. 飞机10：30起飞。
　　[表地点]
　　There's a bank opposite my office. 我办公室对面有一家银行。
　　[表方式]
　　An oak is not fallen at one stroke. 橡树不是一下可以倒的。
　　[表原因]
　　I can't do the work because of my illness. 由于我的病，我不能干这工作。
　　[表其他内容]
　　Who were you talking to 你在和谁谈话？　　
(2) 在“be+形容词”后的介词短语可作状语，多以人作主语，也可用物作主语。如：
　　[人作主语]
　　Helen is frightened of the dark. 海伦害怕黑夜。
　　I'm pleased at your success. 我为你的成功感到高兴。
　　[物作主语]
　　My views are different from yours. 我的看法和你的不同。
　　The town is famous for its hot springs. 这座城市因温泉而出名。
(3) 有些动词后常可跟介词短语作状语。如：
　　English had borrowed many words from many languages. 英语借用了许多语言的词汇。
　　Hope for the best and prepare for the worst. 留最好的希望，做最坏的准备。
4. 现在分词作状语
(1) 现在分词或现在分词短语作状语，通常用逗号把它和谓语动词分开，表示伴随情况、原因、时间等。如：
　　[表伴随情况]
　　Alan stood at the school gate, waiting for Betty. 艾伦站在校门口等着贝蒂。
　　[表原因]
　　Being ill, Mark didn't go to the museum yesterday. 由于生病，马克昨天没去博物馆。
　　[表时间]
　　Walking thr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ough the park, we saw many beautiful flowers. 从公园穿过时，我们看到许多漂亮的花。
(2) 现在分词的完成式表示分词动作先完成，有时分词有自己逻辑上的主语。如：
　　[表分词动作先完成]
　　Having failed t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )wice / As he had failed twice, Sam didn't want to try again. 萨姆已失败过两次，他不想再尝试。
　　[分词的逻辑主语是the subject]
　　The subject having ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) been opened, Tom had to go on with it. 话题已经开始了，汤姆不得不谈下去。
　　[分词的逻辑主语为the day]
　　The day being fine, they decided to go swimming. 由于天气很好，他们决定去游泳。
(3) 有时分词和谓语动词关系密切，可不用逗号将它们分开。如：
　　Abby was busy packing. 艾比忙着收拾行李。
　　I had a hard time finding you. 我找你费了好大劲。
(4) 有时现在分词和连词连用作状语。如：
　　I had tried to kee ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )p your advice in mind when (I was) writing the book. 写这本书时我尽量采用你的建议。
　　Cherry looked round ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )as though searching for someone. 切莉向周围望望，仿佛在找什么人似的。
注意：
　　现在分词也可作句子状语。如：
　　Strictly sp ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eaking, you ought to sign the visitors' book first. 严格讲，你应当先在访客簿上签名。2-1-c-n-j-y
　　Women, generally speaking, are more careful than men.
　　一般来讲女人比男人更细心。
5. 过去分词(短语)作状语
(1) 过去分词作状语表示背景、伴随情况、原因和时间等。这类结构多用在书面语中，且和谓语动词用逗号隔开。如：
　　[表伴随情况]
　　Elizabeth entered, accompanied by her mother. 伊丽莎白由母亲陪伴着走了进来。
　　[表原因]
　　Much discouraged, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Harrison ran away from the plantation. 哈里森失望极了，从种植园逃了出来。
　　[表时间]
　　Taken in time, the medicine will be quite effective. 及时吃药，会很有效的。
(2) 有些动词后可跟过去分词，但中间并不用逗号。如：
　　All the girls stood grouped together. 所有的姑娘们都成群站在一起。
　　Three others lay wounded. 另外三个人受了伤躺在那里。
(3) 有些过去分词可与连词连用。如：
　　When heated, ice will be changed into water. 当冰受热时，它就会变成水。
6. 复合结构作状语
状语有时可以由名词或代词和另一个成分构成的复合结构担任。(见下表)
　　名词或代词+分词
　　The storm having ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )destroyed their hut, they had to live in a cave. 暴雨把房子冲坏了，他们只好住在一个窑洞里。
　　Roger lay on his bac ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )k, his hands crossed under his head.罗杰脸朝天，头枕着双手躺着。
　　名词或代词+形容词
　　Randy entered the room, his nose red with cold.兰迪走进房来，鼻子冻得通红。
　　名词或代词+不定式
　　Here are the firs ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t two volumes, the third one to come out next month. 这儿是头两卷，第三卷下月出书。
　　名词或代词+介词短语
　　After kill ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing the Japanese soldier, the two partisans ran away, rifle in hand. 杀死了那个日本兵之后，两个游击队员提着枪跑掉了。
　　名词或代词+副词
　　He put on his socks wrong side out. 他把袜子穿反了。
7. 词组作状语
(1) 名词和它的修饰语作状语。如：
　　I shall stay another five months. 我将再待五个月。
