2022届高考英语二轮复习：被动语态的构成和七类用法学案
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| 名称 | 2022届高考英语二轮复习：被动语态的构成和七类用法学案 |  | |
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| 更新时间 | 2021-11-20 21:45:58 | ||
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高考英语语法总复习：被动语态的构成和七类用法
被动语态的构成
被动语态的基本构成为“be+及物动词的过去分词”。其中be无词义，但有人称、数和时态的变化。以及物动词make为例，其被动形式如下：
一、被动语态的各种句式
1）肯定句式：主语+be+过去分词+其他
例句：Everything that is done in the world is done by hope.
世上做成的每件事都是希望的功劳。
例句：Talents are best nurtured in solitude;but character is best formed in the stormy billows of the world.
才华最好在孤独中培养；性格最好在尘世的惊涛骇浪中塑造。
2）否定句式：主语+be+not+过去分词+其它
例句：Rome was not builtin a day.
罗马不是一天建成的。（伟业非一日之功。）
例句：The glass was not broken by Mary but by wind.
玻璃不是玛丽打碎的而是风刮碎的。
3）一般疑问句：Be+主语+过去分词+其他？
例句：Is the book written by Shakespeare
这本书是莎士比亚写的吗？
例句：Was this library built in the 1960's
这个图书馆是在20世纪60年代建造的吗？
4）特殊疑问句：特殊疑问句（不作主语）+be+主语+过去分词+其他？
特殊疑问句（不作主语）+be+过去分词+其他？
例句：When was the football team set up
这个足球队什么时候建立的？
例句：What was stolen last night
昨晚什么被偷了？
二、含有情态动词的被动语态
1）肯定句：主语+情态动词+be+过去分词+其他
例句：Life can only be understood backwards; but it must be lived forwards.
只有向后看才能理解生活，但要生活好，则必须向前看。
例句：What may be done at any time is done at no time.
随时可做的事，往往没时间做。
2）否定句式：主语+情态动词+not+be+过去分词+其他
例句：Time past cannot be called again.
光阴一去不复返。
例句：A man must not be judged by his appearance,just as the ocean cannot be measured in gallons.
人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。
3）一般疑问句：情态动词+主语+be+过去分词+其他？
例句：Should all the rooms be tidied up
所有的房间都要打扫干净吗？
例句：Must the homework be handed in by tomorrow
明天作业必须得叫上吗？
4）特殊疑问：特殊疑问词（不作主语）+情态动词+主语+be+过去分词+其他？
特殊疑问词（不作主语）+情态动词+be+过去分词+其他？
例句：When can my computer be repaired
我的电脑什么时候可以修好？
例句：Who might be elected president of the university
谁有可能被选为大学校长？
三、各种时态的被动语态
1）一般现在时
被动语态的一般现在时构成为“am/is/are+过去分词”。
例句：He is loved by his all pupils.
他受所有学生的爱戴。
例句：A man,like a watch,is valued by his manners of doing.
人好比时钟，以行动决定价值。
2）一般过去时
被动语态的一般现在时构成为“was/were+过去分词”。
例句：Charles was behead in 1649.
查理一世于1649年被送上断头台。
例句：After my talk,I was asked to explain a point I had made.
我发言后，有人要我就我的一个论点加以解释。
3）一般将来时
被动语态的一般将来时构成为“shall/will+be+过去分词”。Shall主要用于第一人称I，we；will可用于各人称。
例句：Have an aim in life,or your energies will all be wasted.
人生应该树立目标，否则你的精力会白白浪费。
例句：Good will be rewarded with good,and evil with evil.
善有善报，恶有恶报。
4）现在进行时
现在进行时的被动语态构成为“am/is/are+being+过去分词”。
例句：He is being interviewed now.
他现在正在接受面试。
例句：Is the accident now being looked into
这个事故现在正在调查吗？
5）过去进行时
被动语态的过去进行时构成为“was/were+being+过去分词”。
例句：The car was being repaired when you meant to drive it away.
当你要来开车时，车正在修理。
例句：The hall was being built last year.I'm not sure if it is completed.
