高考英语单选题常见失误分析与应试对策

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高考英语单选题常见失误分析与应试对策
(1)We should stop pollution_________ longer.
A. from living B. to live C. living D will live
（2）Peter was so excited ________he received an invitation from his friend to visit Chongqing
A．where B. that C. why D. when
We should stop pollution _______(harm) us
harming
Peter was so excited______ he jumped up.
that
2.I spent the whole afternoon ______myself in the study.
A. to lock B. lock C. locking D. locked
1. His mother did all she could _________him to get through the college.
A. to help B. help C. helping D. helped
第一题的意思为他妈妈尽她所能去帮助他上完大学。本题中中学生会受到could的影响而理所当然的认为后接动词原形而误选B。本题中she could是定语从句，其后省略了do，help是目的状语，所以用不定式。
第二题的意思为我把自己锁在书房度过了一下午。本题学生会受到spend…doing结构的影响而误选C。其实本题中locked myself in the study是伴随状语，而不是作spent的宾语，故选D。
受思维定势的干扰
对于此类题的填空题在题干的设计上往往把词汇、习惯用语放在一个特定的语言环境中来考查，从而加大了考查语言运用能力的难度。因此，答题时不要孤立地看某一短语，要通过上下文所给的信息进行分析，弄清整个句子结构，推断某一习惯用法、固定短语在具体语境中的运用。如：
【对策】
例如： The days are gone _________ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.（2011天津）
A. when B. that
C. where D. which
The day I had looked forward to ______at last.
A. came B. come C. coming D. to come
本题中不要孤立地看到look forward to这个短语而误选C。根据句子结构可知本题缺少的是谓语，故选A。
1)Mr .Wang made up his mind to devote all he could ________his oral English before going abroad。
A. improve B. to improve C. improving D. to improving
2)You can imagine what great difficulty I have ________your house.
A. found B. finding C. to find D. for finding
3).Time should be made good use of _________our lessons well.
A. learning B. learned C. to learn D. having learned
----It Is getting late. I’m afraid that I must go now
----OK.___________(2011北京）
Take it easy . B. Go slowly
C. Stay longer D. See you .
二．受母语的干扰
英汉两种语言有许多共同之处，但也有更多的不同之处。由于母语在大脑中根深蒂固，所以常常会对外语学习者大脑中尚不牢固的外语知识产生负面影响，干扰学习者学习正确、地道的外语。
---I apologize for not being able to join you for dinner
---________, we’ll get together later.(2011)
A. Go ahead B. Not to worry C. That’s right D. Don’t mention it
答案B. 选择项D 符合汉语的回答习惯“别提了”。一般用于别人道谢时候的回答，翻译成“不客气”
句意：没有能和你一起吃饭深表歉意。 不必担心，我们以后还有机会一起吃。
---Where is your ticket
---Oh, my God! I _____it at the office
.
A. had B. forgot C. left D. lost
【对策】
不同的国家有着不同的文化和不同的风俗习惯，在平时学习时要多积累和掌握不同的国家的语言和文化，尤其是说英语的国家的文化和习惯。
本题会受汉语思维的影响而误选B，而英语应用leave，落下，忘带。
1. I think he is _____ to win, but I’m not sure.
possible B. likely C. impossible D. certain
2. ---Congratulations on your daughter’s passing the college entrance examinations! She is really smart!
---__________.
A. No, no, she is nothing B. Oh, thanks
C. You’re right D. Don’t say so
【分析】
第一题的意思为我想他可能获胜，但我不能确定。如果只从汉语意思的角度来考虑这道题，很容易误选A/C，表示可能，但从英语习惯上看，A和C也不能选，它们的主语一般是事物或形式主语it而不是人；此题最佳答案为B，其主语可以是人也可以是物或形式主语it。?
第二题是交际用语，按照中国人的思维习惯别人在赞扬自己时总喜欢谦虚，学生会受其影响而误选A；但根据西方习惯可知别人赞扬你时应表对别人的好意示感激，故选B。
【例题】
答案 D 注意：在do you think/believe/suppose/imagine 与特殊疑问词连用时， 习惯把他们放在特殊疑问词的后面， 句子语序用陈述语序。
1.-Where do you think ________he _______the computer
-Sorry, I have no idea.
had ; bought B. has ; bought
C. did; buy D./; bought
命题者为了加大试题难度有时会在题干中有意设计一些无效的附加信息，使题干复杂化，从而给我们的理解带来困难。
三：受插入成分或多余信息的干扰
此题易错选A、C. 选A形成a lot of搭配；选C形成much more time much修饰比较级。但我们通过分析题干，去掉插入语I think，该句可简化为：He has spent a lot _____ time in reading than she has. a lot相当于 much起修饰作用，而不必再用much，从而得出正确答案为B.
