中考英语总复习 语法训练题(打包15套) 苏教版

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名称 中考英语总复习 语法训练题(打包15套) 苏教版
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透析中考英语语法非谓语动词考点
【非谓语动词命题趋势 】
根据对非谓语动词部分全国各省、市中考试题的分析可知,今后该部分仍将是重点考查点之一。其考查重点为:
it作形式主语、宾语的用法
感官动词后不定式作宾语补足语和动词ing形式作宾语补足语的用法;
动词不定式与疑问代词和疑问副词的连用
一些特殊动词的动词不定式作宾语补足语时不带to,但变为被动语态时就要带to;
有些动词既可接不定式也可接动词ing形式作宾语,但表达的意思不同。
【考点诠释】
一、考查非谓语动词用作主语
不定式或动名词用作主语,而分词不能担任句子中的主语。
【考例】It's very nice pictures for me. [天津]
A. of you to draw B. for you to draw C. for you drawing D. of you drawing
[答案]:A。[解析]考查It's+形容词+of/for sb. +to do sth.句中it为形式主语,to do是真正的主语,当形容词是表示品质意思时,应该用of sb.,其他形容词用for sb.,故此题答案为A。
二、考查非谓语动词用作宾语
【考例】一It's a bit cold Would you mind my ______all the windows
一Do as you like,please.[07淄博市]
A.close B will close C.closing D.to close
[答案]C [解析]动词mind意为“介意”,后跟动词时,应使用ing形式。
Mary and I enjoy ____________ badminton[07黔岭东南州]
A.to play B playing C.played
[答案]B[解析] enjoy后跟动词的ing形式作宾语,即:enjoy doing something,意为“喜欢(做)某事”。
--So hot in the classroom.Would you mind ___the windows
——0K.I'll do it right now.[黄冈市]
A. not closing B not opening C closing D.opening
[答案]D[解析] mind是中考的重点考查词汇,其后跟v—ing表示“介意……”。
---Mr. Wang,I have trouble _______the text.
一Remember ____it three times at least.[威海市]
A.to understand;reading B understanding;reading
C understanding;to read D.to understand;to read at night.
[答案]C [解析]have trouble doing something意为“做某事有困难”,所以答案在B与C中。remember to do something意为“记得(去)做某事”,remember doing something意为“记得做过某事”,由对话的语境可知,前者正确。
--How are you feeling here
--It's quite hot. I don't know to go or stay. [武汉]
A. how B. when C. whether D. where
[答案]:C。[解析]考查“疑问词+动词不定式”的用法。根据句意“我不知道是走还是留下来。”故选C。
Many people think it's very important us learn English well. [贵阳]
A. for, to B. to, to C. with, for
[答案]:A。[解析]考查“主语+feel/think/ make/ find +it +adj. +for sb. +to do sth.句中it为形式宾语,to do是真正的宾语,”故此题答案为A。
The menu has so many good things! I can’t decide__________.[河北]
A. what to eat B. how to eat C. where to eat D. when to eat
[答案]:A 。[解析] 考查“疑问词+动词不定式”的用法。根据句意“我不能决定吃什么。”故选A。
12.---My dad bought me a new MP4, but I don’t know ______________.
---Let’s read the instructions.[河南课改试验区]
A. what to use B. which one to use C. how to use it D. when to use it
[答案]:C。 [解析] 考查“疑问词+动词不定式”的用法。根据句意“我不知道如何使用。”故选C。
13.It took my daughter two weeks ________the novels _______by Yand Hongying.[潍坊]
A. read; written B. to read; written C. reading; to write D. to read; wrote
[答案]:B。[解析] It takes +sb.+some time +to do sth.表示花费多长时间做某事,novel与write的关系是动宾关系,应用过去分词,表示被动。故答案为B。
Drivers are warned ________when they are tired.[佛山]
A. to drive B. not drive C. not to drive
[答案]:C。[解析]考查动词不定式的否定结构。否定形式是在to前面加not。故选C。
If you want to know _______the mobile phone, you’d better read the instructions first.[大连]
A. how to use B. how to make C. where to mend D. where to buy
[答案]:A。[解析] 考查“疑问词+动词不定式”的用法。根据句意“如果你想要知道如何使用手机的话,你最好先看一看说明书。”故选A。
China will spend about 52 billion yuan ____new airports and __old ones in the west of China in the 11th Five-Year Plan period(时期).[07临沂市]
A.repairing; building B to build;repair C.building;repairing D.to repair;build
[答案]C[解析]本题主要是考查动词spend的用法。spend...doing something意为“花费……做某事”,由此可排除B、D两项。再从句意上看,应是“修建”新机场,“维修”旧机场。
3. students should pay attention to ___________the teacher in class.[07泰州市]
A.hear B1istento C listening to D hearing of
[答案]C[解析]本题考查了介词后跟动词的情况。 pay attention to意为“注意”,其中to是介词,所以后面的动词应使用动名词形式。hear of意为“听说”,与句意不符。
三、考查非谓语动词用作宾语补足语
原则上,所有的非谓语动词形式均可用作宾语补足语,其区别是:不定式表未来,现在分词表进行,过去分词表完成和被动。
【考例】Alice asked me another bag for her. [北京市课标卷]
A. get B. got C. to get D. getting
[答案]:C。[解析] ask sb.to do sth.表示让某人做某事,此句话的意思为:“爱丽丝叫我给她再带一个包。”
Our parents often tell us not alone in the river in summer. [长沙]
A. swim B. to swim C. swimming
[答案]:B。[解析]考查动词不定式作宾语补足语的用法。tell sb.to do sth.表示告诉某人做某事,tell后边要加不定式,否定形式是在to前面加not,根据题意,应选B。
---What did your sister say to you last night
---She asked me _________my father her secret.[绍兴]
A. to tell not B. not to tell C. don’t tell D. not tell
[答案]:B。[解析] tell sb.to do sth.表示告诉某人做某事,tell后边要加不定式,否定形式是在to前面加not,根据题意,应选B。
Betty is often seen _______the old man with his housework.[咸宁]
A. help B. to help C. helped D. helps
[答案]:B。[解析]考查感官动词后接动词不定式的用法。在make, let, have等使役动词和see, watch, notice, hear, listen to,look at,feel等感官动词后的复合宾语中,动词不定式不带to。当使役动词和感官动词变为被动语态时,不定式就成了主语补语,作主语补语的不定式必须加to。故选B。
Time goes by so fast. We must never miss the chance to show love for our parents and make them __________ how much they mean to us. [哈尔滨]
A. to know B. knowing C. know
[答案]:C。[解析]考查动词不定式作宾语补足语的用法。make sb. do sth. 表示“使某人……”,故选C。
---How do you feel when you see the national flag of China
---It makes us ________proud.[包头]
A. feel B. to feel C. felt D. feeling
[答案]:A。[解析] 考查感官动词后接动词不定式的用法。在make, let, have等使役动词和see, watch, notice, hear, listen to,look at,feel等感官动词后的复合宾语中,动词不定式不带to。故选A。
四、考查非谓语动词用作定语
【考例】—Shopping with me
—Sorry. I have a lot of clothes . (2004江西省南昌)
A.to wash B.washed C.wash D.to be washed
[答案]: A
[命题立意]:本题考查动词不定式作定语的用法。
[试题解析]:作定语用的不定式的逻辑主语是句中主语或宾语时,就用主动式的不定式来表被动意义。故选A。
五、考查非谓语动词用作状语
【考例】--Linda, I am very thirsty.
--Let's go to the nearest supermarket some drinks, OK [重庆]
A. buy B. bought C. to buy D. buying
[答案]:C。[解析]考查不定式作目的状语的用法。句意为:“咱们去最近的超级市场买些饮料。”
In order ________the word a friendly place, one must show a friendly face.[乐山]
A. makes B. making C. to make D. make
[答案]:C。[解析]考查动词不定式作目的状语的特殊结构。in order to do sth.表示“为了……”的意思,不定式作目的状语。故选C。
一There goes the bell.
一It's time for class. Let's stop_________.[福州市]
A. talk B to talk C.talking D.not talk
[答案]C[解析] 动词stop后既可接动词不定式作宾语,即:stop to do sth,也可以接动词的一ing形式作定语,即:stop doing sth。前者表示停下来(开始)做后面的动作,后者表示停止当前的动作。由语境“铃响了,到了上课时间,应停止交谈”可知,应选C项。
【语法回顾】
动词不定式
动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成。其主动式有一般式、进行时、完成式和完成进行式。其被动式、进行式和完成式。如下表:
时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
动词不定式主动式的句法功能
1、动词不定式作主语
当动词不定式作主语时,其谓语动词常用单数。例如:
To say something is one thing; to do it is another.说是一回事,做是另一回事。
To help animals is helping people.(帮助动物就是帮助人)/
It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.((对于我们而言)学好汉语是非常的困难)/
It took me half an hour to work out this problem.(解出这道题花了我一个小时的时间)
当动词不定式在句子中作主语时,通常使用it作形式主语而真正主语则是不定式或不定式短语,以使句子保持平衡。例如:
It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。
It is not difficult to work out the problem.弄清这个节目的情况并不困难。
It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们,他真好。
It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
这样的句子中,由于表语形容词性质的不同,导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。
1)for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:例如:
   It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2)of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如:
   It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我,你真是太好了。
2、动词不定式作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。例如:
   My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。
   His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。
3、动词不定式作宾语
1)及物动词ask,agree,beg,care,choose,decide,expect,force,fail,hesitate,claim,hope,learn,long,manage,offer,pretend,plan,prepare,promise,refuse,want,wish等要求动词不定式作宾语。例如:
We want to learn some body language.我们想学习一点身势语。
She has decided to go to Guangzhou tomorrow.她已经决定明天去广州。
No one can afford to buy such an expensive suit.没有人能担负起买如此昂贵的服装。
4、动词不定式作宾语补足语
有的动词后接带to的动词不定式作补语;有的动词后接不带to的动词不定式。
1)能以带to的不定式作宾补的动词有:ask,allow, get,warn,tell,invite,force, oblige, beg, wish,want, like, hate, expect, encourage, advise, persuade,permit, request, order, cause, know, call on等。例如:
Would you like me to help you 你要我帮忙吗?
Father will not allow us to play on the street.
2)用不带to的不定式作宾补的动词有see,hear,watch,notice,observe,listen to,look at,feel,let,have,make等。但是,这类句子变为被动语态时,不定式符号to仍保留。例如:
I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。
=They were made to work the whole night.
5、动词不定式与疑问词、介词的连用
(1)decide,find out, forget,know,learn,remember,wonder等动词常接“疑问词+ 动词不定式”这个结构,用作宾语。疑问词一般是what,who(m),where,how,whether,why,which。例如:
Would you teach us how to drive a car 你愿意教我们如何开车吗?
Let me tell you what to do now.让我来告诉你现在该做什么。
当宾语是不定式(短语)时,如果其后有宾语补足语,则须用it作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语放在补语之后,即:“主语 +谓语 + it +宾补不定式(短语)”。常见的谓语动词有think, make, feel, find, etc.例如:
I don't think it is necessary to buy a bigger computer.我认为没有必要买那个大功能的计算机。
He found it important to study the situation in Russian.他发现研究俄国形势非常重要。
6、动词不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,往往表示未发生的动作。例如:
I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多事要做。
There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上(他回家时)两手空空。
7、动词不定式作状语
不定式通常在句子里可作目的、条件、原因和结果状语。
目的状语 
常用结构为to do , only to do(仅仅为了), in order to do, so as to do, so(such)… as to…(如此…以便…)。例如:
   He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
   I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2)作结果状语,可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果,不定式要放在句子后面。
I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。
   He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间,没发现什么。
3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。
She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。
4)表示理由和条件
He must be a fool to say so.他可定是傻子才这样说。
You will do well to speak more carefully.如果你仔细说,你会做得更好。
III.不定式的否定和省略形式
一、不定式的否定
不定式的否定通常应直接在不定式前加否定词not。注:否定词never也可构成不定式的否定形式。
Tell him not to shut the window。让他别关窗。
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候,她假装没看见。
关于too......to.......表示否定的情况
表示“如此......以致不能......,”一般表示否定。例如:
He is too young to go to school.(=He is so young that he can't go to school.)他年龄太小,不能上学。
She was too excited to say a word.(=She was so excited that she could not say a word.)他激动的连一句话也说不出来。
二、不定式的省略形式
1) 情态动词 ( 除ought 外) 后。
2) 使役动词 let, have, make后,感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。
注意:被动语态中不能省去to。例如:
  I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。
  =He was seen to dance.
  The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。
  =They were made to work the whole night.
3) would rather,had better句型后
4) Why… / why no…句型后
5) help 后可带to,也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth:
6) but和except后。but前是实义动词do时,后面出现的不定式不带to。
比较:He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。
   He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药,他什么都信。
7) 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to 可以省去:
8) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时,可以省去to be。例如: 
   He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。
第二节 动名词
1、 动名词作主语
1) 动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别。一般地说,动名词表示抽象的、一般的行为,尤其是强调多次性的动作;不定式表示具体的、某一次的动作,特别是将来的动作。例如:
Checking information is very important.核实情况是非常重要的。
Learning a foreign language is very useful to me.学习一门外语,来说是非常重要的。
2、动名词作宾语
1) 有些动词只能用动名词作直接宾语,不 能用不定式作直接宾语。如:admit, advise, avoid, consider,delay,finish, mind, miss, permit, practise, enjoy, resist,risk, appreciate, imagine, 例如:
He finished reading the book yesterday.他昨天看完这本书。
Have you considered looking for one special friend 你是否考虑过找一位特别亲密的朋友呢?
2)动名词作介词宾语的用法。
be used to, prevent......from, depend on,feel like, be fond of, be proud of, put off, give up, devote oneself to ,help yourself to, be busy in,be afraid of, apologize for 等。例如:
I don't feel like walking very much today.今天我不想走太多的路。
The Great Green will stop the wind from blowing the earth away.绿色长城将阻止风刮走土。
注意: 动名词前的介词有时可以省略。如: have difficulty (in) doing ; have no trouble (in) doing; lose no time (in) doing; prevent/stop......(from) doing; there is no use (in) doing等。例如:
I have some difficult in pronouncing some of the words in English.我发某些英语单词的音有一些困难。
The heavy rain kept them from going out.大雨阻止了他们外出。
We must stop them (from) making the same mistake again.我们必须防止犯同样的错误。
3)有些动词即可用动名词作直接宾语,也可以用不定式作直接宾语,两者有着截然不同的意义。
(1)like,love,prefer,hate......等表示喜爱、厌恶、偏好的情感动词,后跟不定式表示“仅一时的爱憎情感或指特定或具体某次行为”;后跟动名词表示“抽象性的一种倾向、爱好或习惯性的动作”例如:
I don't like to read this novel.我不喜欢看这本小说。
I don't like reading in bed.我不喜欢在床上看书。
I prefer to work rather than sit idle.我情愿工作而不愿闲坐着。
注意:这几个词前面有would, should 时,后面都只跟不定式。例如:
Would you like to dine out 你愿意在外面吃顿饭吗?
(2)动词remember,forget,stop,go on,try,regret,can't help等既能以动词不定式又能以动名词作宾语,但表达的意思却不同。与动词不定式连用时,表示未完成的动作。例如:
remember 后用动名词表示 “记起过去做过的一件事”;后用动词不定式表示“记住要去做某一件事情”。例如:
Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before 你不记得以前见过那个人吗
forget 后用动词不定式表示.“忘记要去做某件事情”;后用动名词表示“忘记过去做过的一件事情”。例如:
The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着,他忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。(已做过关灯的动作)
stop 后用动词不定式表示 “停下来做另一件事情”(停下来的目的);后用动名词表示“停止正在做的事情”。例如:
They stop to smoke a cigarette.  他们停下来,抽了根烟。
I must stop smoking.      我必须戒烟了。
go on doing sth 表示“继续不停地做某事”或“一件事没有做完,停顿后继续做下去;与原来所做的事相同。”例如:
After he had finished his maths,he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后,他接着去做物理。
Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后,接着做其他的练习
try 用动词不定式表示“设法去做某件事情”;后用动名词表示“试一试某种办法”。例如:
You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我试着种果木花卉,但未成功。
mean后用动词不定式表示“打算、想要做某事”;后用动名词表示“意味着、意思是”。例如:
I meant to tell you yesterday,but you were not in your office.我打算昨天告诉你,但是你不在办公室。
Missing the train means waiting for an hour错过这趟火车就意味着还要等一个小时。
can't help 后用动词不定式表示“不能帮助做......”。后用动名词表示“禁不住....;不得不”。例如:
He couldn't help finishing it.他不得不把这件事完成。
We couldn't help to finish it. 我们不能帮助完成这件事。
be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do 不敢,胆怯去做某事,是主观上的原因不去做,意为"怕",be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing 是客观上造成的,意为"生怕,恐怕"。例如:
She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
learn后跟不定式表示“学会了做某事”或“学着做某事”;跟动名词表示“学过做某事”,但不一定会了。例如:
He has learned to type.他学会了打字。(指会使用打字机)
He has learned typing. 他学过打字。(他不一定会使用打字机)
4)动词need, want, require,以及 be worth之后动名词的主动语态含有被动的意思,相当于不定式的被动语态。例如:
His clothes need mending(to be mended).他的衣服需要缝补。
Our teacher said that the way of study needed improving.老师说我们的这种学习方法需要改进。
These babies will require taking good care of.这些婴儿需要细心照料。
His talk is well worth listening to.他的报告很值得一听。
3、动名词的否定形式的表达方式
动名词否定结构由“not+动名词”构成。
I regret not having worked(not working) hard at school.我后悔过去上学时学习不努力。
It is no use buying books but not reading them.买了书却不读是没有什么用处的。
第三节 分 词
分词是非谓语动词中的一种形式,是英语教学过程中的重点、难点,也是历届高考考查语法点之一。分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。它在句子里可作表语、宾语补足语定语和状语。但要注意分词具有主动和进行的意味而过去分词却具有被动和完成的意味。
一、分词在句中的功能
1、分词作表语
现在分词作表语,多表示主语所具有的特征或性质,意为“令人怎样.......”,含主动意味。如:astonishing,disappointing,exciting,amusing,frightening,interesting,surprising,relaxing,shocking,tiring,worrying,puzzle;ing,moving; 过去分词作表语多表示主语的状态,意为“对什么感受怎样”,有被动意味。如:astonished,disappointed,excited,amused,frightened,interested,surprised,relaxed,shocked,tired,worried,puzzled,moved。例如:
Our trip was disappointing.我们的这次旅行让人失望。
We was disappointed at our trip.我们对这次旅行感到失望。
This story is interesting.这个故事有趣。
I am interested in this story.我对这故事感兴趣。
2、分词作宾语补足语
分词作宾语补足语时,也要注意主动与被动的关系这种关系主要体现在宾补与宾语之间的主动与被动的关系。
He's going to have his hair cut.他将要去理发。
I must get my bike repaired.我得去修理我的自行车。
动词have,let,make等也可带用过去分词表示的宾语补足语,在这种结构中主语通常不是分词所表示的动作的发出者。能带分词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有:see,feel,watch,make, let,have等。例如:
You often see musicians performing in the streets.你经常看到音乐家在街上演奏。
We watched three old men sharing their food with each other.我们观看三个老人相互分享他们的食物。
3、分词作定语
不及物动词的现在分词作定语表达强调动作正在进行,过去分词强调完成;及物动词的现在分词作定语强调主动,
过去分词强调被动。分词的完成式一般不作定语。分词作其他成分时,也是如此。分词作定语,单个的分词作定
语一般前置;分词词组,个别分词如given, left等,修饰不定代词等的分词,作定语需后置。例如:
We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日
He is a retired worker.  他是位退休的工人
There was a girl sitting there. 有个女孩坐在那里
This is the question given.   这是所给的问题
There is nothing interesting.  没有有趣的东西
分词作定语相当于定语从句,如Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. = Most of the people who were invited to the party were famous scientists.
分词: 包含现在分词和过去分词。(高中学习重点)
① 主要区别:现在分词一般有主动的意思或表示动作正在进行的意思;过去分词有被动或动 作已经完成的意思。分词可以有自己的宾语或状语。
② 分词或分词短语在句子中作定语、状语和复合宾语等。
[A] 作定语:分词作定语时,一般要放在修饰的名词之前,分词短语作定语时,则要放在所修饰的名词之后。 如:
I have got a running nose.(我流鼻涕)
The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly ,“Stop the thief!”(跟着小偷追的妇女大喊:捉小偷!)
Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.(昨天我遇见了一个名叫布莱克先生的人)
He only gave me a broken glass, so I was very angry with him.(他只给了我一个坏玻璃杯,所以我很生他的气)
[B] 现在分词可以作下列动词的宾语补足语。(参考不定式作宾语补足语)
谓语动词(vt.) 宾语 宾语补足语
keep(保持) / see(看到) / hear(听到) / watch(注意到) / feel(感觉到) sb./sth. (do)ing
如:
Mum kept me working all the week.(妈妈让我一个星期都在工作)
When I entered the room, I saw Jack eating a big pear.(我进入房间时看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子)
In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.(黑暗之中我感到有个冷的东西在我的脚上移动)
[C] 现在分词可以作状语,表示伴随情况。如:
She came into the classroom, holding a pile of papers in her hand.(他走进教室,手上抓着一沓纸)/ I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.(这些日子我正忙着准备即将来到的口语考试)
[D] 过去分词可以作表语,放在连系动词后面,但要注意不要与被动语态混淆,“主系表”主要表示状态,而被动语态则表示动作。常用过去分词作表语的结构有:be worried (焦虑) / be pleased (高兴) / be tired (疲劳) / get dressed (打扮好) / get lost (迷路) / get caught (遭遇) / become frustrated (沮丧) / become intereted in (对…感兴趣)等等。例略。
[E] 过去分词可以作宾语补足语。如:
I had my hair cut this morning.(今天早上我让人给我理了发)(注意:have sth. done表示动作由别人来做,而have done sth.则为现在完成时的结构,两个结构不可以混淆)
【语法过关】
1.Tom likes cars. He enjoys ______ model cars of all kinds.
A. collects B. collecting C. to collect D. collected
2.The heavy snowstorm made the mountain climbers ______ halfway.
A. stop B. to stop C. stopping D. stopped
3.I'11 give a talk tomorrow. I'm thinking about .
A. what to say B. how to say C. what can I say D. how can I say
4.My sister doesn't like the dress. She thinks it makes her fat.
A. look B. looks C. to look D. looked
5.You may be ____if you have a ___ problem.
A. exciting; excited B. excited; exciting C. worrying; worried D. worried; worrying
6。China's badminton team won the Sudirman Cup for the fifth time; they deserved_____.(湖北黄石)
A. to reward B. rewarding C. to be rewarded D. being rewarded
7。-- Mum, I'm hungry.
-- What about going to McDonald's ______ fried chicken
A. eat B. to eat C. eating D. and eat
8.Your father is sleeping. You’d better ___________.
A. not to wake him up B. not wake him up C. not wake up him D. not to wake up him
9.If everyone makes a contribution _____ the environment, our country will become more beautiful.
A. to protect B. in protecting C. to protecting D. for protecting
10.I've made it possible for my computers the same programs by means of networking.
A. to share B. share C. shared D. shares
11.Internet bars mustn’t let people under 18 in or let anybody_ bad things.
A. watch B. to watch C. watching D. watches
12.—Shopping with me
—Sorry. I have a lot of clothes .