这个大厅去年正在修建，我不知道现在完成了没有。
6）现在完成时
现在完成进行时的被动语态构成为“has/have+been+过去分词”。
例句：Has the sports meet been put off until next Friday
运动会已经推迟到下周五了吗？
例句：Culture is “to know the best that has been said and thought in the world”.
文化就是“了解世界上最美丽的言辞和最伟大的思想”。
例句：The most important of my discoveries have been suggested to me by my failures.
我最重要的发现是从我的失败中得到启发的。
7）过去完成时
过去完成时的被动语态构成为“had+been+过去分词”。
例句：Had the fire been put out when the firefighters arrived
消防队员到达时火已经扑灭了吗？
例句：The room had been broken into before we came.
我们来之前已经有人强行进过这个房间。
8）将来完成时
将来完成时的被动语态构成为“shall/will have+been+过去分词”。
例句：The design shall have been done by the end of this week.
这个设计在本周末会做完。
例句：Will all the photos have been developed by tomorrow
所有照片明天就能冲洗好吗？
四、一些不定式结构的被动形式
常见的跟被动形式的不定式有be going to be done，has/have/had to be done，be to be done，be sure to be done，be about to be done，be due to be done，be likely to be done等。
1）be going to be done表示“......打算被做”
例句：The plan is going to be carried out next week.
这个计划准备下周执行。
例句：George is going to be promoted.
乔治将要升职。
2）has/have/had to be done表示“不得不被做”
例句：The news has to be kept secret.
这个消息必须保密。
例句：The work will have to be done with great care.
必须十分谨慎地完成这项工作。
3）be to be done表示“按照计划、规定、要求或必须被做”
例句：Nothing in life is to be feared.It is only to be understood.
世界上没有什么可怕的东西，只有待理解的东西。
4）be sure to be done表示“一定会被做”
例句：These difficulties are sure to be overcome.
这些困难一定会被克服。
例句：This problem is sure to be considered as the most serious.
这个问题一定会被当作最严重的事来看待。
5）be about to be done表示“眼下将要被做”
例句：The car is about to be repaired.
这辆汽车马上就要修了。
例句：The work is about to be finished.
工作马上就完成了。
6）be due to be done表示“按期将要被做”
例句：The meeting is due to be held in Saturday.
会议将于本周六举行。
例句：The electricity bill is due to be paid soon.
很快就要交电费了。
7）be likely to be done表示“很快可能会被做”
例句：The work is likely to be finished today.
这项工作今天可能会做完。
例句：The factory is likely to be closed down.
这家工厂可能会被关闭。
被动语态的用法
一般说来，主动与被动的选用，应根据具体的情况而定。一般情况下，主动结构用得比较多，也比较自然。下面几种情况一般用被动语态。
（一）不知或不必提及动作的执行者
不知道或不必知道提到动作的执行者是谁时，常用被动语态。
例句：Gold is tried in the fire.
黄金不怕火炼。
例句：The streets are swept every day.
马路每天都清扫。
例句：When will the result be announced
结果什么时候宣布。
例句：Men are known by their companions.
观其友而知其人。
Don't say “no” till you are asked.
别人还没有求你，不要先说“不行”。
（二）强调动作的承受者
当强调动作的承受者，将承受者作为谈话的中心时用被动语态。这类句子常有一个by引导的短语说明动作的执行者，有时也可没有。
例句：The plan was successfully carried out.
这个计划施行的很成功。
例句：Many houses were destroyed in the war.
很多房子在战争中毁坏。
例句：He that makes himself a sheep shall be eaten by the wolf.
甘为羔羊，定为狼食。
例句：Some people do not use money,instead they are used by money.
有的人不是用钱，而是为钱所用。
（三）动作的执行者很模糊
当动作的执行者是泛指时（如people，one等），常用被动语态。
例句：It is believed that the task will be completed successfully.
人们坚信能成功地完成这项任务。
例句：He is suspected of robbing the bank.
有人怀疑他抢劫银行。
例句：The letter has been opened.
