定语从句中引导词that的用法讲解
2022届高考英语语法总复习
That 的一般用法
一、指代人的用法
1、that 在限定性从句中作主语,可替换 who,不能省略
下面 2 句话一个意思,都是“他们是买我们房子的人”,只不过关系词不一样。
- They’re the people who bought our house.
- They’re the people that bought our house.
2、that 在限定性从句中作宾语,可替换 who、whom,可省略
下面 3 句话一个意思,都是“警方逮捕了一名与比尔共事的男子”,只不过关系词不一样,而且关系词可以省略。
- The police arrested a man(who) Bill worked with.
- The police arrested a man(whom) Bill worked with.
- The police arrested a man(that) Bill worked with.
3、that 在限定性从句中作表语,不可替换为 who,可省略
- She is no longer a little girl (that) she used to be. 她不再是过去的那个小女孩了。
小结:That 可以指代人,在定语从句中可作主语替换 who,作宾语替换 whom,也可做表语;除作主语不能省略,另外两种都可省略。
二、指代物的用法
1、that 在限定性从句中作主语,可替换which,不能省略
下面 2 句话一个意思,都是“这是上午飞往北京的飞机”,只不过关系词不一样。
- This is the plane that will fly to Beijing in the morning.
- This is the plane which will fly to Beijing in the morning.
2、that 在限定性从句中作宾语,可替换which,可省略
下面 2 句话一个意思,都是“我收到妈妈昨天寄给我的一封信”,只不过关系词不一样,而且关系词可以省略。
- I received a letter (that) my Mum sent to me yesterday.
- I received a letter (which) my Mum sent to me yesterday.
3、that 在限定性从句中作表语,不可替换为 which,可省略
- Xiong'an is not the city (that) it used to be. 雄安现在已不是原来的那个城市了
小结:That 也可以指代物,在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语,可以替换掉 which;除作主语不能省略,另外两种都可省略。
三、作关系副词的用法
1、that 在限定性从句中作时间状语,可替换 when,可省略
下面 2 句话一个意思,都是“我永远不会忘记我第一次见到她的那一天”,只不过关系词不一样,而且关系词可以省略。
- I'll never forget the day (that) I first laid eyes upon her.
- I'll never forget the day (when) I first laid eyes upon her.
2、that 在限定性从句中作地点状语,可替换 where,可省略
下面 2 句话一个意思,都是“我们得找个你今晚能睡的地方”,只不过关系词不一样,而且关系词可以省略。
- We have to find a place (that) you can sleep tonight.
- We have to find a place (where) you can sleep tonight.
3、that 在限定性从句中作原因状语,可替换 why,可省略
下面 2 句话一个意思,都是“这就是你带我们来这里的原因吗?”,只不过关系词不一样,而且关系词可以省略。
- Is this the reason (that) you brought us here
- Is this the reason (why) you brought us here
小结:That 也可作关系副词,在 day、year、time、moment、reason、place等作先行词时,在口语中代替 when、where、why 表示时间、地点和原因。
只能用 That 的情况
下面就是 that 的高光时刻,我们讲讲那些只能用 that 而不能用其他词代替的时刻。
一、that 指代人的时候
在下列情况中,只能用 that 而不能替换为 who 或 whom:
1、泛指某类人时
- He's a man that is never suited. 他是个从不穿西装的人。
2、以 Who 开头的特殊问句,为了避免重复时
- Who is the person that is standing by the window 站在窗边的那个人是谁?
3、先行词被 the only、the very、the last 等表示唯一概念修饰时
- Jill is the only friend that I have. 吉尔是我唯一的朋友。
4、先行词前有 the same 修饰,表示和先行词是同一人时
- This is the same person that gave us a speech last year. 这就是去年给我们做演讲的那个人。
5、关系代词在定语从句中作表语时
- He has changed. He was not the man (that) he was 10 years ago. 他变了,再也不是10年前的那个他了。
6、先行词有两个,一个指人,一个指物时
- The kids and their cat that are in the picture are very lovely. 照片中的孩子和他们的猫都很可爱。
7、先行词被序数词修饰时
- You are the first person that I want to ask for. 你是我要找的第一个人。
8、先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
- She was the tallest woman that I have ever seen in my life. 她是我有生以来见过的最高的女人。
9、双重限定性从句中,如果一个用 who 引导,则另一个用that引导
- He is the student that I have ever see who can jump highest.他是我曾经看到过跳得最高的学生。
小结:上面的 1、3、4、5、7、8 其实是一种情况,那就是,要说的对象已经明确了只有一个,所以后面的从句根本就不是限定,而仅仅是为了描述这个人,所以用不着“who” 或者 “whom” 进一步缩小范围。
二、that 指代物的时候
1、在 There be 句型中时
- There are two magazines that I want to read. 我要读的有两本杂志。
2、被all、every、no、few、any、little、much、the one、anything、everything、nothing等修饰先行词或引导时
- You can borrow any technical book that you want to read in our company. 你可以在我们公司借任何你想看的技术书籍。
- I have nothing that is worth doing. 我没有什么值得做的事。
注意:先行词是 something 时,用 which 或 that 都行。
3、先行词被序数词修饰时
- This is the second cellphone that I have ever bought. 这是我买过的第二部智能手机。
4、先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
- This is the most beautiful town that I’ve ever seen. 这是我见过的最美丽的小镇。
5、先行词被 the only、the very、the right、the last 等表示唯一概念修饰时
- This is the only painting in this style that we have in our museum. 这是我们博物馆里唯一一幅这种风格的画。
6、先行词既指人又指物时
- Let's talk about the persons and the things that we can remember. 让我们谈谈我们能记住的人和事。
7、先行词前有the same 修饰,表示和先行词是同一物时
- This is the same wallet that I lost yesterday. 这就是我昨天丢的那个钱包。
8、先行词为数词时
- Look at the books on my desk. You can see the two thatyou bought me for my birthday. 看我桌上的书,你可以看到在我过生日时你买给我的那两本。
9、关系代词在定语从句中作表语时
- Time changed everything. Our college is no longer the school thatit used to be. 时间改变了一切。我们的大学不再是过去的那个大学了。
10、以 Here is (are) 开头的句子时
- Here was a story that has moved everyone. 这是一个让每个人都感动的故事。
11、It is (high) time + 定语从句时
- It is time that we should have a rest. 我们该休息了。
12、当先行词是way等词时
- This is the way that my father did this work. 这就是我父亲做此工作的方式。
13、双重限定性从句中,如果一个用 which 引导,则另一个用that引导
- My brother studies in the school which is the most beautiful in our city that isn't far from here. 我的弟弟在我们的城市最美丽的学校读书,并且离这儿不远。
14、以 Which 开头的特殊问句
- Which is the train that you will take 你要坐哪趟火车?
15、which引导的定语从句嵌套另一个定语从句时,则另一个用that引导
- They built a factory which produced things that had never been seen. 他们建了一工厂,生产以前从未见过的东西。