专题二【句法】主谓一致和倒装句(语法聚焦+典例解析+真题回放+能力拓展)中考英语总复习学案

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名称 专题二【句法】主谓一致和倒装句(语法聚焦+典例解析+真题回放+能力拓展)中考英语总复习学案
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更新时间 2021-11-25 20:12:17

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考 纲 解 读
主谓一致和倒装句在近几年的中考英语试题中以多种形式出现。如单项选择、单句改错、同义句转换、时态填空等,题型
多样,其中"就近原则"的命题几率尤高。
目 标 考 点
1. 语法一致的原则
2. 意义一致的原则
3. 邻近一致的原则
4. 主谓一致的附加原则
5. 倒装句的结构
6. so 引导的倒装句和 there be 句型中 be 的选择
⊙考点一 主谓一致
知识聚焦
主谓一致是指:① 语法形式上要一致,即单复数形 式与谓语要一致。② 意义上要一致,即主语意义 上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。③ 邻近 要一致,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的 词语。现将一些常见的主谓一致归纳如下:
1. 表示时间、距离、重量、长度、价值等的复数名词作主 语表示整体概念时,其谓语动词常用单数形式。如:
Two months is quite a long time.
两个月是相当长的一段时间。
Two kilometers is a long way to go on foot.
步行两千米是一段很长的路程。
Six months have passed, and we still have no news of them. 六个月过去了,我们依然没有他们的消息。
Ten dollars is too much for this old coin.
这个古币没有 10 块钱这么高的价格。
Twenty years have passed since they got married.
他们结婚已有 20 年了。
2. 以-s 结尾的名词本身不表示复数意义时,谓语动词 通常用单数形式。如 news,maths,physics, works (工厂)等。如:
No news is good news. 没有消息就是好消息。
Maths is very popular in our class.
在我们班数学很受欢迎。
3. family,class,team,group,crowd, committee 等集体 名词作主语,若指一个整体时,谓语动词用单数形式; 若指具体成员时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:
My family is a very big one,with ten people in it.
我家是一个大家庭,有十口人。 My family all like watching TV. 我们全家人都喜欢看电视。
4. people, police 等集体名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数 形式。如:
People here are very friendly. 这儿的人们很友好。
The police are having a meeting.警察们正在开会。
youth 作“青年们”解作主语时,谓语用复数。如:
The youth of today are fond of dancing.
现在的年青人都喜欢跳舞。
5. 成双成对出现的复数名词(shoes,trousers,pants,glasses, gloves 等)作主语时,通常谓语动词用复数,但前面 有 a /the pair of;a /the suit of 等词语时,则谓语动词 要
与量词(pair, suit, piece )在单复数上保持一致。如:
My shoes are the latest fashion. 我的鞋子是最新的流行样式。 The trousers there are expensive. 那儿的裤子很贵。
Two pairs of scissors are on the desk.
书桌上有两把剪刀。
6. 单数名词后跟 with,along with, together with, as well as(和;也), rather than(而不), but, except,not, l ike, besides, including 等引起的短语时,谓语动词用 单数形式。如:
My father,together with his friends, is going to visit the Great Wall.我父亲将和他的朋友们一起去参观长城。
He as well as his sister is a League member.
他和他姐姐一样都是团员。
7. 由 either,either...or...,neither...nor...,not only...but also...等词连接并列主语时,谓语动词常和最接近的 主语一致。如:
Either you or I am right. 不是你就是我对。
Neither you nor Li Hua has been to Shanghai before.
你和李华以前都没去过上海。
Is he or you wrong 他错了还是你错了
Not only I but also Tom and Mary are fond of watch- ing television. 不仅我,而且汤姆和玛丽都喜欢看电视。
8. 当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最 邻近的主语保持一致。如:
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.
桌上有一只笔,一把刀和几本书。
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl- students in the class. 班上有 20 个男生,23 个女生。
9. 非谓语动词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词常用单数 形式。如:
Is watching too much TV good or bad for your health
看太多的电视对你的身体有益还是有害 What you said is wrong. 你所说的是错的。
10. 当 kind of, pair of, glass of 等表示确定数量的名词 短语修饰主语时,谓语动词应与 kind,pair,glass 等 形式一致。如:
There are all kinds of animals in the zoo.
动物园里有各种各样的动物。
This pair of shoes is dirty.这双鞋脏了。
There are two glasses of water on the table.
