第二部分 句法篇
考 纲 解 读
简单句通常只由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成;但简单句只有一个主谓关系。句子按照其用途可
以分为四种:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。简单句是一切句子的基础,因而成为中考命题的热点。在中考题中,对简单 句的考查千变万化,简单句的各种句型之间的相互转换就成了中考常考查的语法点,尤其是对感叹句和反意疑问句的考查成
为近几年的热点。
目 标 考 点
1. 简单句的并列成分
2. 以否定句、疑问句形式或被动形式考查简单句
3. 反意疑问句
4. 由 how 或 what 引导的感叹句之间的转换
5. 在简单句中加入插入语或添加附加信息成分通过分离句子结构来考查简单句
⊙考点一 陈述句
知识聚焦
陈述句是用来叙述或否定一件事情或看法的句子, 句末用句号。如:
The story happened two years ago. 故事是两年前发生的。
He’s a very good teacher.他是一位好老师。 I don’t like to eat too much meat. 我不喜欢吃太多肉。
要特别注意陈述句的否定形式。如:
It isn’t( =is not)a kite.它不是风筝。
I haven’t( =have not)any bike.我没有自行车。 He doesn’t( =does not)like dancing. 他不喜欢跳舞。
We won’t go to the park tomorrow. 我们明天不去公园。
注意
(1) no 放在名词前构成否定式(= not any)。如:
He has no sisters.= He has not any sisters.
他没有姐妹。
(2) 除 not 和 no 之外,还可用 nobody,nothing,never,hardly,
neither,none 等表示否定意义。如:
Nobody is late today.今天没有人迟到。 There’s nothing new in today’s newspaper. 今天的报纸没有什么新闻。
He can hardly speak.他几乎说不出话。 None of his pictures is beautiful. 他的画没有一幅是漂亮的。
典例解析
The reading room very quiet. I enjoy reading books there.( 北京)
A. am B. is C. are D. be
【解析】考查陈述句肯定形式。句中 The reading room 是 单数,故选 B。
⊙考点二 疑问句
知识聚焦
用来提出疑问的句子叫疑问句。疑问句可分为:一 般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句 四种类型。
1. 一般疑问句
能够用 Yes 或者 No 来回答的疑问句叫一般疑问 句,肯定回答用 Yes,否定回答用 No。 一般疑问句的结构是:Be +主语+... 或者是:助动 词/情态动词 +主语+谓语+... 如:
— Are you a teacher 你是老师吗?
— Yes, I am. /No, I am not.
是的,我是。/不,我不是。
— Does your mother go shopping on Sunday
你妈妈星期天购物吗?
— Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.
是的,她经常去购物。/不,她不经常去购物。
— Must we go at once 我们必须立刻走吗?
— Yes, we must. / No, we needn’t.
是的,必须走。/不,没有必要。
注意
一般疑问句也可用表示肯定或否定的词来回答,如 certainly(当 然),surely(当然),of course(当然),I think so(我想是的),all right (好吧),certainly not(当然不是), not at all(一点也不), never(从 不),sorry(很抱歉),not yet(还没有) I m afraid not(恐怕不是)等。
2. 特殊疑问句
用来对句子的某一特殊部分提问的句子叫特殊疑 问句。特殊疑问句一般用降调。其结构是:特殊疑 问词+一般疑问句+ 对它的回答不能用 Yes 或者 No,要根据询问的内容具体回答。如:
— Where were you at that time 那时你在哪里?
— I was at home. 我在家。
常用的疑问代词有 who(谁),whom(谁),whos(e 谁
哪个孩子知道答案?(作定语)
What class are you in 你在几班?(指物,作定语) When will you arrive 你什么时候到?(提问时间) Where has he gone 他去了哪里?(提问地点)
Why are you late again
你为什么又迟到了?(提问原因)
How do you often go to school
你经常怎么去上学?(提问方式)
How far is it from your house to your school
从你家到学校有多远? (how far 提问距离)
How often does he go to the French club 他多长时 间去一次法语俱乐部? (how often 提问频率)
3. 选择疑问句
选择疑问句是提供两种或者两种以上的情况,问对 方选择哪一种。其结构可以用一般疑问句也可以用 特殊疑问句,之间用连词 or 链接。选择疑问句不 能用 yes 或者 no 来回答,必须选择其中之一来回 答。如:
— Shall we go there by bus or on foot
我们乘坐公共汽车去还是步行去?
