专题一【词法】名词(语法聚焦+典例解析+真题回放+能力拓展)中考英语总复习学案

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名称 专题一【词法】名词(语法聚焦+典例解析+真题回放+能力拓展)中考英语总复习学案
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第一部分 词法
考 纲 解 读
名词是英语中的主要词汇,在中考英语中占的比例很大。每年中考英语试题直接考查名词的题型主要是单项选择和完
形填空题,作文、阅读理解等题型也从不同角度考查名词的用法。近年来单项选择题考查名词主要体现在以下几方面:上下 文语境中同近义名词的辨析、可数名词的单复数、不可数名词、抽象名词、名词词组、名词的固定搭配和习惯用语等。通过分 析近几年的全国中考题,做此类题目时要注意:1. 联系上下文,结合选项中提供的不同名词或不同词组,选一个最贴近的选项;
2. 注意名词的可数与不可数,特别要注意有的名词既属于可数名词又属于不可数名词;3. 在复习中掌握极少数集合名词和抽
象名词的用法;4. 掌握一些名词的固定搭配,特别是与介词和冠词搭配,牢记名词的各种具体用法。
目 标 考 点
考点聚焦
1. 可数名词与不可数名词的区分
2. 可数名词的单复数
3. 不可数名词量的表达方法
4. 名词所有格
5. 名词在语境中的特殊用法
⊙考点一 可数名词及其单复数
知识聚焦
能用数量来计算的名词称为可数名词,可数名词 有单数和复数形式。
1. 可数名词单数变复数的规则变化规则
(1) 一般情况加-s。如:
boy→boys bike→bikes
(2) 以 s、x、sh、ch 等结尾的名词加-es。例:
bus→buses watch→watches
(3) 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词,将 y 变 i 再加-es。 以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词,直接加-s。如:
baby→babies city→cities
boy→boys toy→toys
(4) 部分含 f (或 fe) 结尾的词变 f 或 fe 为 v,再加
-es。如:
wife→wives leaf→leaves half→halves
(5) 以 o 结尾的名词,有生命的加-es;无生命的加
-s。如:
tomato→tomatoes potato→potatoes。
photo →photos zoo→zoos
2. 可数名词单数变复数不规则变化
man→men mouse→mice
tooth→teeth German→Germans Child→children foot→feet
注意
(1) 某国人单数变复数遵循口诀:中日不变,英法变,其它一律 加 s 。如:
Chinese→Chinese
Franchman→Franchmen
American→Americans
(2) 由 man,woman 修饰名词复数时,须变成复数形式。如:
man doctor→men doctors
(3) 其它名词作定语修饰名词复数时不变复数。如:
school library→school libraries boy teacher→boy teachers
典例解析
1. — Can I help you
— I’d like for my twin daughters.
( 山东滨州) A.two pair of shoes B.two pairs of shoe
C.two pair of shoe D.two pairs of shoes
【解析】句意为:你要买点什么?我想给我的双胞胎女儿 买两双鞋子。pair 和 shoe 都是可数名词,复数要加-s。 D 项 two pairs of shoes 表示“两双鞋子”,符合题意。A、B 和 C 项 都是错误的表达。故选 D。
2. I saw many eating grass on the hill.
( 浙江东阳) A.horse B.cow C.rabbit D.sheep
【解析】句意为:我看见很多绵羊在山上吃草。句中的
many 决定应该填一个可数名词复数,其他三项都是可数名词 单数。故选 D。
3. All the teachers enjoyed themselves on
March th, because it was their own holiday.
( 湖北孝感)
A. man B. men C. woman D. women
【解析】句意为:所有女教师在三月八日都过得快乐,因 为这天是她们自己的节假日。man,woman 等作定语时,其 单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定,由句中 teachers 和 All
可知应选 D。
⊙考点二 不可数名词
知识聚焦
不可数名词“量”的表达法
物质名词和抽象名词是不可数名词。不可数名词不能在其前面 加 a 或 an,也不能在词尾加-s 或-es。其复数形式只能体现在它的 量词上,表示不可数名词的量常用以下两种方法:
foods 各种食品
(2)有些抽象名词可转换为可数名词。 如: jobs 工作 things 事情;物品 hopes 希望 wishes 愿望
3.表示由两部分构成的东西。
如 glasses(眼镜),trousers,clothes 等,若表达具体
1. 用一些不定量的词
数目,要借助数量词 pai(r
对;双);sui(t
套)等。如:
可用 much,a little,little,more,lot of,a lot of,any,
some,all 等来表示多少。如:
a lot of money 许多钱
a little milk 一点牛奶
plenty of rice 足量的大米
some orange 一些橘汁
There is much water in the bottle. 瓶子里有许多水。
2. 用“数词+单位量词+of+不可数名词”来表达
a cup of coffee 一杯咖啡
a bottle of milk 一瓶牛奶
表示复数意义时应用“数词+量词的复数形式+不 可数名词”。如:
ten bags of rice 十袋大米
six boxes of ink 六盒墨水
注意
(1)不可数名词用来表示类别时,可用复数。 如:
te(a 茶)— tea(s 各种茶)
a pair of glasses 一副眼镜
two pairs of trousers 两条裤子
典例解析
1.— I’d like grapes and pears.
