专题十二【词法】非谓语动词（语法聚焦+典例解析＋真题回放+能力拓展）中考英语总复习学案

考 纲 解 读
非谓语动词是指不定式、动名词、分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）三种形式，是中学英语一个重要的语法点,也是中考必
考考点之一。考查非谓语动词的常见题型有选择填空、用动词的适当形式填空等。做这类题时主要是要找到相关的关键词， 平时要牢记这些常见的重点动词用法。
目 标 考 点
1. 动名词与、现在分词与过去分词的区别
2. 非谓语动词的主动式与被动式
3. 非谓语动词完成式的用法
4. 非谓语动词用作伴随状语、目的状语或结果状语
5. 非谓语动词用作宾语补足语
6. it 作形式主语、宾语的用法
7. 非谓语动词的综合考查
⊙考点一 动词不定式
知识聚焦
1. 动词不定式的概念及形式 动词不定式是英语非谓语动词的一种，其基本形 式是：“to ＋动词原形”（有时可以不用 to），否定形 式是 not to +动词原形。to 是动词不定式符号，本 身 没 有 词 义。动 词 不 定 式 没 有 人称 和 数 的 变 化， 在句子中不能作谓语。 其次，动词不定式或不定
式短语仍保持动词的特点，即可以有自己的宾语 和状语。不定式同它的宾语或状语可构成不定式 短语。
2. 动词不定式的语法功能
动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。因此 在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和 状语等句子成分。
(1) 作主语
To live is to work. 生活就是工作。
To save time is to lengthen life.
节约时间就等于延长了人的生命。 不定式结构作主语时，常用 it 作形式主语，把不定 式结构后置。如：
It is important for students to study English.
学好英语对学生来说是很重要的。
(2) 作定语
I have nothing to say on this question.
对这个问题我无可奉告。
Give me a piece of paper to write on.
给我一张纸写字。
Our teacher had no time to think about rest.
我们老师根本没时间考虑休息一下。
(3) 作宾语
I wish to be a college student.
我希望成为一名大学生。 有的及物动词要求跟复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)。 如果其中的宾语是不定式短语，则必须将形式宾 语 it 放在宾语的位置上，而将不定式短语 (真正的 宾语)放在宾语补足语之前。如：
I find it useful to learn English well.
我发现学好英语很有用。
(4) 作宾语补足语
① 作动词 ask, like, tell 等的宾语补足语时，动词不 定式符号 to 不可以省略。如：
He asked me to talk about English study.
他请我谈谈英语学习。
② 作使役动词 let, have, make 以及感官动词 feel, hear, see, watch 等的宾语补足语时，动词不定式符 号 to 要省略。如：
The teacher made him say the word like this.
老师让他像这样说这个单词。
③作动词 help 的宾语补足语时，动词不定式符号
to 可以带，也可以不带。如：
Could you help me (to) carry the heavy box
你能帮我搬这个重箱子吗？
(5)作状语
He stopped to have a rest. 他停下来休息。（目的）
He woke up to find everybody gone. 他醒来发现大家都走了。（结果） I’m sorry to hear your grandma is ill. 听到你奶奶生病真遗憾。（原因）
He is old enough to go to school.
他到了上学年龄了。（程度）
2. 动词不定式的结构
(1) 带 to 的动词不定式结构
能直接跟带 to 的不定式结构的动词主要有：want, ask, tell, hope, learn, try, decide, forget, remember, like,
love, stop, go, come 等。如：
I want to go to the movies with you.
我想跟你一起去看电影。
Don’t forget to turn off the light before you leave.
在你离开之前别忘了关灯。
(2) 不带 to 的动词不定式结构
① 在固定词组 had better 之后, 其否定形式是 had better not do sth。如：
You had better go home now. 你最好现在回家。 It’s cold outside. You’d better not go out. 外面很冷，你最好不要出去。
② 在 let, make, see, feel, watch, hear 等感官或使役动
词后，要跟不带 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：
I made them give me the money back.