A.to wash B.washed C.wash D.to be washed
13.I want to buy a digital camera online. Can you show me ______ the Internet
A.search        B.to search     C.how to search   D.what to search
14.It _______ Yang Liwei about 21 hours _____the earth 14 times in his spaceship.
A. spent, circling B. took, traveling C. spent, to travel D. took, to circle
15.The little girl saw the gorilla in the park with a toy bear.
A. to play B. playing C. is playing D. plays
16.How about ______ to the cinema on Sunday
A.go B.to go C.going D.will go
17.Jim asked Lin Feng ______ forget to change water.
A.to not B.don't C.not D.not to
18.Listen! Can you hear a baby ________
A. cry      B. to cry     C. crying    D. cries
19.You’d better _________ on Sundays. It’s too crowded.
A. go shopping B. not go shopping C. not to go shopping D. to go shopping
20.The little girl was too frightened ________ a word.
A. not to tell    B. not to say   C. to tell     D. to say
21.My watch doesn’t work. I must have it ________.
A. repaired    B. repairs     C. repair     D. repairing
22.Stop ________ so much noise! My father is sleeping.
A. to make    B. making     C. to hear     D. hearing
【参考答案】
1。答案B 解析:enjoy表示“喜欢”后接名词或动名词作宾语。故选B。2。答案A 解析:make sb. do sth. 表示“使某人做某事”,make表示“使、让”的意思,是使役动词,后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。故选A。3.答案A 解析:依据上句“明天我将做一个讲演”,我正考虑讲什么, 是说的内容,应选what。 C、D语序不对。故只能选A。
4.答案A 解析:make后接不带to的动词不定时作宾语补足语。
5。答案D 解析: 现在分词作表语,多表示主语所具有的特征或性质,意为“令人怎样.......”,含主动意味。过去分词作表语多表示主语的状态,意为“对什么感受怎样”,有被动意味。分词作定语时,如果分词的动作是中心词发出的,则要用现在分词;如果中心词是分词动作的承受者,则要用过去分词。
6。答案C 解析:deserve表示“值得,应当受到”的意思,后接动词不定式。They与reward之间存在动宾关系,故应选C。
7.答案B 解析:依据题意:去McDonald's吃烤鸡怎么样?用不定式表示目的,故选B。
8.答案B 解析:had better 后接动词原形,排除A、D;其否定结构为:had better not do sth.
9.答案C 解析:make a contribution to 表示“为……作贡献”,其中to为介词,后应接名词或动名词。
10.答案A 解析:依据句子结构:S+ V +it +adj. for sb. to do sth. it作形式宾语,其真正主语是动词不定式。故应选A。
11.答案 A 解析:let是使役动词,后接不带to的不定式作宾补。故应选A。
12.答案A 解析:作定语用的不定式的逻辑主语是句中主语或宾语时,就用主动式的不定式来表被动意义。故选A。
13。答案C 解析:依据题意:我想买一部数码照相机,你能教我如何在因特网上搜寻吗?show sb. how to do sth.故选C。
14.答案D 解析:依据It takes/took sb. sometime to do sth.句型,可判断出此题应选D。
15。答案B 解析:see sb.doing sth.表示“看见某人正在做某事”;see sb. do sth.表示“看见某人做某事”,强调看见的整个过程;故应选B。16.答案C 解析:How about 后接名词、代词或动名词结构。故选C。
17.答案D 解析:动词不定式的否定结构为:not to do sth.故选D。
18。答案 C 解析:感官动词后接不带to的不定时,表示“整个过程”;接分词,表示“正在发生的动作”;依据句意可知,应选C。
19.答案B 解析:had better 后接不带to的动词不定式。依据题意:你最好不要在星期天买东西,表示否定。故选B。
20.答案D 解析:too...to....表示“如此......以致不能......,”。故应选D。
21.答案A 解析:it指代上句的my watch;与被修饰语存在动宾关系,手表是由别人来修理,故用过去分词。应选A。
22.答案B 解析:stop后用动词不定式表示“停下来做另一件事情”(停下来的目的);后用动名词表示“停止正在做的事情”。依据题意:应用动名词;制造噪音,词组为:“make noise”。故选B。
用心 爱心 专心透析中考英语语法情态动词考点
【情态动词命题趋势与预测】
根据对情态动词部分在全国各地中考试题的分析可知,今后该部分将是重点考查点之一。其考查重点为:
1、情态动词在一般疑问句中的问与答
2、情态动词表示猜测的用法
3、will与shall的用法
4、dare与need的用法
【考点诠释】
一、考查情态动词的基本用法
一些情态动词的常用的意义往往为高考考查的焦点,考生须准确理解其含义并根据句子意思选择正确的情态动词。
1.must和have to
两者都表示“必须”的意思,但must含有说话人主观上的看法、态度;have to则表示客观上的需要。
【考例】--Must we finish giving out the posters today
--Yes, we _______. It can't be put off any longer. [太原市]
A. can B. may C. must
[答案]C。[解析] 此题考查情态动词的用法。回答由must引起的一般疑问句,其肯定答语要用must,不能用can或may。故选C。
-I didn't pass the math test. I think I have spent too much time playing computer games recently.
--I agree. You __ play like that any more. [河南省]
A. needn't B. mustn't C. may not D. wouldn't
[答案]B。[解析] 此处选mustn't。表示“一定不能”“千万不能”,用较强的语气来提醒对方不能再玩游戏了。
When traffic lights are red. We _________stop and wait. [南京市]
A. may B. can C. must D. might.
[答案]C。[解析] 考查情态动词,must必须,表示禁止。
一I really like playing computer games!
一I'm afraid you ________stop,for your study and your health. [07宜昌市]
A. am B. will C.may D.must
[答案]D。[解析] 答语意思为“为了你的学习和健康,恐怕你必须停止玩电脑游戏”,所以must最恰当。
2.can和could
两者都可用来表能力,意为“能够,会”;可用来表示许可(常用在口语中)或表示怀疑、惊异、不相信等态度(常用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中)。
【考例】--Could I borrow your dictionary
--Of course you ____________.[陕西省]
A. can B. must C. should D. will
[答案]A。[解析] 上文的could并不表示过去,而只是一种委婉的说法,所以答语用can更礼貌些。
--Listen! Is Tom singing in the classroom
--No. It ________be Tom. He has gone to Paris. [长沙市]
A. may not B. needn't C. can't
[答案]C。[解析] 因为汤姆不在这里,所以不可能是他。
一Mary,__________you speak Chinese
一Yes,only a little. [北京市]
A must B need C may D.can
[答案]D。[解析] 考查情态动词,“玛丽,你会说英语吗 …“是的,会一点”。故选D。can表示能够。
3.shall和should
shall用于第一、三人称疑问句表示征求对方意:见;用于第二、三人称肯定句或否定句表示说话人给予对方的“禁止、命令、警告、允诺或威胁等”。
should用来表示建议、责任、义务时,可译为“应该,应当”,此时可用ought to替换;
可用来表示惊讶、忧虑、赞叹等不满情绪(用在疑问句中);还可用来委婉地陈述自己的意见。
【考例】Schools _________allow students at least one hour a day for sports. [安徽省]
A. would B. might C. should D. could
[答案]C。[解析] 此处用情态动词should的用法。should表示“应当…‘应该”的含义比其他三个词更强些。
4.had better和would rather
“had better+动词原形”意为“最好做……”,否定句式为had better not。“would rather+动词原形”意为“宁可,宁愿”,否定句式为would rather not。
【考例】---Bob,may I __your MP4
一Sure.But you'd better not _________it to others.[福州市]
A. lend;lend B lend;borrow C borrow;borrow D.borrow;lend
[答案]D。[解析]本题考查动词borrow和lend的区别.borrow和lend是一组反义词,都是“借”的意思,但相对句子主语来说,borrow意为“借人”;lend意为“借出”。由语境可判断前者是借入,用borrow后者是借出,用lend。
--What about playing football this afternoon, Sam
--I would rather _______ at home than football. It's too hot outside. [南京]
A. stay; playing B. stay; play C. to stay; to play D. to stay; playing
[答案]:A。[解析]本题考查了would rather的固定短语的应用。译文为:萨姆,今天下午出去打球怎么样?和踢足球相比,我宁愿呆在家里,外面太热。Would rather do A than do B和做B比起来,宁愿做A。
5.used to
“used to+动词原形”表示“过去常常做某事”或表示过去的一种惯常状态。
【考例】He used to ________ in the sun, but now he is used to at night. [兰州]
A. read, read B. reading, read C. read, reading D. reading, reading
[答案]:C。[解析]考查固定结构的用法。Used 后接动词不定时,be used to 后接动名词。故选C。
6.need和dare
You ________do it if you really don't want to. [昆明市]
A. needn't B. mustn't C. can't D. couldn't
[答案]A。[解析] 考查情态动词。本题应由句意人手破解。如果你不想做的话,你“没有必要”做它,所以正确答案为A项。
--May I do the rest of the work tomorrow
--Yea, of course. You ___________finish it today. [成都市]
A. must B. mustn't C. needn't
[答案]C。[解析]思路分析:根据句意可知,needn’t不必。
二、考查情态动词表推测的用法
1.对现在或将来的推测用“情态动词+动词原形”。
肯定的推测一般用must,should,may (might)或can(could),其中,must的语气最强。意为“肯定”、“准是”、“想必是”;should的语气次之,意为“很可能”、“应该”,指按常理推测;may(migt),can(could)的语气最弱,意为“有时会”、“也许”、“可能”。
否定推测分为两种情况:语气不很肯定时,常用may/might/could not,意为“可能不”、“也许不”;否定语气较强时,则用can't,意为“根本不可能”、“一定不能”,表示惊异、怀疑的感彩。
【考例】You ________be tired after working for eight hours without a rest. [广东省]
A. can B. may C. must D. need
[答案]C。[解析] 本题考查情态动词must,can,may,need的区别。本题由题意人手,“你工作了八个小时没有休息肯定很累。”情态动词must在此表示肯定的推测。
一Look at the boy running on the ground.Is it Davis
——It ____be him.I saw him go to the teacher's office just now.[黄冈市]
A. must B can't C.could D.might
[答案]B。[解析] 考查情态动词。表推测时否定句中用can't。表示“不可能”,因为他已经去了老师的办公室。
【语法回顾】
1 情态动词的语法特征
1) 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2) 情态动词除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
3) 情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。
4)情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式。
常见的情态动词有:can (could) ,may (might), must ,shall (should), will (would), dare (dared) , need等,另外,have to、had better也当作情态动词使用。情态动词后面必须加动词的原形。
can 和be able to
1)can/could 表示能力;可能 (过去时用could), 只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。例如:
They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。
2)只用be able to的情况:
a. 位于助动词后。
b. 情态动词后。
c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。
d. 用于句首表示条件。
e. 表示成功地做了某事时,用was/were able to,不能用could。例如:
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out. = He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.
他在战争爆发之前逃离欧洲。
注意:could有时不表示时态
1)提出委婉的请求,(注意在回答中不可用could)。例如:
--- Could I have the television on 我能看电视吗?
--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't. 可以/不可以。
2)在否定句、疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。例如:
He couldn't be a bad man. 他不大可能是坏人。 
may和might
1) 表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;may 放在句首,表示祝愿。例如:
May God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你!
He might be at home. 他可能在家。
注意:might 表示推测时,不表示时态,只是可能性比may 小。
2) 成语:may/might as well,后面接不带to 的不定式,意为"不妨"。例如:
If that is the case, we may as well try.如果情况确实如此,我们不妨试一试。
have to和must
1) 两词都是'必须'的意思,have to 表示客观的需要,must 表示说话人主观上的看法,既主观上的必要。例如:
My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night. 弟弟病得很厉害,我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)
He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事)
2) have to有人称、数、时态的变化,而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。例如:
He had to look after his sister yesterday. 他昨晚只得照顾他姐姐。
3) 否定结构中:don't have to表示"不必",mustn't表示"禁止"。例如:
You don't have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告诉他。
You mustn't tell him about it.    你不得把这件事告诉他。
must表示推测
1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测,意为"一定"。
2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时,must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。例如:
You have worked hard all day. You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天,一定累了。(对现在情况的推测判断)
He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。
比较:He must be staying there. 他现在肯定在那里。
   He must stay there. 他必须呆在那。
3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时,must 要接完成式。例如:
I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep. 我刚才没有听到电话,我想必是睡着了。
4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测,must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。例如:
---Why didn't you answer my phone call 为何不接我的电话?
---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.唉,肯定在睡觉,所以没有听见。
5) 否定推测用can't。例如:
If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet. 如果汤姆五点才离开这儿,他此时一定还未到家。
表示推测的用法
  can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测,其用法如下:
1)情态动词+动词原形,表示对现在或将来的情况的推测,此时动词通常为系动词。例如:
I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan. 我不知道她在哪儿,可能在武汉。
2)情态动词+动词现在进行时,表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。例如:
At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers. 这时,想必我们老师正在批改试卷。
should 和ought to
除了上述的用法,两者还可表示"想必一定,按理应该"的意思。例如:
I ought to be able to live on my salary. 靠我的薪水,想必也能维持了。
It ought to be ready now. 想必现在准备好了吧。
They should be there by now, I think. 现在他们该到那儿了。
The poems should be out in a month at most. 诗集估计最多还有一个月就要出版了。
had better表示"最好",相当于一个助动词,它只有一种形式,它后面要跟动词原形。例如:
It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat. 天相当冷。你最好穿上我的外套。
She'd better not play with the dog. 她最好不要玩耍那条狗。
would rather表示"宁愿"
would rather do
would rather not do
would rather… than…  宁愿…而不愿。
还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。例如:
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school. 如果有选择的余地,我宁可辍学离开这个学校。
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home. 我宁愿呆在这儿,而不愿回家。
will和would
注意:1)would like;would like to do = want to 想要,为固定搭配。例如:
Would you like to go with me 想和我一块去吗?
2)Will you…  Would you like… 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时,疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。例如:
Would you like some cake 吃点蛋糕吧。
3)否定结构中用will,一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。
Won't you sit down 你不坐下吗?
情态动词的回答方式
问句 肯定回答 否定回答
Need you… Yes, I must. No, I needn't
Must you…   No, I don't have to.
带to 的情态动词
带to 的情态动词有四个:ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to (=must), be able to,为六个。它们的疑问、否定形式应予以注意:
Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month 他们必须在月底前付帐单吗?
She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.在她十四岁前,她不会打网球。
You ought not to have told her all about it.你不应该告诉他所有这件事。
Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.
ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用,变疑问,否定时,须有do 等助动词协助。
need和dare
这两词既可做实义动词用,又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词,两者都只能用于疑问句,否定句和条件句。need
作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to,而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。
1) 实义动词:need(需要, 要求) need + n. / to do sth
2) 情态动词:need,只用原形need后加do,否定形式为need not。例如:
Need you go yet 你要走了吗?
Yes, I must. / No, I needn't.是的,我要走了/不,不急着走。
【语法过关】
1.— ______ I fill in the check-in form right now, sir
— No, you needn’t. You can complete it this afternoon.
A. May B. Can C. Would D. Must
2. —Could I go to the movie this weekend,Dad
一Yes,you____.But you have to come back before nine.
A.shall B.must C.need D.can
3.You play with fire, Tom. It's dangerous.
A. needn't B. may not C. mustn't D. wouldn't
4.As we know, fish ___die out of water.
A. may B. is going to C. can D. will
5.— Shall I book some seats for the concert
—_____________. I’ve already done that.
A. Yes, you may B. No, you mustn’t C. No, you needn’t D. I’d rather not
6.—I think Miss Gao must be in the library. She said she would go there.
— No, she ________ be there. I've just seen her there.
A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. wouldn't
7.You ______ worry about him. He will get well soon.
A. needn't B. can't C. mustn't D. may not
8.Schools _____allow students at least one hour a day for sports.
A.would B.might C.should D.could
9.You ___ open the door before the train gets into the station.
A. don't have to B. mustn't C. needn't D. may not
10.—I was told to be here before eight.
—Oh ,you . I’m sorry for not telling you that we have changed the plan.
A.must B.can’t C.may D.needn’t
11.—May I take this book out of the reading room
— .Please read it here.
A.Certainly B.No, you needn’t C.No, you mustn’t
12.—Who’s that woman with Ann
—I’m not sure. It be her mother
A, may B, can C , will D, must
13.—Must I get up early tomorrow
—No, ________.
A. you mustn’t      B. I don’t think you have to C. you can’t      D. you need
14.—The room is so dirty. ________ we clean it —Of course.
A. Will      B. Would     C. Do      D. Shall
15. You look tired.You'd better ____a good sleep.
A.have B.having C.had D.to have
【参考答案】
1.答案D 解析:依据答语No, you needn’t 可以推断出应选D。
2.答案:D解析:本题考查情态动词的用法,could表示委婉语气“可以,能”,相当于can。根据句意应选D。
3.答案C 解析:表示“绝对禁止,不允许”的意思。
4.答案A解析:表可能性只能用may。
5答案C 解析:由I’ve already done that可知,没必要做某事,应用No,you needn't.不,你不必做某事了。
6.答案A 解析:在表推测的 否定句和疑问句中,此时要用can。
7.答案A 解析:needn't表示“ 不必,不用”;mustn't表示“ 禁止、不能”。依据题意:你不必担心她,和很快就会恢复。
8.答案:C解析:本题考查情态动词的用法。句意:学校应该允许学生一天至少运动一个小时。
9.答案B 解析:依据题意:在火车进站之前,你绝不能打开车门。表示“绝对禁止”,故应用B。
10.答案D 解析:依据题意:我被告知八点前到这儿。由后句对不起我没有告诉你我们已经改变计划了。可知你没必要。故选D。
11.答案 C 解析:依据题意:我可以把这书带出阅览室吗?可知答语应是No, you mustn’t故应选C。
12.答案A 解析:由前句I’m not sure.可知, 表可能性只能用may。故选A。
13.答案B 解析: must用于一般疑问句时,其否定答语要用needn't 或don't have to,不能用mustn't. mustn't 表示的是“不允许”或“不应该”。故应选B。
14.答案D 解析:依据题意:房间太脏了。我们打扫一下好吗?用should来表示征求、询问。故应选D。
15.答案:A解析:had better后接动词原形,“最好做某事”,故选A。
用心 爱心 专心透析中考英语语法形容词、副词考点
【形容词、副词命题趋势】
形容词是用来修饰名词的词表示名词的属性,副词和形容词一样,在句中起修饰作用,所不同的是:形容词主要修饰名词;而副词主要修饰动词、形容词、副词和句子等。对形容词、副词的考查是高考一项重要考查内容,考查的方向主要体现在以下几个方面:
1. 形容词的用法;
2. 副词的用法;
3. 形容词和副词原级、比较级、最高级的用法;
4. 形容词和副词在句中的区别和位置。
【考点诠释】
一、考查形容词的作用与位置
形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。常放在被修饰的名词前作定语,放在系动词后作表语,或放在宾语之后作宾语补足语。
1.多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序
【考例】--Yeah, too _______work makes me tired. [太原市]
A. little B. many C. much
[答案]C。[解析]本题重在考查几个形容词的用法。little有“小的”或“几乎没有”等意思。many与much都有“多”的意思,但many修饰可数名词复数,much修饰不可数名词。空格后的名词work是不可数名词,故应选C。
2.形容词用作定语,修饰不定代词时,通常后置。
The idea of "sunshine sport" makes it possible for kids to choose and do about sport as long as one hour every day. [哈尔滨市]
A. pleasant something B. anything pleasant C. nothing pleasant
[答案]B。[解析]考查形容词和不定代词的位置关系。从句子意思可知应填anything pleasant表“任何高兴的事”。A结构不对,C表否定。
3.表语形容词(well,unwell,ill,faint, afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake等)作定语,需要后置;有些表示身体健康状况的形容词,如well,faint,m只作表语;sick既可作表语又可作定语。
【考例】Carl felt _______because he won the first prize in the school singing competition. [安徽省]
A. interested B. proud C. angry D. worried
[答案]B 。[解析]考查形容词词义。根据句意“获奖是值得高兴、自豪的事情”,应选proud。
I feel ________to have a friend like him. He always helps me out when I am in trouble. [太原市]
A. luckily B. happy C. sorry
[答案]B。[解析]本题重在考查系动词的用法。系动词feel“觉得”其后可接形容词作表语,A项为副词,故排除;B、C虽然都是形容词,但意义相反,根据后句推断选B。
Jin Yong is one of the greatest and oldest____ writers.He is still__________.[镇江]
A.1iving;alive B.1iving;1iving C.alive;living D.alive;alive
答案:A解析:alive作表语或后置定语,指“有生命的,活的,还出着气的”;living指“健在的,现行的,现代的”,可作表语,也可作定语。句意为“金庸是最伟大的健在的老作家之一,他仍然活着”,故选A。
4.用作补足语。
【考例】Li Lei's words made her_________..[济南]
A.happily B.angrily C.crying D.angry
答案:D解析:本题考查make后跟形容词作宾语补足语的用法。选项中只有angry为形容词,故选D。
5. 形容词之间词义的区别
【考例】Nothing in the world is ________if you put your heart into it. [昆明]
A. impossible B. important C. interesting D. necessary
[答案]A。[解析]考查几个重要的形容词的含义。这是一个含有条件状语从句的复合句,后句给出的条件是“如果你把你的整个心思放进去”,那么可以很容易判断在世界上没有什么是“不可能的”,其余三项“重要的、有趣的、必须的”都与句子意思不符。
---Would you like to go and see a film
--Sure; the TV programmes are too____________.[南京]
A. surprising B. interesting C. exciting D. boring
[答案]D。[解析]考查形容词。根据语境应选boring意为“枯燥的”。
—Why are you so____
—Because our ping—pong player Wang Liqin has won the world championship.[福州]
A.excited B.exciting C.bored D.boring
答案:A解析:由题意“我们的乒乓球运动员王励勤获胜”,故选A或B。exciting“令人兴奋的”,往往修饰物/事;excited指人兴奋,故选A。
二、考查副词的作用与位置
1.副词则用来修饰形容词、动词、副词或句子,一般位于形容词之前,动词之后或句子之首。
The suitcase(手提箱)was __heavy for me to carry,so I pulled it up the stairs and into my flat.[沈阳]
A. quite B so C very D.too
[答案]D。[解析]考查 too…to句型。too…to太……而不能,“这个手提箱太重了,提不动,所以 … 。
We all love Miss Yang.She always makes her history class very_________.[ 重庆]
A.interest B.interests C.interesting D.interested
答案:C解析:very是副词,后要跟形容词,该形容词修饰事物history class,故用interesting;如果修饰人用interested。故选C。
2.enough作副词修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置。
【考例】 —What do you think of the lecture(演讲)of Li Yang's Crazy English
—I think it's____,but someone thinks it's much too________.[安徽芜湖]
A.wonderful enough;bored B.enough wonderful;boring
C.wonderful enough;boring D.enough wonderful;bored
C解析:enough修饰形容词时要后置,故排除B、D,而形容物时要用一ing形式的形容词,形容人时用一ed形式的形容词,故选C。
3. 副词之间的词义区别
【考例】It’s too late to go out now and______, it’s starting to rain.[杭州]
A. though B. besides C. however D. instead
解析:答案为B。题干前半句说“现在时间太晚了不能出去了”,后面有说“天开始下雨了”,这两者是什么关系呢?不能出去的原因有两个,时间太晚不出去不方便,天在下雨就更不好出去了,因此两者应该是并列或递进关系。选项B的besides意为“此外,而且”,符合题意故为正确选项。
三、对形容词和副词的比较等级的考查
1.原级的用法。
表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时,用“as+原级形容词/副词+as”的结构;表示双方不相等时,用"not so(as)+原级形容词/副词+as"的结构;表示一方是另一方的若干倍时,用“倍数+as+原级形容词/副词+as”的结构。
【考例】John is much shorter than his sister,but he jumps ___________she does.[连云港]
A.as good as B as best as C.as high as D.as higher as
[答案]C。[解析]用“as...as”作比较时,应使用形容词或副词的原级,据此可将B与D项排除。good是形容词,不能用作状语修饰谓语动词,所以C项正确。
Don't just believe the advertisement.That kind of camera is ______it says. [ 湖北]
A.as good as B.not as good as C.as well as D.not as well as
答案:B解析:上句为“不要仅仅相信广告”,下句应为“这种相机没有它说的好”。“不如……”用not as+ adj./adv. + as,句中有is,故用形容词。故选B。
2.比较级的用法。
1.表示一方超过另一方时,用“比较级+than"的结构表示。
【考例】——Which coat is ____on me,the blue one or the black one
一The blue one.[北京市]
A good B better C.best D.the best
[答案]B。[解析] 考查比较级,根据句意:“哪个大衣我穿着更好看,是蓝色的,还是黑色的 ”两者比较用比较级,故选B。
——I think Shanghai food is ____Sichuan food.
