2021-2022学年人教版（2019）必修第一册：Unit 4 Natural disasters 知识全面总结 学案

人教版（2019）知识点全面总结
必修一Unit 4 Natural Disasters
一．构词法记单词
die—death—dead.
shock —shocking — shocked
breath —breathe
effort，effortless
wise —wisely — wisdom
suffer—suffering
volcano —volcanic
erupt — eruption
supply —supplies
survive — survivor — survival
power — powerful
calm—calmly
strike— stricken— striking
deliver — delivery
effect—effective
二．基础词汇和用法
1. rescue. n/vt营救；救援
《1》把某人从、、、营救出来: rescue sb from 《2》进行营救: attempt a rescue
《3》设法（实行）营救: make/perform a rescue
《4》他答应在我有危险的时候会来救我。 He promised to come to my rescue if I was in danger.
2. damage vt.损坏、迫害。n损失；损害
《1》弥补损失: recover a damage 《2》赔偿损失: pay for damage
《3》遭受损失、蒙受损害: suffer damage
《4》洪水对庄稼造成重大的损毁。 The flood did/caused great damage to the crop.
3.survive. vi生存；存活 vt幸存、艰难度过survivor幸存者； 拓展： 生还者revive —revival
《1》靠、、、活下来；靠、、、生存: survive on 《2》比某人多活、、、survive sb by
《3》在这次空难中没有人幸免于难。 Nobody survived the disaster.
4. destroy vt.摧毁；毁灭destruction n破坏；毁灭 destroy —destruction —destructive
《1》你的话会破坏孩子的自信心。Your words will destroy your child’s confidence.
《2》我们不能再继续破坏环境了。 We can’t continue to destroy the environment.
5.affect vt影响;（疾病）侵袭；深深打动；使感染（疾病）effect n影响；效果；结果
《1》我们被他的真诚深深打动。We were affected by his sincerity.
《2》如今科技极大地影响了我们的生活。 Nowadays technology has greatly affected our life.
6.shelter n避难所；居所；庇护 vt 保护 掩蔽 躲避
《1》那棵大树使我们免受大雨的侵袭.The big tree sheltered us from the heavy rain.
《2》这个计划是为无家可归的人提供住所。The plan is to provide shelter for the homeless.
7.ruin n/vt破坏；毁坏
《1》毁掉某人的希望、健康:ruin ones hope/health 《2》坍塌 fall into ruin
《3》灾难过后，一切都成了废墟。After the disaster, everything was in ruins.
8．Shock n震惊；令人震惊的事；休克 vt 使震惊
《1》文化冲击: culture shock 《2》震惊；吃惊: in shock 《3》对、、、感到吃惊: be shocked at/by
《4》我们非常震惊地得知我们喜爱的这位作家已经去世。
We were shocked to learn that our favorite writer had passed away
9．Trap vt使落入险境；是陷入圈套 n 陷阱；险境
用、、捕捉；使困于: trap sb/sth in sth 2. 诱骗某人使之采取某种行动: trap sb into sth/doing
震后，很多人被困于废墟下。
After earthquake, many people were trapped under the ruins.
10．bury vt埋葬；安葬
《1》专心于（某事）：陷入，沉浸于；藏于:bury…in 《2》埋头于；专心于bury oneself in
她以手掩面，痛哭起来。She buried her face in her hands and cried bitterly,
11.effort n努力；艰难的尝试；尽力
《1》努力做某事: make an effort/efforts to do sth 《2》不遗余力: spare no effort
《3》值得努力: be worth the effort 《4》毫不费力地: without effort
他努力地说英语。He spoke in English with effort.
12. suffer vt遭受；蒙受（因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等）受苦 suffering 痛苦；苦难
《1》遭受: suffer from 《2》遭受疼痛: suffer pain
《3》他们公司去年生意亏损。Their company suffered loss in business last year,
13. supply n供应量；补给；补给品。vt供应；供给
《1》食物供应food supply 《2》供应不足in short supply
《3》提供给某人某物supply sb with sth 《4》把某物提供给某人supply sth to sb
《5》这家商店向顾客提供各种商品。The shop supplies all kinds of goods to customers.