桌子上有两杯水。
11. 由“a lot of (lots of)/plenty of/a number of +名词” 或“分数+名词”作主语时,谓语动词的形式根据名 词的单复数而定。如:
A lot of people have been to London.
许多人去过伦敦。
Three-fifths of the water is dirty.
五分之三的水是脏的。
注意
the number of 十复数名词 作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:
The number of the students in our school is over two thousand. 我们学校的学生数超过两千。
12.“……的几分之几”和“……的百分之几”作主语时, 其谓语用单数或复数取决于 of 后的名词。如:
Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.
地表四分之三是水。
percent of the students in our class are girls.
我们班百分之四十是女生。
13. all,some,none,most,any 等代词作主语时,若指复 数概念,谓语动词用复数形式;若指单数概念,则谓 语动词用单数形式。如:
Not all the students are here.
不是所有的学生都在这儿。
Not all work is difficult. 不是所有的工作都难。
14. 当 and 连接的两个主语被 each,every 或 no 修饰 时,谓语动词通常用单数形式。如:
Every testudent needs dictionaries.
每个学生都需要词典。
15. 由 and 连接的并列单数主语的前面分别有 each, every 或 no 修饰时,其谓语用单数形式。如:
No student and no teacher is invited to the party.
没有学生和老师被邀请去参加晚会。
In our country every boy and every girl has right to receive education. 在我们国家,每个男孩和女孩都有接 受教育的权利。
16. 代词something,anything,nothing,everyone,anybody, nobody,each,neither,either,little,much,one 等作 主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:
Something is wrong with my radio.
我的收音机有问题了。
Is everybody here?大家都到了吗?
Neither of us is a boy.我们俩都不是男孩。
Each of them has an English dictionary.
他们当中每人都有一本词典。
One of the students was late for school.
学生中的一个迟到了。
17. 当主语是同位语时,谓语动词要根据同位语的单复 数来确定,区分主语和同位语的方法是,用逗号连 接的就是同位语,用连词 and 连接的就是主语。如: Susan, Mr Mott’s wife, is a scientist. 苏姗,也就是默特先生的妻子是一位科学家。
18. 有些形容词前面加上定冠词 the, 如 the poor, the old, the young, the rich, the dying 等用来表示一类
人时,主语用复数,谓语动词也用复数。如:
The poor are very happy, but the rich are sad.
穷人过得很快乐,有钱人却过得不快乐。
19.“the +姓氏的复数”表示“某某夫妇;某某一家人”, 作主语时,谓语用复数。如:
The Browns are both college graduates.
布朗夫妇两个都是大学毕业生。
The Greens are having lunch now.
格林一家现在吃午饭。
20. 由 many a 或 more than + 单数名词作主语时,其谓 语用单数形式。 如:
Many a foreigner has been to the Great Wall.
许多外国人去过长城。
More than one student has visited the exhibition.
不止一个学生参观了展览。
21. 主语是用作书名、剧名、报纸名、国名等的复数名词, 谓语一般用单数形式。如:
is written by Charles.
《莎士比亚的故事》是由查尔斯兰姆写的。
The United States is a developed country.
美国是一个发达国家。
22.“one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句”之前有 the only, the very 等限定词和修饰语时,定语从句的谓语动词用 单数形式。如:
She is the only one of these women who plays the vi- olin. 她是这些拉小提琴的妇女中唯一的一个。
23. 主语是名词 half, part, the rest 等既可表示复数意 义又可表示单数意义,其谓语视情况而定。如:
Half of the fruit is bad. 一半水果烂了。
Half of the visitors are from Europe.
一半游客来自欧洲。
24. 主语是表示数量的“one and a half +复数名词”,其 谓语用单数形式。主语是"one or two + 复数名 词",其谓语用复数形式。如:
One and a half days is all I can spare.
一天半是我所能挤出的全部时间。
One or two of the students in my class are a bit dense.
我班有一两个学生有点迟钝。
25. 主语 people 作“人们;人民”解时,谓语动词用复数; 作"民族"解时,有单复数之分。如:
What were these people thinking
这些人在怎么想呢?
There are 56 peoples in China.
中国有五十六个民族。
26. 主语是a / this / that kind of +名词,谓语用单数形 式, 主语指的不是一种而是多种,谓语动词用复数。如:
This kind of cloth feels soft.
这种布料摸起来很柔软。
There are different kinds of animals in this zoo.
