2022年中考二轮语法精讲精练之定语从句

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
定语从句精讲精练
一：定义
在复合句中，修饰某一个名词或代词的从句，叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。（通俗来讲，定语从句和词性家族中的形容词是近亲，都有同一个爱好：修饰名词。只不过形容词是一个单词，只能表达简单的意思，而定语从句是个句子，表达的更复杂，更具体，也正因为如此，定语从句必须得系上腰带，才能和被修饰的名词，紧紧的绑在一起，这根腰带就是关系词，关系词又被分为两派，一个是关系代词，一个是关系副词）
Eg. She is a beautiful woman.
She is a woman who is beautiful.
关系代词（没有what）
作主语 作宾语 作定语
指人 who/that who/whom/that whose
指物 which/that which/that whose
关系副词（没有how）
指地点 where
指时间 when
指原因 why
关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。
二, 关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人，在从句中做主语
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。
(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
(1) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
(2) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning
5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替
(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
----The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
(4) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow
-----Do you like the book the color of which is yellow
三.介词＋关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词＋关系代词引导
(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.
(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
(5) We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often
talked about.
(6) We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等
(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)
(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)
2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose
(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)
(2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F)
(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)
(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)
3. “介词＋关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each,
few等代词或者数词
(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
一般情况下,that既可指人又可指物,可以代替who, whom和which。
1.下列情况只能用that
(1)先行词为不定代词all, few, little, much, every-thing, nothing 等时。
All (that) you have to do is to practise every day.
你要做的就是每天练习。
There isn't much (that) I can do.我能做的不多。
(2)先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。
The first lesson (that) I learned will never be forgotten.
我将永远不会忘记我上的第一堂课。
This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.
这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。
3)3先行词被all, any, every, few, little, no, some 等不定代词修饰时。
I have read all the books (that) you gave me.
我已经读完了你给我的所有的书。
(4)先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same 等修饰时。
The white flower is the only one (that) I really like.这朵白花是我唯一真正喜欢的。
This is the very book (that) I want to read. 这就是我想看的那本书。
(5)当主句是以who或 which 开头的特殊疑问句时。
Who is the man that is standing over there 站在那边的那个人是谁
Which of us that know something about physics doesn't know this
在我们懂点物理的人当中有谁不知道这个
6)先行词既有人又有物时。
We talked about the persons and the things that we could remember.
我们谈论了我们所能记得的人和事。
关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词在从句中只能作状语。when 指时间，where指地点，why指原因，how不能作关系词。如：
① We will put off the picnic until next week when the weather may be better.
② He has reached the point where a change is needed.
③ That is no reason why you should leave.
④ This is the way how I did it. (how不能作关系词)
1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
(2) The time when we got together finally came.
2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词＋关系代词”引导的从句替换
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.
五． 关系词的选择技巧
A. 选用哪个关系词，关键是看关系词在定语从句中作什么成分
含有定语从句的复合句可以分为两部分：主句和从句。关系词是定语从句的一个成分。
选用关系词，要看关系词在定语从句中作什么成分，而不是看先行词是什么词性。
He worked in the factory which produces TV sets.
He worked in the factory where his father had worked.
③ I like the school which is near to my home.
④ I like the school where my sister studies.
在句①和句②中，先行词前都有in, 但关系词有用which也有用where的；
在句③和句④中，先行词都是the school, 但关系词有用which也有用where的。
因此，我们可以看出，对关系词起决定性作用的并不是先行词。
在句①和句③中，关系词在定语从句中都是作主语，因此用的都是关系代词which；
在句②和句④中，关系词在定语从句中都是作状语，因此都是用关系副词where。
我们可以看出，用哪个关系词，主要看关系词在定语从句中作什么成分。
B. 选用关系词的方法：一“找”二“还”三“替换”
一. 找：就是先把句子分为主句和从句两部分，再找出先行词和关系词。
二. 还：根据先行词提示的意思，大胆地把定语从句还原为完整的一句话。
三. 替换：用关系词替换定语从句中还原后添加的部分，作主语和宾语用关系代词，作状语用关系副词。（时间状语用when，地点状语用where, 原因状语用why（同初中时做的“对画线部分提问”相似，该用what的时候用which/that即可）
① This is the school ______ I once studied.
② This is the school ______ is the most famous in the city.
③ I am studying at a school ______ my father teaches English.
还原：根据先行词的提示，这三句话的定语从句还原成完整的一句话后分别为：
I once studied at the school. The school is the most famous in the city.
My father teaches English at the school.