我迫使他们把钱还给我。
I didn’t see you come in. 我没看见你进来。
③ 在引导疑问句的 why not 之后。Why not +不带 to 的不定式是 Why don’t you do 的省略，可以用来 提出建议或劝告。如：
Why not study with us
为什么不和我们一起学呢？
Why not take a holiday =Why don’t you take a holi- day 为什么不休个假呢
④动词不定式在介词 but, except, besides 后面时，如 这些介词前有实义动词 do 的各种形式，则后接不 带 to 的不定式，否则带 to。如：
I have no choice but to accept the fact.
除了接受这个事实我别无选择。
What do you like to do besides swim
除了游泳你还喜欢做什么？
⑤为了避免重复，不定式可省去 to。如： I’m really puzzled what to think or say. 对于想什么或说什么，我真的很困惑。
3. 动词不定式的时态
动词不定式常用的时态有一般时、完成时、进行时 和完成进行时四种，常用的为前三种。
(1) 一般时 动词不定式的一般时表示不定式的动作或状态与 谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或在之后发生。如：
I plan to attend the meeting.
我计划参加这次会议。
(2) 完成时 不定式的完成式表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动 词表示的动作之前。如：
I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
很抱歉让你久等了。
(3)进行时 不定式的进行式表示不定式的动作与谓语动词所 表示的动作同时发生。如：
They are said to be working hard.
据说他们工作得很努力。
(4) 完成进行时 不定式的完成进行式表示不定式的动作在谓语动 词之前已经发生，并且一直进行着。如：
He is said to have been working in that factory for twelve years. 据说他已在那家工厂工作 12 年了。
典例解析
1．Father often tells me_ too much time on computer games.（ 河南）
A. don’t spend B. not spend
C. not to spend D. not spending
【解析】tell sb to do sth (告诉某人做某事)，其否定式是在
to 前加 not。故选 C。
2．— What would you like for breakfast
— I like hamburgers . But now I’d like some
cakes.（ 湖北黄石）
A. eating B. to eat
C. to drink D. drinking
【解析】考查固定句式的用法。 would like to do sth(想做 某事)中 like 后接动词不定式。故选 B。
⊙考点二 动名词
1. 动名词的概念及形式
动名词是一种非谓语动词形式，是由动词变化而来， 所以，其意义往往是表示某个动作或某件事情。动 名词在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语和定语。动 名词由“动词+ ing”构成，其否定形式是在 doing 前 加 not。
2. 动名词的语法功能
（1）动名词作主语，常表示概括性或一般性的行为。如：
Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。
Learning English is fun. 学英语是有趣的。
（2）动名词可作及物动词的宾语，有些短语动词后， 也可用动名词作宾语。如：
I like reading. 我喜欢读书。
He is fond of watching sports games.
他喜欢观看体育竞赛。
（3） 动名词做表语，相当于名词，主语和表语的位 置可互换。如：
My job is teaching. 我的工作是教书。
Your task is cleaning the windows.
你的任务就是擦窗户。
（4）动名词可以作定语，说明其所修饰名词的用途。如： There is a swimming pool in the back of the garden. 在花园的后面有一个游泳池。
3. 动名词有两种时态和语态
（1）一般式(doing)：表示动名词中的动作与谓语动 作同时或之后发生，或者没明确时间先后。
This public advert encourages people to participate in protecting animals. 这个公益广告鼓励人们参与保护动 物。(主动)
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我们必须阻止空气被污染。(被动)
（2）完成式(having done)：表示动名词动作发生在 谓语动作之前。
I remember having read before.
我记得以前读过《乱世佳人》这本书。(主动)
I remember having been taken to Beijing before.
