高中英语语法之2·名词 基础训练+能力提升

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名称 高中英语语法之2·名词 基础训练+能力提升
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更新时间 2022-03-01 14:15:58

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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
张道真全范围英语语法之·名词
目 录
话说名词
A 名词的分类
专有名词
普通名词
可数名词和不可数名词
B 名词的数
规则的复数形式
不规则的复数形式
其他复数形式
C 名词的格
名词所有格
所有格的用法
所有格的省略
D 名词的性
E 名词的作用
名词在句子中的作用
名词作定语的情况
基础练习
能力提升
Unit 2 名 词
话说名词
  名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )象概念名称的词。名词属于实词,有具体的含义。名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语或定语。因此,名词在任何一种语言中都是最重要的词类之一。
A. 名词的分类
  名词
  专有名词 Beethoven,U.K.,Christmas
普通名词 个体名词gun,country,boy;
集体名词family,committee   可数名词
   物质名词cotton,tea,air
抽象名词work,happiness    不可数名词
1. 专有名词
  专有名词主要指某个或某些人、地方、机构等专有的名称。专有名词开头的字母要大写。具体分类见下表:
  人名   Diana,Mr Brown,President Clinton,Einstein
  地名   Asia,the Yellow River,Bond Street
  表示某国人的名词   American,Indian,Chinese,Russian
  表示某些抽象事物的名词 Buddhism,NATO
  月份、星期及节日名词  May,Saturday,Easter
  书名、电影名及诗歌名  A Tale of Two Cities 双城记   Gone with the Wind 飘
  对家人的称呼   Mum,Auntie,Dad,Uncle Tom
2. 普通名词
  普通名词是指一类人、东西或是一个抽象概念的名称。它分为以下四类:
  [个体名词]
  个体名词表示某类人或东西中的个体。常见的个体名词有:
  accident actor animal  answer apartment baby  
bag    ball   bird   foot   boat   book  
bottle   box boy   bridge  brother  bus  
camp   car   card   cat   chair   chest  
child   city   week   coat room   hat  
country day   desk   doctor hand   girl  
dog   dream  dress   driver   ear   edge
  century   face   factory  farm   father   film  
friend   garden  gate   hall   computer等。
  个体名词可以用数目来计算,是可数的。如:
  Cary is fond of dogs. 凯里喜欢狗。
  There are five rooms in the apartment. 公寓里有五间房。
  Most classrooms have computers. 多数教室里有电脑。
  A new century has just begun. 一个新的世纪刚刚开始。
  She'll stay here for a week. 她将在这里待一个星期。
  [集体名词]
  集体名词表示若干个体组成的集合体。常见 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的集体名词有:army,audience,cast,company,data,enemy,family,government,group,people,police,press,public,team等。这些词本身有复数的意义,他们后面常接动词的复数形式,表示多个集体,但也有特殊情况,如:
(1) 有些集体名词可作单数看待,也可作复数看待。试比较下面的句子:
  It was late, but the audience was increasing. 天色已晚,但观众还在增加。
  The audience were dressed in a variety of ways. 观众的穿着形形色色。
  The public was unlikely to support the idea. 公众支持这想法的可能性不大。
  The public were deceived by the newspapers. 公众受到报纸的蒙骗。
  The government is planning to build a dam there. 政府打算在那里建一座水坝。
  The government are discussing the proposal. 政府正在讨论这个建议。
(2) 有些集体名词后,动词的单复数都可使用。如:
  Our discussion group is / are meeting this week. 我们的讨论小组这个星期将碰头。
  The press was / were not allowed to attend the trial. 不允许新闻界旁听审判。
(3) 少数集体名词通常用作单数。如:
  The entire community is behind the appeal. 整个社区的人都支持这项呼吁。
  Our company is sending him to work in Boston. 我们公司派他到波士顿工作。
(4) 有一些集体名词则多作复数看待。如:
  Bacteria are often a cause of disease. 细菌常常引起疾病。
  The police have surrounded the building. 警察把大楼围起来了。
  The crew are paid to do all the work on the ship. 船员被雇佣在船上工作。
(5) 有不少集体名词后跟of引起的短语,用来说明、描述、修饰集体名词。如:
  a team of inspectors 一队稽查员   a group of journalists 一批新闻记者
  a pride of lions 一群狮子     a brood of chicks 一群小鸡
  an army of volunteers 一队志愿人员   a bunch of bananas 一把香蕉
  a herd of cattle 一群牛     a flock of sheep 一群羊
  [物质名词]
  物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物。常见的有:
  beer   cake  cheese   cloth  coal   coffee
  dye   fur   glue   ice   ink   oil  
  jam   juice   meat   wood  metal  milk  
  paint  paper  poison   rain   salad   soil    
salt   sand   snow   soap   soup   steel  
  sugar  water  wine   wool等。
  通常情况下,物质名词不可数,因而没有复数形式,但有一些特殊情况:
(1) 有些物质名词可作可数名词,表示“一份,一杯”等。如:
  Bring us two coffees. 请给我们两杯咖啡。
  Two beers, please. 请给我两杯啤酒。
  I want a strawberry ice cream. 我要一份草莓冰淇淋。
  相关试题解析
  —May I take your order now
  —We'd like three black______and... (高考题)
  A. coffee    B. coffees    C. cups of coffees    D. cup of coffees
  【选B】coffee是物质名词,意为“咖啡”,是不可数名词;但表示“一杯或几杯咖啡”时为可数名词。
(2) 有些物质名词用作可数名词,表示“一种”。如:
  I like wines and liqueurs. 我喜欢各种红酒和烈性酒。
  They produce a large range of cheeses. 他们生产各种各样的干酪。
  Stainless steels contain about 12% of chromium. 不锈钢含有约12%的铬。  
(3) 有个别物质名词可用复数形式,表示特定的意思。如:
  We often played on the sands when we were young. 我们年幼时常常在沙滩上玩耍。
  The rains have started early this year. 今年雨季开始得很早。