　　Heidi went jogging first thing in the morning. 海蒂早晨做的第一件事就是跑步。
(2) 副词和它的修饰语作状语。如：
　　The bus arrived ten minutes late. 公共汽车迟到了10分钟。
　　I wish you'd write clearly enough. 我希望你能写得清楚些。
(3) 介词和它的修饰语作状语。如：
　　Edwin lives a long way from here. 艾德文住得离这里很远。
　　Theory must go hand in hand with practice. 理论必须结合实际。【出处：21教育名师】
(4) 由连词连接的两个平行的词作状语。如：　　
　　Camille looked after the child day and night. 卡米尔日夜照顾孩子。
　　Alva paced quickly up and down. 阿尔瓦快步来回地走着。
(5) 其他形式作状语。如：
　　Sure enough, Angela was there. 果然安吉拉在那里。
　　Annie dived in head first. 安妮头朝下跳进水里。
B. 状语从句
　　状语从句是指起状语作用的从句，可 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )以用来修饰谓语、定语、状语或整个句子。状语从句可用来表示时间、原因、条件、方式、比较、目的、结果、让步和地点等。
1. 时间状语从句
　　时间状语从句常用从属连词w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hen，after，as，before，since，until，as soon as等引导。在时间状语从句中，主句是将来时，从句要用一般现在时表将来。如：
　　Tell me as soon as Joseph arrives. 约瑟夫一来就告诉我。
　　I haven't heard from him since he left. 他走之后我还没接到过他的信。
　　It will warm up a li ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ttle bit on Sunday as the cold front passes. 寒流一过，星期日就会有点暖意了。
(1) when引导的时间状语从 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )句中，其动词既可以是延续性动词，也可以是瞬间性动词，而且表示主句和从句的动作同时发生，或从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前。如：
　　[同时发生]
　　When you appl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y for a job, you must present your credentials. 当你申请工作时，你必须递交你的有关证件。
　　[从句动作发生在前]
　　When the studen ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ts heard the teacher's footsteps, they all stopped talking. 当学生们听到老师的脚步声时，他们都停止了讲话。
　　When spring came, he felt like a trip. 春天到来时，他就想作一次旅行。
(2) when也可表示just then(正在那时，突然)的意思，此时引导的从句只放在主句之后。如：
　　We were about to start when it began to rain. 我们正要动身，天突然下起雨来。
　　The game had ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hardly / scarcely / barely begun when it started raining. 比赛刚刚开始就下起雨来。
　　相关试题解析：
　　I felt somewhat disa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ppointed and was about to leave,______some-thing occurred which attracted my attention.(四级题)
　　A. unless　　 B. until　　　　 C. when　　　　 D. while
　　【选C】译文：我感到有些失望，正要离开的时候突然发生了一件事，引起了我的注意。
(3) as引导的时间状语从句中，其动词的动作是延续性的，而且侧重表示主句和从句的动作同时发生。如：
　　We were having breakfast as she was combing her hair. 她梳头时，我们在吃早饭。
　　As the students ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )walked to their dormitories, they sang happily. 学生们一边往宿舍走，一边快乐地唱着歌。
　　相关试题解析
　　_____reaches t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he cells of the body, it is oxidized, or slowly burned. (托福题)
　　A. As digested food　　　　　　 B. Digested food that
　　C. Food is digested　　　　　　 D. Why does digested food
　　【选A】 译文：被消化的食物到达身体的细胞时便被氧化，或者说被慢慢地消耗掉了。
(4) while表示“在某一段时间里，在……期间”，它所引导的从句中的动作是延续性的，并侧重表示和主句的动作同时发生。如：
　　While the teac ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )her paraphrased the text in English, the students listened attentively and took notes. 当老师用英语解释课文时，学生们聚精会神地听并做着笔记。
　　I can learn while I work. 我可以边工作边学习。
　　While John sat ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )smoking a cigarette, I worked out a plan to finish the work. 约翰坐在那里抽烟时，我想出了一个完成这项工作的计划。
　　(5) 某些表示时间的副词、 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )名词短语和介词短语(directly，immediately，the moment，the minute，the day，next time，by the time)等也可引导时间状语从句。如：
　　Every time I listen to music, I'll think of it. 每当我听音乐时，我就想起这事。
　　The moment I sa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )w Fred, I knew that there was no hope. 我一看到弗瑞德，就知道没有希望了。
　　Directly the teacher came in, everyone was quiet. 老师一进来，大家就静了下来。