这信被人拆开了。
（四）礼貌的需要，避免说出动作的执行者
有时出于礼貌，不便提到动作的执行者，此时用被动语态。动作的执行者有可能是别人也有可能是自己。
例句：My diary book has been opened.
我的日记被人看了。
例句：You are cordially invited to the ceremony.
热忱邀请阁下参加这次典礼。
例句：The window glass was broken this morning.
今天早上窗户被人打碎了。
例句：I have been told many times not to make noises.
有人多次告诉我不要吵闹。
例句：It is hoped that such things would not happen again.
希望这样的事不要再发生。
（五）为使句子更加合理、流畅
有时为了使句子保持平衡，常用被动语态，从而使语句更加流畅。
例句：The plan was supported by those who wish to live on the campus.
这项计划受到想住在校园住宅区的人的支持。
例句：He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
他在台上出现，受到观众的热烈欢迎。
例句：All these advertisements were made by our company.
所有这些广告都是我们公司做的。
（六）公告、新闻报道、报纸标贴、科技文章中
在公告、通知、新闻报道、报纸标题（其中的be常省略）、科技文章中常用被动语态。
例句：Smoking is strictly prohibited here.
此处严禁吸烟。（公告）
例句：Five-year-old Boys (Were) Kidnapped.
若干名五岁大的男孩遭绑架。（新闻标题）
例句：The mixture is placed in a crucible and is heated to a temperature of 300℃。It is then allowed to cool before it can be analyzed.
将混合液置于坩埚中，加热至摄氏300度，然后令其冷却，便可进行分析。
（七）习惯用法的需要
有些习惯用法只以或常以被动形式出现。
例句：She was seated by the window.
她坐在窗户旁。
例句：I am determined to do better than Mike.
我决心要比迈克做得好。
例句：Every spare moment was devoted to study.
每一点空余时间都用在学习上了。
例句：Age has nothing to do with years.Some men are born old,some never grow old.
年龄与岁月无关。有人生来就老气横秋，有人却永远年轻。
例句：My hometown is situated in southern Shandong Province.
我的家乡坐落在山东省南部。
例句：An archaeologist is the best husband any woman can have:the older she gets,the more interested he is in her.
对任何女人而言，考古学家是最佳的丈夫人选：因为她越老，他对她越感兴趣。
被动语态的构成
被动语态的基本构成为“be+及物动词的过去分词”。其中be无词义，但有人称、数和时态的变化。以及物动词make为例，其被动形式如下：
一、被动语态的各种句式
1）肯定句式：主语+be+过去分词+其他
例句：Everything that is done in the world is done by hope.
世上做成的每件事都是希望的功劳。
例句：Talents are best nurtured in solitude;but character is best formed in the stormy billows of the world.
才华最好在孤独中培养；性格最好在尘世的惊涛骇浪中塑造。
2）否定句式：主语+be+not+过去分词+其它
例句：Rome was not builtin a day.
罗马不是一天建成的。（伟业非一日之功。）
例句：The glass was not broken by Mary but by wind.
玻璃不是玛丽打碎的而是风刮碎的。
3）一般疑问句：Be+主语+过去分词+其他？
例句：Is the book written by Shakespeare
这本书是莎士比亚写的吗？
例句：Was this library built in the 1960's
这个图书馆是在20世纪60年代建造的吗？
4）特殊疑问句：特殊疑问句（不作主语）+be+主语+过去分词+其他？
特殊疑问句（不作主语）+be+过去分词+其他？
例句：When was the football team set up
这个足球队什么时候建立的？
例句：What was stolen last night
昨晚什么被偷了？
二、含有情态动词的被动语态
1）肯定句：主语+情态动词+be+过去分词+其他
例句：Life can only be understood backwards; but it must be lived forwards.
只有向后看才能理解生活，但要生活好，则必须向前看。
例句：What may be done at any time is done at no time.
随时可做的事，往往没时间做。
2）否定句式：主语+情态动词+not+be+过去分词+其他
例句：Time past cannot be called again.
光阴一去不复返。
例句：A man must not be judged by his appearance,just as the ocean cannot be measured in gallons.