(4) 有少数物质名词也可用作个体名词,意思上有一定变化。试比较下面的句子:    
   [用作物质名词]     [用作个体名词]
  He was chopping wood. 他在砍柴。   They entered a wood. 他们走进一片树林。
  Strike while the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) iron is hot. 趁热打铁。 I need an electric iron. 我需要一个电熨斗。
  Oil and water will not mix. 油和水不能混合。
She has begun a portrait in oils. 她开始画一张油画像。
  They found gold in the hills. 他们在山里找到了金子。
She won an Olympic gold. 她赢得一枚奥运会金牌。
  [抽象名词]
  抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念。
  常见的抽象名词有:
absence   acce ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ss  age   anger   beauty behaviour comfort  confidence evil   courage
death  design  du ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ty   education energy  experience failure   fear   faith   joy  
fashion  health   ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) help   history labour     love   luck   magic   music   policy     power  peace   pride   protection   reality  
relief   religion   respect  safety   silence  
sleep   time   ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) trade  training travel   trust   truth   waste   wealth  violence
work   worth   youth   independence等。
  通常情况下,抽象名词是不可数的,没有复数形式, 前面也不能加冠词a,an,但也有一些特殊情况:
(1) 在多数情况下,抽象名词用于单数形式,且不加任何冠词。如:
  I had much respect for him. 我非常尊敬他。
  Finally they took off in safety. 最后他们安全地起飞了。
  They longed for freedom. 他们渴望自由。
  Bruce loved beauty, and there he found beauty. 布鲁斯热爱美,在那里他找到了美。
(2) 有时抽象名词前也可加定冠词the、不定冠词a或an。如:
  We enjoyed the beauty of nature. 我们欣赏大自然的美。
  I didn't have the courage to tell you. 我没有勇气告诉你。【出处:21教育名师】
  He has a great respect for Helen. 他很尊重海伦。
  Her dream became a reality. 她的梦想成了现实。
(3) 有些抽象名词可作个体名词,代表具体的东西,这时他们前面可加不定冠词,或用于复数形式。如:
  [用作抽象名词]
  Religion meant more and more to her. 宗教对她变得越来越重要。
  Amber claims to have the power to see the future. 安伯自称有预见未来的能力。
  [用作个体名词]
  Christianity and ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Islam are two different religions. 基督教与伊斯兰教是两种不同的宗教信仰。    
  The great powers held an international conference. 这些大国开了一次国际性的会议。
3. 可数名词与不可数名词
  可数名词与不可数名词的区分是一个重要 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )问题,在使用任何名词时都要考虑这个问题。不少个体名词在英语和汉语中都是可数名词,这比较容易区分。但也有不少名词在汉语中是可数的,在英语中却是不可数的,这就需要专门记忆。在英语中,名
词的可数与不可数有较大的复 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )杂性,有许多名词在通常情况下是不可数的,但在一定情况下又可以变成可数名词。当然,也有具体名词表抽象概念的情况。下面分别介绍:
(1) 如果要表示“一件”这类概念,将不可数变成可数,就得在名词前加“a...of...”之类的定语。这可以分为以下三种情况:
  a...of...用于抽象名词或物质名词前。如:
  a piece of furniture 一件家具   a piece of equipment 一台设备
  an article of clothing 一件衣裳   a bit of information 少量信息
  a piece of work 一件工作     a burst of applause 一阵掌声
  a large quantity of sugar 大量白糖  a suit of clothes 一套衣裳
  a stretch of land 一片土地     a glass of beer 一杯啤酒
  a stroke of good luck 一次好运   a length of cloth 一匹布
  a cake of soap 一块肥皂     a tube of toothpaste 一管牙膏
  a loaf of bread 一个面包     a bar of chocolate 一块巧克力    
  a bottle of brandy 一瓶白兰地   a piece of advice 一条忠告
  a...of...短语既可表示数量,也可表示形态。如:
  a stick of candy 一根棒糖     a cube of ice 一小块冰
  a stick of chalk 一根粉笔     a bar of gold 一根金条
  a blade of grass 一片叶草     a can of orange juice 一听橘汁
  a truckload of coal 一卡车煤
  a...of...短语与可数的复数个体名词连用。如:
  a packet of cigarettes 一包烟   a pair of spectacles 一副眼镜
  a series of problems 一连串问题   a pack of cards 一副纸牌
  a dish of peanuts 一盘花生     a set of books 一套书    
a package of books 一大包书
(2) 很多名词都可以 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )兼作可数名词和不可数名词,词类变化后意思也与原来不同,有些是物质名词兼作个体名词,有些是抽象名词兼作个体名词。如:
  物质名词(不可数):glass 玻璃   copper 铜   paper 纸
  个体名词(可数):a glass 玻璃杯   a copper 铜币 a paper 报纸、证件、论文
  抽象名词(不可数):youth 青春 relation 关系 authority 权威  necessity 必要性
  个体名词(可数):a youth 青年人a relation 亲属an authority 权威人a necessity 必需品
  相关试题解析
  One way to und ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )erstand thousands of new words is to gain______good knowledge of basic word formation.(高考题)
  A. /    B. the   C. a  D. one
  【选C】 本题考查know ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ledge的用法。knowledge作“知识”讲时,是不可数名词,如:much knowledge;但当它和不定冠词a连用(a knowledge of...)时,则表示一门学科的知识。
(3) 有些抽象名词可以用来表示具体的东西,并且有复数形式。如:
  [抽象名词(不可数)]     [表示具体东西(可数)]
  Light travels faster than sound.   The lights are on.