— We’ll go by bus. 我们乘坐公共汽车去。
— Which do you like better, tea or coffee
茶和咖啡,你更喜欢哪种?
— I like tea better. 我更喜欢茶。
4. 反意疑问句
反意疑问句也叫附加疑问句,是在陈述句的后面加 一个简短问句,对陈述句所说的事实或者观点提出 疑问或希望陈述句部分内容得到证实。结构为“肯 定陈述句+否定问句”或“否定陈述句+肯定问句”。如:
You are coming, aren’t you 你会来的,是吗?
You can’t swim, can you 你不会游泳,对吗? Her brother went to college last year, didn’t he 她哥哥去年上的大学,是不是?
的),which(哪一个),wha(t
什么);疑问副词有 when 注意
(何时),where(何地),why(为什么),how(如何)以
及“how + 形容词”构成的短语。如:
Who is your teacher
谁是你的老师?(指人,作主语)
Whom did you telephone to just now
你刚才给谁打电话?(指人,作宾语)
Whose coat is this 这是谁的大衣?(作定语)
Which child knows the answer
陈述部分的主句带有 no, never, nothing, nowhere, hardly, seldom, few, little 等否定词或半否定词时,附加问句用肯定形
式。 如:
You hardly speak English, do you
你几乎不能说英语,对吗?
They have few friends here, have they
他们在这里几乎没有朋友,对吗?
There be 句型的反意疑问句,其附加问句仍用 there。如: There will be a party tomorrow, won’t there 明天有个晚会,是不是?
陈述部分是一个主从复合句,附加问
句一般要和主句一致。 但是当陈述部分是''I m sure, I m afraid, I (dont) think / believe+ 宾语从句"结构时,附加问句应与从句一致,而且要注意否定转 移现象。如:
He said he was late for class, didn’t he
他说他上课迟到了,是吗?
I don’t think he is good at math, is he
我认为他不擅长数学,是不是这样?(否定转移)
反意疑问句的答语一般要根据事实用 yes 或 no 引导的简单 问句回答,汉语的翻译有时和英语不一致。如:
— She can’t swim, can she 她不会游泳,对吗?
— Yes, she can. 不,她会。
— You weren’t here yesterday, are you
你昨天没有在这里,对吗?
— No, I wasn’t. 是,我不在。
典例解析
1. — Do you like watching TV
— Yes, I _. But only after I finish my homework.
( 广西桂林)
A. am B. do C. does D. did
【解析】考查一般疑问句的答语。由问句助动词 Do 可知 答句也应用 do。故选 B。
2. — is it from here to the railway station
— About ten kilometers. ( 上海) A. How far B. How fast
C. How soon D. How often
【解析】由答句 About ten kilometers(大约 10 千米)可知 询问的是距离,how far 用来询问距离,故选 A。
3. Alice had a wonderful time yesterday,
( 浙江杭州)
A. hadn’t she B. wasn’t she
C. didn’t she D. wouldn’t she
【解析】陈述部分中 had 是实意动词 have 的过去式,助动 词应用 did, 陈述部分是肯定陈述句,问句部分应用否定问句, 故选 C。
⊙考点三 祈使句
知识聚焦
1. 祈使句的肯定和否定 祈使句是用来表示请求、命令、劝告、建议等语气 的句子。祈使句的主语一般是第二人称 you,但往 往省略,谓语一般用动词原形,否定句是用助动词 don’t +动词原形+其他。如:
Open the door, please. 请打开门。
Don’t be late next time. 下一次不要迟到。 说话对象是第一人称和第三人称时,表示建议做 某事。常见的有 Let me/us, Let him/her/them 。如:
Let’s go to school. 我们上学去吧。
2. 祈使句的句式
(1“) 祈使句+and+简单句”表示“如果……,就……”。如: Go down the street, and you’ll see a hospital. 沿街走,你就会看到医院。
(2“) 祈使句+or+简单句”表示“……否则/不然……”。如: Be quick, or we’ll be late.快点,不然就迟到了。
(3)有时候祈使句的后面用附加疑问句加强语气。如:
Don’t tell it anyone, will you
不要告诉任何人,好吗?
典例解析
1. — Sorry for being late again.
— here on time next time, or you’ll be punished.