粗斜体部分为根据先行词的意思把关系词还原后的部分。
替换：根据 “对画线部分提问”的规则，1.和3.用where, 2.本该用what, 在定语从句中该用what的要换为which/that。因此，答案为：1.where；2. that/which；3. where
C. 关系词一般要位于定语从句的句首
【2009江西】The house I grew up ______ has been taken down and replaced by an office building.
A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which
答案与分析：A没有关系词，不能连接两句话；C介词后不能用that；D关系词一般不位于句末；而B可以看作是关系代词作宾语、放在句首并且省略了。因此选B。
六．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
形式上 不用逗号和主句隔开 用逗号和主句隔开
意义上 是先行词不可缺少的定语，起“指定是哪一个”的作用，去掉后句意不完整 是对先行词的补充说明，删除后句子意思仍完整
译法上 翻译成先行词的定语，“……的……” 通常翻译成主句的并列句
关系词的使用上 A. 作宾语时可省略； B.可用that; C. 可用who代替whom；D.可用why A. 不可省; B. 不用that; C. 不用who代替whom; D. why要换为for which
考点1. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
A. 限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，与先行词之间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词、关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。如：
① This is the house which we bought last month.
这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
② The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
③ I lost my money that day, for which I had to walk home. (非限制性，for which不能换为why，which代指前面 “I lost my money that day.”这句话)
④ He met with a pretty girl in the park, whom he fell in love at first sight. (非限制性，whom不能换为who)
B. 当先行词是专有名词或由物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。如：
① Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
② My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我的房子，去年买的，带着个漂亮的花园。
③ This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
练习
翻译下列句子，注意体会限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句在表达意思上的区别。
1. He has a brother who is a physicist.
He has a brother, who is a physicist.
2. He returned all the books which are written in English.
He returned all the books, which are written in English.
3. The man who lives next door is a doctor.
My sister, who lives next door, is a doctor.
4. A student who studies hard will make good progress.
The student, who lives far from school, is the captain of their football team.
考点2. as, which引导的非限制性定语从句
A. as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面、中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开；但which所引导的非限制性定语从句不能放在句首。
As is known to all, he is the best student in our class.
(as指代整个句子，作主语，置于句首)
He opposed the idea, as could be expected.
(as 指代整个句子，作主语，置于句末)
Taiwan , as you know, is a part of China.
(as指代整个句子，作宾语，置于句中)
He has to work on Sunday, which he doesn’t like.
(which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面)
B. as引导非限制性定语从句，常带有“正如”。当从句为否定时不能用as。
She failed the exam again, as was unexpected. ×
She failed the exam again, which was unexpected. √
C. as, which 可指代整个主句，也可指代主句的一部分。
He was very happy, as could be seen from the look on his face. ( as指代前面整个主句)
He claimed he could speak three foreign languages, which is not true. (which指代“he could speak three foreign languages”，指代前面一句话的一部分)
D. as is often the case是常用说法，意为“像往常那样；正如经常发生的那样”，只能用as，不能用which。
定语从句精练
一．用符号标出下列句子的主句、定语从句、先行词和关系词。主句：___定语从句:（ ）先行词：先行词 关系词：
例：This is the book (that I have been looking for).
① The movie that we saw last night is very exciting.
② Have you bought the book which we talked about？
③ I still remember the day which we spent together last week.
④ He still lives in the house whose windows face south.
⑤ The boy whose father is a policeman speaks English most fluently in our class.
⑥ The girl who you met was John’s sister.
⑦ There is no reason why we shouldn’t be friends.
⑧ They arrived in the early morning when the sky was still dark.
⑨ The days were gone when we had to travel on horses.
⑩ Is this the hospital where you were born
二．利用一“找”二“还”三“替换”的方法选择关系词
1. Is this the reason ______ he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work
A. that B. what C. how D. why
2. Is this the reason ______ he was so careless in his work
A. that B. what C. how D. why
3. The reason ______ he didn’t come was ______ he was ill.
A. why; that B. that; why
C. for that; that D. for which; what
4. He lives in a village ______ is not far from the city.
A. which B. where C. what D. whose
5. He lives in the village ______ he was born.
A. which B. where C. what D. whose
6. In an hour, we travel to places ______ could have taken our ancestors days to reach.
A. where B. when C. which D. what
7. In an hour, we travel to places ______ we can relax and get refreshed.
A. where B. when C. which D. what
8. I’ll never forget the days ______ we spent together.
A. that B. / C. when D. A and B
9. I am looking forward to the day ______ my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.
A. as B. why C. when D. where
10. If we want to have a bright future, we must learn to act in ways ______ do not do harm to other living things.
A. in which B. / C. how D. that
11. Is this the factory ______ color TV sets are produced
A. when B. the one where
C. that D. in which
12. Is this factory ______ color TV sets are produced
A. which B. the one where
C. that D. in which
13. This is the factory ______ produces color TV sets.
A. where B. the one where
C. that D. in which
14. Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut
-You should try the barber’s ______ I go. It’s only 15.