  光比声的速度快。       灯都亮了。
  What she lacks ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )is experience. I've had some disturbing experiences.
  她缺少的是经验。     我曾有过一些不愉快的经历。
  There was no grea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t difficulty. Alan's having financial difficulties.
  没有太大的困难。     艾伦有经济困难。
(4) 有些具体名词有时也可抽象化,表示抽象概念。如:
  [具体名词(可数)]     [表示抽象东西(不可数)]    
  The rooms are to let.     There is room for improvement.
  这些房间要出租。     有改进余地。
  They are building a new school. School begins at 8:00.
  他们在盖一所新学校。     8点钟开始上课。
  Chris had taken a jo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )b at a hospital. The patient was now in hospital.
  克里斯在一家医院找到了工作。  病人住院了。
(5) 有些抽象名词前加不定冠词a / an,表示一种。如:
  [用作抽象名词]       [表示一种(可加冠词a)]
  She gave me a cry of joy.    What a joy to have you with us!
  她高兴得叫了起来。     有你和我们在一起真令人高兴!
  He had very little ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )affection for her.   He had a warm affection for his mother.    
  他对她没有什么感情。      他对母亲有一种温馨的感情。
  He has no real ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) feeling for beauty. The region has a beauty of its own.
  他没有真正的美感。     这地区有它自己的一种美。
  英语中有不少对词,一个可数,另一个不可数。如:
  可数名词       不可数名词
  a poem 一首诗       poetry 诗歌(总称)
  a machine 一台机器      machinery 机器(总称)
  a laugh 一片笑声       laughter 笑声  
B. 名词的数
1. 规则的复数形式
  [名词复数的构成]
(1) 通常在名词后加-s或-es构成名词的复数。见下表:
  情况          加法            例证
  一般情况        加-s   boy—boys,girl—girls,book—books,pen—pens
  以s,x,ch,sh结尾   加-e ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s   class—classes,box—boxes,match—matches,brush—brushes
  以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词 变 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y为i再加-es    city—cities,country—countries(但“元音字母+y”结尾的除外,如boy—boys,toy—toys,way—ways)
(2) 以-o结尾的名词复数的构成:
  许多加-es构成复数。如:
  hero→heroes     potato→potatoes   tomato→tomatoes
  veto→vetoes     echo→echoes
  相关试题解析
  There are many______in the basket.(中考题)
  A. tomatoes  B. tomatos    C. tomato    D. potatos
【选A】 译文:篮子里有许多西红柿。
  下面这些以-o结尾的词只加-s构成复数。如:
  以“元音+o”或以“oo”结尾的词。如:
  videos    radios     studios  
  zoos      bamboos   kangaroos
  一些外来词,特别是音乐方面的词。如:
  pianos    solos    concertos    cellos
  一些缩写词和专有名词。如:
  kilos     photos   memos     Eskimos
  有些以-o结尾的词后加-s或-es均可。如:
  volcano→volcanos或volcanoes   motto→mottos或mottoes
(3) 以-f或-fe结尾的名词复数的构成:
  通常变f为v再加-(e)s。如:
  half→halves   leaf→leaves    loaf→loaves
  self→selves     thief→thieves   wife→wives
  knife→knives    life→lives     shelf→shelves
  有些只加-s,读作[fs]  。如:
  roofs    cliffs    proofs    beliefs      
  有些加-s或-es均可。如:
  scarf→scarves或scarfs   hoof→hooves或hoofs    
handkerchief→handkerchieves或handkerchiefs
2. 不规则的复数形式
(1) 有些常用名词有不规则的复数形式。如:
  man→men     woman→women   tooth→teeth
