专题九【词法】动词和短语动词（语法聚焦+典例解析＋真题回放+能力拓展）中考英语总复习学案

考 纲 解 读
动词和短语动词是英语中最灵活、最难掌握的知识点。短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有
的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。纵观各地的中考英语试题，有关短语动词的考题比比皆是， 主要涉及时态和语态、词语辨析、非谓语形式等。设题时往往都是给出四个不同的动词或短语来测试在具体语境中对动词短 语意义的理解和运用能力，主要出现在单项选择及完形填空中。
目 标 考 点
1. 动词的词义和辨析
2. 动词的搭配
3. 动词与介词或副词构成的动词短语或短语动词
⊙考点一 动词的概述及分类
知识聚焦
动词是表示动作、状态等的词。根据动词的含义 及它们在句中的作用分成四类：实义动词（也称行 为动词）、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。如：
We have lunch at
我们 12 点吃午饭。(have 是实义动词) We have been to New York.
我们去过纽约。(have 是助动词)
I am hungry. 我饿了。(am 是连系动词) She was beaten on the way home.
她在回家的路上被人打了。(was 是助动词) You must wait for me.
你必须等我。(must 是情态动词) The door needs painting.
这个门需要油漆了。(needs 是及物动词)
1. 实义动词
实义动词是指在句子中表示有关主语的动作或者 是状态的主要动词。从是否需要宾语来分，实义 动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。
（1）及物动词：后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义
动词，叫及物动词；有的及物动词必须接一个宾语， 有的必须接两个宾语。如：
I believed you. 我相信你。
The old man told us a story yesterday.
那位老人昨天给我们讲了一个故事。
We heard her singing in the room.
我们听到她正在房间里唱歌。
（2）不及物动词：本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的
实义动词，叫不及物动词。如：
Birds can fly. 鸟会飞。
My watch stopped. 我的表停了。
（3）兼作及物动词和不及物动词：英语里有不少实 义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。如：
Shall I begin at once
我可以立刻开始吗 (begin 作不及物动词) She began working as a librarian after she left school.
她毕业后当了图书馆管理员。(began 作及物动词) When did they leave Chicago
他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的？(leave 作及物动词) They left last week.
他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)
2. 连系动词
连系动词亦称系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独 用作谓语，后边必须跟表语共同构成复合宾语— 系表结构，说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
（1）状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有 be 一词。如：
He is a teacher.
他是一名教师。（is 与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）
（2）持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要 有 keep，rest，remain，stay，lie，stand 等。如：
He always kept silent at meeting.
他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
（3）表像系动词
用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有 seem，appear，
look 等。如：
He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems（to be）very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
（4）感官系动词
感官系动词主要有 feel，smell，sound，taste 等。如：
This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。
（5）变化系动词 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要 有 become，grow，turn，fall，get，go，come，run 等。如：
He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time.
她没多长时间就富了。
（6）终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作，主要有 prove，trun out，表达 “证实”，“变成”之意。如：
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。 The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。 His plan turned out a success.
他的计划终于成功了。（turn out 表终止性结果）
3. 助动词
助动词就是协助主要动词构成谓语的动词。助动 词本身没有词义，不可单独作谓语，只能和别的动 词一起构成谓语，表示时态、语态、语气等，或表示 疑问或否定。常用的助动词有 be，do，does，did， have，has，shall，will，would 等。
助动词的语法作用
（1）表示时态
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has arrived. 他已经到了。
（2）表示语态
He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
（3）构成疑问句
Do you like college life 你喜欢大学生活吗？
（4） 构成否定句
I don’t like him. 我不喜欢他。
（5）加强语气
I do love you. 我真的喜欢你。
（6）构成倒装句
Never did I hear of such a thing.
我从未听说过这样的事情。
（7）用来代替动词
He works hard than you do.
他比你工作努力些。(do 代替 work)
4. 情态动词（详见专题八）
5. 常用助动词的用法
（1）助动词 be 的用法
① be +现在分词，构成进行时态。如：
They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important.