　　相关试题解析
　　The policemen went into action_____they heard the alarm. (六级题)
　　A. promptly　　　B. presently　　 C. quickly　　 D. directly
　　【选D】译文：警察一听到警报就立刻行动。
(6) 在before，after，since引导的时间状语从句中，这些词后可直接跟名词或动名词形式。如：
　　Amber waited a lit ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tle while before making up her mind. 安伯等了一会儿才做出决定。
　　After sendin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g you that letter, I recollected how stupid I was. 把信寄给你之后，我回想起我那时是多么愚蠢。
　　相关试题解析
　　Someone called ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up I could answer the phone.(高考题)2·1·c·n·j·y
　　A. as　　　　　 B. since　　　　 C. until　　　　 D. before
　　【选D】本题考查before引导的时间状语从句。由转折连词but所提供的信息不难看出，在接电话之前对方就把电话挂断了。
(7) 在since引导的时间状语从句中，从句的谓语动词通常为一般过去时，主句的谓语动词通常为现在完成时、过去完成时或一般现在时。如：
　　We've never met ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )since we graduated from the college. 大学毕业后我们就再没有见过面。
　　Since I cam ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e to England, I have not contacted my friends. 自从到英国以来，我还没有和我那些朋友联系过。
　　I have been looki ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng forward to meeting you ever since you went abroad. 你出国以来我一直盼着和你见面。
(8) 关联从属连词hard ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ly / barely / scarcely...when和no sooner...than的意思是“刚……就”，它们所引导的从句中的谓语动词通常为过去完成时。如：
　　He had no sooner ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚一到家，就又要他出另一次差。21·世纪*教育网
　　No sooner had t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he words been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent. 这些话刚一出口，他就意识到自己应该保持沉默。
　　Hardly had he r ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eached the airport when the plane took off. 他刚到机场，飞机就起飞了。
　　相关试题解析：
　　No sooner had we rea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ched the top of the hill_____we all sat down to rest. (四级题)
　　A. than　　　 B. then　　　　　C. when　　　　 D. until
　　【选A】 译文：我们一到山顶就坐下来休息了。
2. 地点状语从句
(1) 地点状语从句主要由where，wherever，anywhere等引导。如：
　　Go where you want. 去你想去的地方。
　　I'll take you anywhere you like. 你想到哪儿我就带你到哪儿。
　　相关试题解析：
　　he famous scien ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tist grew up______he was born and in 1930 he came to Shanghai.(高考题)
　　A. when　　　B. whenever　　　C. where　　 D. wherever
　　【选C】根据题干信息in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 1930可排除选项A和B。wherever引导让步状语从句，意为“无论在哪里”，与题意不符。应选where，引导地点状语从句。
(2) 地点状语从句中可以省略某些词语。如：　　
　　Where possible, they tried to acquire colonies. 只要可能，他们就尽量多占有殖民地。
　　Avoid structures of this kind wherever possible. 只要可能，就要避免这种结构。
3. 方式状语从句
(1) as在引导方式状语从句时，意为“以……方式；如同……那样”，从句有时是省略句。如：
　　As a man lives, so he dies. 凡人有生必有死。
　　Do as I say. 要照我说的做。
　　Air is to man as water is to fish. 空气之于人犹如水之于鱼。
　　相关试题解析：
　　I hope all the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) precautions against air pollution,_____suggested by the local government, will be seriously considered here. (四级题)
　　A. while　　 B. since　　 　　 C. after　　　　 D. as
　　【选D】译文：我希望减少空气污染的所有措施，如当地政府建议的那样，都能在这儿得到认真考虑。
(2) as if和as though引导方式状语从句，意为“好像，仿佛”。两者引导的状语从句往往用虚拟语气表示。如：
　　They looked at me as if / as though I were mad. 他们瞧着我，好像我发疯了似的。
　　They look as if / as though they know each other. 他们看来好像互相认识。
　　Fancy you sitt ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing there as if nothing had happened. 瞧你坐在那里，仿佛什么都没发生似的。
　　注意：
　　as if / as though引导的方式状语从句所陈述的情况实现的可能性很大时，也可用陈述语气。如：
　　He spoke as if he had been there before. 他说得就像他以前去过那里似的。
The animal was walking as though it had hurts its leg.