  foot→feet     child→children   mouse→mice
  ox→oxen     louse→lice     goose→geese   
  policeman→policemen    policewoman→policewomen
(2) 外来词的复数形式
  有些外来词有不规则的复数形式。如:
  stratum→strata    basis→bases    crisis→crises
  thesis→theses     analysis→analyses phenomenon→phenomena
  有些外来词有两种复数形式:原来的复数形式和英语化的复数形式。如:
  单数形式    原来的复数形式   英语化的复数形式
  formula    formulae   formulas
  index      indices     indexes
  cactus     cacti     cactuses
  少数外来词已完全英语化,以加-s或-es构成复数形式。如:
  genius→geniuses       album→albums
3. 其他复数形式
  字母、年份、缩写词的复数形式
(1) 年份加-s或's。如:
  the 1980s (或1980's) 20世纪80年代
(2) 缩写词加-s或's(小写)。如:
  VIPs或VIP's (=Very Important Persons) 贵宾们
  MPs或MP's (=Members of Parliament) 国会议员们
(3) 英语字母等加's。如:
  Mind your p's and q's. 注意你的p和q的写法。
  The teacher had only two A's in his class. 在这个教师的班上只有两个人得A。
  合成词的复数形式
(1) 多数合成词在末尾加-(e)s构成复数形式。如:
  girlfriend→girlfriends     letter box→letter boxes  
  grow-up→grown-ups     forget-me-not→forget-me-nots
  houseboy→houseboys      chorus girl→chorus girls
(2) 少数合成词将-(e)s词尾加在主体词后。如:
  son-in-law→sons-in-law    editor in chief→editors in chief    
looker-on→lookers-on    
(3) 某些由man,woman作为第一部分的合成词变复数时,两部分都要变成复数。如:
  a man student→men students   a woman doctor→women doctors
  相关试题解析
  There are many______in this school. (高考题)
  A. women teachers   B. woman teachers
  C. women teacher    D. woman teacher
  【选A】译文:这所学校有许多女教师。
  单复数同形的情况
  英语中有不少名词,其复数形式与单数形式相同。如:
(1) 某些动物的名称。如:deer,bison,grouse,sheep等。
  This sheep is from Australia. 这只羊是澳洲羊。
  Farmers keep sheep for their wool. 农民为羊毛而养羊。
  A male deer usually has large branching horns. 公鹿通常有大的叉角。
  Male deer usually have horns on their heads. 公鹿头上通常有角。    
  相关试题解析
  —Are there any______on the farm
  —Yes, there are some.(中考题)
  A. horse  B. sheep    C. duck  D. chicken
  【选B】本题考查名词的复数形式。像sheep,deer等名词的单复数形式相同。
(2) craft及由craft构成的合成词。如:
  craft 船   hovercraft 气垫船    spacecraft 宇宙飞船  
(3) 某些表示某国人的词。如:Chinese,Swiss,Portuguese等。
  My neighbour is a Japanese. 我的邻居是日本人。
  The Japanese also eat ice. 日本人也吃大米。
  His wife is a Vietnamese. 他的妻子是越南人。
  The Vietnamese are noted for their cookery. 越南人因其烹调而出名。
  相关试题解析
  I met two______in the street yesterday morning.(中考题)21*cnjy*com
  A. German   B. Australian   C. American D. Japanese
  【选D】译文:昨天上午我在街上遇到两个日本人。
  (4) 还有另外一些单复数同形的名词。如:means,species,series,crossroads,remains等。    
  Wheat is a species of grass. 小麦是一种草本植物。
  There are over 200 species of fish. 有200多个品种的鱼。
  The steel works is closed for the holiday. 钢铁厂假期时关闭了。
  The works have been closed since January. 一月份以来这些厂就关闭了。
  其中像crossroads,series等词,通常用作单数。如:
  They came to a crossroads. 他们来到了十字路口。
  They began a series of experiments. 他们开始了一系列试验。
  同一名词两种复数形式
  第一种情况:同一名词有两种复数形式,表达的意思各不相同。如:
(1) fruit通常作总称或集体名词,单复数同形。但在表示某种水果时可有复数形式;用于抽象或比喻意义时也可有复数形式。如:
  Would you like some more fruit 你要不要再吃点水果?