英语现在越来越重要。
② be + 过去分词，构成被动语态。如：
The window was broken by Tom.
窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world.
世界各地都教英语。
③ be + 动词不定式，表示最近、未来的计划或安 排。如：
He is to go to New York next week..
他下周要去纽约。
We are to teach the freshmen. 我们要教新生。
（2）助动词 have 的用法
① have +过去分词，构成完成时态。如：
He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。
② have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时。如：
I have been studying English for ten years.
我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。
③ have +been +过去分词，构成完成时被动语态。如：
English has been taught in China for many years.
中国教英语已经多年。
（3）助动词 do 的用法
① 构成一般疑问句。如：
Do you want to pass the CET
你想通过大学英语测试吗？
Did you study German 你们学过德语吗？
② do + not 构成否定句。如：
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。
He doesn’t like to study. 他不想学习。
In the past, many students did not know the impor- tance of English. 过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
③ 构成否定祈使句。如：
Don’t go there. 不要去那里。
Don’t be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明：构成否定祈使句只用 do，不用 did 和 does。
④ 放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。如：
I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。
I do miss you. 我确实想你。
⑤ 用于倒装句。如：
Never did I hear of such a thing.
我从未听说过这样的事情。 说明：引导此类倒装句的副词有 never，seldom， rarely，little，only，so，well 等。
⑥ 用作代动词。如：
— Do you like Beijing 你喜欢北京吗？
— Yes, I do.
是的，喜欢。（do 用作代动词，代替 like Beijing.） He knows how to drive a car, doesn’t he 他知道如何开车，对吧？
Would you go to Shanghai the next week
下周你们去上海吗？
He said he would come. 他说他要来。
典例解析
1．My neighbour has twin sisters. They
good at swimming. ( 江苏淮安)
A. be B. am C. is D. are
both
（4）助动词 shall 和 will 的用法
shall 和 will 作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成 一般将来时。如：
I shall study harder at English.
我将更加努力地学习英语。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
（5）助动词 should 和 would 的用法
① should 无词义，只是 shall 的过去形式，与动词原 形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称。如：
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。
② would 也无词义，是 will 的过去式，与动词原形 构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。如：
【解析】考查 be 动词的用法。主语 They 是复数，应用 are，
故选 D。
2. This piece of music beautiful.
( 江苏宿迁) A. looks B. sounds C. tastes D. smells
【解析】考查连系动词的词义辨析。此题是信息提示题， 由句中主语部分的 music（音乐）可知应选 B 项（听起来）。A 项（看起来），C 项（尝起来）和 D 项（闻起来）均不合题意。
3．How much does the ticket from Shanghai to
Beijing （ 河北）
A．cost B．take C．spend D．pay
【解析】考查同义词辨析。四个动词都可表示“花费”，但 用法不同。cost 的主语一般是物，take 主语多是形式主语 it；
spend 和 pay 主语一般都是人。本句主语是 the ticket，故选 A。
⊙考点二 动词的基本形式
知识聚焦
动词有五种形式：动词原形、第三人称单数形式、现 在分词、过去式和过去分词。除此之外，还有不定 式和动名词。动词原形又叫不带 to 的不定式，动 名词和现在分词的形式相同。
1. 第三人称单数形式的构成
一般现在时主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词后要 加 s 或 es，其变化规则与名词变复数的方法大体相 同：
（1）一般情况下在动词后加-s。如：
work→works write→writes
（2）以 s，x，sh，ch 结尾的动词，后加 es。如： guess→guesses mix→mixes finish→finishes catch→catches
（3）以辅音字母加 y 结尾的动词，改 y 为 ies。如：
study→studies
注：不规则变化。如：
have→has be→is go→goes do→does
2. 现在分词的构成
（1）一般情况下在动词后加-ing。如：
study→studying work→working。
（2）以不发音的字母 e 结尾的动词，先去掉 e 再加
-ing。如：
write→writing move→moving。
（3）以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结 尾的动词，要双写末尾一个辅音字母，再加-ing。如：
get→getting begin→beginning。
（4）以 ie 结尾的动词，一般将 ie 改为 y，再加-ing。如：
lie→lying die→dying tie→tying。
3. 过去式和过去分词的构成
（1）一般情况直接加-ed。如：
ask→asked work→worked。
（2）以不发音的 e 结尾的动词，只加-d。如：
love→loved dance→danced。
（3）以辅音字母加 y 结尾的动词，把 y 变为 ied。如：
try→tried study→studied。
（4）以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结
尾的动词，先双写末尾一个字母，再加 ed。如：
stop→stopped，permit→permitted。
注：不规则变化。如： read→read→read beat→ beat→beaten
become→became→become
go→went →gone bring→brought→brought lay→laid→laid
典例解析
1.－ How’s the weather tomorrow, Rose
－ I hear there is going to a snow storm.