人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。
3）一般疑问句：情态动词+主语+be+过去分词+其他？
例句：Should all the rooms be tidied up
所有的房间都要打扫干净吗？
例句：Must the homework be handed in by tomorrow
明天作业必须得叫上吗？
4）特殊疑问：特殊疑问词（不作主语）+情态动词+主语+be+过去分词+其他？
特殊疑问词（不作主语）+情态动词+be+过去分词+其他？
例句：When can my computer be repaired
我的电脑什么时候可以修好？
例句：Who might be elected president of the university
谁有可能被选为大学校长？
三、各种时态的被动语态
1）一般现在时
被动语态的一般现在时构成为“am/is/are+过去分词”。
例句：He is loved by his all pupils.
他受所有学生的爱戴。
例句：A man,like a watch,is valued by his manners of doing.
人好比时钟，以行动决定价值。
2）一般过去时
被动语态的一般现在时构成为“was/were+过去分词”。
例句：Charles was behead in 1649.
查理一世于1649年被送上断头台。
例句：After my talk,I was asked to explain a point I had made.
我发言后，有人要我就我的一个论点加以解释。
3）一般将来时
被动语态的一般将来时构成为“shall/will+be+过去分词”。Shall主要用于第一人称I，we；will可用于各人称。
例句：Have an aim in life,or your energies will all be wasted.
人生应该树立目标，否则你的精力会白白浪费。
例句：Good will be rewarded with good,and evil with evil.
善有善报，恶有恶报。
4）现在进行时
现在进行时的被动语态构成为“am/is/are+being+过去分词”。
例句：He is being interviewed now.
他现在正在接受面试。
例句：Is the accident now being looked into
这个事故现在正在调查吗？
5）过去进行时
被动语态的过去进行时构成为“was/were+being+过去分词”。
例句：The car was being repaired when you meant to drive it away.
当你要来开车时，车正在修理。
例句：The hall was being built last year.I'm not sure if it is completed.
这个大厅去年正在修建，我不知道现在完成了没有。
6）现在完成时
现在完成进行时的被动语态构成为“has/have+been+过去分词”。
例句：Has the sports meet been put off until next Friday
运动会已经推迟到下周五了吗？
例句：Culture is “to know the best that has been said and thought in the world”.
文化就是“了解世界上最美丽的言辞和最伟大的思想”。
例句：The most important of my discoveries have been suggested to me by my failures.
我最重要的发现是从我的失败中得到启发的。
7）过去完成时
过去完成时的被动语态构成为“had+been+过去分词”。
例句：Had the fire been put out when the firefighters arrived
消防队员到达时火已经扑灭了吗？
例句：The room had been broken into before we came.
我们来之前已经有人强行进过这个房间。
8）将来完成时
将来完成时的被动语态构成为“shall/will have+been+过去分词”。
例句：The design shall have been done by the end of this week.
这个设计在本周末会做完。
例句：Will all the photos have been developed by tomorrow
所有照片明天就能冲洗好吗？
四、一些不定式结构的被动形式
常见的跟被动形式的不定式有be going to be done，has/have/had to be done，be to be done，be sure to be done，be about to be done，be due to be done，be likely to be done等。
1）be going to be done表示“......打算被做”
例句：The plan is going to be carried out next week.
这个计划准备下周执行。
例句：George is going to be promoted.
乔治将要升职。
2）has/have/had to be done表示“不得不被做”
例句：The news has to be kept secret.
这个消息必须保密。
例句：The work will have to be done with great care.
必须十分谨慎地完成这项工作。
3）be to be done表示“按照计划、规定、要求或必须被做”
例句：Nothing in life is to be feared.It is only to be understood.
世界上没有什么可怕的东西，只有待理解的东西。
4）be sure to be done表示“一定会被做”
例句：These difficulties are sure to be overcome.
这些困难一定会被克服。
例句：This problem is sure to be considered as the most serious.
这个问题一定会被当作最严重的事来看待。
5）be about to be done表示“眼下将要被做”
例句：The car is about to be repaired.
这辆汽车马上就要修了。
例句：The work is about to be finished.