( 贵州安顺) A. Be B. Being C. To be D. Been
【解析】肯定的祈使句以动词原形开头,四个选项中只有
Be 是动词原形,故选 A。
2. Jenny, put on your coat you will catch a cold. ( 河北)
A. but B. and C. or D. so
【解析】考查“祈使句,+ and/ or you will…”结构,具体要分 析句意,由句意可知“不穿上上衣就会感冒”,应选 C。
⊙考点四 感叹句
知识聚焦
表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情的句子叫感叹句。感叹 句的末尾用感叹号。句子开头经常用 what 或者 how。
1. how 引导的感叹句
how 在感叹句中可以修饰形容词、副词、谓语动词 等。如:
How beautiful the skirt is! 这条裙子多漂亮呀!
How tall your brother is! 你的哥哥多高呀!
How time flies! 时间过得真快呀!
2. what 引导的感叹句
what 在感叹句中可以修饰名词。如果名词是可数 名词的单数形式,用 what + a/an +名词+主语+谓 语!如果是不可数名词或者可数名词的复数形式 用 What +形容词+名词+主语+谓语!如:
What a tall boy your brother is!
你哥哥是一个多么高的男孩!
What beautiful pictures they are!
那些图画多美丽呀!
注意
what 和 how 引导的感叹句有时可以互换,但是要注意词序的 变化。如:
他是多聪明的孩子!
What a clever boy he is!
= How clever a boy he is!
= How clever the boy is! 一个词或词组也可单独做感叹句。 如: Wonderful! 太棒了!
典例解析
1.m wide the streets are! ( 湖南长沙) A. What B. How C. What a
【解析】wide 是形容词,应用 How 修饰 ,故选 B。
2. — beautiful city(! 山东莱芜)
— Yes. Lots of tourists come to visit it every year. A.How B.What
C.How a D.What a
【解析】中心词是名词 city,应用 What 修饰,city 是单数
可数名词,应用 What a,故选 D。
⊙考点五 简单句的五种基本句型
知识聚焦
1. 主语+谓语 这种句型称为主谓结构,其谓语一般是不及物动 词。如:
The rain stopped. 雨停了。
Things have changed now. 现在事情发生了变化。
2. 主语+连系动词+表语
这种句型称为主系表结构,连系动词在形式上也 是一种谓语动词,表语一般是名词或者形容词。如:
His father is a teacher.
他的爸爸是老师。(表语是名词)
Your mother is very young.
你的妈妈很年轻。(表语是形容词)
3. 主语+谓语+宾语
这种句型称为主谓宾结构,其谓语动词是及物动 词,宾语一般是直接宾语。如:
They often speak English at the meeting.
他们在会上经常说英语。
The house caught fire. 房子着火了。
4. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语
这种句型称为主谓宾宾结构,其谓语动词必须是 可以跟双宾语的动词,两个宾语中表示事物的是 直接宾语,另一个表示人的是间接宾语。如:
My father gave me a pen last night.
昨天晚上我爸爸给我一支钢笔。
I will write you a letter when I get there.
我到那里儿时给你写信。
5. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 这种句型称为主谓宾补结构,其谓语动词必须是 可以跟复合宾语的及物动词。如:
I find him very clever. 我发现他很聪明。
Your words make me angry. 你的话让我很生气。
We all call the baby Sara. 我们都叫这个婴儿莎拉。
I can hear someone playing the violin next door.
我可以听到隔壁有人拉小提琴。
When I woke up, I found myself in a strange place.
我醒来时发现自己在一个陌生的地方。
典例解析
8. — is "The Same Song" shown on CCTV-
— Once a week. ( 龙岩)
A. How long B. How often C. How soon
9. — is your sister, Jim
— She’s a journalist from CCTV(.
海南三亚)
— A single room, please.
— OK. Will you please me your ID card
— Here you are. ( 山东聊城市)
A. tell B. serve C. send D. show
【解析】考查词语辨析和句意理解。 A 项 tel(l 告诉); B 项 serve(服务;招待);C 项 send(发送;派遣);D 项 show(出 示;给……看)。Will you please ... ID card 是一个“主语+谓 语+宾语+宾语补足语”的句子,空处是谓语部分,由句意“要 一个单间住宿可知对方是要求出示身份证”。故选 D。
真题回放
1. — Don’t be late next time, Mike.
— . ( 山东滨州)
A. No, I don’t B. Don’t worry
C. Sorry, I won’t D. I don’t know
2. — will you be away
— In a couple of weeks. ( 山东滨州) A. What time B. How soon
C. How often D. How long
3..Eric’s never seen a three-D movie at the cinema,
( 江苏苏州)
A.hasn’t he B.has he
C.isn’t he D.is he
4. — He didn’t go to the lecture this morning, did he
— . Though he was not feeling very well. ( 甘肃兰州)
A. No;he didn’t. B. Yes;he did.
C. No;he did. D. Yes;he didn’t.
5. — hard work you have done!