——I don't agree.I like Sichuan food better.[沈阳市]
A. better than B so good as C more than D as well as
[答案]A 。[解析]is是系动词,后面不能用as well as(因为well作adv:),所以排除D。not so…as表“不及……”,用在否定句中故也被排除。more than不合句意,所以选A。
一What does your cousin look like now
——0h, he is much ____than before.[福州市]
A. strong B stronger C strongest D.too strong
[答案]B。[解析]本题考查形容词的比较级。"than”是比较级的标志,它表示两者作比较,应使用形容词strong的比较级stronger,故选B项。
Let's go by plane, It's __________than by train. [吉林省]
A. faster B. fastest C. slower D. slowest
[答案]A 。[解析]由关键词than可知用比较级,所以排除了B、D。再由常识:飞机的速度快于火车,故选A。
2.表示一方不及另一方时,用"less+原级+than"的结构表示。
【考例】The doctor told Mary to eat _______ vegetables and __________meat because she was getting fatter and fatter. [广东省]
A. much; little B. more; less C. many; few D. more; fewer
[答案]B。[解析] 考查few与little的区别。本题由句意入手,“医生叫玛丽多吃蔬菜,少吃肉,因为她正变得越来越胖。”由后边的原因状语从句来看主句中也应为比较级,排除A、C选项,vegetable为可数名词,用many的比较级more修饰,meat为不可数名词,用little的比较级less修饰,故本题选B。
[威海]
一Hi,Tom.Is your brother as active as you
一No,he's a quiet boy.He is____________.
A.less outgoing than me B.not so calm as I
C.more active than I D.as outgoing as I
31.答案:A解析:根据前句“他是一个安静的男孩”,也就是“不如我活泼”,故只有A符合句意。
3.一方在程度或数量上超过另一方时,可在比较级前加程度副词even,a lot,a bit,a little,still,much,far,yet,by far等来修饰。
【考例】--You speak English much ________than before.
--Thank you. [陕西省]
A. well B. better C. best D. good
[答案]B。[解析] 句中有表示比较的连词than,所以所填部分必定是比较级,而选项中只有better是比较级。
--Mr Smith, would you please speak a little more _________
--Sorry! I thought you could follow me. [安徽省]
A. quietly B. quickly C. slowly D. politely
[答案]C。[解析]此题考查比较级。由答语可知对方要求说得稍慢一些,而slowly的比较级是more slowly,其他几项不符合要求。
4.用more and more 的结构,表示“越……越
【考例】The number of giant pandas is getting ______ because their living areas are becoming farmlands. (年江苏盐城)
A. less and less B. larger and larger C. smaller and smaller D. fewer and fewer
【解析】 答案为C。句意为“大熊猫的数量越来越少因为他们的生存空间正逐渐变成农场”。本题中四个选项都是“比较级+ and + 比较级”的结构,表示“越来越……”。主语为number,只能和large或small搭配。而结合句意可判断答案为C。
5. 用"the+比较级+句子其它成分,the+比较级+句子其它成分”表示“越……越
【考例】一Hi, Andrew.How can you improve your English so much
——Oh,nothing difficult.The __you work at it,the __progress you will make.[黄冈市]
A. harder;more B more hardly;more C.hardier;greater D.harder;great
[答案]A。[解析] 考查比较级的用法。the+比较级……,the+比较级……表示“越……越……”,如:the more,the better越多越好。
--As middle school students, we should study hard for the future.-
--I think so. _________we study now, _________future we'll have. [哈尔滨市]
A. The hard; the good B. The harder; the better C. The hardest; the best
[答案]B。[解析] 根据题意可知要选比较级,“the+比较级,the+比较级”;表示“越……,越……”。依据句意:“现在学习越努力,将来会越好。”
四、最高级的用法。
1.三者或三者以上相比,表示最高程度时,形容词最高级用"the+最高级”结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。
——Who is ____running star in your college
——I think Philip is.[长春]
A.famous B.more famous C.the most famous D.1ess famous
答案:C解析:由in your college"在你们大学里”限定范围,使用最高级,故选C。
Of all the sports shoes , John bought _________ pair. Then he had some money for socks. [成都市]
A. a cheaper B. the most wonderful C. the least expensive
[答案]C。[解析] 考查形容词比较级。根据句意可知,one of+(最高级)+名词复数,故排除A,再看句意,“因此他留下一些钱买袜子”故选C。
——What do you like____,tea,coffee or milk
--Tea, of course. [浙江]
A.better B.good C.well D.best
答案:D解析:本题考查副词最高级的用法。从三者中选择一者,构成了最高级的用法,故选D。
2.形容词最高级可被序数词以及much.By far,nearly,almost,by no means,not quite,not really。nothing like等词语所修饰。
【考例】
4.作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。
【考例】 —Did you enjoy yourself at the party
一Yes.I've never been to ____one before.[苏州]
A.a more exciting B.the most excited C.a more excited D.the most exciting
答案:A解析:由句意“我以前从未参加过比这个更令人兴奋的晚会”可知,此处要用比较级,故排除B、D两项。修饰物时要用一ing形式的形容词,故选A。
5.形容词和副词前面使用冠词的情况。
Welcome to our hotel.It's ____in the city.[北京]
A.good B.better C.best D.the best
答案:D解析:由in the city这一范围确定要用最高级,且最高级前要使用冠词the,故选D。
English is one of ____important subjects in our school.[ 济南]
A.most B.the most C.more D.much more
答案:B解析:本题考查形容词最高级的用法,根据范围in our school可判断用最高级,故选B。
--I am getting ___each month. I can't put on my jeans.
--I'm afraid you have to take exercise every day. [河南省]
A. heavy B. heavier C. the heavier D. the heaviest
Amy makes fewer mistakes than Frank. She does her homework_________.[南京市]
A. more carefully B. more carelessly C. more careful D. more careless
[答案]A。 [解析]考查副词的比较级。修饰动词应用副词,且此题为比较级,故选A。
六、考查形容词、副词词义或用法上的区别
【考例】Susan enjoys a cup of tea at times,but ____she drinks coffee.[扬州市]
A. mostly B almost C.nearly D.most
[答案]A。[解析]本题应从句意上破解,“大多数时候”她喜欢喝咖啡,四个选项中, mostly可用作副词修饰谓语动词,符合句意。
Zhou Feng has 1earned English for many years,but he can _____understand the English speakers.[07江西省]
A. hardly B certainly C.always D.almost
[答案]A。[解析]考查副词词义的区别。 抓住连词but是破解题目的关键所在,它在句中表转折,意为“但是”。 学了多年英语,理应能听懂英语,但他却“不能”,所以应选表示否定含义的副词hard1y。
Remember to e-mail me.All of us hope to hear from you________.[天津市]
A quickly B soon C.fast D.quick
[答案]B。[解析] 此处应是副词作状语,所以D项排除。quickly常指动作敏捷,soon意为“很快;不久";fast常指速度快。由句意可知B项正确。
Unluckily,Mr. Brown drove so ____that his car crashed into a tree yesterday evening.[ 连云港]
A.careless B.careful C.carefully D.carelessly
答案:D解析:本题考查形容词与副词的用法,副词修饰动词。由题意“太粗心撞到了树上”,故选carelessly。
[沈阳]
Alice ____eats meat so that she can keep herself from getting too fat.
A.rarely B.always C.nearly D.carefully
答案:A解析:rarely意为“很少”;always意为“总是”;near1y意为“几乎”;carefully意为“细心地”。
【语法回顾】
形容词和副词
形容词是用来修饰名词的词表示名词的属性,副词和形容词一样,在句中起修饰作用,所不同的是:形容词主要修饰名词;而副词主要修饰动词、形容词、副词和句子等。
1. 形容词的用法
(1) 形容词在句中作定语, 表语, 宾语补足语。 例如:
Our country is a beautiful country. 我们的国家是一个美丽的国家。(作定语)
The fish went bad. 鱼变坏了。(作表语)
We keep our classroom clean and tidy. 我们保持我们的教室干净、整洁。(作宾语补足语)
(2) 形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词时,形容词放在名词后面。
  I have something important to tell you. 我有重要的事情告诉你。
  Is there anything interesting in the film. 在这部电影里有一些有趣的事情吗?
(3) 用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。
  Everybody, man and woman, old and young, should attend the meeting. 每个人,无论男人、妇女,老人和年轻人应该参加会议。
  You can take any box away, big or small. 你可以拿走箱子,大的或小的。
(4) 用形容词表示类别和整体。某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接,如the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry等。例如:
The rich should help the poor.富人应该帮助穷人。
(5)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用,如the British,the English,the French,the Chinese等。例如:
   The English have wonderful sense of humor. 英国人颇有幽默感。
2. 副词的用法
(1) 副词在句中可作状语,表语和定语。
He studies very hard. 他学习很努力。(作状语)
Life here is full of joy.这儿的生活充满着愉快。 (作定语)
When will you be back 你什么时候回来? (作表语)
副词按其用途和含义可分为下面五类:
1)时间副词
时间副词通常用来表示动作的时间。常见的时间副词有:now today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, late, early, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always等。例如:
He often comes to school late.他经常上学迟到。
What are we going to do tomorrow 我们明天干什么?
He ‘s never been to Beijing.他从来没有到过北京。
2)地点副词
地点副词通常用来表示动作发生的地点。常见的地点副词有:here, there, inside, outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, down, up, off, on, in, out等。例如:
I met an old friend of mine on my way home.在回家的路上,我遇见了一位老朋友。
He went upstairs.他上楼了。
Put down your name here.写下你的名字。
3)方式副词
方式副词一般都是回答“怎样的?”这类问题的,其中绝大部分都是由一个形容词加词尾-ly构成的, 有少数方式副词不带词尾-ly, 它们与形容词同形。常见的方式副词有:anxiously, badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, proudly, rapidly, suddenly, successfully, angrily, happily, slowly, warmly, well, fast, slow, quick, hard, alone, high, straight, wide等。例如:
The old man walked home slowly.这位老人慢慢地走回家。
Please listen to the teacher carefully.请仔细听老师讲的。
He runs very fast.他跑得很快。
4)程度副词
程度副词多数用来修饰形容词和副词,有少数用来修饰动词或介词短语。常见的程度副词有:much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty, greatly, completely, nearly, almost, deeply, hardly, partly等。例如:
Her pronunciation is very good.他的发音很好。
She sings quite well.他唱得相当好。
I can hardly agree with you.我不能同意你的意见。
5)疑问副词是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词。常见的疑问副词有:how, when, where, why等。例如:
How are you getting along with your studies 你的学习进展得怎么样?
Where were you yesterday 昨天你在哪里?
Why did you do that 你为什么做那件事?
(2)副词在句中的位置
1)多数副词作状语时放在动词之后。如果动词带有宾语,则放在宾语之后。例如:
Mr Smith works very hard.史密斯先生工作和努力。
She speaks English well.他的英语讲得很好。
2)频度副词作状语时,通常放在行为动词之前,情态动词,助动词和be动词之后。例如:
He usually gets up early.他通常起得早。
I’ve never heard him singing.我从未听过他唱歌。
She is seldom ill.她很少生病。
3)程度副词一般放在所修饰的形容词和副词的前面, 但enough作副词用时,通常放在被修饰词的后面。例如:
It is a rather difficult job.这是一份相当难的工作。
He runs very fast.他跑得很快。
He didn’t work hard enough.他工作不够努力。
4)副词作定语时,一般放在被修饰的名词之后。例如:
On my way home, I met my uncle.在回家的路上,我遇见了我的叔叔。
The students there have a lot time to do their own research work.这里的学生有许多时间做研究工作。
(3)部分常用副词的用法
1) very, much
这两个副词都可表示“很”,但用法不同。Very用来修饰形容词和副词的原级,而much用来修饰形容词和副词的比较级。例如:
She is a very nice girl她是一个很漂亮的姑娘。
I’m feeling much better now.现在我感觉很好。
Much可以修饰动词,而very则不能。例如:
I don’t like the idea much.我不太喜欢这个主意。
They did not talk much.他们很少交谈。
2) too, either
这两个副词都表示“也”,但too用于肯定句,either用于否定句。例如:
She can dance, and I can dance, too.她会跳舞,我也会。
I haven’t read the book and my brother hasn’t either.我没有读这本书,我的弟弟也没有。
3) already, yet
already一般用于语肯定句,yet一般用于否定句。例如:
He has already left.他已经离开。
Have you heard from him yet 你还没有收到他的信吗?
He hasn’t answered yet.他仍然没有回答。
4) so, neither
so和neither都可用于倒装句, 但so表示肯定,neither表示否定。
例如:
My brother likes football and so do I.我哥哥喜欢足球,我也喜欢。
My brother doesn’t like dancing and neither do I.我哥哥不喜欢跳舞,我也不喜欢。
3. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1) 规则变化
  单音节词和少数双音节词,加词尾-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级。
构成法 原级 比较级 最高级
一般单音节词未尾加-er,-est tall taller tallest
以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以- le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st nice nicer nicest
以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词,双写结尾的辅音字母,再加-er,-est big bigger biggest
"以辅音字母+y"结尾的双音节词,改y为i,再加-er,-est    busy busier busiest
少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-est clever/narrow cleverer/ narrower cleverest/ narrowest
其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级 important/ easily more important/ more easily most important/ most easily

2) 不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
Good better best
well(健康的) worse worst
Bad
ill(有病的)
Old older/elder oldest/eldest
much/many more most
Little less least
far farther/further farthest/furthest
3)主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。
(1)在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as。例如:
He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。
Maths is as interesting as English.数学和英语一样有趣。
(2)当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式:as +形容词+ a +单数名词/ as + many/much +名词。例如:
This is as good an example as the other is. 这个例子和另外一个一样好。
I can carry as much paper as you can. 你能搬多少纸,我也能。
(3)用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时,放在as的前面。例如:
This room is twice as big as that one. 这房间的面积是那间的两倍。
Your room is the same size as mine. 你的房间和我的一样大。
(4)倍数+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍数+ the … + of。例如:
This bridge is three times as long as that one. 这座桥的长度是那座的三倍。
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine. 你的房间是我的两倍大。
Your room is twice the size of mine.
4)比较级形容词或副词 + than 。例如:
You are taller than I. 你比我高。
They lights in your room are brighter than those in mine.你房间的那些灯比我房间里的亮。
注意:
1)要避免重复使用比较级。
(错) He is more cleverer than his brother.
(对) He is more clever than his brother.
(对) He is clever than his brother.
2)要避免将主语含在比较对象中。
(错) China is larger than any country in Asia.
(对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3)要注意对应句型,遵循前后一致的原则。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
4)要注意定冠词在比较级中的使用。
比较:Which is larger, Canada or Australia
   Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia
   She is taller than her two sisters.
   She is the taller of the two sisters.
(2) most 同形容词连用而不用 the,表示 "极,很,非常, 十分"。
   It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。
 (4) " 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。
   It's getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热。
第四节、最高级表达形式及用法
I、基本用法
1、三个或三个以上的人或事物相比,其中一个人或事物在某方面比其他都好,这就要使用形容词与副词的最高级。其结构为:the+形容词/副词(最高级)+其他+of(in,among)+(比较范围)例如:
This is the happiest day in my life.这是我一生中最快乐的一天。
This is one of the best novels that I have ever read.这是我所看过的小说中最好的一本。
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.黄河是中国第二长的河流。
2、最高级的副词和形容词的比较应该有一个范围,这个范围通常由介词of,in,among+名(代)词构成的介词短语来表示。
Miss Zhao is one of the most popular teachers in the school.赵小姐是学校里最受欢迎的教师之一。
Of all the students, Wangbing reads (the) most correctly.在所有的这些学生当中王冰读得最准确。
They all came early but she came (the) earliest of all.他们都来得很早,但她来得最早。
II、比较级表示最高级的几个句型:
在中学英语里,最高级表示的最常见形式是“主语+谓语+the most.......(est) + 比较范围。”除此之外,常见的表达最高级含义的比较级结构还有:
1)主语 + 谓语 + 比较级 + than the others
This one is much larger than the others.这一个比其它大的多得多。
He is taller than the others in his class.他比班上其他人都高。
2)主语 + 谓语 + 比较级 + than anyone (anybody, anything)else
He is stronger than anyone else in his class.他比班上的任何人都强壮。
His handwriting is much better than anyone else's.他的书法比其他人都好
3) 主语+谓语+比较级 + than any other +单数名词
I think Chinese is more popular than any other subject.我想汉语比任何的课程更受欢迎。
Tom is taller than any other student in our class.汤姆在我们班比其他任何一个学生都高。
India produces more films than any other country in the world.印度是世界上拍摄电影最多的国家。
【语法过关】
1.-How are you getting on with your work
-I can't do it ______ any longer; I'll have to get help.
A. singly B. quietly C. alone D. hard
2-What do you think of his surfing
-Oh, no one does ______.
A. good B. well C. better D. best
3.-How far is it from your home to your school
-It's a quarter's walk, ______.
A. here and there B. now and then C. up and down D. more or less
4.He walked______ fast for us______ catch up with.
A. so; that B. such; that C enough; to D. too; to
5.In our city, it's______ in July. but it is even _______ in August.
A. hotter ; hottest B. hot ; hot C. hotter, hot D. hot; hotter
6.It is ______ to work out this problem. You needn't go to the teacher.
A. enough easy B. easily enough C. easy enough D. very easily
7.-My CD is seven yuan .What about yours
-Only five yuan. It's_______ than yours.
A. less B. cheaper C. lower D. smaller
8.The food not only looks nice but also smells_____.
A. good B. well C. lovely D. delicious
9.---Why don't you ask Tom to do it
---I don't know whether he is_______ to. He sometimes makes things worse.
A. possible B. able C. afraid D. easy
10.--- How many members are there on the team
--- Eight this term. But there will be ten_______ next term. I' m not quite sure.
A. at all B. at last C. at least D. at once
11.-Is this physics problem______
-Yes. I can work it out______.
easy, easily B. easy, easy C. easily, easy D. easily, easily
12.Remember this, children. ______careful you are, ______ mistakes you will make.
We know, Miss Gao.
A. The more, the more B. The fewer, the more C. The more, the fewer D. The less, the less
13. Everything is _______ at night markets . You don't need a lot of money to have a good time.
A. cheap B. bad C. tired D. dear
14.It is _________ today than yesterday . Shall we go swimming this afternoon
the hottest B. hot C. hottest D. hotter
15. Some studies have shown that students who eat good breakfast stay _______ and do______ than those who don't.
thin; well B. thinner ; better C. the thinnest; the best D. thinnest; best
16.. -The ticket said that the famous singer would come here this evening.
- Yes. It's really ___________that he didn't.
wrong B. sorry C. strange D. surprised
17. The boss didn't like James because he was not _________learning new things.
A. afraid of B. worried about C. tired of D. good at
18.---Li Lei did very well in the English exam.
---Oh , yeah ! He is ___________ English.
A. weak in B. angry with C. good at D. afraid of
19. This second-hand camera is much ________ than that new one.
cheap B. cheaper C. dear D. dearest
20. The population of Shanghai is ________ than of Shijiazhuang.
A. smaller B. larger C. less D. large
【参考答案】
1.C 根据“have to get help” 选 “alone” 表示“不再独立做” ,合乎语意。
2.C 把他同别的所有人比较,仍是“二者” 的比较,所以要用比较级。
3.D 和距离有关的短语是“more or less(或多或少)” ,其他几个“here and there(各处)” ,“now and then(时而,不时)”,“up and down(上上下下,来回)” 都与句意无关。
4.D too---to结构用于表示“太------而不能------” 。
5.D 对事物做个体描述用原级,二者比较用比较级(even 常同比较级连用)
6.C 本题用enough不恰当,直接用very easily比较和情理。
7.B 依句意应用“cheaper” 。
8.A smells是联系动词,应与 good搭配。
9.B be able to 表示“能够” "。
10.C at least(至少)与句意相符。
11.A 形容词多用作定语或表语,副词用于修饰形容词、副词或动词。
12.C the more---, the more---用于表示“越------越------” ,more需要根据句意选用相应的比较级形容词。
13.A don't need a lot of money表明夜市的东西cheap;
14.D than 是比较级的标志。
15. B 这里是两类人的比较。
16. C 只有strange与句意吻合。
17. D be good at 意思是“擅长,在某方面做得好” ,与句意相符。
18. C be good at 用于表示“擅长---;在---方面学(用)得好” 。
19. B than前的形容词用比较级形式;much用于修饰比较级。
20. B than 是比较级标志,人口多一般用large.
用心 爱心 专心透析中考英语语法简单句考点
【简单句命题趋势与预测】
根据对简单句全国各地试题的分析可知,今后该部分将是重点考查点之一。其考查重点为:
简单句的反意疑问句
复合句的反意疑问句
祈使句的反意疑问句
【考点诠释】
一、对疑问句的考查
一___________do you usually fly kites
一In the park.[北京市]
A Why B.How C When D.Where
[答案]D。[解析]考查疑问副词。回答:“在公园”可知上句一定是“你通常在哪里放风筝 ”park表地方,故选D。
---The blue jacket looks nice on you. _________is it
---It's 50 dollars. [吉林省]
A. How many B. How much C. How long D. How often
[答案]B。[解析] how many多少(后面加可数名词复数);how tong多久;how often多久一次(提问频率)。 由关键信息50 dollars(50美元)可知选B。how much多少钱。
---________
---He is tall. [陕西省]
A. How is he B. What does he like C. What is he D. What does he look like
[答案]D。[解析] 根据后文“他高”,其问句必然是D项“他长得怎么样”,因为A项表示“他好吗”;B项表示“他喜欢什么”;C项表示“他是干什么的”。
–Sandy ,_________are you going for vacation
--To Hainan Island. I prefer lying on the beach. [太原市]
A. where B. when C. what
[答案]A。[解析] 本题考查特殊疑问词的用法。由答语"To Hainan Island”可以推断问句中的特殊疑问词应该是表示地点的where。而when是询问时间,what是“什么”均不合题意。
-- ________will your Dad be back from Dalian
--In a week, I think.[07吉林省]
A. How long B. How soon C. How often D. How far
B[解析] in a week"一周以后”,in+时间段,用how soon提问。故能选B。
--______ are you talking about
-- The Olympic Games in Beijing.