（ 黑龙江鸡西）
A. have B. be C. is
【解析】be going to 后接动词原形，故选 B。
2．I’d like you for a picnic with us. ( 河北) A. go B. to go C. going D. went
【解析】would like sb to do sth 是固定句式，故应用不定式
形式 to go。故选 B。
⊙考点三 动词短语
知识聚焦
在英语中某些动词后接副词或介词， 构成短语动 词，产生新的意义，应根据语境判断其意义。有的 短语动词相当于及物动词， 有的则相当于不及物 动词。短语动词一般有下列几种形式：
1. 动词+介词
look at...看…… look like ... 看上去像……
look after... 照料… … listen to... 听…… welcome to... 欢迎到…… speak to... 对……说话 此类短语相当于及物动词，其后必须带宾语，但宾
语无论是名词还是代词，都要放在介词之后。
2. 动词+副词
“动词+副词”所构成的短语动词分为两类：
（1）动词 +副词（ ）
put on 穿上 take off 脱下 write down 记下 此类短语可以带宾语，宾语若是名词，放在副词前 后皆可；宾语若是人称代词，只能放在副词的前面。
（2）动词 +副词（ ）
come on 赶快 get up 起床 go home 回家 come in 进来 sit down 坐下 stand up 起立
此类短语只能作不及物动词，不可以带宾语。
3. 动词+副词+介词
get out of 避免 catch up with 提出；出
look forward to 盼望
4. 动词+名词+介词
take care of 照顾；照料
have a word with 与……交谈
have a look at 看一看
make friends with 与……交朋友
注意
此类短语动词只能作及物动词。
典例解析
1. The plan isn’t perfeet, so we should and make a new one.（ 湖北黄石）
A. give up it B. give it up
C. give out it D. give it out
【解析】give up 放弃；give out 分发，公布。由句意“计划 不完善”可知要放弃和重新制定一个；故此处应用 give up，当 “动词+副词”类短语动词带的宾语是代词时，代词应放在动词 和副词中间。故选 B。
2. A lot of meetings were because of the dangerous disease．（ 天津）
A．turned off B．set off
C．put off D．taken off
【解析】turn off 关闭，set off 出发，动身，put off 推迟，take
of（f 飞机）起飞，脱衣。根据句意，选 C。
真题回放
1. The girl sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous, for she before.（ 江苏无锡）
A. didn’t fly B. hasn’t flown
C. hadn’t flown D. wasn’t flying
2. — Why didn’t you go to the cinema with us this afternoon
— I at the station for my uncle from Beijing.
（ 安徽）
A. was waiting B. have waited
C. am waiting D. will wait
3. In the past few years there great changes in my hometown. ( 甘肃兰州)
A. have been B. were
C. had been D. are
4. In our school library, there a number of books on science and the number of them growing
larger and larger.（ 四川巴中）
A. is；are B. are；is C. have；is
5. — You don’t look well, Don! You’d better see your doctor.