— Oh, I only need orange juice.
( 湖北恩施)
A. some;a few B. a few;some
C. a little;few D. a little;a few
【解析】句意为:我想要一些葡萄和梨子。喔,我只需要 橘子汁。句中 grapes 和 pears 是可数名词复数形式,orange juice(橘子汁)是不可数名词,B 项 a few 修饰可数名词复数, some 修饰不可数名词或可数名词复数形式。故选 B。
2. — What would you like, sir
— . ( 广西定西)
A. Two pop B. Two bottles pop
C. Two bottles of pop D. Two bottle of pop
frui(t 水果)— fruit(s
drinks 各种饮料
vegetables 各种蔬菜
各种水果)
【解析】A 项 pop(汽水)是不可数名词,可先排除,表示 “两瓶汽水”时,量词 bottle 应用复数,其后应接 of,故选 C。
⊙考点三 名词所有格
知识聚焦
名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系,有两种表 示形式:一种加“’s”,另一种用“of”表示。一般来 说有生命的名词的所有格用“’s”表示,无生命的 名词的所有格用“of”表示所有关系。
1. 有生命所有格常见形式有
(1) 单数名词的所有格加“’s”。如:
Mary’s mother 玛丽的妈妈
the farm’s fruit 农场的水果
China’s population 中国的人口
(4) 可用于表示由人组成的集体名词。如:
our party’s stand 我们党的立场
(5) 可用于表示度量、价值的名词。如:
two dollars’worth of books 价值两美元的书
a pound’s weight 一磅重
典例解析
(2) 以 (s
或 es)结尾的复数名词所有格加“’”。如:
Teachers’Day 教师节
(3)不以(s 或 es)结尾的复数名词的所有格加“’s”。如:
Children’s Day 儿童节
(4)表示两人共有时,只在后面名词上加“’s”。如:
Lily and Lucy’s room 莉莉和露西的房间
(5) 当表示各自拥有某人或某物时,两个名词词尾 都要加’s 表示所有格。如:
Tom’s and Kate’s fathers 汤姆的父亲和凯特的父亲
2. of 所有格
of 所有格常用来表示无生命的东西。如: the windows of the classroom 教室的窗户 the City of New York 纽约城
a map of China 一幅中国地图
3. 双重所有格
当 of 前面的名词有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代 词、不定代词或数词如 a,an,this,that,these,those, two,three,four,any,some,several,no,few,another 等修饰时,用双重所有格,双重所有格只用于表示 人的名词并且都是特指的。如:
a poem of Lu Xun’s 一首鲁迅的诗歌
a friend of his/hers 他/她的一个朋友
some friends of my brothers’我弟弟的一些朋友
二、名词所有格的用法
(1) 名词所有格主要用于有生命的名词,表示所属 关系。如:
Lei Feng’s dairy 雷锋的日记
(2) 可用于表示时间的名词。如:
today’s paper 今天的报纸
an hour’s walk 一小时的路程
Friday’s work 星期五的工作
(3) 可用于表示地理、国家、城市等名词。如:
1.I don’t think looking after children is just
work. ( 河北)
A.woman B.woman’s
C.women D.women’s
【解析】句意为:我认为照顾孩子不仅仅是女人们的事。
D 项 women’s 表示“女人们的”符合题意,故选 D。
2.— Whose room is this
— It’s .( 内蒙古包头)
A.Ann and Mary’s B.Ann’s and Mary’s
C.Ann’s and Mary D.Ann and Mary
【解析】句意为:这是谁的房间?这是安和玛丽的。表示 两人共有时,只在后面的名词尾加“’s”故选 A。
3. — With whom did you watch World Cup
Opening Ceremony ( 湖北黄石)
— .
A. A friend of mine B. A friend of me
C. A friend of my sister D. A friend of you
【解析】句意为:你和谁一起看的二零一零年的世界杯开 幕式?我的一个朋友。双重所有格后须接名词性物主代词, 故选 A。
真题回放
1. — Well, you look so happy!
— Because I got a good . ( 四川内江) A. work B. news C. job
2. Sandy didn’t tell her parents that she was going home because she wanted to give them a .
( 江苏宿迁) A. gift B. call C. surprise D. note
3. — Wow, so many beautiful cars! I don’t know which one to buy.
— Anyway, you have to make a _.
( 江苏扬州) A. conclusion B. connection
C. decision D. presentation
4. — Would you like some _
— No, thank you. I’m not hungry at all.
( 浙江湖州) A. water B. books C. clothes D. bread
5. If you work hard, you’ll get good .
( 天津)
A. grades B. notes C. lessons D. answers
6. — Good news. We will have a holiday.