我记得以前我被带到北京(去玩)过。 (被动)
4. 习惯后接动名词作宾语的动词或短语
英语中有些动词后接另一动词作宾语时，该动词习 惯上要用动名词形式，而不用不定式形式，这类动 词(及短语动词)主要有：
admit 承认 advise 建议 allow 允许 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免 consider 考虑 delay 推迟 deny 否认 discuss 讨论 dislike 不喜欢 enjoy 喜爱 escape 逃脱 excuse 原谅 fancy 设想 finish 完成 forbid 禁止 forgive 原谅 imagine 想像 keep 保持 mention 提及 mind 介意 miss 没赶上 pardon 原谅 permit 允许 practise 练习 prevent 阻止 prohibit 禁止 put off 推迟 report 报告 risk 冒险
stop 停止 suggest 建议
carry on 继续 can’t help 禁不住
feel like 想要 give up 放弃 keep on 继续 put off 推迟 set about 开始；着手 object to 反对 insist on 坚持 lead to 导致
stick to 坚持 get down to 开始认真做
pay attention to 注意
look forwards to 期盼 be /get used to 习惯
be devoted to 致力于；专用于
5. 动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构通常由物主代词或名词所有格加 动名词构成。物主代词或名词所有格是动名词的逻 辑主语，即动名词的动作是有物主代词或名词所有 格发出的。如：
Would you mind my smoking here
我在这儿抽烟你不介意吧？
Her mother’s being ill made her sorry.
她妈妈病了使得她难受。
He forgot my telling him about it.
他忘了我曾告诉过他这件事。
We are looking forward to Mary’s coming.
我们都盼着玛丽到来。
注意 如果动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的名词，只能用普通格，不能用所有格。如：
He did not hear the noise of desks being opened and
closed. 他听不到书桌的开关声。
典例解析
English is very important, so I practice it very hard.（ 广西梧州）
A. speaks B. to speak C. speaking D. speak
【解析】practice 后接动词时应用其动名词形式，动名词作
practice 的宾语，practice doing sth（练习做某事）。 故选 C。
⊙考点三 分词
1. 分词的概念及形式
英语中分词是英语非谓语动词的一种形式，有现 在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词表示主动和进 行，过去分词表示被动、承受、完成和状态。分词 具有动词的某些特征，可以带宾语和状语，组成分 词短语，能够在句中充当定语、状语和补足语。分 词的变化形式有：
(1) 现在分词的变化形式 主动语态
一般式 doing 被动语态
一般式 being done 主动语态完成式 having done 被动语态完成式 having been done
(2) 过去分词的变化形式只有 done 一种形式 (3) 现在分词的否定式 分词的否定式总是将否定词 not 置于分词之前，遇 上现在分词的完成式、被动式以及完成被动式，否 定词应置于整个结构之前。
Not being able to understand English, he didn’t know what they wanted. 由于他不懂英语，他不知道他们要什么。
Not having finished his work，he could not leave the office. 由于工作没干完他不能离开办公室。
2. 分词各种形式表示的动作含义
(1) 现在分词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词所表 示的动作同时发生或在其前发生。如：
When we arrived, we found him sleeping.
我们到达时发现他在睡觉。
Arriving at the school,we found that class had begun.
我们赶到学校时，发现已经开始上课了。
(2) 现在分词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词 所表示的动作之前，在句中主要作状语。如：
Having found the cause,the doctors were able to treat
the disease and cure it. 病因找到了，医生们就可以治疗
并治好它。
Not having checked the watch the night before,they found it stopped when they woke up. 由于前一个晚上没 有检查表，他们醒来时发现它已经停了。
(3) 现在分词的一般被动式表示被动动作正在进行 或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如：
Who is the woman being operated on
正在动手术的女人是谁
I saw him being taken away by the police.
我看见他被警察带走。
(4)现在分词的完成被动式表示被动动作在谓语动 词所表示的动作之前发生并完成。如：
Having been given a birthday gift by her mother,she was very happy.妈妈送给她一个生日礼物，她非常高兴。
(5) 过去分词表示被动意义和完成意义，但用作形 容词的过去分词一般不表示完成意义。如：
I saw that building pulled down.