【对策】
对于此类题应学会变冗长题干为简单题干。一般说来两个逗号中间的成分往往是插入成分，解题时可以把这些无效信息大胆舍去，这样就能抓住试题主干，脉络清晰，顺利解题。如：
He has spent I think a lot ______ time in reading than she has.(2011) A. of B. more C. much more D. of much more
【分析】
第一题的意思为吉姆踢足球即使不比迈克强也和他一样好。可能会受到if not better than这个插入语的影响而误选A。二本句话只要把插入语去掉答案就明显了。
第二题的意思为他告诉我这个消息，信不信由你，他一天就赚了1000美元。学生会受到插入语believe it or not的影响而不知其后的句子与名词news之间的关系是补充说明其内容的，是同位语从句而不是定语从句。
1. Jim plays football_____, if not better than, Mike.
A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as ?
2. He told me the news _____, believe it or not, he had earned $1 000 in a single day.?
A. that B. which C. as D. because?
1） The fact that so many people still smoke in public places ________that we may need nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of smoking.(2011江苏）
A. suggest B. suggests
C. suggested D. suggesting
2）Shirley, a real book lover, often brings home many books to read _________ the library.（2011重庆）
A. in B. for
C. by D. from
四：受特殊句式结构的干扰
同学们在学习英语时最熟悉的句型是陈述句的句型，对倒装结构或疑问句结构就不是很熟悉了，命题人就抓住这个弱点来进行命题。
1.Is this school ______you visited last year
A. the one B. that C. where D. the one where
【分析】
第一题的意思为这个学校就是去年你参观过的吗？本句话是一个一般疑问句，如果不注意分析句子结构而误认为先行词为this school并且在从句中作宾语就会误选B。如果把它还原就可知道本句话的正常语序为This school is ______you visited last year.由此可知答案为A。
3.Rather than ______on a crowded bus, he always prefers ______a bicycle.
A. to ride; to ride B. riding; ride C. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding
C 第三题是个倒装句，还原成正常语序则为He always prefers ______a bicycle rather than ____on a crowded bus.此时很明显本题是考查prefer to so sth. rather than do sth.的结构。
2. Whom would you rather _____with you this time
A. have gone B. have go C. have to go D. had gone
B 第二题的意思为这次你愿意让谁和你一起去呢？本句也是疑问句语序，如果不仔细分析会认为have是主动而选A的。二本句话还原成陈述句则为You would rather have whom go with you this time. have在本句中是实意动词，意思为使，让。
这句话是被动语态，如果只注意到consider，而想到consider doing时就容易选成D。但只要我们把这个被动变成主动People generally consider Charles Babbage _____the first computer.就很容易得出答案C了。
【对策】
在解答那些题干为感叹句、倒装句、强调句、被动语态等打乱了正常语序的单项选择题时，我们可以将其还原为正常语序或主动语态后再作选择的方法。因此做这类题时，采用还原法才能使我们在解题过程中，保持清醒的头脑，挖掘出题目的核心，考点，快速找到正确答案。
Charles Babbage is generally considered _____the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
还原法
突破对策1：疑问句还原为陈述句
Who would you rather have ____with you A. go B. to go C. gone D. going
A
突破对策2：被动句还原为主动
Ways must be thought of ____the balance of nature. A. keep B. keeping C. to keep D. being kept
还原法
C
突破对策3：感叹句还原为陈述句
What great difficulty we had ____her. A. persuade B. to persuade C. persuading D. persuaded
还原法
C
突破对策4：强调句还原为一般句
It was ____ the old bike that the old man spent the whole evening at home. A. repairing B. to repair C. repair D. repaired
还原法
A
突破对策5：倒装句还原为正常句：
To all of us ____the honor for success.. A. belong to B. belongs to C. belongs D. belong
还原法
C
突破对策6：复合句变为简单句
Is this the bike you wish to________ A .have repaired it B. have it repaired C .have repaired D. repair it
还原法
C
五：忽视标点符号的作用
在有些英语单选题中，标点符号对解题起着关键的作用，如果不注意标点符号或不明白某些常见标点符号的作用，很容易选错。
1._________, we had to walk home last night.
A. There is no bus B. There was no bus
C. There being no bus D. Being no bus
2.I have never seen anyone run so fast---_______David go.