A. What B. Whom C. How D. Where (杭州)
解析:答案为A。题干第二句承前省略了主语和谓语,该句的完整形式是We are talking about the Olympic Games in Beijing.同学们要注意,the Olympic Games in Beijing句中的in Beijing这个介词短语是做后置定语修饰the Olympic Games,正确的理解是“北京的奥运会”,而不是“在北京谈论奥运会”,因此选项A才是正确答案。
对反意疑问句的考查
【考例】The air is fresh outside. Let's go and take a walk, _________ [昆明市]
A. will you B. shall we C. don't you D. aren't you
[答案]B。[解析] 这是一个let's引导的祈使句,表示建议,这样的句子在构成反意疑问句时,在句末加shall we,所以B项正确。
There is some water in that bottle, isn't ________ [07兰州市]
A. there B. it C. that
[答案]A。[解析]考查反意疑问句。反意疑问句不同于一般疑问句和特殊疑问句,它由两部分组成,前面部分为陈述句,后一部分为简短问句。
——Few well-known singers came to the concert,did they
一__________.Such as Andy Lau,Jay Chou and Kristy Zhang.[黄冈市]
A. No,they didn't B.Yes,they did C No,they did D.Yes,they didn't
[答案]B。[解析] 考查反意疑问句。 在这类结构的句中,若前一部分有few、never、hardly等表示否定的词。后一部分要用肯定形式。回答时,只要事实是肯定的就用Yes,只要事实是否定的就用No。
对祈使句的考查
祈使句是简单句中的一种类型,通常用来表示命令、请求、禁止、建议、警告等语气,在口语中十分常用。祈使句的用法是近几年来各类中考试卷中常考的热点。现结合高考题,对几种考点作以归纳。
【考例】
--_________kind girl Nancy is!
--Yes, she is always ready to help others. [南京市]
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
[答案]B。[解析]考查感叹句。感叹句用how和what引导,what修饰名词,how修饰形容词、副词和动词。
12.---It's reported that the 29th Olympic torch(奥运火炬)is going to travel to 135 cities around the world.
---__ exciting the news is! And it will arrive at the opening ceremony (开幕式)on August 8th,2008. [哈尔滨市]
A. What B. How C. What an
[答案]B。[解析]考查感叹句,感叹句一般用how或what引导。how修饰形容词、副词;what修饰名词。
13. ________tall the boy is! He can play volleyball very well[长沙市]
A. How B. What a C. What
[答案]A。[解析]考查感叹句用how和what引导,what修饰名词,how修饰形容词、副词和动词。
14. --I hear that an old couple are traveling around China by bike.
--Oh, ___________ long way on their bicycles! They are so great. [河南省]
A. what a B. how C. what D. how a
[答案]A 。[解析]way是名词,故用what引导感叹旬,而way又是可数名词单数,因此要在前面加不定冠词a,所以A是正确答案。
15.一一____terrible weather it is!
——The radio says that it'll get ____later in the day|[扬州市]
A.What a;bad B What;worse C.HOW;bad D.How a:worse
[答案]B 。[解析]terrible weather是一个名词性词组,所以应由what来引导这个感叹句,由此可否定C项与D项,同时,weather是不可数名词,前面不能加冠词a,可否定A项。从另一个角度来看,由句意也可判断最后一句应是比较级的句子。
【语法回顾】
简单句通常只由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成。
简单句一般分为陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句四种。
陈述句
用以肯定或否定一件事情或看法的叙述性句子叫陈述句。句末用句号,读时用降调。
1、陈述句肯定式的正常语序是主语位于谓语前。例如:
We'll meet again tomorrow .我们明天再见面。
Last week we started our trip across this country.上星期我们开始了横跨这个国家的旅行。
2、陈述句否定式的结构
(1)在连系动词 be,实义动词 have,助动词或情态动词后加not,never......等否定词构成否定式。例如:
We mustn't waste any more time.我们决不能在浪费时间了。
I've never been so afraid in all my life.在我一生中,我从来没有这么害怕过。
当谓语动词是 have“有”时,其否定式可以有两种:
Students usually have not their P.E. lessons on Monday.学生们通常在星期一没有体育课。
Students don't usually have not their P.E. lessons on Monday.
(2)在行为动词前加 do (does,did)not(句中的行为动词应用原形)构成否定式。例如:
I didn't find Chinese easy at first. 起初,我发现中文不容易。
Sorry, I don't know much about him.对不起,我对他不大了解。
He doesn't like American movies very much.他很不喜欢美国电影。
(3)句中若有no,none,little,not,nobody,nothing,neither,nor,never,hardly,scarcely等否定意义的词,可构成陈述句的否定式,同时不能再用 not。例如:
I had never seen such a good match before that day! 在那天以前,我从来没有看过这么精彩的比赛!
Many of the country people could neither read nor write.许多国家的人既不会写也不会读。
There was no music or dialogue.没有音乐或者对话。
He little knows what may happen.他一点也不知道可能要发生什么。
(4)在 have 作“有”解时的否定结构中,如用 not 则在宾语前常有a (an),any,many,much等词;如用no,则不用这些词而应紧跟名词。have 不作“有”解时,通常按行为动词构成否定式。在美国英语中,have 总是按行为动词构成。例如:
They don't have any meeting in the afternoon.他们在下午没有任何会议。
II. 疑问句
用来提问的句子叫疑问句,句末用问号。疑问句主要有四种:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。
1、一般疑问句
1)一般疑问句的构成
陈述句的谓语动词是动词be或have,构成一般疑问句时只须颠倒主语和动词的语序。例如:
She is a nurse. (她是一名护士。) Is she a nurse (她是一名护士吗?)
He has many friend.(他有许多朋友。) Has he many friends / Does he have many friends (他有许多朋友吗?)
陈述句的谓语部分是“助动词 / 情态动词+实义动词”构成一般疑问句时,只将助动词或情态动词移放在主语前面。例如:
The premier has been to our school. (总理去过我们的学校。)
Has the premier been to our school (总理去过我们学校吗?)
They can do it for us.(他们做这个为我们。)
Can they do it for us (他们能为我们做这个吗?)
陈述句的谓语动词如果是一般实义动词,构成一般问句时,要用“Do / Does / Did +主语+动词原形”构成这一结构实际上只用于“现在一般时态和过去一般时态中谓语动词为实义动词”的情况。例如:
The students read English every morning.(学生们每天早晨读英语。)
Do the students read English every morning (学生们每天早晨读英语吗?)
She often helps them. (她经常帮助他们。)
Does she often help them (她经常帮助他们吗?)
He bought a car last month.(他上个月买了一辆车。)
Did he buy a car last month (他上个月买了一辆新车吗?)
2)一般疑问句的回答
一般问句要用升调。一般要求用Yes或No来回答;有时,也可用其他表示肯定或否定的词或相应的结构来回答,如:perhaps, certainly, of course, all right, I think so, surely; never, sorry, not yet, certainly not, not at all, I'm afraid not等。例如:
"Do you want to study English "你想学英语吗? " Yes, I do."“是的,我想学。”
若表示肯定“我想学”,也可以回答:Certainly.或Of course.意为“当然”。
当回答: No, I don't.“不,我不想学” 时,还可以回答:Certainly not.(当然不想)或Not at all.(一点儿不想学)
3)一般问句的否定形式
一般问句也有否定形式,肯定回答时用“Yes, +肯定结构”;否定回答时,用“No,+否定结构”。请注意这种语境中Yes和No与汉语的译义逻辑关系。例如:
"Don't you want to stay with me 你不愿意和我呆在一起吗?
“Yes, I do.不,我愿意。”(“No, I don't.是的,我不愿意。”)
2、特殊疑问句
特殊疑问句是以疑问代词(who, whom, what, which)、疑问形容词(which, what, whose)或疑问副词(when, where, how, why)开头。特殊疑问句一般用降调。
1)特殊疑问句的构成
如果疑问代词是问句的主语或以“疑问形容词+名词”为问句的主语,这个问句就用正常的陈述句语序。例如:
Who is your teacher 谁是你的老师?
Which team won the championship 哪个队赢得了冠军?
疑问句除作问句的主语或主语的定语以外,其余情况一律用“疑问词+一般疑问句”的语序。例如:
Whose is this shirt (Whose shirt is this )这衬衣是谁的?
Why does he often go there 为什么他经常去那儿?
What did he tell you 他告诉你什么?
如果疑问词是介词的宾语这个特殊疑问句就可以有两种情况:
To whom did you give the letter 你把这封信给谁?Whom(Who) did you give the letter to
3、选择疑问句
选择疑问句是要求从所提出的两个或多个项目中选择一个答案。朗读时,前面的项目用升调,最后一个项目用降调。选择问句有两种类型:
1)类似一般问句的类型,即“一般问句+or+省略的一般问句”。例如:
"Is it right or wrong " "It's right."对的还是错的?它是对的。
"Do you want to go by bus or by train " "By bus." 你想乘公共汽车还是乘火车?乘公共汽车。
"Do you want the wall painted yellow, white or green " "White"你想把墙刷成黄色的、白色的还是绿色的?白色的。
2)类似特殊疑问句的类型,即“特殊疑问句+or+省略的特殊疑问句”。例如:
"Which coffee would you like, black or white "“你要哪一种咖啡?清咖啡还是加牛奶的?”“清的。”
{注意}上面结构中所说的“省略”均指的是问句中相同部分的省略,选项绝对不能省略。如果句中没有重复的部分省略就是不可能的。如下面这个句子就不能写成省略的形式。
Are you a teacher now or have you not finished college yet 你现在是教师,或是还没有大学毕业?
选择的项目可以用不同的方式提出,即所表达的意思一样而表达的方式可以不同。例如:
Is it right or wrong (wrong前省略了"is it")
Is it right or not (not前省略了"is it", 后省略了"right")
Is it or isn't it right (or前省略了"right")
4、 反意疑问句
1、当前面陈述部分的主语是“this,that”时,反意疑问句的主语用it代替;当前面陈述部分的主语是“these,those”时,反意疑问句的主语用they代替;当前面陈述部分是感叹句时,反意疑问句的主语应根据感叹句强调的情况用it、they、he、she等。例如:
This is very important, isn't it 这很重要,不是吗?
2、当前面陈述部分是“There be......”句型时,反意疑问句仍用there。例如:
There is a radio on the table, isn't there Yes, there is.桌子上有一台收音机,不是吗?是的,有一台。
3、当前面陈述部分是“I am+表语”时,反意疑问句常用“aren't I”。例如:I'm late, aren't I
4、当不定式短语、动名词短语及主语从句等充当前面陈述部分的主语时,反意问句中的主语用it。例如:
What you need is more practice, isn't it 你需要的是多练习,不是吗?
To learn English well isn't easy, isn't it 学习英语是不容易,不是吗?
Swimming is great fun, isn't it 游泳很有趣,不是吗?
5、当前面陈述部分是含有宾语从句的主从复合句,那么疑问部分的谓语应该跟主句的谓语所用的形式一致。例如:
You needn't do that when your maid is here, need you 当你的女仆在这儿时,你不需要做这个,是吗?
6、当前面陈述部分是everything, anything,something,nothing等不定代词时,反意问句的主语一般用it。例如:
Everything is all right, isn't it 一切都正常,不是吗?
7、当前面陈述部分是由“I'm sure that; I'm afraid that; we are sure that;We are afraid that; I feel sure that; We feel sure that”构成时,反意疑问句与主要信息的宾语从句相一致。例如:
I'm sure you'll help her, won't you 我确信你会帮助她,不是吗?
8、当前面陈述部分中含有否定意义的前缀和否定意义的后缀的单词时(hopeless,careless,unfit,dislike,irregular,impossible,disagree,unsuccessful,incomplete,inactive,inexact,dishonest,unhealthy,unhelpful,uninterested,unpleasant等),反意疑问句用否定形式。例如:
He is unfit for his office, isn't he 他不称职,不是吗?
9、当前面陈述部分句首的前面有so,oh时,句子所带有的感彩更加明显,反意疑问句与前面主句谓语一致。在语法上这种情况应叫修饰性疑问句,其语调从头至尾应是降调。例如:
So you are getting married, are you 你的确是要结婚,是吗?
So you don't like my cooking, don't you 你真的不喜欢我的烹饪,难道不是吗?
10、当前面陈述部分的主语是缩写的'd时,应视情况判断其缩写是would,could,had还是should。有's时,具体判断是is还是has的缩写。例如:
You'd like some coffee, wouldn't you 你想在来点咖啡,不是吗?
11、注意判断陈述部分的主语是单数还是复数,反意疑问句从人称和数上应与陈述部分主语相一致。例如:
None of the food was wasted, was it 没有食物浪费,是吗?
None of the workers arrived on time, did they 没有工人按时到,是吗?
12、当前面陈述部分中含有must表示推测时,应根据时态和时间确定其反意疑问句的形式,其后的反意疑问句中不能重复must。对现在的肯定推测用be与主语相一致;对过去的肯定推测用have与主语相一致;对过去的肯定推测中含有明确的时间状语时,常用did。例如:
You must be tired, aren't you 你肯定太累了,不是吗?
He must work hard, doesn't he 他肯定工作努力,不是吗?
You must be joking, aren't you 你肯定是开玩笑,不是吗?
They must have finished the experiment yesterday, didn't they 他们昨天肯定做完实验了,不是吗?
13、陈述部分以第一人称主语I / We+ don't think(expect, believe, guess, imagine, suppose) + that 从句时,反意问句与从句相一致,用肯定式,因否定已前移。否则,主句是由其他人称作主语时,仍与主句相一致。例如:
I suppose you know the meaning of this word, don't you 我想你知道这词的意义,不是吗?
I don't think he can finish the work on time. can he 我认为他不能按时完成工作,是吗?
14、当前面陈述部分是I wish to do......时,反意疑问句用may I;当前面陈述部分是Neither you nor I am a doctor时,反意疑问句用are we;当前面陈述部分是Let us do......时,反意疑问句用will you或won't you;当前面陈述部分是let's do ......时,反意疑问句用shall we;当前面主句是否定祈使句时,用will you;当陈述部分以Let's not开头时,其后的反意疑问句用ok或all right;以Let them (him,the boy, her......)开头时,反意疑问句用will you。例如:
Let's have a rest, shall we 咱们休息一会儿,好吗?
Let us have a look at it, will you 让我们看一看它,行吗?
I wish to go home now, may I 我想现在回家,行吗?
15、当前面陈述部分中含有little, few, hardly, seldom, never, none, nothing, no, scarcely时,反意问句用肯定形式。
He seldom writes to you, does he 他很少给你写信,对吗?
You have nothing else to say, have you 你没有什么要说的了,对吗?
16、当前面陈述部分中的谓语是used to时,反意疑问句常用usedn't或didn't,有时也可见到用usedn't。例如:
He used to live in London, use(d)n't he / didn't he 他过去居住在伦敦,是吗?
17、当前面陈述部分中的谓语动词是have当“有”讲时,反意疑问句中可用have或其他助动词与主语相一致。当have不当“有”讲时,只能用其他助动词与主语相一致。
She has a brother, hasn't (doesn't) she 她有一个弟弟,不是吗?
You have lunch at home, don't you 你在家吃午饭,不是吗?
They had a good time in the park, didn't they 他们在公园过得很愉快,不是吗?
18、由于情态动词must具有推测性和非推测性,指客观情况的是非推测性用法而指说话人的主观看法是推测性用法。当前面陈述部分的must是非推测性用法时,反意疑问句分别用mustn't或needn't相对应。
1)当must表示“必须”时,其后的反意疑问句用mustn't。
We must work hard, mustn't we 我们必须努力学习,对吗?
2)当must表示“必要”时,其后的反意疑问句用needn't。
We must learn from her, needn't we 我们应该向她学习,对吗?
3)当must表示“禁止”时,其后的反意疑问句用must或 may 。
I mustn't tell it to him, must (may) I 我不能把这事告诉他,对吗?
4)当must表示“询问”时,其后的反意疑问句用will。
You must come to see us, will you 你一定要来看望我们,好吗?
19、当前面陈述部分主语是everyone,everybody,anybody,anyone,someone,somebody,no one, nobody, each, one等不定代词时,反意问句的主语用they,也可用he。
Everybody knows the answer, don't they 每个人都知道这个答案,不是吗?
III、 祈使句
英语句子按其使用目的来分类可以分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句四大类型。祈使句作为这四大类型之一,有其特有的用法和表达形式。
一、祈使句的用法
1、祈使句又叫命令句,通常被用于表示命令、请求或禁止的语气。例如:
Speak a little more slowly, please! 请讲慢一点。(表请求)
Don't play football on the road! 不要在公路上踢足球。(表禁止)
Get out! 滚出去!(表命令)
2、此外,祈使句可用于表示邀请、建议、指路等。例如:
Have another moon cake, please.请再吃块月饼。(表邀请)
Be careful! It's dangerous.当心! 那很危险。(表警告)
Go along this road, and take the second turning on the right.沿着这条路往前走,路右侧第二个路口就是。(表建议)
3、祈使句也可用来表条件,常用于“祈使句+and / or +陈述句”句型中。例如:
Take more exercise and you'll feel healthy.多锻炼身体,你就会身体健康。
Hurry up, or you'll be late.快点,否则会迟到的。
二、祈使句的表达形式
1、以原形动词引起祈使句。这类句子是以原形动词开头,它的主语通常是第二人称(you),习惯上常省去,具体说来又可分为“do 型”和“be 型”两种结构。例如:
(1)“do 型”,即“行为动词原形+宾语(+其它成分)”构成。例如:
Look after them, please.请照顾好他们。Do it like this.这样做。
(2)“be 型”即由“Be+表语(+其它成分)”构成。例如:
Be quiet, boys and girls.孩子们,请安静。
Be careful, there's a dog behind you.小心你身后有一只狗。
以上结构的祈使句构成否定时,常以don't置于句首构成,即:
(1)“Don't +行为动词原形+(其它成分)”。例如:
Don't worry, I can help you.别着急,我会帮助你。
Don't climb the tree, it's too high.不要爬树,那树太高了。
(2)“Don't +be+表语(+其它成分)”。例如:
Don't be late for school next time.下次上学别迟到。
Don't be at home.不要呆在家中。
2、含有let的祈使句可分为两种类型。一种是“Let+名词/代词+动词原形”结构。例如:
Let me help you.让我来帮助你。Let him carry the box.让他搬这箱子。
Let Lin Tao clean the room.让林涛打扫房间。
这种句型从类型上分,完全属于“do 型”祈使句。它的否定式也是在let前加don't。例如:
Don't let him in.别让他进来。Don't let the boy climb the tree.别让那个男孩爬树。
还有一种let构成的祈使句是以let's开头的,它是一种特殊形式的祈使句,它并不是“命令、请求”对方做某事,而是说话者要与对方一起去做某事,常译为“咱们......”。例如:
Let's go to the park with Tom.咱们和汤姆一起去公园吧。
Let's begin our class.咱们开始上课吧。
注意:Let's构成的祈使句的否定形式不是在前面加Don't,而是在Let's后面加not。例如:
Let's not stay here.咱们别在这儿。Let's not go there any more.咱们再别去那儿了。
因此,要注意Let's构成的祈使句并不是Let us的省略形式,它们属于两种不同形式的祈使句。这在变反意疑问句时也能看得出:“Let's......”构成的祈使句附加部分应为shall we?而“Let us”形式的祈使句的附加部分应为Will you?。例如:
Let him come here, will you 让他近来,行吗?
Let's get there at eight, shall we 咱们八点到那里,行吗?
3、以No开头的祈使句。这类祈使句结构为“No + V-ing”,它通常用于公共场所禁止、警告的提示语,表示“禁止做某事”。例如:
No parking! 不准停车!
No smoking, please! 请勿吸烟!
4、有时在口语中,为了表达简洁,直接用名词引起一个祈使句。例如:
One moment, please! 请稍等!Hand up!举起手!
5、有的祈使句中出现主语,目的是为了指明向谁提出请求或命令等。例如:
Tom, listen to me.汤姆,听我说。Take a seat, Mr. Green.格林先生,请坐。
有时是为了加强语气或表示厌烦、不高兴的情绪。例如:
Don't you be late again.你可别再迟到了。(加强语气)
You get out of here.你给我滚出去。(表气愤)
IV、感叹句
感叹句的基本句型
What引导的感叹句, what为形容词, 后接名词。例如:
What+(形容词)复数可数名词/ 不可数名词+主语+谓语动词!
What lovely boys they are! 他们是多么可爱的孩子!
What fine weather it is! 多么好的天气啊!
What+不定冠词a(an)+(形容词)单数可数名词+主语+谓语动词!
What a fine day it is! 多么好的天气啊!
How引导的感叹句,How为副词,后接形容词或副词。
How+形容词 / 副词+主语+谓语动词!
How beautiful the flowers are!那些花多美呀!
How well they fit!它们多合身啊!
注意:a)“What + a(an)+形容词+单数可数名词”这一结构可转换成“How +形容词+不定冠词a(an)+单数可数名词”What a clever boy he is!=How clever a boy he is!
b)How也可以修饰句中的动词—动词保留在原陈述句的谓语位置上。例如:How I used to hate painting!我以前多么不喜欢画画啊!
【语法过关】
1.—You lent me some money a few months ago.
--_____ I don’t remember lending you any money.
A. Did I B. Did you C. Do I D. Do you
2.-- _______ is it from here to Yancheng Railway Station
--About two kilometers.
A. How often B. How far C. How soon D. How long
3.-- Are you going to borrow a dictionary or a magazine
-- ______.
A. Yes, a dictionary B. No, a magazine C. A dictionary D. Yes, both
4.-- _____ do you like Chinese food
--Very much.
A. What B. Why C. How D. For what
5."Tom, afraid of speaking in public. You are no longer a small boy, "said Mum.
A. not be B. not to be C. be not D. don' t be
6.__________ is your telephone number
— 865 2738.
A. How B. What C. How many D. How much
7.________ did you like the trip to Hainan? -It was wonderful.
A. When     B. How      C. Where     D. What
8.______ is this machine for
A.How B.Why C.Which D.What
9.—It’s a secret between us. Don’t tell anybody.___________.
A.I do B.I don’t C.I will D.I won’t
10.Be ________, and you will do well in the English exam.
A. careful B. polite C. sure D. friendly
11.--Let's go and play football, ______
-- That's wonderful.
A. will you B. do you C. won't we D. shall we
12.Few people knew how to use the Internet in the past,_____
A. did they B. didn't they C. did he D. didn't he
13. —Why is Tom absent
—He must be sick, _____
A. isn’t he B. must he C. is he D. mustn’t he
14.I don’t think he could have done such a stupid thing last night, _____
A. do I B. could he C. did he D. has he
15. Most students used to listen to their teachers in class and completely obey their teachers, _____
A. used they B. weren’t they C. didn’t they D. did they
16. -- ________terrible weather it is!
--It is said that it will get ________ later.
A. What ; good B. What ; better C. What a ; better
17. _________fine weather it is today!
A. What a B. How C. How a D. What
18.______ long the bridge is! Let me drive you over it.
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
19.--- important tool the computer is!
---I think so.
A. What a B. How C. What an D. How an
--- _______ day it is!