我看见那幢大楼被拆倒了。
3. 分词的语法功能
现在分词在时态上强调动作正在进行，在语态上 侧重于主动；过去分词在时态上强调动作已经完 成，在语态上侧重于被动。分词在句中可以作定、 表语、宾语补足语或状语。
(1) 分词作定语
① 共同点：分词作定语时，如果分词只是一个单 词，那么，该分词就位于其所修饰的名词之前；如 果是分词短语，那么，该短语就位于其所修饰的名 词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
② 不同点：分词作定语时，被分词所修饰的名词就 是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与逻辑主语之
间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动 词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被 动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同 时发生。如：
This is a pressing question. 这是一个紧迫的问题。
The story had a satisfying ending.
这故事有一个令人满意的结局。
She is a trained nurse. 她是一个受过训练的护士。 All these are required subjects. 所有这些都是必修课。
注意 单个的分词作定语可以置于被修饰词语之前，但若是分词短语作
定语则应置于被修饰名词之后。 如：
There is a gentleman asking to see you.
有一位先生要求见你。
She bought a computer produced in China.
她买了一台中国生产的电脑。
(2) 分词作表语
① 共同点：分词作表语时，它起着形容词的作用。
② 不同点：分词作表语时，句子的主语就是该分词 的逻辑主语。但现在分词作表语时，与其逻辑主 语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作的一般与句中 谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则 表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之 前或同时发生。如：
The news is encouraging. 这消息令人鼓舞。
The present situation is terrifying.
目前形势令人惊恐。
Please be seated. 请坐好。
The window was broken. 窗户破了。 (3) 分词作宾语补足语 共同点：分词在复合宾语中可作宾语补足语，对句 子的宾语起补充或说明作用。 不同点：分词作宾语补足语时，句子的宾语就是该 分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与其逻辑主语之间 是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词 所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动 关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时 发生。如：
I saw him getting on the bus. 我看见他在上车。
They had the light burning all night long.
他们让灯整夜一直亮着。
I heard the song sung in English.
我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。
He found his hometown greatly changed.
他发现他的家乡变化很大。
He got his tooth pulled out yesterday.
他昨天把牙拔了。
(4) 分词作状语
① 共同点：分词作状语时，一般在句子中作时间、 原因、方式或伴随等状语。
② 不同点：分词作状语时，句子的主语就是该分词
的逻辑主语。但现在分词作状语时，与其逻辑主 语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓 语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表 示被动关系，所示动作一般发生谓语动词之前或 同时发生。如：
We spend all day looking for you.
我们花了一整天找你。
He stood there for two hours watching the game.
他在那里站了两个钟头看比赛。
I saw her speaking to the boy.
我看到她在和那个男孩讲话。
The signal given, the bus started.
信号一发出, 汽车就开动了.
Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.
因为淋了一场大雨, 所以他全身湿透了.
When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定.
He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently. 他静静地站在那里,被感动 得热泪盈眶.
4. 分词的独立主格结构
分词的独立主格结构是分词的一种特殊形式，在 句中作状语。在分词的独立主格结构中，名词或 代词同其后的分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短 语等在逻辑上有主谓关系。
All things considered,the planned trip will have to be called off. 考虑到所有的事情，原计划的旅行将被迫取消。
There having been no rain,the crops were dying.
没有下雨，庄稼就要旱死了。
With the problem settled, they were happy and relaxed.
问题解决了，他们又高兴又轻松。
5. 动名词与现在分词的用法比较 动名词与现在分词的形式完全相同，都由动词原 形加-ing 构成。动名词具有名词的功能，在句中作
主语、宾语、同位语、表语、定语等。而现在分词具 有形容词功能，在句中作表语、定语和状语。
(1) 作表语：动名词作表语说明主语的内容，回答 what 的问题；现在分词作表语说明主语的性质、特 征等，回答 how 的问题。
One of my favorite exercises is swimming.
