高中英语二轮专题：独立主格结构课件（26张PPT）
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| 名称 | 高中英语二轮专题：独立主格结构课件（26张PPT） |  | |
| 格式 | ppt | ||
| 文件大小 | 4.4MB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2021-11-17 13:45:33 | ||
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(共27张PPT)
独立主格结构
Nominative Absolute Structure
1. No man can do two things at once.
2. No man is wise at all time.
3. No man is content .
4. No news is good news.
A man cannot spin and reel at the same time.
一心不可二用 。
聪明一世，糊涂一时。
人心不足蛇吞象。
没有消息就是好消息。
1.The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons ______ for the day.(07重庆）
A. finishing B. finished
C. had finished D. were finished
2.The meeting ______over, we all left the room and drove home.（上海）
A. is B. to be C. being D. would be
3.There _______no bus, we had to walk home.
A. being B. to be C. was D. been
解析：选B。此处考查独立主格结构。如选D项，their lessons前应加连词，所以D项不对；又由于their lessons与finish之间为动宾（被动）关系，所以A、C两项不对，选B属于独立主格结构。
√
√
√
1.He lay at full length upon his stomach ，his head resting upon his left forearm．
他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。
2.The coward was backing ，his face being deathly pale，toward another room．
那个胆小鬼向另一个房间退去，脸色煞白。
O
O
O
O
He lay at full length upon his stomach . His head rested upon his left forearm.
The coward was backing toward another room ．His face was deathly pale.
用作时间状语
The work done ,we went home.
工作完成后，我们就回家了。
用作条件状语
Weather permitting , they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
After the work had been done, we went home.
If weather permits, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
用作原因状语
There being no taxis, we had to walk.
没有出租车，我们只好步行。
用作伴随状语
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head.他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。
表示补充说明
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
功能：独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，多用于书面语，其作用相当于一个状语从句或并列句，常用来表示谓语动词的时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。
Attention!! 独立主格结构
1. 表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首；
2. 表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末;
Conclusion 独立主格结构的功能
1.The meeting over，we left the room．
2.He returned home，his face pale．
3.Time permitting，we’ll visit the Summer Palace．
4.There being no bus, I have to walk home.
做原因状语
做伴随状语
做条件状语
做原因状语
/做时间状语
名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系
The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn’t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
名词/主格代词与不定式之间是将来的或具体的动作。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
Structure
名词/主格代词+形容词
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
名词/主格代词+副词
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了
名词/主格代词+介词短语
The boy went to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
在这个结构中，如果逻辑主语与介词短语中的名词都是单数名词，在这些名词前习惯上不用冠词。但注意比较：
He stood under a tree, hand in pocket.
He stood under a tree, with a hand in his pocket.
with a book in his hand
名词/主格代词+名词
I received many gifts, many of them books.
我收到很多礼物，其中很多是书。
There being +名词（代词）
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
It being +名词（代词）
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
There being + 名词（代词）
It being + 名词（代词）
（一）构成----独立主格（名词或代词）后接 doing, done, to do，形容词，副词，介词短语或名词构成。即：
独立主格结构的构成
名词/主格代词 + 现在分词
名词/主格代词 + 过去分词
名词/主格代词 + 不定式
名词/主格代词 + 形容词
名词/主格代词 + 副词
名词/主格代词 + 介词短语
名词/主格代词 + 名词
1.独立主格结构是一种结构，不是一个句子，不需要用谓语动词。
2.独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它有自己逻辑上的主语，表达相对独立的意思，它独立存在。
3.独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开。
4.在句中只作状语，并可对主句进行补充说明。
5.名词或代词与后面的分词构成一定的关系：
如与现在分词（doing)构成主谓关系或与过去分词(done)构成动宾关系等。
独立主格结构的特点
考试结束了，我们开始放假。
When the test was finished, we began our holiday
The test finished, we began our holiday.
在向导的带领下，我们轻松地走出了森林。
Because the guide led the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.
The guide leading the way, We had no trouble getting out of the forest
1.(由向导带路),we set off on foot into the dark night.
2.(有那么多书要读) , I can’t kill time by playing cards．
3. At the gate stood a PLA man,（手里握着枪）．
4.（做完家庭作业），he went to bed．
5.（由于是星期天）， we decided to go home.
The homework done / finished
（With his homework done / finished）
It being Sunday
The guide leading the way (With the guide leading the way)
With so many books to read
gun in hand （with a gun in his hand）
with复合结构 与 独立主格结构
它们都可以在句中作原因状语、条件状语、时间状语、伴随状况等使用，一般也可以相互转换：
with复合结构的构成是：
with+名词/代词+分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语等
独立主格结构的构成是：
名词/主格代词+分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语等
with复合结构可以作后置定语修饰名词，而独立主格结构则不可作后置定语修饰名词.
Soon she arrived at a park with grass green and
flowers in blossom.