  The tree bears a red, hard fruit. 这种树结一种红色坚硬的果实。
  Greece has some wonderful fruits. 希腊产一些很好的水果。
  The rulers robbed them of the fruits of their toil. 统治者掠夺了他们的劳动果实。
(2) hair在通常情况下单复数同形,是头发或动物毛发的总称。但表示一根头发或毛时可有复数,用作可数名词。如:
  His black hair is going grey. 他的黑发逐渐变成灰白色了。
  There's a hair in my soup. 我的汤里有根毛。
  The rug was covered with cat hairs. 地毯上净是猫毛。
  Gavin had a few grey hairs. 加文有几根灰白色的头发。
(3) fish表示条数时通常是单复数同形。用复数形式fishes表示鱼的种类。如:
  James caught several fish. 詹姆斯捕了几条鱼。
  There were fishes of many hues and sizes. 有各种色泽和大小的鱼。
  You'll see many kinds of fish(es) in the fish market. 你在鱼市可以看到许多种鱼。
(4) penny有两个复数形式:
  pennies指硬币:Give me five pennies. 给我五个一便士的硬币。
  pence指钱数多少:Potatoes are 20 pence a pound. 土豆每镑20便士。
  第二种情况:同一名词有两种复数形式,但表达的意思是一样的。如:
  Zebra(s) are a more difficult prey. 斑马是一种比较难捕获的猎物。
  They saw a herd of gazelle(s). 他们看到一群羚羊。
  以复数形式出现的名词
(1) 表示由两个相同部分构成的物体的名词。如:
  scissors 剪刀  trousers 裤子  pants 裤子    shorts 短裤
  jeans 工装裤  briefs 内裤   compasses 圆规  scales 天平
  pliers 钳子   tongs 钳子   glasses 眼镜
(2) 由动词的-ing形式转化来的名词。如:
  tidings 消息   writings 作品  doings 行为   findings 调查结果
  earnings 挣的钱 surroundings 环境   belongings 所有物
(3) 其他常以复数形式出现的名词。如:
  contents 目录  arms 武器   fireworks 烟火  oil colours 油画颜料
  thanks 感谢   brains 头脑   goods 货物   statistics 统计资料
  congratulations 祝贺
(4) 有些名词用于某个特定意思时通常用复数形式。如:
  Chinese waters 中国水域      accept their terms 接受他们的条件
  natural resources 自然资源     hold talks 举行会谈
  judge a person by his looks 以貌取人 working conditions 工作条件
  internal affairs 内部事务       consider her feelings 考虑她的感情    
  break off diplomatic relations 断绝外交关系
C. 名词的格
   表示名词所有或从属关系 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的形式称为名词所有格,它主要有三种形式:'s所有格、of所有格及包含's和of两种形式的双重所有格。下面分别介绍:21cnjy.com
1. 名词所有格
  's所有格的构成
(1) 一般词尾加's。如:
  her sister-in-law's friend 她嫂嫂的朋友   a grown-up's problem 成人的问题
(2) 如果原词已有复数词尾-s,则仅仅加一个“'”。如:
  workers' rest homes 工人疗养院
(3) 如果原词是复数,但不带词尾-s,则仍然加's。如:
  the Working People's Palace of Culture 劳动人民文化宫
(4) 以-s结尾的单数名词后,可加's,也可加“'”。如:
  Engels's(或Engels') works 恩格斯的著作
  不过,以-ts结尾的名词后只加“'”,如:
  Keats' poems 济慈的诗
  's所有格的作用
(1) 表示所有关系。如:
  the cat's tail 猫尾巴    the spider's web 蜘蛛网      
  We are studying Robert Burns' poems. 我们在研究罗伯特·彭斯的诗。
(2) 表示动作的执行者。如:
  Kevin was pleased by the King's praise. 凯文很高兴得到国王的赞赏。
  John's gift to Mary was a watch. 约翰送给玛丽的礼物是一只表。
  Our teacher's praise made me feel ashamed. 老师的赞扬使我感到惭愧。
(3) 表示动作的承受者。如:
  The play ends with Hemlet's murder. 剧本以哈姆雷特被害结束。21·cn·jy·com
  Jackson's always singing the King's praise. 杰克逊经常歌颂国王。
  Children's education presents a big problem. 儿童教育正成为一个大问题。
(4) 表示特征。如:
  Kenny has a doctor's degree. 肯尼获得了博士学位。
  The young boy has a man's voice. 这个小男孩有着和成人一样的嗓音。
  of所有格的作用
  表示无生命的名词,通常用“of+名词”表示所有关系。如:
  the end of the week 周末       the cover of the book 书的封面
  the window of the room 房间的窗户   the workshops of the plant 工厂的车间
  双重所有格的作用
(1) 与a或数词连用,表示众多的一个。如:
  He's a friend of Henry's. 他是亨利的朋友中的一个。
  I have read four books of George Eliot's. 我看过乔治·艾略特所写的书中的四本。
(2) 与this,that等词连用,表示赞赏或厌恶等情绪。如:
  This performance of the teachers' was wonderful. 教师们的这个表演很精彩。
  Do you recall that poem of Wordsworth's 你记得华兹华斯的那首诗吗?
  That wife of Mr Brown's is constantly complaining. 布朗先生的那个太太老是抱怨。
  相关试题解析
  It's said that an old friend of______will come to my home. (中考题)21世纪教育网版权所有
  A. my father's   B. my father    C. father's    D. fathers'
  【选A】译文:据说我父亲的一个老朋友将来我家拜访。
2. 所有格的用法
(1) 用于表示人的名词后,译为“(某人)的”。如:  
  John and Mary's school 约翰和玛丽的学校    
John's and Mary's schools 约翰和玛丽各自的学校
  Where is the doctor's prescription 医生的处方在哪里?
(2) 用于一些表示高级动物的名词或少量表示低级动物的名词后。如:    
  Here you get a bird's-eye view of the city. 从这里你可以鸟瞰全城。
  This is the horse's / horses' stable. 这是马厩。
  Here is an ant's nest. 这儿是一个蚂蚁窝。
(3) 用于表示时间的名词后。如:
  a five hours' drive 开车五小时的车程   a few days' absence 几天的缺席
  After that they had a good night's sleep. 之后他们好好睡了一觉。21教育网
  It's about an hour's drive from here. 从这儿开车大约一小时的车程。
(4) 用于表示由人组成的集体的名词后。如:
  What's your government's policy 你们政府的政策是什么?