我最喜欢的运动之一是游泳。（动名词）
The story is interesting.
这个故事很有趣。（现在分词）
(2) 作定语：动名词作定语表示所修饰名词的性能 和用途，与所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系； 现在分词作定语表示所修饰的名词的动作，和所 修饰的名词在逻辑上是主谓关系。
It is a sleeping bag.它是个睡袋。（动名词）
There is a sleeping child under the tree.
树下有个正睡觉的小孩。（现在分词）。
典例解析
1．They are busy ready for the exams．
（ 云南昆明）
A．get B．getting C．to get D．got
【解析】B。be busy doing（忙于做某事）是固定用法，busy
后接动词现在分词。故选 B。
2．A police man saw two thieves a girl’s mobile phone on a bus and he caught them at once．
（ 山西太原）
A．to steal B．stealing C．stole D．stolen
【解析】此题是对 see sb doing 的考查，意为“看到某人正 在干某事”。马上抓住两个小偷是因为看到两个小偷正在偷 女孩的移动电话。stealing 是现在分词作宾补，表示动作正在 发生。故选 B。
3. At least million people are using QQ
by Ma Huateng to chat on line. ( 山东潍坊) A. create B. creates C. creating D. created
【解析】句意为：至少 30 亿人正在用 Ma Huateng 创建的 QQ 在网上聊天。句中过去分词 created 作定语，修饰 QQ。 故选 D。
真题回放
1. Last weekend, the Greens had great fun at
Water World. ( 黑龙江鸡西)
A. swimming B. cooking C. hiking
2. Granny often tells us water in our daily life. ( 北京)
A. save B. saving C. to save D. saves
3. The boy is looking forward to a good time after the exam. ( 广西定西)
A. to have B. has C. having D. have
4. We have two rooms , but I can’t decide . ( 甘肃兰州)
A. to live；to choose which one
B. lived；choose which one
C. to live in；which one to choose
D. live；which one
5. — What are on show in the museum
— Some photos by the children of Yushu, Qinghai. ( 甘肃兰州)
A. have been taken B. were taken
C. are taken D. taken
6. While I was walking along the lake, I saw some fish
out of the water. ( 四川) A. jumped B. to jump
C. jumping D. are jumping
7. The woman made his son finally after she told him some jokes. ( 吉林通化)
A. laughed B. to laugh
C. laugh D. laughing
8. The teachers often tell their pubils aeross the road when the traffic light is red（. 山东聊城）
A. not go B. not to go
C. don’t go D. didn’t go
9. — How would your family like to travel
— It’s a problem in my family. Mother prefers to take a bus to travel,while father always sticks
to travel. ( 湖北黄冈) A. to drive B. to driving
C. driving D. drive
10. Richard turned off the computer after he had finished the email.（ 上海）
A. write B. to write C. writing D. wrote
11. Don’t forget an umbrella you.It’s going to rain. ( 陕西)
A. to take；to B. taking；to
C. to take；with D. taking；with
12. Most of the young people enjoy Jay Chou’s songs. ( 山东莱芜)
A. sing B. sang C. singing D. to sing
13. As teenagers, we’re old enough with housework. We can help set the table, wash the
dishes and clean our own rooms.
( 黑龙江哈尔滨) A. to help B. helping C. helped
14. — Hi, Steve! Our teachers told us an electric
3“.
great success.
A. introducing B. introduced
C. introduce D. being introduced
We can’t go out in this weather,”said Bob,
out of the window.
A. looking B. to look
C. looked D. having looked
bike. It’s too dangerous. ( 福建福州)
— I’m sorry.I won’t do it again.
A. to ride B. not ride C. not to ride
15. After several campus(校园) attacks , many schools across the country have already taken action
their campuses . ( 湖北荆门) A. making；safe B. made；safe
C. to make；safer D. make；safe
16. The little boy by the big one this morning.
（ 新疆阜康）
A. was made to cry B. was made cry
C. made to cry D. made cry
17. — Can I help you dear
— Yeah, I don’t know a banana milk shake.