14. power n电力供应；能量；力量；控制力---powerful 强有力的；强大的；
《1》某人有权、能力within one’s power 《2》掌权come into power
《3》有权力做某事have the power to do sth
《4》停电power failure
《5》这里没有人有权在文件上签名。Nobody here has the power to sign the paper.
15.calm n 镇静的；沉着的 vt 使平静；使镇静 calmly平静地；冷静地
《1》保持冷静: stay/keep/remain calm 《2》使某人镇静下来:calm sb down
《3》她在危险面前能保持镇静。She can keep calm in the face of danger.
16.aid n援助；帮助；救援物资v 帮助；援助
《1》（对某人）实施急救 do/give/offer/perform/carry out first aid
《2》帮某人的忙 come to the aid of sb 《3》为了帮助:in aid of
《4》在、、、的帮助下: with the aid of 《5》帮助某人做某事: aid sb in doing sth/aid sb to do sth
《6》在某方面帮助某人:aid sb with sth
《7》为了帮助洪灾地区举行了一场音乐会。A concert was given in aid of the flooded areas.
17.sweep vt/vi 打扫；清扫( swept swept)
《1》消灭；彻底清除: sweep away 《2》打扫干净，清扫干净:sweep out
《3》席卷；轻易通过: sweep through 《4》打扫；清扫:sweep up
《5》晚会结束后，她被留下来打扫卫生。
She was left to sweep up after the party.
18.wave n 海浪；波浪 vt/vi 挥手；招手 wavy adj 波浪形的
《1》向、、挥手: wave at/to 《2》挥手告别: wave off
《3》一波、、、，一阵、、、a wave of
《4》她从街对面向我招手。She waved at me from across the street.
19. strike vt/vi侵袭；突击；击打 n 罢工；罢课；袭击
《1》打一个男孩: strike a boy 《2》钟敲了十二下 : strike twelve
《3》开始罢工、罢课 : be/go on strike 《4》打击敌人: strike the enemy
《5》某人忽然想起: It strikes sb that…
《6》我忽然想起家里一个人也没有。It struck me that there was no one at home.
20. deliver. vt递送，传达，发表 delivery n 递送，分娩
《1》发货: deliver the goods 《2》作报告: deliver a speech
《3》接生: deliver a baby 《4》送某人到家: deliver to sb’s house
《5》大卫会一大早起来送报纸。David would get up early in the morning to deliver newspaper.
21. summary n总结；概括；概要 summarize vt 概述；总结
《1》…的摘要、总结: summary of 《2》总的来说，总之: in summary
《3》作总结: make a summary
《4》总之，这次运动取得了巨大的成功。In summary, the campaign has been a great success.
22. effect n 影响；结果；效果 effective . adj 有效的；生效的 v. affect
《1》实行: bring/ put sth into effect 《2》产生效果: bring about effect
《3》生效；开始实施: come into effect/ take effect
《4》实际上；事实上: in effect 《5》从、、起开始生效: with effect from
《6》这反过来又对狼的食物供应产生了影响。This in turn has effect on the food supply for wolves.
23. length. n长；长度 lengthen v（使）变长
《1》最后，最终: at length 《2》长度: in length. 《3》十分详尽地: at great/full length.
《4》桌子的长度是它的宽度的两倍。The length of the table is twice its breadth.
三．重点短语和基础词组
1.as if/though似乎，好像；仿佛
引导的从句所表示的内容若为事实或为事实。可用陈述语气；若为事实相反，应使用虚拟语气。 他老爱说大话，就仿佛他是一位要人似的。 He likes to talk big as if he was an important person.
听起来好像有人在敲门。
It sounds as if/though there is a knock at the door.
in the open air露天；在户外
乘飞机: by air 在传播中: in the air 正在广播: on the air
停止广播: off the air 他正在户外散步。He is now taking a walk in the open air.
3.on hand 现有（尤指帮助） 交上；提交: hand in 分发: hand out 交出；移交:hand over
交付，传递: hand on 在手边；可能很快发生的: at hand
用手工: by hand握手: shake hands 手拉手；密切关联: hand in hand
如今的女性非常忙碌。一方面，她们要照顾家庭；另一方面，许多妇女又选择外出工作。
Women today are very busy. On the one hand, they have to take care of their families; on the other hand, many women choose to go out to work.