— I , but he said there was nothing wrong. ( 山东滨州)
A. will B. would C. had D. Have
6. — What is the weather like this summer here
— There very little rain. ( 广州)
A. has B. has been C. are D. have been
7. Hong Kong to be a good place for eating today. ( 河北)
A. knows B. knew
C. is known D. was known
8. This term over. The summer vacation is coming in two weeks. ( 河北)
A. is B. was C. has been D. will be
9. I’m feeling much better now so you call the doctor.（ 浙江杭州）
A. couldn’t B. wouldn’t
C. can’t D. needn’t
10. My brother left school in 2005, and since then he
in Beijing. ( 河北)
A. lives B. lived C. will live D. has lived
11. I my clothes, and the phone rang. ( 河北) A. wash B. washed
C. am washing D. was washing
12. — the Internet in your school
— Yes, but the computer in our office has broken down.（ 浙江东阳）
A. Is；used B. Is；using
C. Does；use D. Has；used
13. Last Sunday my aunt at home with me. We were watching TV all day.（ 重庆市）
A. was B. were C. is D. are
14. Tom the USA. He back in two months. ( 江苏宿迁)
A. has gone to；comes B. has gone to；will be
C. has been to；comes D. has been to；will be
15. Teenagers to follow the traffic rules.
( 黑龙江绥化) A. should be taught B. should teach
C. can be allowed
16. Don’t the light, I a report.
（ 新疆阜康）
A. turned off；have read B. turn off；am reading C. turned on；have read
D. turned on；am reading
17. — Will you stay here for supper
— Sorry. I _. I‘ll have to meet my uncle at the station.（ 海南三亚）
A. mustn’t B. can’t C. needn’t D. don’t
18. — I don’t care what my teachers think．
— Well，you .（ 江苏苏州）
A. could B. would C. should D. might
19. I a mistake. Please don’t be angry with me. ( 河北)
A. make B. made C. will make D. had made
20. — Shall we go for a picnic in the park this Saturday
— Oh, that good.（ 浙江衢州）
A. feels B. looks C. tastes D. sounds
21. — How can I well with my lessons, Dad
（ 安徽）
— Practice makes perfect.
A. work on B. hold on C. get on D. keep on
22. You shouldn’t your hope. Everything will be better. ( 甘肃兰州)
A. give up B. fix up C. cheer up D. put up
23. I felt it hard to keep up with my classmates. But whenever I want to , my teacher always
encourages me to work harder. ( 山东滨州)
A. go on B. give up C. run away D. give back
24. — TV and computer are so popular these days.
— Yes, they can our eyes to the outside world.（ 浙江宁波）
A. call up B. open up C. turn up D. take up
25. Angel is keen on all kinds of pop music. The underlined part means“结 ”.（ 上海）
A. is surprised at B. is famous for
C. is fond of D. is worried about
26. Eton College in England was in 1440 by
King Henry VI to give free education to poor students.（ 杭州）
A. cleaned up B. set up
C. fixed up D. cheered up
27. — Steven, could you help me when the plane will take off on the Internet
— I’m sorry, my computer doesn’t work.
（ 重庆）
A. get on B. find out C. look for D. look after
28. — My father has decided to smoking.
— That’s good news for us. （ 山东莱芜）
A. give up B. give out C. give in D. give to
29. — A new book on show to lose weight is soon.
— Really I can’t wait to read it. ( 江苏扬州) A. giving out B. coming out
C. working out D. selling out
30. — Do you know how to pronounce this word
— Yes. I in the dictionary yesterday.
( 湖北襄樊) A. looked it up B. worked it out
C. gave it away D. picked it up
能力拓展
1. Excuse me . May I you to pass me the sugar
A. keep B. make C. let D. trouble
2. Mr Smith’s plane . Let’s wait for him here .
A. hasn’t arrived B. didn’t arrive
C. doesn’t arrive D. couldn’t arrive
3. Almost all the water gone . Please save water !
A. are B. is C. have D. were
4. Mr Li is out . But he here ten minutes ago.
A. was B. is C. will be D. would be
5. — Look ! The bus is coming .
— But it’s full of people . We can’t it. A. get off B. get down
C. get on with D. get on
6. The flowers start to in spring .
A. come in B. come out
C. come form D. come to
7. — Who jumps the farthest in your school
— Henry .
A. does B. jumps C. has D. is
8. You were on the farm yesterday, you
A. didn’t B. don’t C. aren’t D. weren’t
9. — Where is Tom
— He hasn’t come to school today. I think he
be ill .