  There was a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )raid on the Democratic Party's headquarters. 有人袭击了民主党的总部。
  What's the majority's view 多数人的观点是什么?
(5) 用于表示国家、城市等地方的名词后。如:
  It's the country's biggest city. 它是这个国家最大的城市。
  It was the first time I had left England's shore. 这是我第一次离开英国海岸。
  The city's population is in decline. 这座城市的人口正在减少。2-1-c-n-j-y
(6) 用于表示机构、组织等的名词后。如:
  We sat in the station's waiting room until evening. 我们在车站候车室坐到晚上。
  Frieda teache ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s at Harvard's Department of Linguistics. 弗里达在哈佛大学语言学系任教。
  Betty wanted him ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to climb in the college's little world. 贝蒂希望他在大学的小天地里向上发展。【来源:21cnj*y.co*m】
(7) 用于表示一些车、船、用具等的名词后。如:
  I like the car's design. 我喜欢这辆车的设计。
  You can predict a computer's behaviour. 你可以预测一台电脑的性能。
  the plane's engine 飞机发动机
(8) 用于某些固定的短语中。如:
  for friendship's sake 为了友谊   at one's wit's end 黔驴技穷【版权所有:21教育】
  out of harm's way 脱险      to one's heart's content 尽情地
  in my mind's eye 在我心目中    keep at arm's length 保持距离
  the earth's surface 地球表面    for goodness' sake 看在上帝分上
3. 所有格的省略
(1) 所有格所修饰的名词,如果刚刚提到,可以省略。如:
  Her love, like Jennie's, was sincere. 她的爱情,和珍妮的爱情一样,是真挚的。
  Hannah put her arm through her brother's. 汉娜用手腕挽住她哥哥的手臂。
  “Whose book is this ”“ It's John's.” “这是谁的书?”“是约翰的书。”
(2) 表示教堂、商店等的名字时,名词所有格所修饰的名词可以省略。如:
  The dome o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f St Paul's had a peculiar fascination for him. 圣保罗教堂的圆顶特别使他着迷。
  I bought this at Harridge's (shop). 我这是在哈瑞吉(商店)买的。
  I'm going to the butcher's / baker's (shop). 我要到肉铺/面包店去。
(3) 有些人名后加's表示他们的“家”,其所修饰的名词可省略。如:
  We are having dinner at my aunt's tonight. 今晚我们在我姑姑家吃饭。
  He had to go to Gatti's for dinner. 他得到盖蒂家吃晚饭。
  相关试题解析
  —Where is your brother
  —At______.(高考题)
  A. the Green ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s    B. Mr Green's   C. the Mr Green   D. the Green's
 【选B】该题的关键是把 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )握“处所”的省略形式表达法。据问句可知是询问“处所”,回答应为“在格林的家里”,即at Mr Green's,它是at Mr Green's house的省略形式。
D . 名词的性
  英语中有一部分名词随着词义的不同 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )可以分为阴性、阳性和中性三种,阳性指男人、男孩或雄性动物(代词为he / they);阴性指女人、女孩或雌性动物(代词为she / they);中性指无生命的东西、不知性别的动物,有时也指不知性别的婴儿(代词为it /
they)。
(1) 代表人的名词。(见下表)
阳性           阴性
gentleman先生       lady 女士
husband 丈夫      wife 妻子
man 男人         woman 女人
nephew侄子,外甥      niece侄女,外甥女
son儿子         daughter女儿
boy男孩         girl女孩
uncle伯伯,叔叔    aunt伯母,婶婶
father父亲    mother母亲
bridegroom新郎    bride新娘
bachelor单身汉     spinster未婚女子
widower鳏夫    widow寡妇
duke公爵    duchess女公爵,公爵夫人
earl伯爵      countess女伯爵,伯爵夫人
king国王        queen女王,王后
lord勋爵        lady女贵族
prince王子      princess公主
hero男英雄,男主人公    heroine女英雄,女主人公
host男主人    hostess女主人
manager男经理       manageress女经理
steward男乘务员       stewardess女乘务员
waiter男侍者         waitress女侍者
heir后嗣,继承人       heiress嗣女,女继承人
(2) 代表动物的名词。(见下表)
阳性           阴性
cock公鸡     hen 母鸡
dog公狗     bitch母狗
gander公鹅   goose母鹅
drake 公鸭   duck 母鸭
lion雄狮     lioness母狮
ram公羊     ewe母羊
stag雄鹿     doe雌鹿
stallion牡马,种马   mare母马
tiger公老虎   tigerss母老虎
  以下名词没有性的区别:
(1) baby婴儿,child孩子, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cousin堂(表)兄弟/姐妹,infant幼儿,parent父亲/母亲,relation亲属,relative亲戚,spouse配偶,teenager青少年。
(2) 表示职业的大多数名词的阴 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )、阳性形式相同:artist艺术家,assistant助理/店员,cook厨师,dancer舞蹈演员,driver司机,doctor医生,guide向导。
E. 名词的作用
1. 名词在句子中的作用
(1) 作主语。如:
  Psychology and economics are social science. 心理学和经济学都是社会科学。
  Where the bees are, there is honey. 有蜂就有蜜。
(2) 作表语。如:
  History is her major. 历史是她的主修课。
  Why he did it remained a mystery. 他为什么这样做仍然是个谜。
(3) 作宾语。如:
  How many languages do you know 你懂几种语言?