--- Let’s go out and enjoy the sunshine!
A. What a lovely B. How windy C. What a rainy D. How wet
【参考答案】
1。A[解析] 本题考查疑问句的省略。对前句产生的疑问,前句是对过去发生的动作进行描述。故选A。2.B[解析] 本题考查特殊疑问词的选用。由答语可知,是对距离的疑问。故应用How far。
3.C[解析] 本题考查选择疑问句的答语。依据问句:你要借一本字典还是一本杂志?应是肯定的答语。
4.C[解析] 本题考查特殊疑问句的疑问词的选用。由答语Very much可知是对程度提问的,应由how提问。
5.D[解析] 本题考查“be 型”祈使句的否定形式。这是“be 型”祈使句,其否定形式是“Don't +be+表语(+其它成分)”。因应选D。
6.B[解析] 本题考查特殊疑问句的用法。当询问某个东西是什么时,用what引导的疑问句提问。
7.B[解析] 本题考查特殊疑问句的用法。表示喜爱的程度,故用How。
8.D[解析] 本题考查特殊疑问句的用法。疑问句除作问句的主语或主语的定语以外,其余情况一律用“疑问词+一般疑问句”的语序。
9。D[解析] 本题考查祈使句的答语。依据题意:这是我们两人的秘密,别告诉任何人。我会的。其意为:我不会告诉别人的。
10.A[解析] 本题考查祈使句的用法。be careful 表示“提醒某人做某事要注意”的意思,其它三项均不符合题意。
11.D[解析] 本题考查反意疑问句的用法。当前面陈述部分是let's do ......时,反意疑问句用shall we。故选D。
12。A[解析] 本题考查反意疑问句的用法。当前面陈述部分中含有little, few, hardly, seldom, never, none, nothing, no, scarcely时,反意问句用肯定形式。故应选A。13.A解析]本题考查反意疑问句的用法。此处是对现在的情况进行推测,附加疑问句要用isn’t he
14.C解析]本题考查反意疑问句的用法。陈述部分为主从句的复合句,且主句的主语和谓语是I think, I suppose, I believe, I imagine等结构时,附加疑问句的人称和数往往要与从句的人称和数保持一致,并要注意否定的转移。
15.. C解析]本题考查反意疑问句的用法。当陈述部分含有used to时,附加疑问句可用use(d)n’t或didn’t。
16.B。[解析] 考查感叹句。weather为不可数名词,前不加a。
17.D。[解析] 感叹句有两种:What+(a/an)+形容词+名词,How+形容词/副词。本题中weather为不可数名词,前不能加a。
18.C。[解析]本题考查感叹句的用法。What引导的感叹句, what为形容词, 后接名词。How引导的感叹句,How为副词,后接形容词或副词。由题干long可知,是对形容词感叹。故选C。
19.C。[解析]本题考查感叹句的用法。依题干是对名词进行感叹,故用what,important第一个字母读音是元音,其不定冠词用an。
20.A。[解析] 本题考查感叹句的用法。对名词感叹时。应用what。由后句enjoy the sunshine可知,答案应选A。
用心 爱心 专心透析中考英语语法交际用语考点
【交际用语命题趋势与预测】
根据对交际用语部分近几年高考试题的分析可知,今后该部分重点考查:
打电话方面的交际用语。
劝告和建议方面的交际用语。
感谢与应答方面的交际用语。
祝愿、祝贺及应答方面的交际用语。
请求允许和应答方面的交际用语。
邀请与应答方面的交际用语。
提供帮助和应答方面的交际用语。
8、就餐时的交际用语。
【考点诠释】
【考例】
①—Would you mind feeding the pet at noon [长春]
—____________.
A.Have fun B.No,not at a11 C.Excuse me D.You’re welcome
答案:B解析:由上句“你介意中午喂一下这只宠物吗 ”可判断答案选B,“不,不介意”。
②一I don't think waste water should be put into the rivers or lakes.
一____.It wm cause much water pollution.[长春]
A.Good luck B.It's my pleasure C.I agree with you D.The same to you
答案:C解析:由下句“它会引起水污染”可知,对方同意上句的说法,故选C。
一Is there a table for 4,please
一____,please.Is the one near the backdoor 0K [淄博]
A.Take your time B.This way C.You are welcome D.After you
答案:B解析:本题考查日常交际用语。上句问“请问有4个人的桌子吗 ”下句应该说“请这边走,后门旁的那张可以吗 ”故选B。
③–Jim, I’m afraid I can’t go to your party tonight. My grandma is ill.
--______.(安徽省)
A. I’m sorry to hear that B. That’s all right C. She has to stay in bad D. Don’t worry
答案A解析:A. I’m sorry to hear that .表示“很遗憾听到这个消息”。B.That’s all right.表示“不用谢,没关系”。
C. She has to stay in bad.表示“她真是不幸”。D.Don’t worry.表示“不用担心”。当听到对方诉说不幸的事情时,都要说I’m sorry to hear that (很遗憾听到这个消息),表示惋惜和同情,这也是一种固定搭配。
④–Jack, I will go for a picnic with my parents after the exam.
-- ______.[安徽]
A. That’s it B. Have fun C. It’s a pleasure D. It doesn’t matter
答案B.解析:--Jack,考完试,我将和我的父母去野炊。A That’s it (就它了) B. Have fun(玩的开心点) C. It’s a pleasure(这是件乐事) D. It doesn’t
⑤—Call you go shopping with me tomorrow
——____,but I have to study for my chemistry test.[牡丹江]
A.I'd love to B.Never mind C.It's nothing
答案:A解析:由句意“但我必须为化学考试学习”知,选I'd love to.
⑥—Would you please pass me the sugar
一____.Here you are.[浙江台州]
A.Sorry B.Sure C.Thanks a lot D.N0thing much
答案:B解析:由答语Here you are.“给你”,确定用Sure“当然可以”。
⑦一Alice,you dance very well!
——______________.[浙江]
A.Not so well B.That's all right C.Thank you D.I agree with you
答案:C解析:当别人夸奖或赞美自己时,要用Thank you回答,选C。
⑧—Few well—known singers came to the concert,did they
—_____.Such as Andy Lau,Jay Chou and Kristy Zhang.[ 黄冈]
A.No,they didn't B.Yes,they did C.No,they did D.Yes,they didn't
答案:B解析:由下句“如Andy Lau,Jay Chou and KristyZhang"说明,“有一些著名的歌手到音乐会”,答案是肯定的,所以用Yes回答,故B项Yes,they did“不,他们来了”是正确的。
⑨一May I park my car here,Sir
一____.You may park it over there.[南通]
A.Yes,you may B.Yes,you can C.No,you needn't D.No,you mustn't
答案:D解析:本题考查交际用语。由答语中的“你可以把它放在那边”表明:你不可以放在这边。mustn't意为“不准”。
⑩—How do you like the TV play
一___________.[济南]
A.It's wonderful. B.What about you C.Yes,I like it. D.No,I don't like it at a11.
答案:A解析:上句问“你认为这部电视剧怎么样 ”,只有A项“好极了”符合题意,故选A。
11.一Who’s that speaking
一____________.[济南]
A.This is Jack speaking B.I am speaking C.Jack is me D.I am Jack
答案:A解析:本题考查打电话用语。
12.一I believe we've met before.
一No,____.I've never been here before.[重庆课改实验区]
A.it isn't the same B.it's true C.I don't think so D.I believe so
答案:C解析:下句是对上句的内容提出相反的观点,故用表示否定的答语:I don't think so.如果表示赞同要用I think so.故选C。
13. —Why not join us in the game,Kitty
— ___,but I have to do my homework first.[镇江]
A. Let's go B.I'd like to C.Yes,please D.It's a pleasure
答案:B解析:由句意“为什么不加入到我们的游戏中呢,基蒂 ”及下句中“但我首先必须做我的作业”,表明“我愿意”,故选B。
14. —Thank you for your help,Sarah.
一_____________.[ 浙江台州]
A.Good idea B.Please don't say so C.It doesn't matter D.You are welcome
答案:D解析:Thank you!的答语往往用You are welcome,Not at ail,That's all right等。
15. —I'm going to spend my summer holiday in
Hawaii.
What a lucky guy! ____And don't forget to send me a postcard.[ 黄冈]
A.That sounds good.B.Have a nice time! C.Good luck! D.Can I go with you
答案:B解析:由上句说“他要去度假”及下句中“不要忘了寄明信片给我”说明另一个同学不去,而是祝他玩得高兴,故选B。
【语法回顾】
一、打电话(Making phone calls)
1.请给某人/某单位打电话。
Would/could/can you ring up... 请你...打电话好吧?句中ring up意思是"给某人打电话"。除了用ring up外,还可用call,call up,telephone 等,意思相同。can you... 用得最普通;could/would you... 用在正式场合,比较礼貌。www.
2.电话拨不通时常说:
The line is busy .I can't get through.电话占线,我打不通。/ I'll try again later.我过一会儿再打。
其中line指电话线路,get through 指接通电话。
3.电话拨通后相互打招呼:
Hello,(name or telephone number)你好,(并通报本人的姓名或单位名称或电话号码)Hello,is that...speaking 你是...吗? / Who is that speaking/calling 你是谁?/ Who is speaking/calling, please 你是谁?
应答时常说:
Yes,(this is)...speaking.是的,我是...。/ Yes,it's...here. 我是...。
4.打电话请对方找人或留言:
Is...in/at home 某某在家吗?/ Can/may/could I speak to...,please 请...接电话好吗?/ Will/would you give a message to...,please 请给...捎个口信好吗? / Would you tell him my telephone number, please 请你把我的电话号码告诉他好吗?/ Can/could you ask...to ring me back, please 请叫...给我回个电话好吗?
应答时常说:
Hold on/Wait a minute/One moment, please. 请等一等。/ I'm sorry...is not in./at home now.对不起,...现在不在。/ Can I take a message 我能给你捎口信好吗?/ Does he have your telephone number 他有你的电话号码吗?/ I'll ask him to call you back. 我叫他给你回电话。
二、劝告和建议(Advice and suggestion)
(1)You'd better (not)do sth... 你最好(不)干...。/ You should do sth. 你应该干...。/ You need(to)do sth. 你需要干...。
(2)Why don't you do sth 为什么不...。/ Why not do sth 为什么不...。这是以反问的方式提出劝告或建议,含有建议对方去干某事的意思,而不是询问对方为何不去干某事的原因。
(3)What/How about +名词或动名词... 这种句型表达随便的建议,有征求对方意见的意思,多数情况下是建议和对方一起做某事。
(4)"Shall we... "这种句型用于建议对方与自己一起做什么,是一种普通的表示建议的方法。它和"Let's...,shall we "句型可以互换,在回答时,如果赞成这个建议,常用"Yes, let's."或"OK. let's."
(5)用suggest作谓语的陈述句
这种句子用于表达比较正式的建议,在会议上和讨论中使用较多,也常用于书面形式,后面常跟名词、动名词或that从句作宾语。注意跟从句时,从句中动词用动词原形式should+动词原形。
(6)用Let's开头的祈使句
这是最普通的表达建议的方法,建议对方和自己一起做什么.let's后接动词原形。若句尾加上"shall we ", "OK "等用于征求对方法的词语,从而使语气委婉得多。
注意:对对方的建议表示同意时常用的答语为:
Great太好了。That's a good idea.真是个好主意。对对方的建议表示不同意,或根本不能满足对方的要求而表示歉意时的常用答语为: I'm afraid that... 我担心....,我恐怕....。I'm afraid not. 恐拍不行。
(7)用should,ought to等情态动词来表示“劝告”
(8)用动词advise,名词advice表示劝告。
三、表示问候(Expressing greetings)
1、直接问候
1.一般打招呼用语,答语通常是重复对方的话。
Hello.你好!Hi嗨!Good morning(afternoon, evening)早上(下午、晚上)好。
2.您好!初次见面打招呼的用语How do you do / Glad to meet you.
答语也是"How do you do / Glad to meet you."
3.对有一段时候没有见面的熟人可选用这些句型:How are you / How have you been 你(您)好吗
答语往往是:"Fine, thank you. And "
4.向认识但不常见面的人打招呼,可选用这些表达法。How's everything with you / How is everything going / How are you getting on / What's no/ up 近来怎么样?
答语可用:“Pretty well."/ " Very well." "Everything is OK.(一切顺利)"Not too bad.“还好”。
5.对于不认识想要叫他(她)停下来时,可选用这些说法:Hey, sir(madam).喂,先生(小姐)/ Just a moment, sir(madam)等一下,先生(小姐)注意:此时不能说:“Hey! you!”
2、间接问候
1.Please give one's(one's 代表不同人称的物主代词(如: my, our... 等) regards/best wishes/ love to.../ Please remember me to sb.请向某人问好./请向某人致意。
2."Say hi/hello to...(from me)"意为“向...致意/问候”。这相当于Please give my best regards/wishes to...(请代我向...问好)的意思。
对于上述问候,其答语为:Of course. /Sure ,I will等。
四、感谢与应答(Thanks and responses)
Thank you./ Thanks.谢谢! / Thank you very much.非常感谢! / Thank you so much./ Thanks a lot.多谢 / Thank you very much indeed. 应该好好感谢你 / Thanks a million.万分感谢! / I don't know how to thank you.真不知该怎样感谢你。I'm really grateful to you.非常感谢你! That's most kind of you.你心眼儿真好。/ You're kind ! kind 你真好。
如果别人想为你办事,可你觉得不必麻烦他或者别人替你办事没有办成但你还要感谢他,这时你可以说:
Thank you just the same.同样感谢你的好意。/ Thank you all the same.同样得感谢你。/ It's very considerate of you.你考虑得真周到!/ It's most thoughtful of you.你想得真周到!
在回答别人的感谢时,常说:www.
You're welcome.你是受欢迎的。/ Not at all.没事儿。/ Don't mention it.不用了。/ It's my pleasure.我很乐意。 / No trouble at all.一点也不麻烦。/ It was the least I could do.这是我应该做的。I'm glad I could do it.我很高兴能这么做。That's all right.没关系,不用谢。I'm delighted to have been able to do that for you.能为你效劳我很高兴。It's really nothing at all.算不了什么,不用谢。
五、介绍(Introductions)www.
介绍某人的常用表达式
I'll introduce you.我来给你介绍.......。/ I want to introduce.....我想介绍.... / May I introduce you to... 我把你介绍给...好吗 / I'd like you to meet... 我想让你见见...。 / It's with great pleasure that I introduce.....to you.很荣幸让我介绍.......给你。/ Let me introduce you to......让我把你介绍给....... / By the way, do you know...... 顺便问一问,你认识.......吗?
对介绍的应答
How do you do 你好!/ I'm pleased to know you.很高兴认识你。/ Very glad to meet you.很高兴认识你。/ Nice to meet you.很高兴认识你。 / It's a pleasure to meet you.认识你很高兴。
六、祝愿、祝贺及应答(Good wishes, congratulations and responses)
1)当某人取得成功时
I have passed the examination! 我已经通过考试了。
Congratulations(to you)祝贺你!
2)当某人外出旅行时
Good luck with your trip! 祝您们旅途平安! Have a good trip/journey.=I wish you a good trip/journey.祝你旅途愉快。祝你一路顺风。/ Good trip to you./Nice journey to you.祝你旅途愉快、Have a nice/pleasant/wonderful time.=I wish you a nice/pleasant/wonderful time.祝你过得愉快。祝你玩得痛快。
3.)当某人生日时
A: Happy birthday to you;生日快乐!B: Thank you!谢谢!
4)当某人即将做某事时
A:I will take the exams tomorrow.我明天将参加考试。
B: Good luck (to you)!(I wish you success!)祝您顺利!(祝您成功!)
注:上述几点中祝愿(贺)的回答可用。 Thanks./thank you/thanks a lot.或It's kind of you to say so.谢谢. /多谢. /谢谢您./谢谢你这么说。
5)在公共节日里
A: Happy New Year(to you)! 新年快乐!
B: Thanks. The same to you!(Happy New Year to you, too!)谢谢!您也一样!(也祝您新年快乐!)
七、请求允许和应答(Asking for permission and responses)
1) Can I/Could I/May I... 我可不可以...
这个是请求对方允许自己做某事的最普通的交际用语,其中could I... 语气最婉转;May I... 常用在比较正式的场合;Can I... 用得最广泛。
对于所提出的请求表示允许或同意时,可说:Yes./Sure./Certainly.当然可以。Of course, you may.当然可以。Yes, do please.请吧。Go ahead, please.请吧。That's Ok./all right.好的。
对于所提出的请求表示不允许或不同意时,可说:No, pleased don't.请不要。I'm sorry you can't.对不起,你不可以...I'm sorry, but...对不起,但是...。You'd better not...你最好别...。
2.Do you mind if I do...
这是用来表示“请求许可”的交际用语。句中的mind作“介意”、“反对”解。整句的意思是“如果我干某事,你反对/介意吗 ”或“我干某事,”好吗 注意:当我们用“Do you mind if...”时,if从句中的谓语动词一般用现在时;当我们用“Would you mind if...”时,if从句中的谓语动词一般用过去时,这时语气更加婉转。应答时,如果表示“允许/不介意”,常说:No, I don't mind. 我不介意/我允许。Certainly not / Of course not. 当然不介意。No, go ahead. 不介意,你干吧。Not at all. 一点也不介意。如果表示“不允许/介意”时,常说:I'm sorry you can't...很抱歉,你不能...。I'm afraid....恐怕....I'm afraid it's not allowed. 恐怕这是不允许的。
3. I wonder if I could/can... 我想知道我能否...
这也是用来表示“请求许可”的交际用语。句中的wonder作“想知道”解,后面常跟if从句。整个句子的意思是“我想知道我是否可以...... ”用以委婉地提出请求。应答时,如果允许,常说:Sure, go ahead./Yes, please do.可以,请吧。 Yes./Of course./Certainly. 当然可以。如果不允许,可以说: I'm sorry, but... 对不起,...I'm afraid not. 恐怕不行。No, please don't. 请不要......。You'd better not... 你最好别....。
八、请求(Requests)
用下列疑问句表示请求及其应答。
(1)用may(can, could),来表达。
表示同意请求的应答:yes ,you may(can).是的。/certainly.(=of course./Sure.)当然可以。/Yes, do please,好的,请吧。
注:上述回答中can不能换成could因为could在一般疑问句中表示委婉的请求,而在肯定句中,则无此功能。
表示不同意请求的应答:No, you mustn't,不可以。/No, you can't,不能。No, you'd better not你最好不这样。/Please don't 请不要这样。/Sorry, I'm afraid not,对不起,恐怕不能。
(2)用Shall来表达
表示同意的请求应答:Yes, I'd like to.好的,我愿意。/All right.(=OK.)好的/(That's a)Good idea.好主意。/Yes, Let's.好的,让我们走吧。
表示不同意请求的应答:Please don't.请不要这样./I don't think so.我认为不要这样。/I'm afraid not,恐怕不能
(3)用Would, Will, Would(Will)you please... /Would you like... 来表达。
表示同意请求的应答:Yes, I'd like to.(=Yes, I'd love to.=Yes, I'll be glad to.=Yes, I should I like to)是的,我愿意。/With pleasure.十分愿意。
注:上述回答中介词to均不能省略。
表示不同意请求的应答:I'd like (love)to, but I'm busy,我很想,但我很忙。/I'm sorry, but I'm busy.对不起,我很忙。/I'm afraid not恐怕不能。/I'd really like to, but I have no time.我的确很愿意,可我没时间。
(4)用please 来表达。
表示同意请求的应答:OK,(=All right.)好的。/of course.(=Sure.=Certainly.)当然可以。/With pleasure.十分愿意。
表示不同意请求的应答:I'm sorry, but I'm busy,对不起,我很忙,/I'm afraid not 恐怕不行。
九、道歉和应答(Apologize and responses)
Excuse me for...... 请原谅我....../ Pardon me for....... 请原谅我......./ I'm really sorry for..... / 我真为.......感到抱歉。I'm awfully sorry. I don't mean to...... 我非常抱歉,我无意....../ I'm so sorry. It's all my fault. 我十分抱歉,都是我的过错。/ I'm terribly sorry about..... 我对......非常抱歉。/ It was wrong of me to do....... 做......是我的过错。/ I really feel bad about...... 我真对........感到难过 。/ I regret that...... 我后悔......./ I do apologize about......我对.......表示道歉。 / I hope you'll pardon me for....希望你能原谅我....... / I must make an apology for......我必须对........表示道歉 。/ Please forgive me for......请原谅我.......
对道歉的反应
It really isn't worth mentioning.实在不值得一提。Don't say more about it.不要再提它了。Never mind, it doesn't really matter.没关系,真的不要紧。Please don't worry about it.请别为这事担心。It's nothing serious.没有什么关系。Please think nothing of it.请别想它了。Well,it's one of those things.哦,这是常有的事。That's all right.没关系。Please don't blame yourself.请别责备自己。Forget thinking of it.别在想它了
十、邀请与应答(Invitation and responses)
1.用一般疑问句形式
Will / would / can / could you come to... 是被邀请人接受的可能性较大。表示“请您来...好吗 ”。例如:
Will you come to take part in my party 你来参加我的聚会好吗
Would you like +名词(代词) / 不定式 / sb.+不定式
此句型表示“您愿意... 或你是否愿意... ”,此时邀请人不知对方是否接受邀请,是商量、询问及试探性的邀请、请求或表示个人的想法、看法。 例如:
Would you like to go there with him 你愿意与他一道去那儿吗
B:Yes, I'd like(love) to好的,我愿意。(类似肯定表达法:Yes, I'd be happy to.好的,我很乐意。Yes,
it's very kind / nice of you to invite me. 好的,谢谢您邀请我。Yes,it's very kind of you. 真是太好了,谢谢。)
2.用陈述句形式
I like sb. to do sth./ I'd like you to come to....这是向某人发出邀请的常见句式。表示“希望(想叫)某人做某事”,常与would连用,是一种客气的邀请。 例如:
A :I'd like to invite you to see a film with me.我想请你和我一起去看电影。
B: I'd like(love) to, but I'm very busy.我很想,但我很忙。(类似委婉拒绝表达法:I'd love to....I'm afraid我想去,恐怕...,Thank you for inviting me.)