= Soon she arrived at a park whose grass was green and whose flowers were in blossom.
1.作时间状语
With winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and
some birds fly south.
=Winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some
birds fly south.
2.作原因状语
With the weather terribly cold, we entered the room to warm ourselves.
=The weather terribly cold, we entered the room to warm ourselves.
三、作条件状语
With time permitting, we’ll visit the Summer Palace.
=Time permitting, we’ll visit the Summer Palace.
四、作伴随状语
The mother was cleaning the house with her baby
playing on the bed.
=The mother was cleaning the house, her baby playing
on the bed.
无论with复合结构还是独立主格结构，都不可有动词的谓语形式充当其中的逻辑谓语。如下例中的was就必须去掉：
He sat at the desk with a pen was in his right hand.
Attention!!
He sat at the desk ,with a pen in his right hand.
\
独立主格结构中的 being和 having been常可以省略。
All the windows (being) open, the air in the room is fresher.
所有的窗户都开着，屋子里的空气更加新鲜了。
All the tickets (having been) sold out, we had to wait for the next week’s show.
所有的票都卖出去了，我们只好等下周的演出。
Attention!!
但当独立主格结构中的 being done 表示“正在被做”时，being 不可以省略。
当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是it,there时，being不可以省略。
The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.
听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。
Attention!!
Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.
Tom总是迟到，他的老板很失望。
独立主格结构中的时态问题。独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前。
独立主格结构的主语没有所有格形式。
The chief deitor arriving, we began the meeting.
主编来了，我们开始开会。
独立主格结构中，当表人体部位的词作逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his fists clenched,his eyes looking straight up.
他躺在那里，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。
Attention!!
’s
×
英语中还有一些相对独立成分的短语。
有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑主语，作为习惯用语。常见的有：
generally/frankly/strictly/honestly speaking 一般/坦率/严格/老实说
talking of / speaking of 谈到/说到
judging from 由.....来判断
allowing for / considering that 考虑到
Attention!!
有些固定短语是带to的不定式，表明说话人的立场和态度，在句中作独立成分，常见的有：
to be honest/frank 老实说
to be sure 确实
to tell you the truth 说实话
to cut a long story short 长话短说
to make matter/things worse 更糟糕的是
Attention!!
独立主格结构是由名词或代词后接doing, done, to do,形容词、副词，介词短语或名词构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，在句中常做状语。
独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。
独立主格结构与主句不发生句法上的联系 。
切记：独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
独立主格结构
The Absolute Structure
独立 主格 结构
它不依赖于主句，相对独立
它的逻辑主语用代词的主格
它是一种结构，不是一个句子
独立主格结构
Nominative Absolute Structure
1. No man can do two things at once.
2. No man is wise at all time.
3. No man is content .
4. No news is good news.
A man cannot spin and reel at the same time.
一心不可二用 。
聪明一世，糊涂一时。
人心不足蛇吞象。
没有消息就是好消息。
1.The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons ______ for the day.(07重庆）
A. finishing B. finished
C. had finished D. were finished
2.The meeting ______over, we all left the room and drove home.（上海）
A. is B. to be C. being D. would be
3.There _______no bus, we had to walk home.
A. being B. to be C. was D. been
解析：选B。此处考查独立主格结构。如选D项，their lessons前应加连词，所以D项不对；又由于their lessons与finish之间为动宾（被动）关系，所以A、C两项不对，选B属于独立主格结构。
√
√
√
1.He lay at full length upon his stomach ，his head resting upon his left forearm．
他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。
2.The coward was backing ，his face being deathly pale，toward another room．
那个胆小鬼向另一个房间退去，脸色煞白。
O
O
O
O
He lay at full length upon his stomach . His head rested upon his left forearm.
The coward was backing toward another room ．His face was deathly pale.
用作时间状语
The work done ,we went home.
工作完成后，我们就回家了。
用作条件状语
Weather permitting , they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
After the work had been done, we went home.
If weather permits, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
用作原因状语
There being no taxis, we had to walk.
没有出租车，我们只好步行。
用作伴随状语
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head.他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。
表示补充说明
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
功能：独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，多用于书面语，其作用相当于一个状语从句或并列句，常用来表示谓语动词的时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。
Attention!! 独立主格结构
1. 表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首；
2. 表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末;
Conclusion 独立主格结构的功能
1.The meeting over，we left the room．
2.He returned home，his face pale．
3.Time permitting，we’ll visit the Summer Palace．
4.There being no bus, I have to walk home.
做原因状语
做伴随状语
做条件状语
做原因状语
/做时间状语
名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系
The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn’t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
名词/主格代词与不定式之间是将来的或具体的动作。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
Structure
名词/主格代词+形容词
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
名词/主格代词+副词
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了
名词/主格代词+介词短语
The boy went to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
在这个结构中，如果逻辑主语与介词短语中的名词都是单数名词，在这些名词前习惯上不用冠词。但注意比较：
He stood under a tree, hand in pocket.