这只动物走路的样子好像伤了腿似的。
　　相关试题解析：
I would never ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )speak to someone like that______they said something unpleasant to me.
(高考题)
　　A. even if　　 B. so that　　 C. as if　　 D. ever since
　　【选A】 用even if ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )引导让步状语从句；so that一般引导目的或结果状语从句；as if通常引导方式状语从句；ever since引导时间状语从句。
4. 原因状语从句
　　原因状语从句主要由because，since，as，for和now that等引导。
(1) because表示 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )直接的原因或理由，表示原因的语气最强，常表示必然的因果关系。回答以why引起的特殊疑问句，只能用because。如：
　　Keith was angry because we were late. 凯斯很生气是因为我们迟到了。
　　I do it because I like it. 我做这件事是因为我喜欢。
　　“Why can't I go ”“Because you're too young.” “为什么我不能去？”“因为你太年轻了。”
(2) since表示对方已经知晓、无需加以说明的原因或事实，语气比because稍弱。如：
　　Since travellin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g by air is much faster, they decided to take a plane. 既然乘飞机旅行快得多，他们就决定坐飞机。
　　Since you are going, I will go. 既然你去，我也去。
　　I'll do it for you since you are busy. 既然你忙，我来替你做吧。
(3) as表示的往往是十分明显的原因，听者或是读者已经知道或能看得出来，语气较弱，比较口语化。如：
　　As the sou ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )p was very salty, we were thirsty afterwards. 由于汤太咸，我们后来都很口渴。
　　As I didn't know the way, I asked a policeman. 我不认识路，因而问警察。
　　As you object, I'll change the plan. 由于你反对，我将改变计划。
(4) for是并列连词， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )它引导的分句不表示直接的原因，而是用来附带解释说明前面一句的情况。for引导的分句常位于第一分句之后，它们之间用逗号隔开。如：
　　It must ha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ve rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning. 昨晚准是下雨了，今天早上地面还是湿的。
　　Vern felt no fear, for he was brave. 弗恩很勇敢，毫不畏惧。
(5) now that意为“因为；既然”，通常可以与since换用，其中that可省去，用来表示一种新的情况，再加以推论。如：
Now that I am well again, I can go on with my work.
我既然恢复了健康，那就可以继续工作了。
　　I do remember, now (that) you mention it. 你这一提，我倒的确想起来了。
Now (that) you've passed your test, you can drive on your own.
你既已考试合格，就可以独自开车了。
　　相关试题解析：
　　1. ______you've got a chance, you might as well make full use of it.(高考题)
　　A. Now that 　B. After　　　　 C. Although　　 D. As soon as
　　【选A】now that引导原因状语从句，相当于since，意为“既然……”。
　　2. _____we have all the materials ready，we should begin the new task at once. (考研题)
　　A. Since that　　B. Since now　　 C. By now　　 D. Now that
　　【选D】译文：既然我们把所有材料都准备好了，我们就应该立即开始这项新工作。
(6) in that意为“因 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )为；基于……的理由”，可以和because换用，多用于正式文体，它所引导的原因状语从句总是位于主句之后。如：
　　Advertisement i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s distinguished from other forms of communication in that adver-tiser pays for the message to be delivered. 广告不同于其他交际形式，因为登广告的人要为其所提供的信息付费。
　　I'm in a sl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ightly awkward position, in that he's not arriving until 10th. 我的处境有点难堪，因为他10号才来。
　　注意：
　　① 有些原因状语从句可不带连词。如：
　　Seeing that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )it is ten o'clock, we shall not wait for her any longer. 由于现在已经10点钟了，我们就不再等她了。
　　Considering he's only ten years old, he speaks English very well.