A. just watch B. just to watch C. just watching D. just having watched
第一题选C. 应注意到空后是逗号，而且题干和选项中没有连词，这就说明空白出不能选谓语动词而要选非谓语动词。许多同学不注意逗号及其作用而误选B。
第二题选A. 题干中有一破折号表明其后成分与其前成分一样都是一个句子，故正确答案为A。如果不明白破折号的作用就会误选其它。
选A本句话中两个标点符号很重要，一个是Mary后的逗号，这说明Mary在本句中是称呼语，而非形式上的主语；另一个是分号，这说明分号前后两个句子结构一致，根据stay就可知案就很明显是A而不是B或其他了。
【对策】
同学们要明白大多数单选题的题干较短，所以标点符号在解题过程中起着非常重要（有时是决定性）的作用，用什么样的标点符号或用不用标点符号答案往往完全不一样的，因此一定要掌握一些常见的标点符号的基本作用。如：
Mary, _______here---everybody else, stay where you are.
A. come B. comes C. to come D. coming
If an excellent Chinese novel is translated into English, _____ means many more people in the world can enjoy it. (2011)
A. as B. which C. what D. that
点拨：因为前句已经有连词if，所以选答案D，that指前句所述内容。若没有if，就选B，which引导一个非限制性定语从句。
@. Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, , of course, made all the others upset.(2011)
A. who B. which C. what D. that
六：忽视题干中空前后剩余信息的提示作用
有些试题中正确答案的选择需要根据空后信息的提示才能得出，如果学生只看空前的信息就理所当然的得出一个答案往往是错误的。
【例题】
1.I had to buy _____these books because I didn’t know which one was the best.
A. both B. none C. neither D. all
【分析】
第一题选D 意思为因为我不知道哪一个是最好的因此我得把所有的书都买下来。本题中如果学生不注意最后的the best，就会轻易的选择了A，而the best提示表明这是三本或三本以上的书，故答案为D。
2. ---Which one can I take
---You can take _____of them; I’ll keep none.
A. both B. any C. neither D. all
第二题选D 如果不注意最后一个词none提示表示这是三者或者三者以上时，就容易误选A。
本题只要注意到题干最后的by car就很容易选出答案A了。
【对策】
对于许多单选题，我们要前后照应，全面考虑，切忌只看前一半或后一半，尤其是不能忽视题干中没有设空的部分。
如：
---Do you remember _____he came
---Yes, I do. He came by car.
A. how B. when C. that D. if
1.. —That must have been a long trip.
—Yeah, it ______ us a whole week to get there.（2011北京）
takes B. has taken
C. took D. was taking
3 —Bob has gone to California.
—Oh, can you tell me when he （2011北京）
A. has left B. left C. is leaving D. would leave
2..—I don’t really like Janes . Why did you invite him
—Don’t worry. He come. He said he was’t certain what his plans were.(2011北京）
A. must not B. need not
C. would not D. might not
1. _____ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
【陷阱】容易误选 A，认为此处应填一个形式主语。 【分析】答案是 B。比较下面一题：
2. _______ is known to us all is that the 2008
Olympic Games will take place in Beijing.（08 福建）
A. It B. As C. That D. What
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七：忽视题干中的省略成分
英语中为了使句子简单，有些成分如主从句主语一致时从句的主语常被省略，引导宾语从句中的that以及定语从句中关系代词作宾语时常常被省略，以及不定式符号to后的成分在前已经出现过时也常省略。所以这有时也成为命题人用来迷惑同学们的一种手段。在一些结构比较复杂的题中如果不注意被省略的成分，往往会误选答案。
【例题】
1. Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had _____ went wrong again.?
　　A. it B. it repaired C. repaired D. to be repaired?
2. His mother did all she could _________him to get through the college.
A. to help B. help C. helping D. helped
【分析】
第一题C 句意为布朗夫人很失望地发现她让人修过的洗衣机又坏了。本句话中学生们如果不注意在machine后其实省略了第二个实意动词had(使、让)的宾语that/which的话，很容易选成B。
第二题A 如果不注意在could后省略了do就容易选成B。
D,本题我们可以根据句意来将题干补充完整：Though they have been told many time, they can’t understand the rules.根据这个完整的句子我们很容易就得出正确答案为D而不是A或C。
【对策】
许多同学只熟悉完整的句子结构而不了解省略结构从而导致误选答案。为此我们可运用分析句子结构的方法，补全句子，从而变成我们熟悉的句子，这样就能破解难点，寻求正确答案。如：
Though _____many times, they can’t understand the rules. (2010)
A. told B. being told C. having told D. having been told
______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.(2011) A. Having suffered B. Suffering
C. To suffer D. Suffered
--Who should be responsible for the accident
-- The boss, not the workers. They just carried the order____.
A. as told B. as are told C. as telling D. as they told
八：误将特殊情况一般化
每个英语语法中都有其一般的规则，这些规则大多数情况是通用的，但同时几乎每个语法项目中总有一两种特殊情况，如果不把一般情况和特殊情况结合起来学习就容易发生误选答案的情况。
【例题】
His father wanted him to become _____businessman when he grew up but he turned ______teacher later.