Maybe you can teach me.（ 浙江宁波）
A. what to do B. when to make
C. how to make D. why to do
18. When do you think you’d like with you, a boy or a girl （ 海南三亚）
A. to let to go B. letting to go
C. to let go D. let go
19. Before going to the History Museum, our teacher told us the public rules.（ 上海）
A. obey B. to obey
C. obeying D. obeyed
20. — Hi, Tom! Can you tell me when for London
— Yes, tomorrow afternoon. ( 广州) A. leaving B. leaves
C. to leave D. are you leaving
能力拓展
1. Don’t leave the water while you brush your teeth.
A. run B. running
C. being run D. to run
2. When flint to the market, these products enjoyed
4. My advisor encouraged a summer course to improve my writing skills.
A. for me taking B. me taking
C. for me to take D. me to take
5. in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
A. To wait B. Have waited
C. Having waited D. To have waited
6. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and
Mining Company, as M. A. knowing B. known
C. being known D. to be known
7. Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you can’t have time to
before the party.
A. get changed B. get change
C. get changing D. get to change
8. by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to stay another two days off the farm.
A. Attracting B. Attracted
C. To be attracted D. Having attracted
9. I don’t know whether you happen , but I’m going to study in the U. S. A. this September.
A. to be heard B. to be hearing
C. to hear D. to have heard
10. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only
the film stars had left.
A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told
11. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time the exam.
A. pass B. to pass C. passed D. passing
12. with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean doesn’t seem big at all.
A. Compare B. When comparing
C. Comparing D. When compared
13. the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.
A. Not completing B. Not completed
C. Not having completed
D. Having not completed
14. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better it — you’ve got some big
bills coming.
A. forget B. forgot
C. forgetting D. to forget
15. According to a recent U. S. survey, children spend up to hours a week TV.
A. to watch B. to watching
C. watching D. Watch
16. Why not your teacher for help when you can’t finish it by yourself
A. ask；write B. to ask；writing
C. ask；writing D. asking；write
17. — Hi, Tom! Can you tell me when for London
— Yes, tomorrow afternoon.
A. leaving B. leaves
C. to leave D. will you leave
18. — May I listen to the music here, Mr. White
— Sorry, you’d better it like that. A. not to do B. not do
C. don’t do D. not do to
19. The fruit salad tastes delicious. Could you tell me

A. where to do it B. when to do it
C. what to do D. how to do it
20. Peter is busy at school, but he never forgets
exercise every day.
A. working；doing B. working；to do
C. at work；doing
21. — Why did you buy a radio
— English.
A. Learn B. Learning
C. To learn D. Be learning
22. We must do everything we can waste water from running into rivers.
A. keep B. kept
C. to keep D. keeping
e on! I have an interesting story you.
A. tell B. telling C. to tell D. told
24. He’ll use what he has her a new dress.
A. bought B. to buy
C. buying D. been bought
25. Xiao Li said she would rather join us.
A. did not B. to not C. not D. not to
26. The old lady didn’t know _ _ when the house caught fire.
A. how to do B. how to do it
C. what to do D. what to do it
27. The teacher asked Ben a difficult question in class.
A. answer B. answering
C. to answer D. answered
28. Everyone should know to save themselves when a fire breaks out.
A. whether B. what C. when D. how
29. — What should we do to fight A/H1N1 flu
— We should wash hands often, avoid to crowded places and so on.
A. go B. going C. gone D. to go
30. — Don’t forget my parents when you are in
Beijing.
— OK! I won’t.
A. to see B. sees C. seeing D. see
专题十一二 非谓语动词
【真题回放】
中
中
中
中
1~5 ACCCD 6~10 CCBBC
11~15CCACC【能力拓展】 16~20 ACCBC
1~5 ADADC 6~10 CABDB 11~15 DDCAC
16~20 CCBDB 21~25 BCCAC 26~30 ACDBA