　　考虑他才10岁，他讲英语讲得算是好的了。
　　② 有些“be+形容词”结构后的从句也说明原因。如：
　　I'm glad (that) you've been assigned a new job. 我很高兴，你分配了新工作。
　　We feel proud that our team has won the match. 我们队比赛赢了，我们感到自豪。
　　I'm sorry I haven't done very well. 我很抱歉，我干得不太好。
5. 条件状语从句
　　条件状语从句由if，unless，in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) case that，so far as，as / so long as，on condition that，provided / providing，suppose / supposing that等引导。
(1) if可引导非真实条件状语从句和真实条件状语从句。如：
　　You can leave now if you like. 如果你愿意，现在就可以走了。
　　If he said that, he can't be telling the truth. 如果他说了那样的话，他不可能是说实话。
　　If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman. 明天如果下雪，我们就堆雪人。
　　相关试题解析：
　　1. The WTO can not ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) live up to its name______it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.(高考题)
　　A. as long as　 　B. while　　　　 C. if　　　　 D. even though
　　【选C】 句中live up to意为“配得上，对得起”。本题考查if引导条件状语从句的用法。
　　2. Excuse me，if your ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) call's not too urgent，do you mind_____mine first (四级题)
　　A. I make　　 　B. if I make　　 C. me to make D. that I make
　　【选B】译文：对不起，要是您的电话不太急，您介意我先打吗？
(2) unless引导的条件状语从句在意义上相当于if...not，而且语气较强，通常不用于虚拟语气。如：　　
Nobody will get anything unless they ask for.
除非他们提出要求，否则谁也不会得到什么。
Unless the weather was ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) bad, my father always used to take a walk in the evening.
除非天气不好，我父亲晚上总是去散步。
　　You'll be late unless you hurry. 如果不赶快的话，你会迟到的。
　　注意：
　　if或unless引导的条件状语从句中的某些词语可以省略。如：
　　If (it is) necessary, I will come at 6. 如有必要，我6点来。
　　Do not leave the building unless (you are) instructed to do so.
　　没有接到指示，不准离开这幢房子。
　　If possible, I wish to go there next Sunday. 如果可能，我希望下个礼拜去那里。
(3) as long as 意为“只要；如果”。如：　　
　　As long as you are ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )happy, it doesn't matter what you do. 只要你开心，你做什么都没关系。
　　As long as it doesn't rain, we can play. 只要不下雨，我们就能玩。
Our profits will be good so long as the dollar remains strong.
只要美元保持强势，我们就会有可观的利润。
　　注意：
　　某些条件状语从句中的连词if可以省略，而把语序倒装。如：
　　Had they acted sooner, all this wouldn't have happened.