A. as B. which C. where D. that
15. I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, ______ we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.
A. which B. where C. who D. that
16. She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ______ allows them to communicate freely with each other.
A. which B. where C. what D. who
17. By 16:30, ______ was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.
A. which B. when C. what D. that
18. Finally he reached a lonely island ______ was completely cut off from the outside world.
A. when B. where C. which D. whom
三．只能用that不能用which的情况
考点1. 先行词是anything, something, nothing, everything等不定代词时
1. He never reads anything ______ is not worth reading.
A. which B. as C. who D. that
2. 【2010全国2】I refuse to accept the blame for something ______ was someone else’s fault.
A. who B. that C. as D. what
考点2. 先行词是all, much，little, none或先行词被all, much, little, no, any修饰时
3. There is not much ______ can be done.
A. that B. which C. what D. how
4. There is no difficulty ______ can’t be overcome in the world.
A. that B. which C. who D. what
5. Please send us all the information______ you have about the candidate for the position.
A. that B. which C. as D. what
6. You can take any seat ______ is free.
A. that B. / C. which D. it
考点3. 先行词被最高级、序数词以及 the first, the last, the very, the only, the same修饰时
7. The most important thing ______ we should pay attention to is the first thing ______ I have said.
A. which; that B. that; which
C. which; which D. that; that
8. My watch is not the only thing ______ is missing.
A. that B. it C. which who
9. This is the very film ______ I’ve long wished to see.
A. which B. that C. who D. whom
10. This is the last time ______ I shall come here to help you.
A. that B. which C. when D. what
11. It’s the third time ______ late this month.
A. that you arrived B. when you arrived
C. that you’ve arrived D. when you’ve arrived
考点4. 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词用that
12. We’re talking about the piano and the pianist ______ were in the concert we attended last night.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
13. He talked a lot about things and persons ______ they remembered in the school.
A. which B. that C. whom D. what
考点5. 关系代词在从句中作表语或there be结构中的实意主语时, that可指人或物，且通常省略
(概括为：在从句中位于be后。此条仅作了解)
He still talks like the man （that） he was ten years ago.
他谈起话来仍像十年前一样。
The train is the fastest train （that） there has ever been.
这列火车是有史以来最快的火车。
14. She is no longer the sweet girl ______ she used to be.
A. what B. who C. when D. that
考点6. 当先行词前面有which，who等疑问代词时，为避免重复，用关系代词that
同理，当先行词是that, those时，常用关系代词which或who。如：
What’s that which is under the desk？
在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most
15. Who is the person ______ is standing at the gate of Beijing Tourism Tower
A. who B. that C. which D. whom
16. Who ______ has common sense will do such a thing
A. which B. who C. whom D. that
17. Those ______ not only from books but also through practice will succeed.
A. learn B. who C. that learns D. who learn
考点7. 注意：关系副词不受这些规则的影响
只是在选用关系代词时才使用这些规则。如：
18. Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet ______ life has developed gradually.
A. that B. where C. which D. whose
19. This is the same house ______ her grandfather was born.
A. that B. where C. which D. whose
答案：
一．① The movie (that we saw last night) is very exciting.
② Have you bought the book (which we talked about)
③ I still remember the day (which we spent together last week).
④ He still lives in the house (whose windows face south).
⑤ The boy (whose father is a policeman ) speaks English most fluently in our class.
⑥ The girl (who you met) was John’s sister.
⑦ There is no reason (why we shouldn’t be friends).
⑧ They arrived in the early morning (when the sky was still dark).
⑨ The days were gone (when we had to travel on horses ).
⑩ Is this the hospital (where you were born)
二．
1. A 2. D 3. A 4. A 5. B
6. C 7. A 8. D 9. C 10. D
11. D 12. B 13. C 14. C 15. B
16. A 17. A 18. C
三．只能用that不能用which的情况
1. D 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. A
6. A 7. D 8. A 9. B 10. A
11. C 12. D 13. B 14. D 15. B
16. D 17. D 18. B 19. B
21世纪教育网 www.21cnjy.com 精品试卷·第 2 页 （共 2 页）
HYPERLINK "http://21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
" 21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)