4.volcanic eruption 火山爆发; 5. in ruins 破败不堪;
in shock 震惊； 7. sweep away彻底消除
8. be trapped in被困在; 9. first aid kit 急救箱;
10. a flood of,一大批… 11. come to one's rescue,救援;
12. do damage to sth, 对..造成损害
13.make an effort to do sth, 努力去做
14.spare no effort不遗余力,15. a power cut断电,
e to one's aid.来帮助...
17.in summary总之 18.at length;充分地
19.rescue ... from从..救援., 21.shelter ... from,
22.crash into,猛撞 24. wave goodbye to,
25.deliver ... to交付..., deliver a speech;发表演讲 26.calm down镇定
五．重点句型
1. 主语+be+adj+(+for sb ) +to do 课本原句
水、食物和电都很难获得.
Water, food, and electricity were hard to get.
句式仿写
《2》火山喷发本身的确是很壮观的，我永远也忘不了我第一次看见火山喷发时的情景。
The volcanic eruption itself is really exciting to watch and I shall never forget my first sight of one.
2. be doing……when…正在做、、，这时、、
课本原句
我和我的三个孩子吃早餐的时候。水开始充满了我的家。
I was having breakfast with my three children when water started filling my home.
我正往家走，老师好心地让我搭个便车。
I was walking home when my teacher kindly gave me a lift.
句式拓展
她正要举手，这时下课了。
She was about to raise her hand when class was over.
3..教材: Chickens and even pigs were too nervous to calm down , and refused to go inside buildings.
句式: too+ adj. to... ...太...不能..... .
他走得太慢，不能按时到达目的地。
He walked too slowly 1o get 1o the destination on time
4..教材: It seemed as i fthe world were coming to an end! 仿佛世界末日即将来临!
句式: as if用来引导表语从句 中
仿写: I1 seened as if the whole city lost its life after the powerful earthquake .
定语从句
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。
　　被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
　　关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。
　　关系副词有：when, where, why, how。
　　关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。
　　定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。
　　定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
1 、关系代词引导的定语从句
1) who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you （who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换），例如：　
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.　
3) which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which / that在句中作宾语)
关系代词that和which 都可以指物，that 和Who 都可以指人，其用法区别：
不用that的情况：
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时
(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介词后不能用
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
c) 多用who 的情况
①关系代词在从句中做主语
A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.
②先行词为those, people 时
Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.
③先行词为all, anyone, ones, one 指人时
One who doesn't work hard will never succeed in his work.
④在There be句型中
There is a stranger who wants to see you.
⑤在被分隔的定语从句中
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
⑥在有两个定语从句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时，后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.
There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.
2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.　
b)先行词有the only, the very, the just修饰时，只用that。　
He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.
c)先行词为序数词(the last)、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。
The first English book that I read was "The Prince and the Pauper" by Mark Twin.
d)先行词既有人，又有物时。
He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.
e)当主句是以who 或which 开始的特殊疑问句时，用that 以避免重复。
Who is the person that is standing at the gate.
f)关系代词在从句中做表语
He is not the man that he used to be.
2 、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
关系副词when, where, why, how的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.　
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.　　
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer 　
I'm surprised the way how (by which) he works out the problem.
用适当的关系词填空：
1. I still remember the night _______I first came to the house.
2. I'll never forget the day________ we met each other last week.
3. Mr Black is going to Beijing in October, _______is the best season there.
4. I will never forget the days _______I spent with your family.
5. I'll never forget the last day______ we spent together.
6. This is the school ______I used to study.　
7. Do you still remember the place______ we visited last week
8. Do you still remember the place_______ we visited the painting exhibition
9. Have you ever been to Hangzhou,_____is famous for the West Lake
10. Have you ever bee to Hangzhou, ______lies the West Lake
11. Tom will go to Shanghai,______live his two brothers.
12. I live in Beijing,____is the capital of China.
13. There was a time ______there were slaves in the USA.
14. It is the third time ______you have made the same mistake.
15. It was in the street _____I met John yesterday.
KEYS:
1. when 2. when 3. which 4. that/which 5. that
6. where 7. that/which 8. where 9. which 10. where
11. where 12. which 13. when 14. that 15. that