　　如果他们早点采取行动，这一切就不会发生。
　　Should you see Luke, please give him my regards. 如果你见到卢克，请代我向他问好。
6. 让步状语从句
　　让步状语从句常由though，alth ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ough，even though，while，howev-er，no matter how等连接词或连接词组引导。
(1) although和thoug ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )h都作“尽管；虽然”讲，通常可以换用，although的语气较重。如果要强调“但是”语气，可使用yet，still或nevertheless来表示“但是、依然或然而”之意。如：　　
　　Although Lori ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )had no qualifications, he got the job. 尽管劳瑞没有什么资格，但他还是得到了这份工作。
　　Although they have ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )been talking for a long time, he can't make her believe him. 虽然他们谈了半天，他还是不能让她信任自己。
　　Though he is old ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), yet / still / nevertheless he works day and night. 尽管他年事已高，但仍然夜以继日地工作着。
　　相关试题解析：
　　_____recei ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ving financial support from family, community or the gov-ernment is allowed, it is never admired. (四级题)
　　A. As　　　　　　B. Once　　　　C. Although　　　 D. Lest
　　【选C】译文：虽然接受来自家庭、社区或政府的资助是允许的，但并不推崇这种做法。
(2) even though 意 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )为“虽然，尽管”，它引导的从句所表示的是已经发生的动作或存在的情况，通常可以和although / though换用。如： 　　
　　Even though it's hard work, I enjoy it. 尽管这是艰苦的工作，但我喜欢干。
　　Even though I ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )don't understand a word, I kept smiling. 即使我一个字也不懂，我还是保持微笑。
　　Even though you say so, I don't believe it. 即使你这样说，我也不相信。
　　相关试题解析：
　　Many patien ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ts insist on having watches with them in hospital,______they have no schedules to keep. (四级题)21世纪教育网版权所有
　　A. even though　B. for　　 C. as if　　　　 D. since
　　【选A】译文：许多病人坚持在医院里带手表，尽管他们并没有什么日程安排。
(3) while意为“尽管，虽然”，多用于正式文体，通常可换作although / though。如：
　　While I understand y ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )our point of view, I do not share it. 我虽了解你的观点，但不敢苟同。
　　While I sympathize ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), I really can't do very much to help. 虽然我很同情，但我确实帮不了什么忙。
　　相关试题解析：
　　_____much is known a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )bout what occurs during sleep，the precise function of sleep and its different stages remains largely in the realm of as-sumption. (四级题)
　　A. Because　　　B. For　　　 C. Since　　 D. While
　　【选D】 译文：尽管人们对睡眠期间发生了什么了解甚多，但是睡眠的确切作用及其不同阶段等问题仍然是未知领域。
(4) whatever和no matter what用法相同，都作“无论什么”解，后者多用于非正式文体。如：
　　Whatever / No matter what he says，don't go. 不管他说什么，你都不要走。
　　We are dete ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rmined to fulfill the task，whatever / no matter what happens. 不管发生了什么，我们决心完成任务。　　www-2-1-cnjy-com
　　No matter what hap ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )pened, Mike would not say a word. 不管发生了什么事，麦克什么也不会说。
　　相关试题解析：
　　There are over ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )100 night schools in the city，making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter_____he does. (考研题)
　　A. how　　　　B. where　　　　 C. what　　　　 D. when
　　【选C】译文：该城市有一百多所夜校，各种职业的专业人员都有可能接受再教育。
(5) however和no matter how用法相同，都作“无论如何……”解，后者多用于非正式文体。如：
　　However much you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )regret doing that， there is nothing you can do about it now. 无论你可能多么懊悔你曾经做过的事，现在也无济于事了。
　　However high it may be，it can't reach the sky. 它不论有多高，也高不到天上去。
　　相关试题解析：
　　You should ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )try to get a good night's sleep______much work you have to do.(高考题)
　　A. however　　B. no matter　　 C. although　　 D. whatever
　　【选A】 根据题干内容，主从句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )存在着让步关系。however much work=no matter how much work，意为“无论多少工作”。
7. 目的状语从句
　　目的状语从句主要由th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at，so that，in order that，lest，for fear that，in case等引导，从句中的谓语常用may / might，can / could，should等情态动词。如：
　　I have given h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )im a key so that he can get into the house whenever he likes. 我给了他一把钥匙，以便他随时能进来。 　
　　I bought the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) car at once for fear that Rock might change his mind. 我把车立即买了下来，以防洛克改变主意。
　　They risk their liv ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es in order that we may live more safely. 他们甘冒生命危险，是为了让我们活得更安全。
　　相关试题解析：
1. John shut e ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )verybody out of the kitchen_____he would prepare his grand surprise for the party.(高考题)
　　A. which 　　　　B. when　　　　 C. so that 　　 D. as if
　　【选C】空白处后面所表达的内容是前一分句的目的，故应用so that引导目的状语从句。
2. Helen listened ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) carefully_____she might discover exactly what John wanted.