— It’s very kind of you to say so. ( 甘肃兰州) A. What B. How C. What a D. How a
6. — He’s already back to Australia,
— . He is on a visit to Shanghai.
( 江苏常州) A. isn’t he;No B. hasn’t he;Yes
C. isn’t he;Yes D. hasn’t he;No
7. wonderful news report he wrote! All of us were proud of him. ( 江苏常州)
A. What a B. What C. How D. How a
A. What B. How C. Where D. Who
10. — How much did you pay for the new car
— It me more than ¥
( 福建龙岩 ) A. costs B. spent C. made
11. way it is from Guangzhou to Paris!
( 广州) A. How long B. What a long
C. How a long D. What long
12. — She doesn’t like geography,does she ?
— . ( 湖南娄底)
A. Yes, she does B. Yes, she doesn’t
C. No, she does ?
13. happily the children are flying kites!
( 浙江东阳)
A.What B.What a C.How D.How a
14. more, and you'll improve your spoken English.
( 广西桂林)
A. Speak B. Speaks C. Speaking D. To speak
15. — It’s very hot outside.
— Why you stay at home ( 湖南长沙) A. not B. not to C. don’t
16. — Zhou Weilun could hardly speak English three years ago,
— No, he couldn’t. But now he is quite good at it. ( 福建福州)
A. couldn’t he B. could he C. didn’t he
17. — Let’s go skating,
— OK. Let’s go. ( 湖北十堰)
A. do you B. don’t you
C. will you D. shall we
18. He hardly hurt himself in the accident,
( 海南三亚)
A. doesn’t he B. didn’t he
C. did he D. does he
19. Let’s search the Internet for some information about famous people, _ ( 四川巴中) A. will you B. won’t you C. shall we
20. — can we board our plane
— In twenty minutes.
( 四川巴中)
A. How soon B. How long C. How often
能力拓展
1. make some cakes tomorrow
A. Is Tony going to B. Are Tony going to
C. Does Tony going D. Do Tony going to
2. — Do the girls know Tom
— .
A. Yes, they knows her B. No, they isn’t
C. Yes, they know D. No, they don’t
3. — Is your headmaster old or young
— .
A. He’s not young B. Yes, he’s young
C. No, he’s old D. He’s young
4. — have you been away from your hometown, Jane
— Since years ago.
A. How many B. How long
C. How much D. How often
5. — Look! It’s raining heavily. take a raincoat with you
— Well, I’ll take one right now.
A.Why not B. Why don’t
C. Would you mind D. Would you like
6. — will you come back
— In a week .
A. How long B. How often
C. How far D. How soon
7. Learning how to repair computers takes a long time,
A. isn’t it B. aren’t they
C. doesn’t it D. don’t they
8. There isn’t anything wrong with the radio, _
A. is there B. is it
C. does it D. does there
9. Let’s do the exercises by ourselves, _
A. shall we B. shan’t we
C. will you D. will we
10. Janet used to take part in labor in that village,
A. used she B. did she
C. didn’t she D. should she
11. What beautiful weather,
A. is it B. isn’t it
C. won’t it D. doesn’t it
12. We never dared to ask him a question,
A. did we B. didn’t we
C. dared we D. daren’t we
13. Nobody will believe how difficult his work has been,
A. will he B. won’t nobody
C. will they D. won’t they
14. Tell me how to operate the electronic computer,
A. will you B. shan’t you
C. do you D. don’t you
15. Mrs Smith is!
A. How kind woman B. What a kind woman
C. What kind woman D. How a kind woman
16. big the tree is!
A. What B. How C. What
17. weather we had on our holiday!
A. What a good B. How a good
C. What good D. How good
18. make any noise here. The babies are sleeping.
A. Not B. No C. Don’t D. Do
puter games, shall we
A. Let’s to play B. Let’s play
C. Let play D. Let to play
20. A sign with the words“ ”is often found in a bus.
A. Not parking B. Not smoking
C. No parking D. No smoking
专题一 简单句
【真题回放】
1~5 CBBBA 6~10 AABAA
11~15 BACAC 16~ 20 BDCCA
【能力拓展】
1~5 ADDBA 6~10 DCAAC
11~15 BACDB 16~20 BCCBD
中
中
中