这个动物园有不同种类的动物。
27. 用引号的词语作主语时,谓语用单数第三人称。如: “I”is the ninth letter of the English Alphabet. “I”是字母表中的第九个字母。
28. 算式中表示数目的主语通常看作单数,其谓语常用 单数形式,也可用复数。 如:
Five times four is/are twenty. 五乘以四等于二十。
典例解析
1.Everyone I come from Sichuan. Actually, I
come from Shandong. ( 河北)
A. find B. think C. finds D. thinks
【解析】考查主谓一致。因为主语 Everyone(每个人)强调 的是个体,是单数形式,谓语动词应用动词的第三人称单数形 式,先排除 A、B 项;find 不能接从句,故选 D。
2.There some milk in the glass.
( 广西定西)
A. is B. are C. be D. has
【解析】考查 there be 句型的主谓一致。milk 是不可数名 词,故选 A。
⊙考点五 倒装句
知识聚焦
英语中大多数陈述句以正常语序出现,即主语在 前,谓语在后。但由于一定语法结构的要求,句子 却采用了另一种句型,有时谓语会出现在主语前,
宾语出现在主、谓语前,表语与主语位置互换等,这 样 的语序就叫做倒装句。英语倒装 句分为全部倒
装和部分倒装。 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主
语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过
去时 全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如 果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。部分倒装是 指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之 前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需 添加助动词 do, does 或 did,并将其置于主语之前。 倒装句主要有三种:
1. so+助动词(be/情态动词)+主语。
neither+助动词(be/情态动词)+主语。
So do I. 我也是。
Neither do I. 我也不。 这两种结构用来说明前面所说的情况也同样适用 于后面的人或物,意为“某人(物)也这样”。这种 结构中的助动词、be 动词或情态动词在形式上与 前一句的谓语动词保持一致,而其数的形式由后一 句的主语决定。如:
She is a student, so am I. 她是学生,我也是。
She is not a student, neither am I.
她不是学生,我也不是。 这两种结构的不同点是: so 引导的倒装句表肯定,说明前面的肯定情况也适 合于后边的人或物,如:So do I 表示“我也是”,相 当于 I do, too。而 neither 引导的倒装句表否定,说 明前面的否定情况也适合于后面的人或物。如: Neither do I 表示“我也不”,相当于 I don’t, either 。 如:
She went to the cinema last Sunday, so did I.
上星期天她去看电影了,我也是。
She didn’t go to the cinema last Sunday, neither did I.
上星期天她没去看电影,我也没去。( neither 可以 换成 nor, 句意不变。)
注意 前后两句的时态要保持一致,后句的助动词(be/情态动词)必须
是肯定形式。
2. There be 句型
There be 句型表示“存在”,是一种主语在 be 动词后 面的倒装句。如:
There is a picture on the wall. 墙上有一幅画。
There are some books on the desk. 桌子上有一些书。
注意
该句型中 be 动词的形式由主语来确定。主语有单、复数的区别, 单数用 is,复数用 are。There be 句型有时态的变化,其中 be 动词随着 时态的变化而变化。 如:
There was a computer here yesterday.
昨天这儿有一台电脑。(一般过去时)
There is going to be an English film this evening.
今晚有一场英文电影。(一般将来时)
注意
有些同学受母语影响,容易把 (今晚)有一场(球赛/音乐会等) 误译为 There is going to have this evening,这是必须注意的。
3. 由副词开头的倒装句
在以 here, there, in, out, down, away 等表示方位的副 词开头的句中,如果主语是名词时,要用倒装句。而 谓语动词的形式由倒装句中真正的主语来确定。如:
Here is a bus. 这儿有一辆公共汽车。
Here comes the train. 火车来了。 There comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。 注意
如果主语是人称代词时则不用倒装句。如:
Here you are. 给你。
典例解析
1.— My brother and I will go to the library tomorrow.
— _. Shall we go together ( 四川眉山)
A. So am I B. So do I C. So I am D. So will I
【解析】由答句 Shall we go together (我们一起去好吗?)
可知前面的肯定情况适合于后边的人,此题是一般将来时,故 选 D。
2. — Would your sister go to Hainan this summer
— If I don’t go,结 .( 辽宁) A.neither will she B.neither does she C.so will she D.so does she
【解析】考查条件状语从句和否定副词 neither 的用法。 答句句意为:如果我不去,她也不会去。根据"主将从现"规律 和逻辑意义应选 A。
真题回放
1. — What’s on the desk
— There some books. ( 福建龙岩) A. is B. are C. be
2. How time flies! Three years really a short time. ( 山东滨州)
A. is B. are C. was D. were
3. The reading room very quiet. I enjoy reading books there. ( 北京)
A. am B. is C. are D. be
4. This kind of paper soft.( 四川达州)
A. feels B. tastes C. smells D. sounds
5. — Father’s Day is coming. What should I buy for my father
— Why not He likes sports.