It's very kind of you to invite me, but I'm busy.谢谢你邀请我,但我很忙。)
十一、提供帮助和应答(Offers and responses)
Can/ could/ Shall I help you (with that) 我可以帮你吗 / Can/ Could/ Shall I do...for you 我可以帮你干...吗 / What can I do for you 我能为你做什么 / Would you like some/any help 你要不要什么帮助 /Would you like me to do sth. for you 你要不要什么帮助 / Would you like me to do sth. for you 你要不要我为你干... / Do you want me to... 你要我干...吗 / Is there anything (else) I can do (for you) 还有什么(别的事)我可以为你效劳吗 / Let me do...for you. 让我来帮你干...吧。
应答时,不管你需不需要对方的帮助,首先得表示感谢。
Thank you./ Thanks a lot/ Thank you very much. 谢谢。/ Yes, please./ Thanks, please. 好的,谢谢。/ Thank you for your help. 谢谢你的帮助。
如果需要帮助可以说:
Thanks. That's very kind /good / nice (of you). 谢谢,那太好了。
如果谢绝帮助,可以说: No, thanks. I can manage it myself.谢谢,我自己可以对付。/ No, thank you, but I can do it myself. 谢谢,我能行。/ No, I can do it, but thank you all the same.我可以干,谢谢。/ That's all right. thank you. 没什么,谢谢。
十二、看病时病交际用语
1)医生询问病情时的常用语
What can I do for you" 你看什么病 / What's wrong/the matter/ the trouble with you 你有什么不舒服。/ Is there anything wrong with you 有什么看病吗
(2)病人诉说病情时的常用语
I feel terrible/ bad/ ill sick. 我感到很不舒服。/ I don't feel well. /I'm not feeling well.我感到不舒服。/ I'm not in good health. 我身体不好。/ There is something wrong with... 我的...有毛病。
I have / have got.... 我觉得...痛。/ My back / nose hurts / aches. 我的背/鼻子痛。
(3)医生给病人检查时的常用语
(Lie down and )let me exam you. (躺下),让我检查一下。/ Does it hurt here 这儿痛吗
(4)医生看完病后对病人提出医嘱时的常用语
It's nothing serious. 病不重。不要紧。/ You'd better have a good rest. 你最好好好休息休息。
Take this medicine three times a day. 这药每天吃三次。/ Drink plenty of water and have a good rest. 多喝水,好好休息。/ You have a high temperature. 你发烧了,/ 你体温高。/ You'd better go to bed don't get up until you feel Better. 你最好躺在床上,感到好一点再起床。/ Take 2 pills now and 2 more in 4 hours' time. 现在吃2片药,隔4小时再吃2片。/ I advise you(not) to... 我劝你(别)... / I suggest you... 我建议你... / You'll be well/ all right soon. 不久你会好的。
十三 、谈论天气情况
1.It is raining /blowing /snowing ,(isn't it )下雨了/刮风了/下雪了,(对吗?)
It is +adj ./n.(today ). 今天的天气...这类句子都是用来发表对天气的看法的。"It is +ady /n (today )"中间可用表述天气情况的形容词或名词,应答时可说:Yes ,it is .
2.What's the weather like today 今天天气怎样 / What's the weather going to be like ... 天气将怎样
这两个句型都是用来询问天气情况的。前者询问当天的天气后者询问未来的天气,在like 后加表示未来的时间状语(如tomorrow .the day after tomorrow )应答时可说:It's fine /warm /cold /hot ...或It's going to be fine /warm/cold /hot ...
"What's the weather like ... "也可以用"How is the weather... "表达,其意思想同。
十四 、问路及应答的交际用语
Excuse me. Can you tell me the way to ... 劳驾,请告诉我去.....(地方)怎么走 / Excuse me. Han can I get to... 劳驾,问怎样去.....(地方) / Excuse me, please, where is... 劳驾,请问去...的路怎么去
问路时,首先说“Excuse me.”意思是“请原谅”、“请问”、“劳驾”,表示因为打扰而道歉,然后再问路,应答时可根据实际情况回答。常用的有以下几种表达:
How far is it from here 它离这里多远 / It's about...meters from here. 它离这里大约...米远。/ It's about...yards/meters down this street./ Go straight ahead till you see...沿着这条街走约...米就到了。/ Go straight ahead till you see... 照直走到...(地方)为止 。/ Go down/along this street. 沿着这条街走下去。/ Take this street/road. 走这条街/大路。/ Go through the gate and you'll find the entrance to...穿过大门,你就会看到...的几口处。/ Go down/along this street till you get to ...沿着这条街走到...(地方)为止。/ Turn right/left at the first/second crossing.在第一/二个十字路口向右/左转。/ You'd better take a taxi/minibus/No. 5 bus...你最好坐出租车/乘小公共汽车 / 乘5路公共汽车。
十五 、就餐时的交际用语
1.就餐时,当主人询问客人想吃/喝点什么时,主人常说:
Would you like sth.(to eat / to drink) 你想吃 / 喝点...吗 / What would you like (to have) 你想要吃点什么 / Would you like some more... 你还要点...吗 / How about (some more) ... (再)来点...怎么样
2.就餐时,当主人主动请客人吃/喝点东西时,主人常说:
Help yourself to... 你吃/喝点...吧。/ Let me give you... 让我来人你...吧。/ Make yourself at home. 请随便吃,不要客气。
3.当客人表示愿意或同意吃/喝点东西时,常回答:
Yes, please,好的。I'd like...我想来点...。Well, just a little, please. 好的,请来一点儿。
4.当客人表示不想吃/喝东西或表示已经吃饱/喝好了时,常回答:No, thanks, 谢谢,不要了。Thank you , I've had enough. 谢谢,我已经够了。I'm full, thank you. 谢谢,我吃饱了。
十六、告别
1.告别前用语
I'm afraid I must be off/be going/be leaving now.恐怕我得走了。/ I think I must be off/ be going/ be leaving now.我看我得走了。/ Well, It's getting late.噢,天已晚了。/ I've got to go now.现在我必须得走了。/ Maybe we could get together sometime.也许我们什么时候还能再聚一聚。
2.对告别前用语的回答
Thank you for coming.多谢你的光临。/ Yes, I've enjoy it.对,我很开心。/ My pleasure, too.这也是我的荣幸。/ Could you stay a little longer 你能再呆一会儿吗?/ In that case, I won't keep you.那么我就不留你了。
3.告别用语
Good-bye! / Be seeing you soon. Bye! / Bye! / Bye for now. / See you. / See you later. Bye-bye! 再见!Good night.晚安!Have a pleasant journey!/ Wish you a pleasant journey.祝你旅途愉快!Don't forget to give me a ring.不要忘记给我来电话。Remember to give me a ring.记住给我来电话。
4.对告别用语的回答
Good-bye!再见!/ Good night!晚安!You too. / Same to you.你也一样。So long. Take care.再见!保重。
十七、赞美和恭维及应答(Making Compliments and Responses)
It's beautiful. 真漂亮!/ That's marvellous! 真了不起!/ It's a lovely picture! 多好看的照片!/ I'm glad you did...... 我很高兴你做了....../ I'm pleased you did... 我很兴奋你做了....../ How clever of you! 你好聪明哦!/ I like the way you did...... 我喜欢你做......的方式/ I admire the way you do...... 我敬佩你做......的方式/ I've never seen such a...... 我还没有见到过如此的......./ What a nice coat you have! 你的外衣很漂亮哦!/ You look very smart today! 你今天看上去好神气哦! / What a wonderful house! 你的房子好漂亮哦!/ It matches your suit perfectly. 这和你的衣服很相配。/ You've certainly given us a very good lecture. 你的确给我们做了一场精彩的讲演。/ You have a beautiful smile.你的笑真美。 / You have a good sense of humour.你挺有幽默感的。/ Your wife is beautiful. 你的妻子真漂亮。/ You gave an excellent speech.你的演讲真精彩。 / Your car is nice.你的车真漂亮。 / This is a lovely dinner./The dinner is great.这顿饭真不错。 / That's a very nice suit you've got on.你穿的衣服很漂亮。 / That was a marvellous speech. 那是一场了不起的演讲。/ You look wonderful this evening! 你今晚看上去很不错! / What a nice living room so comfortable! 我很喜欢你的家具,你在哪儿买的? / I appreciate your new car.我非常欣赏你的新车。(对朋友的精彩表演、杰出成绩,你若亲临现场,可直接为他大声喝彩)
Well done, Johnson! 干得好,约翰逊!/ I'm so happy for you! 真为你感到高兴!/ It's very well deserved! 就该这样!/ You must be terribly pleased!你一定非常高兴吧!/ Aren't you very excited, Tom 汤姆,你一定很激动吧!
Oh, I'm glad you like it. 哦,你喜欢,我真高兴。/ I'm glad you think so. / I'm delighted you think so. 你能这样认为我真高兴。/ Oh, thank you.哦,谢谢! /
How kind of you to say that. 你能那样说真好。/ I'm glad to hear that.听到这我真高兴。 / Thanks for saying so.谢谢你这样说。
十八 、约会的交际用语
1.询问对方是否有空:
Will you be free (tonight/ tomorrow/...) 你(今晚/明天 ...)有空吗
肯定回答:Yes, I'll be free (tonight / tomorrow...). 我(今晚/明天...)有空。
否定回答:No,I won't be free(tonight/ tomorrow...).不,(今晚/明天...)没有空。
比较客气委婉的否定回答:
I'm afraid not. (I'm afraid I'm not free tonight/tomorrow...). 恐怕没有空。
2.询问约会的时间、地点:
What time shall we meet 我们什么时候会面呢 /Where is the best place to meet 我们最好在什么地方会面呢 / How about 5 p.m./ tonight/ tomorrow... 下午五点(今晚/明天......)怎么样 / What about (meeting) at the gate/ outside the station... 在大门口/在车站外边碰头怎么样 /Shall we meet at 7:30 p.m. at the gate 我们下午七点半大门口碰头好吗 / I'll meet you at the theatre at 7:30 p.m. 我会在七点半在剧场见你。/ I suggest 7 o'clock. 我建议七点钟(碰头)。
2 有关约会的时间,地点的询问和应答,可根据具体情况进行。
十九、关心和焦虑的交际用语
1.What's wrong/the matter(with)... 表示的意思是“你怎么啦?”、“你有什么不舒服?”、“出了什么毛病?”,用来询问对方的疾病、痛苦、忧伤、事故等情况,。句中的wrong作“失常的”、“状况不佳的”,matter作“麻烦事”、“毛病”、“故障,指病痛或事故的原因。”
What's wrong with...和What's the matter with... 两个句子意思相同,可以互换。
2.Is there anything the matter 意思是“出了什么事吗?”、“有什么毛病吗”这个句子还可以简化为:anything the matter
3.We are anxious/worried about...“be anxious/worried about”意思是“为(某人/某事)担心”,可用于各种时态,其中的be可用get代替(即"get anxious /worried about")
4.There is no need to be worried.没有必要担心。/ There is nothing to worry about.没有什么可以担心的。
对于别人的担心或焦虑,常可以用以上句子表示宽慰。
二十、喜好、厌恶和偏爱
表示喜好
1.用I like /love sth./sb. 来表达。(表示“我不喜欢某人/某事”的意思)
2.用I like/love to do sth./doing sth.来表达。(表示“我为喜欢做某事”的意思)
注意:1)在 like后加上表示程度的词如:very much ,a lot, little,等
3.用I enjoy sth./ doing sth.来表达。(表示“我喜欢/欣赏某事”的意思)
表示厌 恶
1.用I don't like (to).......来表达。(表示“我不喜欢某人/某事”的意思)
2.用I hate (to).......来表达(表示“我不喜欢某人/某事”的意思)
3用.I don't enjoy sth./doing sth来表达。 (表示“我不喜欢某人/欣赏某事”的意思)
表示偏爱
1. 用I prefer A to B.来表达。( 表示“ 我喜欢A甚过喜欢B”的意思)
2.用would rather do........来表达(表示“宁愿做........”的意思 )
二十一、表示同意和不同意的用语
1)表示同意
Certainly./ Sure./ Of course.当然可以。/ No problem. 没有问题。Yes ,I think so. 是的,我也这样认为。/ I agree with sb. 我同意某人的看法。/ I agree with sb. 我同意某事。I agree that... 我同意.../ Good idea ! / That's a good idea. 好主意。/ It's a good idea to do sth. 干某事是人好主意。/Yes ,please.是的,请吧。/ You are right . 你是对的。/ That's true./Ok./All right. 好的。/ That's just what I think. 我也是那么想的。/ That's my opinion, too.我也是那么想的。 /There's no doubt about it.那毫无疑问。
2)表示不同意。
No,I don't think so. 不,我不这样认为。/ I don't agree with sb. 我不同意某人的看法。/ I don't agree to sth. 我不同意某事。/ I don't agree that . 我不同意.... / I'm afraid not. /I'm afraid that... 恐怕(不)...
二十二、表示肯定和否定的用语
1)表示肯定:
Sure./of course./Certainly. 肯定/当然/一定。/ I'm sure of/about... 我确信... / I'm sure that... 我确信.../ That's sure. 是真的。
2)表示否定
No. 不是。 / I'm not sure of/about... 对...我没有把握。/ I'm not sure whether/if... 我没有把握...
二十三、语言困难( Language Difficulties )
常用句型
1.当不知某个词的发音时,用How do you pronounce... 这个词你怎么读
2.当不知某个词的汉语意思时,用What's the Chinese meaning of the word... ...词的汉语意思是什么 类似的表过还有:What do you mean by...in Chinese /What's the Chinese for... / What does ...mean in Chinese
3.当不知某个词的拼写时,用Could/can you spell the word 你能拼一下这个词吗?
4.当没听清(懂)对方讲话内容时,
用I'm sorry, I didn't quite follow(catch)you.对不起,请再说一遍时,可用下列句型表达:I'm afraid I didn't follow (catch)起,我没有听懂(清)。
5.当没听懂(清)对方所说的话或请求对方再重复you./Would you mind I repeating that /pardon Beg your pardon / I beg your pardon / Could you say that again /Would you please say that again /Would you please say that more slowly
6.问对方是否听懂(清)时,
用:Is that clear /Have I made myself clear /Do you see what I mean / Do you understand
7.当不知如何表达某一意思时,用:I'm sorry, I know only a little English. I don't know how to say it in English(I don't know the exact word in English),but it is some thing like...对不起,我仅懂一点点英语。我不知如何用英语表达这个词(我不知道英语中能表达该意思的准确的词),但它有点象...。
8.当表示在语言某方面上有无困难时,可用 I have some(no, much, little, a little,some) difficulty (trouble)in pronouncing(spelling,......) .......意为“在做某事方面有一些(没有、很多、很少、有一点困难)。”或用have some (no,little,a little,much ,any)difficulty(trouble) with sth.
9.订正或澄清错误时,用:I'm sorry, I have made a mistake. 对不起,我犯了个错误。I'm sorry, I should have said...对不起,我本该说...。That's not what I meant. 我不是那个意思。What I mean is ... 我的意思是...。I'll try to explain that again,我将尽力再解释一下。
二十四、表示禁止和警告的交际用语
1.Look out! /Be careful! / Take care!
这三个句子都作“当心、小心”解,look out语气最强,往往用于某种紧急的情况或可能出现危险的场合,其后接for短语。take care语气没有那样强,多用于对可能出现的不测作出预先的提醒或警告,其后可接不定式短语或that从句,从句的谓语动词用一般现在时。be careful可代替look out和take care,其后也可接不定式以及about, with等介词短语。
2.下列句型也可用来表示警告:
Don't do sth.......or...... 不要干某事,否则....
If you.......you'll...... 如果你...,你就会...
3. 以否定祈使句或"No+-ing" 表示禁止和警告。
Don't smoke! 不准抽烟!/ Don't be late! 不要迟到! / Don't take pictures here! 不要在此拍照! / No smoking! 不准抽烟! / No parking! 不准停车! / No spitting! 不要随地吐痰!
4.用can't / mustn't 表示禁止和警告。
二十五、询问国籍、籍贯,姓名及职业时的常用语
What's your nationality Are you American... 你是哪国人 / 你是美国人吗 / Are you from American / Britain... 你是美国人/英国人...吗 / Where are you from 你是哪里人 / What country are you from 你是哪个国家的 / What are you 你是干什么的 / Who are you 你是谁 / What's your name 你叫什么名字
二十六、谈论爱好Talking about Hobbies.
询问对方的业余爱好
What are your hobbies 你的爱好是什么 / What do you often do in your free/ spare time 你在业余时间经常做什么 / What are your favorite sports 你最喜爱的运动是什么 / Do you like+drawing/ playing chess...... 你喜欢绘画/下棋...... / What are you interested in after work 下班后你对什么有兴趣
叙述自己的爱好
My hobby is.....我的爱好是...... / I enjoy+watching Tv/ listening to music......我喜欢看电视 / 听音乐....../ I like /love + collecting stamps /fishing......我喜欢集邮 / 钓鱼....../ I find.....very interesting.我觉得.......很有趣。
二十七 、表示遗憾、同情的交际用语www.
1.be afraid that.......恐怕......
2.It's a pity(that)..... 真是很遗憾..... 这是表示遗憾的交际用语,后面跟的that从句就是所指的遗憾的事情。在口语中that常可省略。
3.What a pity/shame! 真是遗憾!(真可惜!)用的是省略的感叹句。(语气较随便)
表示同情时常用I'm sorry to hear......或I'm so sorry.来表达,hear后可接that也可接that从句,表示“听说......我很难过”,注意I'm so sorry.在意思上不同于道歉。
二十八、有关意愿和希望的交际用语
询问对方的意愿
1.What do you want/plan/intend/hope to do... / 你想要/计划/打算/希望干什么
应答时用:I want / plan / intend / hope to do... 我想要/计划/打算/希望干什么。
注意:在动词want / plan / intend / hope...之后要接不定式(而不接动名词形式)作宾语。
2.What's your plan for ... (What are your plans for... )你有...有什么计划
应签时可用I plan / intend / hope + to do ...或视其具体情况作答。
3.What do you feel like doing 你想做什么呢
在答语“I feel like doing.....”之后还可跟名词。
4.What would you like to do sth 你想做什么呢
答语“I'd like to(do sth.)”是"I would like"的省略,后跟动词原形。
表示希望用的句型:
I want / wish / hope to.... 我希望做什么 / I hope + that - clause. 我希望... / I wish + that - clause. 但愿...
注意:上述句型中,在I hope / wish 之后跟由that引导的宾语从句。在口语中,that常可省略。在I wish后的宾语从句中用陈述语气;在that后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气。
二十九、 表示判断和意见
What do you think of.... / How do you like.... /How did you find...... 你认为......怎么样?
What's you opinion of...... 你对........的看法是什么?Tell us what you think about / of.......谈谈你对的.......看法?We'd like to have your views/ opinions about.......我们想听听你对......的看法?
Well done/ Good work!很好!干得不错!Not bad.不错!It certainly is.的确如此。It's correct to do(sth)......是对的。It seems (to me) that-clause.(在我看来)好象.......In my opinion,...../ As I see it, ...依我看,......So far as I know, ... / From what I know/ understand......就我所知,......I would say......我认为......I think / believe / suppose......很可能......I'm sure......我确信......I don't think......我认为....不...It doesn't seem possible that-clause,.........好象不可能。
三十、征询
征询对方的看法或意见,以及表示同不同意的交际用语。
1)What's your opinion 你的看法呢 In my opinion ... 据我看,...
2)Do you think it is... 你可认为...吗 Yes,I think so./ No,I don't think so.是的,我也这样认为。不,我不这样认为。/ Yes,I agree with you. 是的,我同意你的看法。/ No,I don't agree with you. 不,我不同意你的看法。
3)What do you think about it 你对这事是怎么看的。 I think / I believe... 你认为....。
4)Would you like+名词或不定式 此句型用来询问别人的愿望的,其简略答语是I'd like to或I'd love to我愿意
【语法过关】www.
1.一The summer vacation is coming in a few days.
一I'll share the holidays with my daughter by traveling.[淄博]
A.Congratulations! B.Nice to meet you! C.Have a good trip! D.It's very kind of you.
2.—Could you finish the task in two days
——____.I have something else to do these days.[淄博]
A.I could not B.Yes,I think so C.I'm afraid so D.I'm afraid not
3.—There was an earthquake(地震)in Yunnan on June 3, and several persons lost their lives.
—_____________[·安徽芜湖]
A.I'm sorry to hear that. B.What's the matter with them C.Never mind. D.Are they a11 right
4. 一 I'll be away on holiday.Would you mind looking after my cat
一Not at a11._________.[青岛]
A.I have no time B.I'd rather not C.You can leave D.I'd be happy to
5.一Would you like to come to my birthday party next Sunday
一Oh,thanks a lot_____.[济南]
A.Yes,please B.Yes,1 would C.I'd 1ove to D.I've no idea
6.一How often do you write to your uncle
一__________________.[济南]
A.Once a month B.One month C.In a month D.For a month
7.—Do you think you will lose the game
一No.___________.[浙江]
A.I hope so B.I'm sure C.I hope not D.I'm afraid so
8.—Can we sit at the table by the window
一0K.__________.[ 浙江衢州]
A.That's right B.Never mind C.This way,please D.I am sorry
9.—Thank you for the present you sent me.It's so nice.
一______________.[威海]
A.No,thanks B.I'm glad you like it C.Please don't say so D.No,it isn't so good
10.—Was Mr. Green badly hurt in the accident
一____.He is still in hospital now.[厦门]
A.I don't think so B.I'm afraid so C.I hope so
11.—Why don't you stay here for a few more minutes
一____,and my patents will be worried.[厦门]
A.It's getting 1ate B.All right C.It's 0K
12.—Happy birthday,Tom.
---______________. [武汉]
A.With pleasure B.Thanks a lot C.You,too D.The same t0 you
13.—Would you come to the party tonight
一Yes,___________.[武汉]
A.I would be B.I like C.I do D.I'd like to
14.—Oh,Mary's not here these days.Is she ill
—____.Her mother told me that she was in hospital. [江西]
A.I am afraid so B.I hope not C.I don't mind D.I don't think so
15.一How about seeing the film Roman Holiday tonight
一_____________.[南通]
A.Thank you B.Never mind C.Good idea D.Not at a11
16.—_________
一0nly£5.It is very cheap.[温州]
A.What time is it B.How many do you want C.How much is it D.What's wrong
17.一Would you please pass me toddy's newspaper
—_____________.[ 临沂]
A.Yes,please B.Here you are C.You are welcome D.I think so
18. 一May I use your computer this afternoon
—________________.[ 宁波]
A.It's a pity B.Not at all C.No problem D.Not too bad
19.—My sister has lost the chalice to work in Guangzhou.
一_________![浙江]
A.Well done B.Good luck C.What a pity D.Congratulations
20.—Would you like to go out for a walk with us after supper
—____But I must finish my homework first.[山东潍坊]
A.0f course not. B.That's all right. C.Yes,I do. D.I'd love to.
【参考答案】www.
1.答案:C解析:上句说要去旅行,所以下句应祝他“旅行愉快”,选C。
2.答案:D解析:本题考查交际用语。由后句“这些天我还有别的事要做”可知,“很可能完不成”,但语气要委婉,选D,表示“恐怕不能”。
3.答案:A解析:本题考查交际用语。当听到别人不好的消息时,如生病了、受伤了、死亡了等都要说:I'm sorry to hear that.
4.答案:D解析:由Not at all.可知,“她愿意照顾小猫”,故选D。
5.答案:C解析:本题考查交际用语。由thanks a lot"多谢”可知,“我愿意”,用I'd like to或I'd love to回答,故选C。
6.答案:A解析:由How often"多久一次”决定答语为表示频率的词、短语或句子,选A。
7.答案:C解析:问句的结果要在将来发生,而由答语中No可知不希望看到这种结果,故用:I hope not.