— I’ve heard of it. But it’s coming in . ( 湖北黄冈)
— entertainment stars gathered to attact donations for Yushu.( 江苏连云港)
A. A member of B. A kind of
C. A packet of D. A number of
14. — How many can you see in the picture
— Only one. ( 黑龙江鸡西)
A. dog B. sheep C. child
15. When I was a student, I liked to sit in the front of the classroom so that I could see the words more clearly on the .( 四川)
A. blackboard B. desk
C. dictionary D. postcard
能力拓展
A. three days;three days’time
B. three days’;three days’
C. three-day;three days
D. three days;three-day time
7. — Lucy, do you like _
— Yes. Most of my clothes are .
( 山东泰安) A. an orange;an orange B. orange;orange
C. orange;oranges D. orange;an orange
8. What a pity! Liu Xiang didn’t win the
(跨栏). ( 四川巴中)
A. -meter B. -meters C. meter
9. The restaurant is so popular here. Look, there are so many here.( 海南三亚)
A. food B. dish C. people D. waiter
10. — Good news. We will have a holiday.
— I’ve heard of it. But it's coming in .
( 湖北黄冈)
A. three days;three days’time
B. three days’;three days’
C. three-day;three days
D. three days;three-day time
11. Mr. Black gave us on how to learn English well.( 新疆阜康)
A. an advice B. many advices
C. some advice D. some advices
12. mothers can’t come to the meeting because they have gone to Dalian.
( 黑龙江绥化) A. Sally’s and Jane B. Sally and Jane’s
C. Sally’s and Jane’s
13. — What’s the news about
1. There are forty in our school.
A. women teachers B. teacher women
C. woman teachers D. women teacher
2. Mr. Li is one of in the hospital.
A. most popular doctors
B. the most popular doctors
C. most popular doctor
D. the most popular doctor
3. The sign“NO PHOTOS”means that you can’t . A. take pictures B. bring in pictures
C. buy any photos D. sell any photos
4. Few students in are afraid of maths exams.
A. Class Three B. the Class Three
C. Three Class D. the Three Class
5. Have you got any for me this time
A. pieces of message B. piece of messages
C. pieces of messages D. messages
6. , many mountains will be covered with trees.
A. In a few years time B. After a few years time
C. In a few years’time D. After a few years time
7. Hong Kong is an SAR while Macao is another. So there are in China.
A. both SAR B. both SARS C. two SAR D. two SARS
8. Look! There are stars up there in the .
A. thousands of;sky B. thousands of;air
C. thousand of;sky D. thousand of;air
9. My father lived in for over ten years.
A. city Beijing B. the Beijing city
C. Beijing of city D. the city of Beijing
10. Just from the I know it’s Liu Minjun.
A. noise B. voice C. sound D. sing
11. — Where are the other two students
— They’re in .
A. teacher’s office B. teachers’office
C. the teacher office D. the teachers’office
12. — How many have you next term
— Let me see. We’ll have eight.
A. lesson B. days C. subjects D. class
13. My uncle’s full name is David Edward Hartpode.
His family name is _.
A. Edward B. Hartpode
C. David D. David Hartpode
14. He writes more carefully than in his class.
A. any student B. any other student
C. any other students D. all students
15. This new kind can do half the work.
A. of tractor B. tractor
C. of a tractor D. a tractor
16. John is very happy to have a training.
A. two weeks B. two-month
C. two-weeks D. two-months
17. Tony is always careless. He always makes .
A. mistakes B. mistake
C. mistook D. some mistake
18. Mr. Green is nearly _.
A. two metres high B. two metres tall
C. high two metres D. tall two metres
19. Mr. Smith is an .
A. English B. English man
C. Englishman D. Englishmen
20. A group of are talking with two _.
A. Frenchmen;Germans
B .Frenchmen;Germen
C. German;Frenchmen
D Germans;Frenchmans
21. — Are those _
— No, they aren’t. They’re . A. sheep;cows B. sheep;cow
C. sheeps;cow D. sheeps;cows
22. Mum, I’m quite thirsty. Please give me _.
A. two orange B. two bottles of orange
C. two bottles orange D. two bottles of oranges
23.“ ”is right.
A. China has a large population B. China has much population C. China has many populations
D. China has a great deal of population
24. room is on the th floor.
A. Lucy and Lily B. Lucy and Lily’s
C. Lucy’s and Lily D. Lucy’s and Lily’s
25. Every morning Mr. Smith takes a to his office.
A. minutes’walk B. minute’s walk
C. -minutes walk D. -minute walk
26. This is James Allan Green. We can call him _.
A. Mr. Green B. Mr. Allan
C. Mr. James D. James Green
27. John is a friend of _.
A. I sister B. my sister’s
C. me sister D. my sister of
28. Have you read
A. today’s B. today paper
C. the today’s paper D. today’s paper
29. The cat caught two last night.
A. mouses B. mice C. mouse D. mices
30. I went to have three pulled out yesterday afternoon.
A. tooths B. tooth C. teeth D. toothes