( 浙江温州)
A. a scarf B. a key ring
C. a pair of jeans D. a pair of running shoes
6. — I would like you to talk about the Great Wall.
— I’m sorry, but Jack I have been there. ( 江苏常州)
A. either;or B. neither;nor
C. both;and D. not only;but also
7. Nearly of the earth covered by sea.
( 江苏无锡)
A. three fourth;is B. three fourths;is
C. three fourth;are D. three fourths;are
8. He never no matter how many difficulties he has. ( 山东菏泽)
A. gives up B. gives in
C. works out D. goes away
9. — Michael likes flying around the world.
— I think being a is just right for him.
( 浙江宁波)
A. pilot B. policeman
C. cook D. doctor
10. — is it from here to the railway station
— About ten kilometres.( 上海)
A. How far B. How fast
C. How soon D. How often
11. The tall man over there is our new English teacher,
( 四川宜宾)
A. is he B. is there
C. isn’t he D. isn’t there
12. — David has been away for more than days.
— I miss him very much. You know, days
short.( 湖北黄冈)
A. is B. isn’t C. are D. aren’t
13.Climbing hills of great help to our health.
( 湖北十堰)
A. was B. were C. is D. are
14. The boy spends at least as much time reading as he
. ( 江苏无锡)
A. writes B. is writing
C. does to write D. does writing
15. — Leo, no milk or eggs in the fridge.
— Oh, I’ll go and buy some right away.
( 福建福州)
A. it is B. there is C. there are
能力拓展
1.Neither Wei Hua nor Ann_ on the team.
A.is B.are C.goes D.go
2.“I think neither this shirt nor that one good”
he said.
A.are B.is C.were D.was
3.Three years a short time. You have to study hard.
A.is B.are C.be D.were
4.Each of us a nice pencil-box.
A.have B.has C.are having
5.Those men soldiers.
A.an B.is C.are
6.Either Jim or Sam going to help the farmers with the orange harvest this afternoon.
A.was B.were C.is D.are
7.All the food ready now. Let’s have a meal.
A.be B.an C.is D.are
8.This pair of shoes for my father.
A.is B.are C.buy D.get
9.There a desk, two beds and four chairs in the room
A.is B.are C.has D.have
10.Nothing but grass and trees the hill.
A.covers B.cover
C.covering D.is covering
11.m he or you to come home
A.Is B.Are C.Will D.Can
12.No book and no pen in the bag.
A.is B.are C.has D.have
13.His family a large one. The whole family
watching TV.
A.is;is B.are;are C.are;is D.is;are
14.Each student and each teacher to see the film.
A.go B.wish C.are D.wants
15.The mother with two children often to the
town.
A.go B.goes
C.are going D.is going
16.Neither my father nor I there just now.
A.were B.is C.are D.was
17.I think maths very interesting.
A.are B.is C.sound D.seem
18. — Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother
— I don’t know, .
A. nor don’t I care B. nor do I care
C. I don’t care neither
D. I don’t care also
19. — Here ! Where is Xiao Liu
— There _.
A. comes the bus;is he
B. comes the bus;he is
C. the bus comes;is he
D. the bus comes;he is
20. — I like football. I don’t like volleyball.
— .
A. So do I B. Neither do I
C. So it is with me D. So is it with me
21. — In modern times, girls like beautiful clothes.
— Yes, and . After all, our life has
greatly improved.
A. so do they;so do you B. so they do;so you do C. so do they;so you do D. so they do;so do you
22. — I seldom watch TV, but listen to the radio a lot.
— .
A. So do I B. Neither do I
C. I ’m the same D. So it is with me
23. You should work less .
A. and neither should I B. and so should I
C. and nor should I D. and so I should
24. — Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother
— I don’t know, and .
A. nor don’t I care B. nor do I care
C. I don’t care neitherD. I don’t care also
25. — This is one of the oldest trees in the world.
— such a big tree. A. Never I have seen
B. I haven’t never seen
C. Never have I seen
D. I have seen never
专题二 主谓一致和倒装句
【真题回放】
1~5 BABAC 6~10 BBAAA 11~15 CACDB
【能力拓展】
1~5 ABABC 6~10 CCAAA 11~15 AADDB
16~20 DBBBC 21~25 DDBBC