8.答案:C解析:本题考查交际用语。这是服务员与顾客的一组对话,顾客问“我们可以坐靠近窗子的那张桌子吗 ”服务员回答了“可以,请走这边。”,故选c。
9.答案:B解析:B项“很高兴你喜欢它”符合题意。
10.答案:B解析:本题考查交际用语,由下句“现在他还在医院”可判断,前句应为“恐怕是这样”,故选B。
11.答案:A解析:由下句"我父母会担心的”可判断,不同意上文的建议,故B、c排除,只有A项“天晚了”来表示委婉的不同意,故选A。
12.答案:B解析:当别人祝你“生日快乐”时,你要说“谢谢”。
13.答案:D解析:本题考查交际用语。上句“今晚你将来参加晚会吗 ”下句的Yes表明愿意,所以用I'd like to或I'd love to,故选D。
14.答案:A解析:由下句“她母亲告诉我她在医院里”推测出,“恐怕是病了”,所以选A“恐怕是这样”。
15.答案:C解析:由句意“今天晚上看《罗马假日》这部电影怎么样 ”,答语应为“好主意”。
16.答案:C解析:本题考查交际用语。根据答语知是“询问价格”。故选C。
17.答案:B解析:本题考查交际用语。上句为“你能递给我今天的报纸吗 ”,下句应为“给你”。
18.答案:C解析:本题考查may引导的一般疑问句的答语。问句意为“今天下午我可以用你的电脑吗 ”,A项意为“很遗憾”;B项意为“根本不”;C项意为“没问题”;D项意为“不是太糟糕”。只有C项符合题意。
19.答案:C解析:由上句句意“我姐姐已失去了在广州工作的机会”可知,下句应为表示可惜的话,选C。
20.答案:D解析:“Would you like to… ”的肯定答语常用:Yes,I'd like to.
用心 爱心 专心透析中考英语语法时态考点
【时态命题趋势与预测】
时态是高考命题的重点,.主要考查考生在具体语境、特殊语境中对时态的运用能力。进行时、完成时以及完成进行时的考查则是重中之重,故考生在掌握特殊情况下表达一般时的同时,应更加注重进行时完成时以及完成进行时的运用。
【考点诠释】
一、对一般现在时考查
1.考查其基本概念:
一般现在时通常表示习惯性的、反复发生的动作。通常与表示频度的副词如 often, sometimes, usually, always, occasionally 等和时间状语如 in the evening, at night, twice a month, every day / week / month / year, on Sundays 等连用。一般现在时可表示主语的特征、能力或状态以及普遍真理。
【考例】The woman and her husband __________in the same office. [广东省]
A. work B. works C. is working D. has worked
[答案]A.[解析]本题考查时态。句意为“这个妇女和她丈夫在同一个办公室工作”。句中虽然没有时间状语,但是可以从句意上看出是经常性的动作,故用一般现在时;句子主语为复数,故动词用原形work。
2.考查一般现在时的替代用法:在由 when, after, before, until, till, as soon as, the minute / second / moment, the next time 等引导的时间状语中或由 if, so / as long as, once, even if, although, whether…or…, in case, whatever, whenever, wherever 等引导的条件状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
【考例】--I'm sorry that John is out.
--Please ask him to call me as soon as he______________.[成都市]
A. returned B. returns C. will return
[答案]B.[解析]考查以as soon as引导的从句。 以as soon as引导的时间状语从句常以一般现在时代替一般将来时。
二、对一般过去时的考查
一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态。它常与表过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in , at that time等。 有时句子中虽然不含表示过去时间的状语,但根据语境可判断动作或状态已经发生,而且与现在没有任何联系,也需用一般过去时。
【考例】一What did you do after school yesterday
一I ________basketball with my friends.[北京市]
A play B played C will play D.am playing
[答案]B.[解析]由上句“昨天放学后你在干什么?”句意可知对过去发生的事情询问,回答也应用过去式。故选B。
一Mr. Green,____you ____Three Lanes and Seven Alleys(三坊七巷)last Sunday
一No.but I'll visit them next week. [福州市]
A. will;go to B have;been to C did;go to D.have;gone to
[答案]C.[解析]本题是一个单纯考查时态的题目。A项是一般将来时,B、D两项是现在完成时,c项是一般过去时。句中有一个典型的表示过去时间的状语"last Sunday",类似这样的时间状语,往往与一般过去时态的谓语动词连用,所以正确答案为C项。
His family the zoo last week. [吉林省]
A. visit B. am visiting C. visited D. will visit
[答案]C.[解析] 由关键信息last week(表过去)可直接选C。
三、对一般将来时的考查
一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或状态。一般将来时有多种表达法:
1.be going to do 表示计划、安排或有迹象表明要发生的事情。
2.“shall / will + do”单纯表示将来,不含计划、安排之意;有时表示主语的临时决断。
3.be about to do sth 表示马上就要发生某事,通常不与时间状语连用,常用于be about to do...when... 结构, 表示“正要……突然……”。
4.某些主要用于表示动作转移的动词,如:come, go, leave, start, arrive, meet, move, sail, begin, fall, marry, publish, see, stay等,用现在时表示将来时,指的是按计划安排或时刻表要发生的事。
5.“be to + 动词原形”表示预先安排好的计划或约定。
6.祈使句 + or / and + 一般将来时态的并列句”句型中
【考例】I the CDs to you if I have time tomorrow.[北京市]
A. will return B returned C have returned D return
[答案]A.[解析] 考查if引导的主从复合句。以if引导的条件状语从句,若主句用一般将来时,从句则用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
--Mum, what are you doing
--Your uncle has come. I_______ put an extra fork on the table. [太原市]
A. will B. have C. would
[答案]A.[解析]本题重在考查一般将来时的用法。从问句"What are you doing"推知A项will最适合语境。
--Look at the noisy kids!
--Haven't you heard the saying "When the cat is away, the mice ________. " [河南省]
A. play B. played C. are playing D. will play
[答案]D.[解析]谚语。固定用法。
四、对现在进行时的考查
现在进行时表示目前正在进行的动作或目前所处的状态。有些动词常用现在进行时态表示按计划或安排即将发生的事情。
【考例】Jack has never been to Disneyland before,but he ____there this summer.[沈阳市]
A. has been. B is going C went D.goes
[答案]B.[解析] 依据句意:“杰克以前没有去过迪斯尼乐园,但今年夏天他打算去。”is going正在进行时表将来,故选B。
五、对现在完成时的考查ww.5zk53u.ecom
现在完成时的用法主要有两点:
1.过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常用的时间状语有yet, already, just, ever, never, now, before, lately, recently。
2.表示某动作从过去开始发生,持续到现在,并且还有可能持续下去。常用的时间状语有today, this week, these days, so far, up to now, since, ever since, since then, by this time, for years / ages, for a long time, several times, in / over the past few years, “since + 过去某一时刻”,“for + 时间段”等。有时在时间或条件状语从句中,可用现在完成时代替将来完成时。
【考例】Hearing that she __the entrance exam to the university,Fudy is thrilled.[青岛市]
A.has failed in B. is succeeded in C.is failed in D.has succeed in
[答案]D。[解析]本题考查词义辨析 由“听说他成功地通过了考试,Judy非常兴奋。”可知选D。
——It's raining! When did it start
一I don't know exactly.In fact,it _________all this afternoon. [北京市]
A1asts B has 1asted C.1asted D.will 1ast
[答案]B.[解析]考查现在完成时态。从句意“事实上,已持续了整整一个下午了”,不难看出,不能用一般过去时,此句中last"持续”作延续性动词。从信息"all this afternoon"可知。
--Are you going to see the film with us
--No, thanks. I _________ it. [广东省]
A. saw B. have seen C. see D. was seeing
[答案]B.[解析]本题考查动词的时态。由对话的语境可推测句意“我已看过这部电影”,表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,故应用现在完成时。
--Hello, this is Lily speaking. Could I speak to Mr. Black
--Sorry. He _________ the Xuanwu Lake Park. [南京市]
A. has been to B. went to C. has gone to D. will go to
[答案]C.[解析] 考查现在完成时态。have gone to(到某地去了,还没有回来);have been to(去过某地,已经回来了)。
Jane _________. I'm waiting for her. [成都市]
A. came back B. has come back C. hasn't come back
[答案]C.[解析]考查现在完成时态。根据后句句意:“我正在等她”可知。
6. 过去进行时ww.zk533u.ecom
过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作。过去进行时常用来解释某种行为的原因。过去进行时有时也可表示过去将来时。
【考例】——Dick gave me a note while I ___________in the library.
一I guess he made it to say“sorry”to you.[黄冈市]
A. are reading B was reading C reads D.will read
[答案]B.[解析] 考查过去进行时态。while引导的句子,当主句用一般过去时的时候·从句用过去进行时态。
--I called you at half past nine this morning, but there was no answer.
--Oh, sorry. I ________ with my cousin in the supermarket. [安徽省]
A. shop B. was shopping C. shopped D. will shop
[答案]B.[解析] 此处意为你打电话的那个时候我正在超市,故用过去进行时态。
7.被动语态考查
—Susan, why are you still here They are all ready to start.
–I’m sorry, but I _____ when to meet. (江西)
A. don’t tell B. didn’t tell C. haven’t told D. wasn’t told
[答案]:D
[命题立意]:本题考查时态的用法。
[试题解析]:依据句意:对不起,但我不知道什么时候见面。强调动作发生在过去,I 和tell之间是被动关系。
Many old houses around our school ____ next year and a large green area will appear. (上海)
A. pull down B. will be pulled down C. will pull down D. are pulled down
[答案]:B
[命题立意]:本题考查时态和语态的用法。
[试题解析]:由题干时间next year 科知识将来时态,句子主语是old houses ,应用被动语态。故选B。
--- My watch ______.
--- Don’t worry. Let’s go to the Lost & Found. (浙江)
A. is lost B. is broken C. has found D. has stopped
[答案]:A
[命题立意]:本题考查交际用语中时态、语态的用法。
[试题解析]:由Let’s go to the Lost & Found.可知,说明表丢失了。故选A。
---Did you go to Sam’s weekend party
---No, I___________. (年湖北宜昌)
A. am not invited B. wasn’t invited C. haven’t invited D. didn’t invite
[答案]:B
[命题立意]:本题考查时态和语态的用法。
[试题解析]:由Did you go to Sam’s weekend party 可知陈述过去的动作的发生,I 和invite之间存在着被动关系。故选B。
-- How often ______ your school sports meeting ______ (南通)
-- Once a year.
A. does; hold B. was; hold C. is; held D. did; hold
[答案]:C
[命题立意]:本题考查时态和语态的用法。
[试题解析]:How often+一般疑问句?此句型用来提问在某一特定时间内进行某个动作的次数,表示“多长时间一次”。往往针对频度副词如:always, seldom, usually, once a month,
sometimes, every five minutes.等提问,常用于现在时或过去时。由题干your school sports meeting 作主语,谓语应用被动语态。故选C。ww.zk523u.ecom
On May 30th, , one bowl in the Ming dynasty (明朝) _______ at the price of 30.36 million Hong Kong dollars. (泰州)
A. sell B. sold C. is sold D. was sold
[答案]:D
[命题立意]:本题考查时态和语态的用法。
[试题解析]:由On May 30th, ,可知动作发生在过去;其主语是one bowl与sell存在被动关系。
The "Thousand- hand Guanyin" _____ by many people as the best performance at CCTV's Spring Festival Evening. (徐州)
A. has been regarded B. are regarded C. has regarded D. regards
[答案]:A
[命题立意]:本题考查时态的用法。
[试题解析]:依据题意: “千手观音” 被许多人认为是中央电视台春节联欢晚会最好的节目。表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在的影响或产生的结果,应用现在完成时。其主语是The "Thousand- hand Guanyin",要用被动语态。故选A。
—Those eggs of different colors are very beautiful.
—Yes, they ______ in Hangzhou. (杭州)
A. painted B. were painting C. were painted D. had painted
[答案]:C
[命题立意]:本题考查被动语态的用法。
[试题解析]:they指代Those eggs of different colors,主语是物,故用被动语态。依据结构,应选C.。
------Don’t litter the ground, boy ,Look at the sign:: “Rubbish into the dustbin.”
-------Sorry. (2004年襄樊市)
A, has throw B, was throw C, must throw D , must be thrown
[答案]: D
[命题立意]:本题考查含有情态动词的被动语态的用法。
[试题解析]:依据句意:垃圾必须扔进垃圾箱里。表示“命令”,句子主语是垃圾,应用被动语态。
【语法回顾】
一、一般现在时
一般现在时主要用来表示每天、每周等经常一直如此,长期进行下去的动作,其着眼点不在描述具体的动作,而是通过提出不断反复的动作,来说明某一真理或某一经常性习惯性的举动。
一般现在时的几种主要用法:
1)一般现在时表示客观事实、客观存在的普遍真理、用于一般现在时的时间状语常见的有:often, usually,always,sometimes, seldom,ever,never,every day(week,month,year), once a year,now and them,from time to time。例如:
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
2)表示格言或警句
Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
3)表示现在习惯性的、经常重复的或定期发生的动作或存在的状态。
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
We go to school every day except on Sunday.除星期天外,我们每天都上学。
4)表示能力、性格、个性等。例如:
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。
注意:1)表示“感觉”和“状态”或“关系”等的动词(如be,like,love,hate,want,think,remember,find,sound,forget,refuse,see,allow,prove,have,matter,taste,look,feel)常用一般现在时,不用现在进行时。例如:
Carl and Wang Bing are students.卡尔和王斌是学生。
In the evening I love sitting by the fire and playing my guitar.在晚上,我喜欢坐在篝火旁弹着吉他。
2)有时用这个时态表示“按计划、规定,时刻表”要发生的动作,句中(都带有时时间状语),但限于少数动词,如:begin,come,leave,go,arrive,start,stop,return,open,close等。例如:
The meeting begins at seven.会议在七点钟开始。
The train leave at 17:40.火车17:40离开。
3)书报的标题、小说、戏剧、图片等情节介绍常用一般现在时。例如:
China Declares Manned Spaceflight Successful中国宣布载人航天飞行圆满成功
Laura Bush Arrives in Moscow劳拉 布什抵达莫斯科
Francis slips past, passes the ball to Yao Ming, who jumps, catches and shoots it into the basket.弗朗西斯穿过去,把球传给姚明,姚明跳起来,接住球投进篮里。
4) 在由if, unless, even if等引导的条件状语从句和在由when, before, after, until, till, as soon as, by the time, each time, the moment, immediately等引导的时间状语从句中,常用一般现在时表示将来时间。例如:
I'll come to help you if I'm free tomorrow.如果我明天有空的话,我将帮助你。
Unless you try, you will never succeed. 你若不尝试,就决不会成功。
Next time I go there, I ' ll ask him about it. 下次我去那里时,我要问问他这件事。
Please let me know immediately you get the results. 你一得到结果,就请马上告诉我。
I'll telephone you as soon as he comes back.他一回来我就打电话给你。
When they leave school, they will go back to the country.他们离校将去农村。
另外,还要注意其动词形式的变化。该时态主要由动词原形表示,但第三人称单数后要加词尾-s,be和have有特殊的变化形式。例表如下:
构成 示例 读音说明
一般情况在词尾末加-s ,包括以“元音字母+y”结尾的词 work—worksrun—runsplay—plays -在清辅音后读[s],在浊辅音后读[z]在元音后读[z]
在以ch,sh,x,s等辅音字母结尾的词末加-es,如词尾为-e,只加-s miss—missesfinish—finishesteach—teacheslose—losespledge—pledges -es读[iz]
以o结尾的词加-es go—goes -es在元音后读[z]
如词尾为 e,只加-s love—loveshate—hatesmake—makes -s的读音取决于 e 前的辅音,如该字母是清辅音,则读[s],如是浊辅音则读[z]
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,先变y为i,在加-es study—studies -ies读[iz]
在词尾加-s时要按下表规则进行:
动词情况 构成方式 例词
一般情况 加-ed play—played, work—worked,look—looked
以 -e 结尾的动词 加-d live—lived,hope—hoped, arrive—arrived
以辅音字母 -y 结尾的动词 变y为i加-ed study—studied,cry—cried,reply—replied
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节的动词 双写辅音字母加-ed stop—stopped,regret—regretted,pat—patted,nod—nodded,drag—dragged
不规则动词 不规则变化(见附表) begin—began,
注意:以t,d结尾的动词加-s读作[ts],[dz],这两个辅音音素。而不是四个。例如:
want—wants, need—needs
二、一般过去时
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:
Where did you go just now 刚才你上哪儿去了?
2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:
He was already in the habit of reading widely in his boyhood.他童年时就养成了广泛阅读的习惯。
We went swimming every day last summer.去年夏天我们每天去游泳。
He often came to see me when I was in hospital.在我住院期间,他经常来看我。
3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth  "到……时间了"  "该……了"。例如:
It is time for you to go to bed.  你该睡觉了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了"  "早该……了" ,例如
It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如:
I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
I would rather you didn't do anything for the time being.我宁愿你暂时先不要采取什么措施。
4)wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:
I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。)
   Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如:
Did you want anything else 您还要些什么吗?
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2)情态动词 could, would。例如:
Could you lend me your bike 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?
(3)在以as soon as,when,before,until引起的时间状语从句以及if条件的状语从句中,当主句为一般将来时或祈使句时,从句通常要用一般过去时代替过去将来时。例如:
We would not leave until the teacher came back.老师回来我们才会离开。
She told me she would not go if it rained the next day.她告诉我如果第二天下雨的话,她就不去了。
三、一般将来时
1) 一般将来时是由“will / shall + 动词原形”构成的。shall只限于第一人称,主要见于英国英语,现在的趋势是第一、二、三人称的单复数形式均用will表示。在口语中,shall和will常缩写成“'ll”,紧接在主语之后。其否定式shall not 和will not 常简略为shan't 和won't。
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?
When will you know your exam results 你什么时候能知道考试结果?
I can see you're busy, so I won't stay long.我看得出你很忙,所以我不会呆太久的。
注意:在you and I或both of us等短语后,只用will,不用shall。
You and I will arrive there next Monday.我和你下周一都要到达那里。
Both of us will graduate from middle school next year.我们俩明年中学毕业。
2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。
a. 表示经过事先考虑与打算、按计划或安排将要发生的动作。例如:
I ' m going to finish the report this afternoon.今天下午我将会写完这份报告。
——What are you going to do when you grow up?长大以后你打算干什么?
——I ' m going to be a teacher. 我要当一名教师。
The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。
b.表示根据某种迹象推测出即将发生的动作。例如:
Look at the dark clouds in the sky. It ' s going to rain. 瞧那天上的乌云,天要下雨了。
Watch out!We are going to crash!当心!我们要撞车了!
There is going to be a lot of difficulty in doing this. 做这件事会有许多困难。
3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如:
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
The new railway is to be opened to traffic on National Day. 这条新铁路将在国庆节通车。
We are to begin the experiment next month. 我们安排下个月开始这项试验。
4)  be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如:
We are about to leave, so there is no time to visit him now.我们就要离开,所以现在没有时间去看他。
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。
注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如:
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.如果你打算旅行,你最好尽快作好准备。
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.既然你愿意脱了你的衣服,我们在镜子前面试一试新衣服。
be to do和be going to 区别
be to do表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如:
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.  明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排)
5)一般现在时表将来
(1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间
上已定或安排好的事情。例如:
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
When does the bus star It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。
(2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如:
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
(3)在时间或条件句中。例如:
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。
(4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如:
Don't worry about the exam. I'm sure you'll pass.不要担心这次考试,我确信你会通过的。
I wonder what will happen.我不知道将会发生什么事。
I don't think the test will be very difficult.我想这次测验不会太难。
(5)用于“祈使句 + and /or + 陈述句”中
Work hard and you will succeed.如果你努力,就会成功的。
Go at once and you will see her.马上去,你就会见到她了。
6)用现在进行时表示将来
表示最近按计划、安排即将发生的动作,它只限用于少数动词,如:play, have, sleep, wear等, 或表示位移的动词(短语),如:go, come, leave, start, begin, move, drive, fly(乘飞机),go off, get to, arrive, return, see off, stay, take(带走),take off(起飞)等,并常与表示将来时间的状语连用,如:tomorrow, next week, in a few days等。例如:
We are having an English evening tonight. 今晚我们要开一个英语晚会。
Jane and Betty are going on separate holidays in a few days’ time. 简和贝蒂准备几天后各自去度假。
Where are you spending your holidays this summer?今年夏天你将在哪里度假?
四、现在进行时
现在进行时的表示形式为be+动词的现在分词,而助动词be随着主语的单数的变化而变化
1、现在进行时描述现在时刻进行着的动作。具体地说,以发言者发言的时刻为标准,动作在发言前不久开始,在发言时刻正在进行。从时间上看“现在时刻”,着眼于描述动作。例如:
We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
2、现在进行时可用于目前和目前阶段正在进行的动作。但从说话时刻来看,该动作未必一定正在发生(也许正在发生)。例如:
We are having a wonderful time.我们(当时)玩得很痛快。
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)
3、现在进行时可用来表示一个最近按计划或安排要进行的动作(这时多有一个表示将来的时间状语)用于这种情况的动词主要有:go,come,leave,start,arrive,lunch,return,dine,play,have,wear, get(to)等。例如:
Bob is coming with me to the airport.鲍勃将同我一道到机场来。
How long are you staying in Xi'an 你将在西安呆多久?
We're having a holiday next Monday.我们将在下星期一放假。
2)be+ dying ,表示“病危”“即将死亡”。例如:
He is dying.他快要死了。
3)现在进行时还可表示一个经常性动作或状态。这时,或是为了表示一种感情(如赞叹、埋怨、厌烦、批评、不满等)或是为了强调情况的暂时性。这时,可以与always, often等副词连用。例如:
How are you feeling today 你今天觉得怎么样? (这比How do you feel today 更显得亲切些。)
She is always thinking of helping others.她总是想着帮助别人。(表示“赞扬”)
He is always borrowing money.他老是向别人借钱。(表示“厌烦”)
4)有些表状态的动词不 能用于进行时的动词。
这一类通常是表示感觉、感情、存在、从属、思维等的动词。如:
(1)表示感觉的动词:see, hear,smell,taste,feel, notice, look, seem, appear。例如:
The apples taste good.这些苹果尝起来不错。
This flower smells nice. 这花闻上去很香。
Your suggestion sounds reasonable.你的建议听上去有道理。
(2)表示感情的动词:hate, love, fear, like, want, wish, prefer, refuse,forgive;
Your clothes need washing.你的衣服需要洗了。
How I wish I were a bird!我多希望我是一只鸟啊!
(3)表示存在状况:be, exist, remain,stay, obtain;
She still continues in poor health. 她仍然身体很差。
Every day after finishing his homework, he goes on to do some reading. 他每天做完作业后,都会继续看会儿书。
(4)表示占有与从属:have, possess, own, contain,belong, consist of,form;
This backpack belongs to me.这背包是我的。
(5)表示思考、理解understand, know, believe, think, doubt, forget, remember
I don't think he will come tomorrow.我想他明天不会来。
I still remember the days when we studied together.我还记得我们一起学习的那些日子。
注意 :有时这些动词的进行时态可表示心理状态的缓慢发展过程。
She's understanding you better now. 她越来越了解你了。
5)在由while引起的状语从句中,动词通常要用进行时(现在进行时、过去进行时等)。例如:
While you are resting, I will read you today's news.当你休息的时候,我看你今天的报纸。
While I was having my breakfast the morning post came.当我正在吃早饭的时候,早班邮件送来了。
6)如果句中有look, listen等提示语,其后应考虑使用现在进行时。例如:
Look! The children are flying kites over there.看!孩子们正在那边放风筝。
Listen! Han Mei is singing an English song in the classroom.听!韩梅正在教室里唱英语歌。
五、过去进行时
过去进行时的构成:该时态由be 的过去式“was(用于第一、三人称单数)或were + 现在分词”。
过去进行时的用法:
1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。
3) 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如:
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.  我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。
It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂
3、过去进行时可以描绘事情发生的背景,即:过去某时 A 动作正在进行,B 动作在 A 动作进行的过程中发生了,A 动作就是 B 动作发生的背景。例如:
主句谓语 从句谓语常用
一般现在时 A、现在进行时,一般现在时
B、will,can,may+动词
C、一般过去时
D、现在完成时
I was having tea with a friend on the fifth floor. Suddenly a lot of people ran through the tea room.我正和一个朋友在五楼喝茶,突然许多人跑过茶室。
4、过去进行时还可用来表示“两个过去的动作同时进行着”;这时可用连词when或while来引起。
When (I was) visiting London, I like to travel by bus.在访问伦敦时,我喜欢乘公共汽车游览。
They arrived while we were having dinner.他们到时,我们正在吃饭。
六、将来进行时
将来进行时是由“shall(will)+be +现在分词” 表示要在某个时间开始,并继续下去的动作,也可表示在将来某段时间正在进行的动作。
它跟一般将来时的区别在于:一般将来时由于助动词will与shall的影响,可带有一种意图、意愿或者请求等情态色彩,而将来进行时却表示“纯粹”的将来。现在英语中还常用将来进行时表示一种有礼貌的询问和请求等。例如:
Don't phone me between 8:00 and 10:00. We'll be having classes then.8点到10点之间不要给我打电话,我们那时正在上课。
Will you be using your bicycle this evening 今晚你用自行车吗?