  Heidi gave child a first-rate education. 海蒂给了她孩子一流的教育。
(4) 作定语。如:
  Ivy studies at an evening school. 艾维上夜校。
  Have you been to the flower show 你去参加过花卉展吗?
  相关试题解析
  We like these dishes and______. (高考题)
  A. the tea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) cup    B. the tea's cup    C. the cup of tea  D. the cup for the tea
  【选A】tea作定语修饰cup,表示用途。
(5) 作呼语。如:
  Be quiet, children! 安静点,孩子们!
  Good morning, Mr Wilson. 早上好,威尔逊先生。
(6) 作状语。如:
  The meeting lasted an hour. 会开了一个小时。
  I'll be back Monday. 我礼拜一回来。
(7) 作介词的宾语。如:
  Are you interested in English 你对英语感兴趣吗?
  They have made outstanding contributions to science. 他们为科学作出了突出贡献。
(8) 构成复合宾语。如:
  They elected him chairman of the committee. 他们选他为委员会主席。
  One might call it a mistake in tactics. 我们可以说它是战术错误。21教育名师原创作品
2. 名词作定语的情况
(1) 名词直接作定语时,通常用单数形式。如:
  paper flower 纸花      cotton goods 棉织品
  orange juice 橘子汁     power plant 电力厂
  time table 时刻表      fire brigade 消防队
  family planning 计划生育   research project 研究计划      
  press conference 记者招待会   identity card 身份证
  head librarian 图书馆长     head nurse 护士长
  welcome party 欢迎会     emergency department 急诊室
  season ticket 月季票     inquiry office 问讯处
  express train 快车       weather forecast 天气预报
  seat belt 安全带       trade deficit 贸易赤字
(2) 在没有同根形容词的情况下,很多名词都可作定语,作用和形容词差不多,试比较:
  名词作定语       形容词作定语
  food industry 食品工业      chemical industry 化学工业
  cotton production 棉花生产     agricultural production 农业生产
(3) 名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内容或职能,而与其同根的形容词作定语则强调特点或属性。如:
  gold reserve 黄金储备     golden sunshine 金色的阳光
  heart trouble 心脏病     hearty welcome 热忱的欢迎
  art circle 艺术界       artistic level 艺术水平
  silver dollar 银元       silvery hair 银白的头发
  stone house 石头房子     stony heart 铁石心肠
  snow mountain 雪山     snowy tablecloth 雪白的桌布
  history teacher 历史教师     historical play 历史剧
  rain forest 雨林        rainy season 雨季
  youth delegation 青年代表团    youthful appearance 年轻的样子
  production plan 生产计划     productive labour 生产劳动
 名词作定语时通常用单数形式,但在个别情况下也需用复数。如:
  goods train 货车     a grants committee 补助金委员会
  arms depot 军火库     machines hall 展览机器的大厅
  an Arts degree 文科学位   careers guidance 就业指南
  sports meet 运动会     courses committee 课程委员会
  savings bank 储蓄银行     a customs house 海关大楼
  parks department 园林处   the United States government 美国政府
学以致用
【基础练习】
1. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空
(1) A lot of______(deer) are eating grass at the foot of the hill.www.21-cn-jy.com
(2) I think they are (Tom), not yours.
(3) How many______(people) are there in your family
(4) —What is the woman carrying
   —Some______(vegetable).
(5) I like reading Lu Xun's______(work).
(6) The______(Jackson) are coming to dinner with me.
(7) —How far is it from your home to your school
   —Not far. Just five______(minute) walk.
(8) Do you know how many______(tooth) a person has www-2-1-cnjy-com
(9) Today is______(child) Day, boys and girls.
(10) The______(young) should be polite to the______(old).
2. 选择最佳答案填空
(1) In autumn______turn yellow.
  A. leaves    B. leafs     C. leaf     D. flower
(2) Linda, I've bo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ught several______. Now let's make the birthday cake.
  A. fresh eggs  B. chocolate milk  C. frozen food   D. flour
(3) They are______.
  A. Kate and Mary mother     B. Kate's and Mary's mother
  C. Kate and Mary's mother     D. Kate's and Mary's mothers
(4) The teach ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )er from America gave us______on how to learn English well.
  A. an advice       B. some advices
  C. some advice       D. a piece of advices
(5) —Would you like some______
   —Yes, please. I'm a little thirsty.
  A. bread    B. meat     C. beef     D. orange
3. 根据汉语或首字母提示写出单词。
(1) People ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )often send short______(信息) to each other by mobile phones.
(2) The______(噪音) made the baby awake all night.21·世纪*教育网
(3) These years it seldom snows in______(冬季).
(4) Susan usually has some pieces of______(面包).