A. a; a B. a; the C./; / D. a; /
D 题的意思为他父亲想让他长大后成为一名商人而他后来却成为了一名老师。如果只知道单数名词不可单独使用而不注意turn这个词表示“变成”时的特殊用法的话就容易误选A。
2. After seeing this _____film, his eyes were filled with the _______tears.
A. moving; moving B. moving; moved
C. moved; moved D. moved; moving
3. --Do you have _____money on you I want to buy a pen.
--Sorry. If I have ____money, I will buy one, too.
A. some; some B. any; any C. some; any D. any; some
【分析】
B.第二题的意思为在看过这部令人感动的电影后，他的眼里充满了感动的泪水。如果只知道在修饰物表示时要用现在分词，修饰人时用过去分词的话，就会误选A。
C. 第三题的意思为—你身上有钱吗？我想买支钢笔。---对不起。我要是有的话我也要买一支。如果只知道any用在疑问句、否定句，some用在肯定句的话，就容易误选D。在表示希望得到对方的肯定回答或表示给予建议时习惯上要用some代替any；同时在条件句中要用any代替some，因此答案为C。
A. 如果只知道suggest后的宾语从句中谓语动词要用(should) do时就会误选答案B或C的。而本题中suggested的意思并不是建议而是暗示、表明，其后的宾语从句不用虚拟语气，因此答案为A。
【对策】
对于此类题我们在平时学习时就要养成多总结的习惯，把每个语言点或语法项目中的特殊情况归纳出来，经常练习，这样才能熟练准确的掌握各个知识点。
如：
His pale face suggested that he _____ill.
A. was B. be C. should be D. is
3. David is such a good boy _______ all the teachers like.
A. that B. who C. as D. whom
【陷阱】此题容易误选A，许多同学一看到题干中的such，
便认为这是考查such … that …句式。
【分析】答案为C，不是A，因为在such … that …
（如此……以至……）结构中，that 引导的是结果状语从句，
并且 that 在从句中不充当句子成分，若在上句填入 that ，动词like 缺宾语。所以用as 作关系代词，用以引导定语从句，修饰其前的名词boy，同时 as 在定语从句中用作动词 like 的宾语.
（1） He brought with her three friends, none of ______ I had ever met before.(09全国)
A. them B. who C. whom D. these
（2） He brought with her three friends, and none of ______ I had ever met before.
A. them B. who C. whom D. these
√
√
比较下面两题：
4. Was it on a lonely island_______ he was saved one month after the boat went famous
A. where B. that C. which D. what
1. You can’t predict everything. Often things don’t ____________ as you expect(2011)
A. run out B. break out
C. work out D. put out
2. Find ways to praise your children often, _________ you’ll find they will open their hearts to you.(2011)
A. still B. or C. and D. but
3. He decided that he would drive all the way home instead for of ______at a hotel for night .(2011)
A putting down B putting off C putting on D putting up
5.The police still have I found the lost child, but they’re doing what they ____ .四川
A. can B. may C. must D. should
6. _______ an important role in a new movie, Andy has a chance to become famous.
A. Offer B. Offering C. Offered D. To offer
7. Jane won't join us for dinner tonight and ________.
A. neither won't Tom B. Tom won't either
C. Tom will too D. so will Tom
8. The island, ________ to the mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to.
A. joining B. to join
C. joined D. having joined
9. Sarah pretended to be cheerful, ________nothing about the argument.
A. says B. said
C. to say D. saying
10.Though ________ to see us, the professor gave us a warm welcome。
A.、surprise B. was surprised
C. surprised D. being surprised
11.Neither side is prepared to talk to ________ unless we can smooth thing over between them。
A. others B. the other
C. another D. one other
12.-What do you do yesterday afternoon
-I went to the bookstore，___ some books and visited my uncle.
　 A. to buy 　 B. bought
　 C. Buy 　 D. buying?
13. With Father’s Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank_______ presents for my dad. A．buy B. to buy C．buying D. to have bought
14. — That must have been a long trip.
—Yeah, it ____ us a whole week to get there.
A. takes B. has taken C. took D. was taking
15. —Bob has gone to California.
—Oh, can you tell me when he ___
has left B. left C. is leaving D. would leave
16. Sit down, Emma. You will only make yourself more tired, ____ on you feet.
to keep B. keeping
C. having kept D. to have kept
近几年高考的答案的要求从正确答案改变成了选出最佳选项，也就是说四个答案无绝对错误，这样就有了干扰性，提高了对我们的要求。
同时，无论短文改错，完形填空还是阅读理解，书面表达，都离不开词汇和语法知识这个重要基础，也就是说，单选题做好了，也就为其他几项打好了基础。