工作马上就完成了。
6）be due to be done表示“按期将要被做”
例句：The meeting is due to be held in Saturday.
会议将于本周六举行。
例句：The electricity bill is due to be paid soon.
很快就要交电费了。
7）be likely to be done表示“很快可能会被做”
例句：The work is likely to be finished today.
这项工作今天可能会做完。
例句：The factory is likely to be closed down.
这家工厂可能会被关闭。
被动语态的用法
一般说来，主动与被动的选用，应根据具体的情况而定。一般情况下，主动结构用得比较多，也比较自然。下面几种情况一般用被动语态。
（一）不知或不必提及动作的执行者
不知道或不必知道提到动作的执行者是谁时，常用被动语态。
例句：Gold is tried in the fire.
黄金不怕火炼。
例句：The streets are swept every day.
马路每天都清扫。
例句：When will the result be announced
结果什么时候宣布。
例句：Men are known by their companions.
观其友而知其人。
Don't say “no” till you are asked.
别人还没有求你，不要先说“不行”。
（二）强调动作的承受者
当强调动作的承受者，将承受者作为谈话的中心时用被动语态。这类句子常有一个by引导的短语说明动作的执行者，有时也可没有。
例句：The plan was successfully carried out.
这个计划施行的很成功。
例句：Many houses were destroyed in the war.
很多房子在战争中毁坏。
例句：He that makes himself a sheep shall be eaten by the wolf.
甘为羔羊，定为狼食。
例句：Some people do not use money,instead they are used by money.
有的人不是用钱，而是为钱所用。
（三）动作的执行者很模糊
当动作的执行者是泛指时（如people，one等），常用被动语态。
例句：It is believed that the task will be completed successfully.
人们坚信能成功地完成这项任务。
例句：He is suspected of robbing the bank.
有人怀疑他抢劫银行。
例句：The letter has been opened.
这信被人拆开了。
（四）礼貌的需要，避免说出动作的执行者
有时出于礼貌，不便提到动作的执行者，此时用被动语态。动作的执行者有可能是别人也有可能是自己。
例句：My diary book has been opened.
我的日记被人看了。
例句：You are cordially invited to the ceremony.
热忱邀请阁下参加这次典礼。
例句：The window glass was broken this morning.
今天早上窗户被人打碎了。
例句：I have been told many times not to make noises.
有人多次告诉我不要吵闹。
例句：It is hoped that such things would not happen again.
希望这样的事不要再发生。
（五）为使句子更加合理、流畅
有时为了使句子保持平衡，常用被动语态，从而使语句更加流畅。
例句：The plan was supported by those who wish to live on the campus.
这项计划受到想住在校园住宅区的人的支持。
例句：He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
他在台上出现，受到观众的热烈欢迎。
例句：All these advertisements were made by our company.
所有这些广告都是我们公司做的。
（六）公告、新闻报道、报纸标贴、科技文章中
在公告、通知、新闻报道、报纸标题（其中的be常省略）、科技文章中常用被动语态。
例句：Smoking is strictly prohibited here.
此处严禁吸烟。（公告）
例句：Five-year-old Boys (Were) Kidnapped.
若干名五岁大的男孩遭绑架。（新闻标题）
例句：The mixture is placed in a crucible and is heated to a temperature of 300℃。It is then allowed to cool before it can be analyzed.
将混合液置于坩埚中，加热至摄氏300度，然后令其冷却，便可进行分析。
（七）习惯用法的需要
有些习惯用法只以或常以被动形式出现。
例句：She was seated by the window.
她坐在窗户旁。
例句：I am determined to do better than Mike.
我决心要比迈克做得好。
例句：Every spare moment was devoted to study.
每一点空余时间都用在学习上了。
例句：Age has nothing to do with years.Some men are born old,some never grow old.
年龄与岁月无关。有人生来就老气横秋，有人却永远年轻。
例句：My hometown is situated in southern Shandong Province.
我的家乡坐落在山东省南部。
例句：An archaeologist is the best husband any woman can have:the older she gets,the more interested he is in her.
对任何女人而言，考古学家是最佳的丈夫人选：因为她越老，他对她越感兴趣。