(5) The______(架子) a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )re for keeping books. Don't put your backpacks on them.
(6) It looks ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )as if it's going to rain. You'd better take an u______with you.
(7) English ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )people often begin their talks with w______, so when you meet some-one in England, you can say, “It's a fine day, isn't it ”21*cnjy*com
(8) Can you help me solve this______(问题)
(9) During the S ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )pring Festival, f______get together, greeting each other with“Happy New Year”.
(10) Liu Yong's new ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )book The Charm of Speaking (《说话的魅力》) talks mainly about speaking s .
4. 选用下列词语填空,完成短文(注意词形的变化)。
  A piece of meat; today; day; housework; year; teacher; mother
  Today is 1________Day. I decide to cook for my mother. She is busy for 2________all day and has no time to have a rest. I ask Mum to sit to read 3________newspaper while I'm cooking. At dinner, I give Mum two 4________. I hope I can go out to work in a few 5________time and my mother can stay at home to have a good rest.
【能力提升】
1. 选择最佳答案填空。
(1) Oh, John. _____you gave us!
  A. How a pleasant surprise     B. How pleasant surprise
  C. What a pleasant surprise     D. What pleasant surprise
(2) If you don't tak ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e away all your things from the desk, there won't be enough_____for my dictionary.
  A. area   B. place     C. room     D. surface
(3) The_____is just around the corner and you won't miss it.
  A. bicycle's shop       B. bicycle shop    
  C. bicycles shop       D. bicycles' shop
(4) The village is far away from here indeed. It's_____walk.
  A. a four hour B. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) a four hour's   C. a four-hours   D. a four hours'
(5) —I'm sorry I stepped outside for a smoke. I was so tired.
  —There is no_____for this while you are on duty.
  A. reason   B. excuse     C. cause     D. explanation
(6) One of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the consequences of our planet's being warming-up is a(n)_____in the number of natural disasters.
  A. result    B. account   C. reason     D. increase
(7) Don't ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )leave matches or cigarettes on the table within_____of little children.
  A. hand    B. reach     C. space     D. distance
(8) Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up his_____.
  A. ability    B. force     C. strength   D. mind
(9) My_____of this ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) weekend's activity is going out with some good friends.
  A. idea    B. opinion   C. mind     D. thought
(10) Finding ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )information in today's world is easy. The_____is how you can tell if the information you get is useful or not.
  A. ability   B. competition  C. challenge   D. knowledge
(11) To ma ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ke members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know their_____and weaknesses.
  A. strengths  B. benefits   C. techniques   D. values
(12) It's ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )said that dogs will keep you_____for as long as you want when you are feeling lonely.  
  A. safety    B. company   C. house     D. friend
(13) The_____on his face told me that he was angry.
  A. impression  B. sight     C. appearance   D. expression
(14) School ch ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ildren must be taught how to deal with dangerous_____.
  A. states    B. conditions   C. situations   D. positions
(15) At th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e meeting they discussed three different______to the study of mathematics.
  A. approaches B. means     C. methods   D. ways
2. 请在下面短文中的空白处填上适当的名词,使短文意思通顺。
Beijingers Enjoy Fresher Air and Blue Sky
  Residents in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Beijing breathed fresher(1)______and enjoyed blue skies for 224 days in 2007, recording the best air quality in the national(2)______in recent years, a local environmental official has said.2·1·c·n·j·y
  Pan Shuda, chi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ef engineer of the Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Department (环保局), said that there were no sandstorms and only one(3)_____of floating dust was reported last year, although there was less rainfall than in the previous years.
  Compared with ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 2006, the(4)_____of sulphur dioxide (二氧化硫), carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) and particulate matter (颗粒物) in the air dropped by 9percent, 5.3percent and 15.1percent in 2007, according to Pan.
  She owed t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he improvement in local(5)________to the city government's (6)______to reduce pollution by
controlling coal burning, automobile emission and floating dust.
  Beijing transformed ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) over 12,000 coal-burning furnaces to use clean(7)______, about 100,000 households used(8)______for daily life instead of burning coal, and more than 15,0009______and dining halls equipped with facilities to
purify soot (油烟).
Pan said over ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )90 percent of more than 2million motor vehicles in the city had met the (10)_____for discharging emission.
【基础练习】
1. (1)deer   (2)Tom's   (3)people  (4)vegetables  (5)works
  (6)Jacksons  (7)minutes'  (8)teeth  (9)Children's  (10)young; old
2.(1)A  (2)A  (3)D  (4)C  (5)D
3. (1)messages  (2)noise  (3)winter  (4)bread  (5)shelves
  (6)umbrella  (7)weather  (8)problem  (9)families  (10)skills   
4. ( 1)Mother's   ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )(2)housework  (3)today's  (4)pieces of meat  (5)years'
【能力提升】
1. (1)C (2)C (3)B (4)D (5)B (6)D (7)B (8)C (9)A (10)C  
  (11)A (12)B (13)D (14)C (15)A
2. (1)air   (2)capital   (3)case   (4)content  (5)environment
  (6)efforts  (7) ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )energy   (8)electricity  (9)restaurants  (10)requirements
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