A. has to B. should C. may D. need
10. There some milk in the glass .
A. is B. are C. have D. has
11. Li Ping studied hard, he
A. was B. did C. wasn’t D. didn’t
12. The bag is light. Wang Ping can it by herself.
A. find B. watch C. carry D. learn
13. It’s very hot here. You’d better your coat.
A. put on B. get on C. take off D. put in
14. Both Kate and I ready for the picnic now.
A. is not B. is getting
C. are getting D. am getting
15. He the bus and found a seat next to the window.
A. gets on B. got on C. gets off D. got off
16. Please write to me as soon as you Shanghai.
A. arrive B. reach C. got to D. come
17. — I visit Lucy on Sunday, Mum
— Yes, you .
A. Must；can B. May；may
C. Need；need D. May；need
18. The twins from Canada .
A. are B. is C. am D. be
19. — Excuse me. Where is the zoo
— Sorry, I don’t know. Ask that policeman. He
know.
A. shall B. may C. need D. would
20. I will tell you how to get to the place, you’d better
it .
A. try；on B. get；off
C. take；down D. pick；up
21. You can what is happening on the other side of the world by telephone .
A. see B. make C. hear D. learn
22. — Must I finish my homework now
— No, you . You do it this evening. A. mustn’t；can B. needn’t；may
C. can’t；must D. needn’t；must
23. The doctor the old man carefully and found something wrong with him.
A. looked at B. looked up
C. looked over D. looked for
puters process difficult problems very, very quickly.
A. must B. need C. should D. can
25. — Excuse me. Will you please tell me the way to the railway station
— Oh, sorry ,but I don’t know. You go and ask that policeman.
A. may B. must C. would D. should
26. When the headmaster came into the hall, all the students to welcome him.
A. sat down B. went out
C. stood up D. turned back
27. — People now can know what is happening in the world quickly.
— You’re right. With the help of computers, news can every corner of the would .
A. get B. arrive C. return D. reach
28. — It’s a lovely day, it
— Yes. Let’s go out for a walk .
A. doesn’t B. haven’t C. aren’t D. isn’t
29. This book Lucy’s. Look ! Her name is on the book cover.
A. must be B. may be
C. can’t be D. mustn’t be
30. — I hear your father to Japan once.
— Yes. He there last year .
A. went；has been B. has been；went
C. goes；went D. has been；has been
31. His telephone number is 6037809. Have you
A. written it down B. written down it
C. written them down D. written down them
32. — I’m sorry I my homework at home.
— That’s all right. Don’t forget it to school this afternoon.
A. forget；ake B. forget；to bring
C. left；to take D. left；to bring
33. It ten years since they to France.
A. was；moved B. was；have moved
C. is；have moved D. is；moved
34. — You must come back every month.
— Yes, I .
A. will B. must C. should D. can
35. He wait until the rain _.
A. won’t；will stop B. won’t；stop
C. will；stops D. will；will stop
36. Your daughter is very ill. Have you a doctor
A. sent for B. heard from
C. paid for D. looked after
37. — So you went to see the film with Tom.
— Yes. Bob with me.
A. won’t go B. isn’t going
C. doesn’t go D. wouldn’t go
38. — Excuse me . Where‘s the Science Museum
— Take No. 3 bus and at the fourth stop . A. get on B. get off C. get up D. get to
39. — Your name again I quite catch it .
— Federico MacAdam .
A. didn’t B. don’t C. wouldn’t D. won’t
40. If you finish reading my book , please to me.
A. give it again B. give again it
C. give back it D. give it back
专题九 动词和短语动词
【真题回放】
1~5 CAABD 6~10 BCDCD 11~15 DAABA
16~20 BBDBD 21~25 CABBC 26~30 BBABA
【能力拓展】
1~5 DABAD 6~10 BADCA 11~15 DCCCB
16~20 BBABC 21~25 DBCDA 26~30 CDDAB
31~35 ADAAC 36~40 ADBAD
中
中
中