He stood under a tree, with a hand in his pocket.
with a book in his hand
名词/主格代词+名词
I received many gifts, many of them books.
我收到很多礼物，其中很多是书。
There being +名词（代词）
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
It being +名词（代词）
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
There being + 名词（代词）
It being + 名词（代词）
（一）构成----独立主格（名词或代词）后接 doing, done, to do，形容词，副词，介词短语或名词构成。即：
独立主格结构的构成
名词/主格代词 + 现在分词
名词/主格代词 + 过去分词
名词/主格代词 + 不定式
名词/主格代词 + 形容词
名词/主格代词 + 副词
名词/主格代词 + 介词短语
名词/主格代词 + 名词
1.独立主格结构是一种结构，不是一个句子，不需要用谓语动词。
2.独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它有自己逻辑上的主语，表达相对独立的意思，它独立存在。
3.独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开。
4.在句中只作状语，并可对主句进行补充说明。
5.名词或代词与后面的分词构成一定的关系：
如与现在分词（doing)构成主谓关系或与过去分词(done)构成动宾关系等。
独立主格结构的特点
考试结束了，我们开始放假。
When the test was finished, we began our holiday
The test finished, we began our holiday.
在向导的带领下，我们轻松地走出了森林。
Because the guide led the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.
The guide leading the way, We had no trouble getting out of the forest
1.(由向导带路),we set off on foot into the dark night.
2.(有那么多书要读) , I can’t kill time by playing cards．
3. At the gate stood a PLA man,（手里握着枪）．
4.（做完家庭作业），he went to bed．
5.（由于是星期天）， we decided to go home.
The homework done / finished
（With his homework done / finished）
It being Sunday
The guide leading the way (With the guide leading the way)
With so many books to read
gun in hand （with a gun in his hand）
with复合结构 与 独立主格结构
它们都可以在句中作原因状语、条件状语、时间状语、伴随状况等使用，一般也可以相互转换：
with复合结构的构成是：
with+名词/代词+分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语等
独立主格结构的构成是：
名词/主格代词+分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语等
with复合结构可以作后置定语修饰名词，而独立主格结构则不可作后置定语修饰名词.
Soon she arrived at a park with grass green and
flowers in blossom.
= Soon she arrived at a park whose grass was green and whose flowers were in blossom.
1.作时间状语
With winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and
some birds fly south.
=Winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some
birds fly south.
2.作原因状语
With the weather terribly cold, we entered the room to warm ourselves.
=The weather terribly cold, we entered the room to warm ourselves.
三、作条件状语
With time permitting, we’ll visit the Summer Palace.
=Time permitting, we’ll visit the Summer Palace.
四、作伴随状语
The mother was cleaning the house with her baby
playing on the bed.
=The mother was cleaning the house, her baby playing
on the bed.
无论with复合结构还是独立主格结构，都不可有动词的谓语形式充当其中的逻辑谓语。如下例中的was就必须去掉：
He sat at the desk with a pen was in his right hand.
Attention!!
He sat at the desk ,with a pen in his right hand.
\
独立主格结构中的 being和 having been常可以省略。
All the windows (being) open, the air in the room is fresher.
所有的窗户都开着，屋子里的空气更加新鲜了。
All the tickets (having been) sold out, we had to wait for the next week’s show.
所有的票都卖出去了，我们只好等下周的演出。
Attention!!
但当独立主格结构中的 being done 表示“正在被做”时，being 不可以省略。
当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是it,there时，being不可以省略。
The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.
听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。
Attention!!
Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.
Tom总是迟到，他的老板很失望。
独立主格结构中的时态问题。独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前。
独立主格结构的主语没有所有格形式。
The chief deitor arriving, we began the meeting.
主编来了，我们开始开会。
独立主格结构中，当表人体部位的词作逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his fists clenched,his eyes looking straight up.
他躺在那里，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。
Attention!!
’s
×
英语中还有一些相对独立成分的短语。
有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑主语，作为习惯用语。常见的有：
generally/frankly/strictly/honestly speaking 一般/坦率/严格/老实说
talking of / speaking of 谈到/说到
judging from 由.....来判断
allowing for / considering that 考虑到
Attention!!
有些固定短语是带to的不定式，表明说话人的立场和态度，在句中作独立成分，常见的有：
to be honest/frank 老实说
to be sure 确实
to tell you the truth 说实话
to cut a long story short 长话短说
to make matter/things worse 更糟糕的是
Attention!!
独立主格结构是由名词或代词后接doing, done, to do,形容词、副词，介词短语或名词构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，在句中常做状语。
独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。
独立主格结构与主句不发生句法上的联系 。
切记：独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
独立主格结构
The Absolute Structure
独立 主格 结构
它不依赖于主句，相对独立
它的逻辑主语用代词的主格
它是一种结构，不是一个句子