　　A. so as that 　　B. in case　　 C. providing 　　 D. in order that
　　【选D】译文：为了确切地发现约翰想要什么，海伦认真地听着。
8. 结果状语从句
　　结果状语从句主要由so that，so...that，such...that等连词引导。如：
　　There was so much t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o lose that we couldn't take any risks. 可能会有很大的损失，因此我们不能冒险。
　　Sean told me to do it, and so I did it. 肖恩让我这样做，于是我就这样做了。
　　The Japanese stud ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ent made such rapid progress that he soon began to write arti-cles in Chinese. 那个日本留学生进步很快，不久就开始用中文写文章了。　　
　　注意：
　　so...that与such...that句型的区别：
　　so 为副词，修饰形容词、副词，不能修饰名词；such是形容词，用来修饰名词。常见的结构是：
　　so+形容词/副词+that从句
　　so+ 形容词+a / an+单数名词+that从句
　　such+a /an +adj.+单数名词+that从句
　　such+形容词+复数名词+that 从句
　　such+形容词+不可数名词+that从句
　　Mike is such a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n honest worker that we all believe him. (=Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe him.) 21*cnjy*com
　　迈克是一个如此诚实的工人，以至于我们都相信他。
　　Spark earned ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) so little money that he couldn't support his family. 斯帕克赚钱这么少，不能养活他的家庭。
　　相关试题解析：
　　1. We were in when we left that we forgot the airline tickets.(高考题)
　　A. a rush so anxious　　　　　　 B. a such anxious rush
　　C. so an anxious rush　　　　 D. such an anxious rush
　　【选D】 such...t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hat引导结果状语从句，其中such an anxious rush相当于so anxious a rush。
　　2. The child was_____immediately after supper. (考研题)
　　A. so tired that he went to bed　 B. enough tired to go to bed
　　C. too tired to go to bed　　　　 D. very tired he went to bed
　　【选A】 译文：这个孩子非常疲劳，晚饭后马上就睡觉去了。
9. 比较状语从句
(1) as...as表示同级比较，主句中用形容词或副词的原级形式，从句常常为省略句。如：
　　We were as fortunate as them(they were).我们和他们一样幸运。
I hope she will make as mnch progress as you(have done).
我希望她将取得和你同样的进步。
　　They are as firm as one could expect. 他们像人们希望的那样坚定。
　　相关试题解析：
　　It is generally b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )elieved that teaching is______it is a science.(高考题)
　　A. as art much as B. much an art as
　　C. as an art much as D. as much an art as
　　【选D】句子的主干为teaching is an art，因此排除A项；同级比较，排除B项；C项语序不对。
(2) not so / as...as表示同级比较，主句中用形容词或副词的原级形式，从句常常为省略句。如：
　　That's not so / as simple as it sounds. 那件事情不像听起来那么简单。
I have never seen so much rain as fell that February.
我从未见过像那个二月一样下了那么多场雨。
(3) than也可引导比较状语从句，主句中用形容词或副词的比较级形式，从句常为省略句。如： 　　
　　He has more friends than she(does).他的朋友比她的多。
　　Air in the coutry ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) is much fresher than that in the city.乡下的空气比城里的新鲜得多。
　　注意：
　　在很多情况下，从句中有些词语可省略。如：
　　Steven has more time than me / I. 史蒂文的时间比我多。
　　It is even colder today than yesterday. 今天比昨天更冷。
　　Tony doesn't work as hard as her / she does. 托尼工作不像她那样努力。
学以致用
【基础练习】
1. 填入适当的引导词。
(1) I haven't heard from him______he went to America.21cnjy.com
(2) He won't be here______he is invited.
(3) He will not go to the cinema______he is very busy.
(4) We found the key______she had left it.
(5) We found the books two days______he had gone away.
(6) We had no sooner got to the station______the train left.
(7) He speaks English______he were an Englishman.
(8) He is explaining clearly______they could understand.
(9) Do not leave the room______you have finished the test.
(10) She sang______she went along.
2. 找出从句并指出是哪类从句。
(1) He was not the man that he was before.
(2) Now you are free，why not go swimming with us？
(3) Where there are schools and colleges，there are examinations.
(4) Bad habits，once firmed，are difficult to give up.
(5) The moment he opened the window，a bird flew in.
3. 填入适当的引导词完成句子。
(1) ______will do the experiment comes to the professor's office.21教育名师原创作品
(2) ______will do the experiment hasn't been decided.
(3) The teacher didn't leave______twelve o'clock.
(4) ______the day went on，the weather got worse.
(5) ______she is young，she knows quite a lot.
(6) It worried her a bit______her hair was turning grey.
(7) You will be late______you leave immediately.
(8) Go and get your coat. It's______you left it.
(9) ______is ment ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ioned above，the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.
(10) ______had I entered the room______the phone rang.
4. 改错。
(1) Is this the watch for which he is looking now？
(2) This is all which I can do for you.
(3) Do you kn ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ow the old man at the back of the room，whom has been chosen head of the factory
(4) I want to know the way which you learn new words.
(5) Can you tell me that there's a bookstore near here？
(6) Our school is quite different from that it was before.
(7) If she likes the present is not clear to me.
(8) For she is ill，she hasn't come to school.
(9) It gave him so a big shock that his face turned pale.　　
(10) He is cleverer than any boy in his class.
【能力提升】
　　选择最佳答案填空。
(1) These photographs will show you______.
　　A. what does our village look like 　 B. what our village looks like
　　C. how does our village look like　　 D. how our village looks like
(2) Can you make sure______the gold ring
　　A. where Alice had put 　　 B. where did Alice put
　　C. where Alice has put 　　 D. where has Alice put
(3) No one can be sure______in a million years.
　　A. what man will look like 　　 B. what will man look like
　　C. man will look like what 　　 D. what look will man like
(4) —We haven't heard from Jane for a long time.
　　—What do you suppose______to her
　　A. was happening 　　　　 B. has happened
　　C. to happen 　　　　 D. having happened
(5) Wuhan lies______the Yangtze and the Han River meet.
　　A. there 　　B. where 　C. there where D. where there
(6) ______he said at the meeting astonished everyone present.
　　A. What 　　B. That 　　 C. That fact D. The matter
(7) —Do you remember______he came
　　—Yes, I do. He came by car.
　　A. how 　　B. when 　 C. that 　　 D. it
(8) ______we can't get seems better than______we have.
　　A. What; what　B. What; that　　 C. That; that　　 D. That; hat
(9) After the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )war, a new school building was put up______there had once been a theatre.
　　A. that 　B. where 　　C. which 　D. when
(10) Mother will wait for him to have dinner together______.
　　A. however late is he 　　　　 B. however he is late
　　C. however is he late 　　　　 D. however late he is
(11) Dr. Bla ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ck comes from either Oxford or Cambridge, I can't remember______.
　　A. where 　　　B. there 　　 C. which 　D. that
(12) Why do you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )want a new job______you've got such a good one already
　　A. that 　　　　B. where 　　 C. which 　D. when
(13) —I'm going to the post office.
　　—______you're there, can you get me some stamps
　　A. As　　　　　B. While　　　　 C. Because 　　 D. If
(14) We'll have to finish the job______.
　　A. long it takes however 　　 　　 B. it takes however long
　　C. long however it takes 　　 　　 D. however long it takes
(15) Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see______.
　　A. who is he B. who he is 　　C. who is it D. who it is
参考答案：
【基础练习】
1. (1)since ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) (2)unless (3)because (4)where (5)after　　
　　(6)than (7)as if　　 (8)so that (9)before (10)as
2. (1)that he was before 定语从句
　　(2)Now you are free 原因状语从句 now= now that
　　(3)Where there are schools and colleges 地点状语从句
　　(4)once firmed 时间状语从句
　　(5)The moment he opened the window 时间状语从句
3. (1)Whoever 　　(2 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ))Who 　　 (3)until 　　(4)As 　　 (5)Although 　　 (6)that 　
　　(7)unless 　　 (8)where 　　(9)As 　　 (10)Hardly，when (No sooner，than)
4. (1)for放在lo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oking之后 (2)which改为that 　　 (3)whom改为who 　　(4)which改为how 　　 (5)that改为whether 　　 (6)that改为what 　
　　(7)If改为 Whether ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) (8)For改为Because (9)so改为such 　(10)any后加other
【能力提升】
　　(1)B (2)C (3)A (4)B (5)B (6)A (7)A (8)A (9)B　(10)D (11)C (12)D (13)B (14)D (15)D
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