1.在口语中代替will/shall do
I hope you will be coming on time.我希望你按时来。
I'll be seeing Mr. Smith tomorrow.我明天将见到史密斯先生。
The minister will be giving a speech on international affairs.部长将就国际事务发表演讲。
2.表示原因、结果或猜测
Please come tomorrow afternoon. Tomorrow morning I'll be having a meeting.请你明天下午来吧。我明天上午有个会。(表原因)
Stop the child or he will be falling over.抓住那个孩子,要不他会掉下去的。(表结果)
You will be making a mistake.你会出错的。(表推测)
3.用在问句中,表示委婉礼貌
Will you be reading anything else 你还要看点儿什么吗?
When shall we be meeting again 我们什么时候再见面?
4.表示稍后一点儿的安排
The students are studying Unit 3 this week, and next week we'll be studying Unit 4.这星期我们学第三单元,下周我们将学第四单元。
My duties will end in July and I will be returning to Shanghai.我的任务在7月结束,之后我会回上海。
七、现在完成时
该时态由“have+过去分词”构成。第三人称单数作主语用“has+过去分词”的形式。
1) 现在完成时表示在说话之前已经完成或刚完成的动作。
I have bought a ten-speed bicycle. 我买了一辆时速自行车。
They have cleaned the classroom. 他们已经打扫了教室。
2) 现在完成时表示动作从过去开始持续到现在,或者还有可能持续下去的动作或状态。 现在完
成时常与for 和 since 引导的短语或从句连用。
We have lived here since 1995. 自从1995我就住在这儿。
They have waited for more than two hours. 他们等了两个多小时。
3)一般过去时与现在完成时区别
(1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
(2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
(3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如:
I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了)
I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)
Why did you get up so early (强调起床的动作已发生过了)
Who hasn't handed in his paper (强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)
He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续)
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
4)用于现在完成时的句型
1)It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2)This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如:
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
5)since和for区别
Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如:
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。
注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)
6) 某些瞬间意义动词leave, go, become, come, stop, buy, join, die, get up, fall asleep, fall ill, .......等,不能用它们的现在(或过去)完成时态+ for+时间累计数来表示行为持续长度。若要表示这方面的意思时,可采用如下方法:
a.将瞬间动词改为“be+ 形容词或副词”的结构,然后用这一结构的现在完成时态+ for+ 具体时间累计数。常见的这类结构:
get up→be up,become→be,stop→be over, die→be dead, join→be in, leave→be away(out), go→be out,
come →be back, fall asleep→be asleep,fall ill→be ill.......
b. 瞬间动词的一般过去时+ 时间累计数 + ago ;
c.使用It is + 时间累计数 + since + 主语 + 谓语(用瞬间动词的一般过去时表示)。因此“雨已经停了三小时了” 这句话可分别译作:
It rain has been over for three hours.
The rain stopped three hours ago.
It is three hours since the rain stopped.
It is five years since she became(瞬间意义动词) my wife.她和我结婚已五年了。
八、过去完成时
1.该时态由“had +过去分词”构成。
过去完成时主要表示在过去某时前或某一动作发生之前,已发生的动作或已经存在的状态。它强调“过去的过去”的动作。它也用来表示在过去的时间内,两个动作的一先一后。先完成的那个动作要用过去完成时,后一个动作要用一般过去时。
2.过去完成时主要用于以下几种情况:
1)在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如:
She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake.我很快就意识到我犯了一个严重的错误。
2)状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如:
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。
3)表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"。例如:
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。
3.过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如:
By 5:00 yesterday morning we had done that work.到昨天早上5点钟时,我们已经做完了那件工作。
He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office.老师从办公室回来时,他刚把教室打扫完。
They came earlier than we had expected.他们到得比我们预料的要早。
I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.我在进大学之前就已学了5000个单词。
4、过去完成时还可用在hardly......when......,no sooner...... than......, it was the first(second,...... etc) time (that)......等固定句型中。例如:
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲,听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业了。
5.用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时。例如:
When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。
2) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如:
When I heard the news, I was very excited.当我听到这个消息,我非常兴奋。
3)叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。例如:
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.我们老师告诉我们哥伦布在1492年发现美洲。
九、 过去将来时
1.该时态由“should或would +动词原形”构成,第一人称用should,其它人称用would(在美国英语中第一人称也常用would)。
一般过去将来时主要表示从过去某时看将要发生的事或存在的状态。时间的出发点是过去。该时态常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。而主句的谓语动词常常是过去时间或有过去完成时。例如:
My brother told me that he would be back on Saturday.我哥哥告诉我他星期天回来。
He said that the meeting would begin at half past nine this morning.他说会议将在今天早晨九点半开始。
No one knew which country would hold the next Olympic Games.没有人知道哪个国家将举行下次奥林匹克运动会。
【考点知识归纳】 动词的语态(Voice)
语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。
主语是动作的发出者为主动语态;主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。
1.被动语态
1) 被动语态最基本的句型结构是: be +及物动词过去分词
2) 被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词
因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者,某些短语动词如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at等,也可用于被动语态。
The children were taken good care of by her. 孩子们得到了她的细心照顾。
【注意】短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏。
3) 主动语态变为被动语态要加“to”的情况
若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式,变为被动语态时,该不定式前要加"to"。此类动词为感官动词,如:feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch等。例如:
The teacher made me go out of the classroom. 老师叫我到教师外面。
I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher). 我被老师叫到教师外面。
4) 主动形式表示被动意义
a.如wash, clean, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等动词虽然用做主动形式却表示被动的意义。例如:
The food tastes good.这食物味道很好。
The book sells well.这书很畅销。
b.表示“发生,进行”之类不及物动词如:happen,last,take place, break out,go on, go by, move on等,以主动式表示被动含义。例如:
You'd better wait and see what happens to him.你最好等着瞧他会发生什么事。
Will the weather last long 这种天气会持续很久吗?
c.be + 副词或介词短语,如be on, be on show, be on sale, be in(out of) sight, be under discussion等,这类副词或介词短语往往具有动词含义,相当于被动语态表达的意义。例如:
Summer wear is on sale.(=Summer wear is being sold.)夏季衣服正在出售。
The film had been on for five minutes when I got to the cinema.(=The film had been show when I got to the cinema.)我到电影院时电影已放映了五分钟。
【语法过关】
1.I like my new bike. It ______ very well.
A rides B. is riding C. is ridden D. has ridden
2.Cotton ______ nice and soft.
A. is felt B. is feeling C. feel D. feels
3.The world ______. Things never stay the same.
A. changes B. is changing C. was changing D. will change
4.--- Have you ever______ Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors
--- Yes, I have.
A. went to B. gone to C. been in D. been to
5.I'm sorry you've missed the train, It______10 minutes ago.
A. left B. has left C. had left D. has been left
6. --- Who cleaned the blackboard yesterday, Dick
--- John ____________.
A. cleaned B. does C. did D. is
7.—Mum May I go out and play basketball
—______ you_____ your homework yet
A. Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finish D. Have; finished
8.—Oh, Mrs King, your necklace looks nice. Is it new
—No, I______ it for two years.
had B. have had C. bought D. have bought
9.—Will your mother______ you if you______ the English exam
—Of course not. Because I am trying my best.
A. be angry with, don't pass B. be angry with, won't pass
C. be angry to, don't pass D. be angry to, won't pass
10.Listen! Some of the girls __________ about Harry Potter . Let's join them!
are talking B. talk C. will talk D. talked
11.Our teacher , Miss Chen, __________ English on the radio the day before yesterday.
A. teaches B. taught C. will teach D. had taught
12.I don't think I __________ you in that dress before.
A. have seen B. was seeing C. saw D. see
13. She will have a holiday as soon as she ___________ the work next week.
A. finishes B. doesn't finish C. will finish D. won't finish
14.---Where is Mr Green now I haven't seen him for a few days.
---He ___________ to Hong Kong .
A. goes B. will go C. is going D. has gone
15. When she was 22 years old, her dream to be a teacher ____________.
A. came true B. come true C. came real D. come real
16.-I won't come to the party unless Sue ______, too.
-You mean if Sue comes you'll come
will invite B. invites C. invited D. is invited
17.-Do you still have a headache, Billy
-No, it's ______. I'm all right now, mum.
A .dropped B. run C. left D. gone
18.-What are on show in the museum
-Some photos ______ by African children.
A. are taken B. were taken C. taken D. have been taken
19.A talk on Chinese history ___ in the school hall next week.
A. be given B. has been given C. will be given D. will give
20. You may go fishing if your work ____________.
A. is done B. will be done C. has done D. have done
21. The Olympic Games, first celebrated in Athens in 1896, every four years ________so far this century, except during the two world wars.
A. are held B. were held C. have been held D. had been held
22.A new cinema ____here. They hope to finish it next month.
A. will be built B. is built C. has been built D. is being built
23.The new suspension bridge ___by the end of last month.
has been designed B. had been designed C. was designed D. would be designed
24.Visitors ______not to touch the exhibits.
A. will request B. request C. are requesting D. are requested
25.— Were they good to you during your stay there
 — Sure ! I ________ one of the family there.
A. was treated as B. was treated like C. had been looked on like D. had been considered like
【参考答案】
1.A "ride"用作不及物动词,有一种用法,就是表示"(车、马等)骑起来感觉如何",本题正是这个用法,所以,用另外三种形式都不合适。
2. D 自然规律用一般现在时态。
3.B "Things never stay the same."表明世界是运动的。所以应该说"世界在变"。用进行时。
4.D语境表明是"曾经去过",ever是"曾经"的意思。
5.A "10 minutes ago"决定用一般过去时。
6. 依上下文选用一般过去时态。
7.D yet一般多与完成时态连用。
8.B for 引导表示一段时间的状语一般同完成时态连用,had这里是"买"的意思,不用have bought,是因为buy是短暂动词,不同完成时态连用。
9.A be angry with 意思是"同------生气";含条件状语从句的复合句中,主句是将来时,从句一般用现在时。
10.A "Listen!"表明动作正在进行。
11.B the day before yesterday是一般过去时态的标志。
12.A 副词before一般与完成时态连用。
13. A 含时间状语从句的复合句中,主句是将来时,从句用现在时。
14. D has gone用于指"去某地了"(现在不在说话的地方)。
15. A come true意思是"成为现实"。主从句动词时态应该一致。
16.D 根据上下文意思,邀请的人不是Sue,"Sue"和"I"都是被邀请的对象,所以要用被动语态。
17.D 说"病好了,症状消失了"多用"be gone"。
18.C 根据句子结构,"Some photos"不是句子的主语,所以A、B、D三个用作谓语的动词不能用在这里。"taken"这里是"过去分词",连同后面的词,一起作"Some photos"的定语。
19.C 主语是"A talk"决定了动词用被动语态,next week决定了要用将来时态。
20. A 主语是work, 又依语言环境用现在时。
21.A.奥运会作主语应用被动语态,叙述一般事实要用一般现在时。
22. D从后一分句They hope to finish it next month可知,电影院此刻正在建设中。故应选D。
23. B句中有“by the end of+过去时间”结构,句子的谓语动词一般用过去完成时态。句子的主语是物,故应用被动语态。其正确答案为B。
24. D分析句子结构可知,本句的主语承受谓语动词所表示的动作,故本句应用被动语态。应选D。
25.A 谈话涉及的是过去的情况,故使用一般过去时。treat…as...意为“把……当作……”。
用心 爱心 专心透析中考英语语法被动语态考点
【语态命题趋势与预测】
根据对语态部分全国各地中考试题的分析可知,今后该部分将是重点考查点之一。其考查重点为:
1.被动语态在各个时态中的用法
2.“get+过去分词 ”结构的用法
【考点诠释】
一、各种时态的被动语态
被动语态由"be+过去分词”构成,be随时态的变化而变化,高考对被动语态的考查通常从以下九种时态人手。
1.一般现在时
表示现在或经常发生的被动动作时,用一般现在时的被动语态。一般现在时的被动语态由"am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词(+by+实施者)”构成。
【考例1.The 01ympk Games ___________every four years. [北京市]
A are held B were held C.are holding D.will ho1d
[答案]A 。[解析]考查被动语态,根据句意,“奥运会每四年举行一次”可见须用一般现在时的被动语态,故排除了B、C、D。
In the art show,a lot of enjoyment __to foreign friends by the Chinese paintings.[沈阳市]
A. is giving B is given C will give D has given
[答案]B。[解析]本题考查被动语态,句中a lot of enjoyment是动作的承受者。“在这次艺术展中,一些有趣的东西通过中国国画展示给外国朋友。”
Today Chinese is becoming more and more popular. It ___________in. many schools around the world. [南京市]
A. teaches B. is teaching C. has taught D. is taught
[答案]D。[解析]考查被动语态。物作主语,一般要考虑被动语态。但如果动词指的是物的特性,不能用被动语态。
Ba Jin, one of the greatest writers in China, __as "People's Writer".[安徽省]
A. is regarded B. has regarded C. is regarding D. regards
[答案]A。[解析] 选用一般现在时态的被动语态,表示人们对这位伟大作家的爱戴。
.Usually computers _________to search the Internet. [吉林省]
A. use B. are using C. are used D. used
[答案]C 。[解析]从句子看,电脑作主语,是动作的承受者,所以用被动语态,故选C。
7.--Do you often clean your classroom
--Yes. Our classroom __________every day. [长沙市]
A. clean B. cleans C. is cleaned
[答案]C。[解析]考查被动语态物作主语,一般要考虑被动语态。但如果动词指的是物的特性,不能用被动语态。
2.一般过去时
【考点透视】表示过去某个时候发生的被动动作,用一般过去时的被动语态。一般过去
时的被动语态由“was/were+及物动词的过去分词(+by+实施者)”构成。
【考例】一Did you hear that water in Tai Lake smelt terrible
一Yes.In fact,it ____.That's all because of the people and the factories around.[黄冈市]
A. polluted B was polluted C has polluted D.was po11ute
[答案]B。[解析]考查被动语态。物作主语,一般要考虑被动语态。但如果动词指的是物的特性,不能用被动语态。
--Our environment is getting worse than before.
--You're right. But thanks to Earth Day_______, people have done more and more useful things to protect(保护)the earth since Earth Day[哈尔滨市]
A. is started B. was started C. has started
[答案]B。 [解析]从句意:“……自从‘地球日’开始以来,人们已做了一些越来越有用的事保护环境。”可知,“地球日”的开始,要用一般过去时的被动语态,其构成为was started故选B。
We ________into five groups to go to the old people's home. We did many things to cheer them up. [太原市]
A. divided B. are divided C. were divided
[答案]C。[解析]本题主要考查被动语态的用法。根据句意及语境可推知空格处应用被动语态的形式。由后一句"We did many things.”可推断,时态应该是一般过去时。因此选C。
---I feel very happy that I ____to be the host. (江西省)C
---Congratulations!
A. choose B. am chosen C. was chosen D. haven chosen
Many trees and flowers ________ in our school last year,and they made our school a beautiful garden.(重庆市)D
A.plant B.planted C.have planted D.were planted
3.一般将来时和过去将来时
【考点透视】表示从现在看将来发生的被动动作,用一般将来时的被动语态;表示从过
去某个时候看今后将要发生的被动动作,用过去将来时的被动语态。一般将来时的被动
语态由“will/shall be+及物动词的过去分词(+by+实施者)或am/is/are going to be+及物动词的过去分词(+by+实施者)”构成;过去将来时的被动语态由"would be+及物动词的过去分词(+by+实施者)或was/were going to be+及物动词的过去分词(+by+实施者)”构成。
【考例】Some famous paintings __________in the hall next week. [广东省]
A. will show B. were shown C. is shown D. will be shown
[答案]D。[解析] 本题综合考查时态和语态。主语为“一些名画”,在此为动作“展出”的承受者,故应用被动语态,时间状语为next week,是表示将来的时间状语,所以句子时态是一般将来时,所以D项正确。
A talk on developments in science and technology in the school hall next week . (天津人教四年制)B
A. given B. will be given C. has been given D. gives
4.现在完成时
【考点透视】表示在过去某个时候发生的被动动作一直延续到现在,且该动作的结果
对现在造成影响,此时用现在完成时的被动语态。现在完成时的被动语态由“has/have been+及物动词的过去分词(+by+实施者)”构成。
【考例】---Great changes have taken place in this city.
---Right. Many modern tall buildings have been ______ these days. (武汉市)B
A. turned up B. put up C. shown up D. fixed up
5.含有情态动词的被动结构
Twelve-year-olds should not to drive in China. [兰州]
A. allow B. be allow C. allowed D. be allowed
答案:D。情态动词用于被动结构为:情态动词+be+过去分词。
五、被动语态的特殊类型
被动语态的特殊类型主要有:1.在被动语态中,有时用get/become代替be,构成"get/become+ 过去分词”,这种用法多用于口语中,其后通常不跟by+实施者,它表示一种结果或状态,而非动作;2.含有情态动词的被动语态,其结构为“情态动词 +be done"’; 3.带复合宾语句子的被动语态。
【考例】 —Do you often clean your classroom (年湖南长沙)
—Yes, our classroom ______ every day.
A. clean B. cleans C. is cleaned D. Cleaned
答案为C。句中有every day,主语为our classroom,故要用一般现在时的被动语态。
【语法回顾】
1.一般现在时的被动语态形式
The classroom is cleaned by us every day. 教室每天都由我们打扫。
Such songs are usually sung by girls. 这些歌通常是女孩子们唱的。
Russian is not taught in our school. 我们学校不教俄语。
Are many goods shipped abroad every day 每天都有许多货物运往国外吗
2.一般现在进行时的被动语态形式
Are the babies being taken care of by this nurse 这些婴儿正由这个护士照看吗?
How is the new teaching method being tried there 那里是怎样试行这种新教学方法的?
3.现在完成时的被动语态形式
Many foreign films have been shown on TV since last month. 上个月以来,电视中播放了许多外国影片。
The radio has not been turned on yet. 收音机还没开。
Has a new training centre been set up in our city 我们市上新的培训中心建好了吗?
4.一般过去时的被动语态形式
The classroom was cleaned by us yesterday. 昨天教室被我们打扫了。
The window was broken by my son. 窗子是我儿子打破的。
Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday 昨天山上种了许多树吗?
5.一般过去进行时的被动语态形式
The question was being discussed at the meeting yesterday afternoon.在昨天下午的会上正讨论这个问题。
At that time they were being shown how to run the machine.在那时,他们正演示如何操作这机器。
6.过去将来时的被动语态形式
He said that a new trade center would be built in the centre of the city. 他说一个新的贸易中心将在市中心建起来。
She asked whether their plan would be considered with great care. 她问他们的计划会不会得到仔细的考虑。
I wasn't told that I should be invited to the party. 没人告诉我要被邀请出席晚会。
7.过去完成时的被动语态形式
His newly written novel had been translated into English by the end of last month.上个月末,他刚写的小说已被翻译成了英语。
She told me that she had been dismissed by her boss. 她告诉我,她的老板已把她解雇了。
Her homework had not been finished when I got home. 我到家的时候,她的作业还没有完成。
8.一般将来时的被动语态形式
If you break the school rules, you will be punished. 如果你违反校规,你将受到惩罚。
A new Hope School will be opened in our village. 我们家乡将开办一所新的希望学校。
In a few years' time, those mountains will be covered with trees, too.过几年以后,那些山上会长满了树。
9.情态动词的被动式:
主动句谓语如带有情态动词变成被动句时,应保留情态动词谓语部分为:“情态动词+助动词be+过去分词”。例如:
Our classroom should be kept clean and tidy.我们的教室必须保持干净清洁。
A few of them can be cut each year for firewood。每年一些树木被砍伐用作柴火。
Many thousands of trees must be planted every year.每年都得种成千成万株树。
被动语态的一般疑问句,须将第一个助动词移至主语之前构成。否定句须在助动词之后加构成。例如:
Is the stamp used for sending letters 邮票是用来发信的吗?
The knife isn't made of wood.这个小刀不是用木头制做的。
三、被动语态的用法。
1、当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者,或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者,或者指需要强调动作的承受者时,要用被动语态。例如:
The cotton is grown in that farm.那个农场里种植棉花。
2、我们关心动作的承受者但也关心动作的执行者,要用被动语态。例如:
Nahan was written by Lu Xun.《呐喊》是鲁迅写的。
3、表示科学性及客观性,在新闻报道和科技文章中用得较多。例如:
Many of the stars cannot be seen because they are too far away.许多星星看不见,因为它们离我们太遥远了。
It was reported that the scientists were searching for new ways to solve the problems.据报道科学家正在寻求解决这些问题的新途径。
常见的句型结构如下:It is (was)agreed(believed/decided/hoped/thought......)that......大家同意(相信、决定、希望、认为)......
It is(was) well known that......众所周知
It is(was )taken for granted that......被视为当然
It must be remembered that......务必记住......
It mustn’t be forgotten that......千万别忘记......
It is(was) said(reported,heard,told,suggested)that......据说(报道、听说、告知、建议......)
四、主动形式表示被动意义
英语中有主动和被动之分,并都以特定的形式出现。然而并非所有的主动句式都表示主动意义,有些句子形式是主动的,而意义却是被动的。就其在英语中的具体运用,从以下几个方面加以归纳。
1、一些表示感觉、感官的连系动词如:feel,sound,taste,look等后面接形容词作表语,形式上是主动的, 意思上表示被动。例如:
The mixture tasted terrible.这种混合液太难吃了。
She sound nice. She has a beautiful voice.她唱得很好,她有一副好嗓子。
Your father looks very angry. What's the matter 你父亲看起来很生气,是怎么回事呢?
2、有少数及物动词(do, owe欠 ,cook, print, build)等,常用进行时态表示被动意思。例如:
The meat is cooking. 肉正在煮。
The book is printing.书在印刷中。
3、一些表达事物行为、方式的动词如:wash, sell, write, say, open等,习惯以主动形式表示被动的含义。因为这样使用更简洁,更符合英美人的习惯,尤其在口语中。例如:
The shop was quite new, for it had opened only the week before.这家商店相当新,因为在一星期前才开业。
This kind of cloth washes very well.这种布料很好洗涤。
The door opened and in came Mr. White.门开了,怀特先生走进来。
The book sells well.这书很畅销。
4、表示“发生,进行”之类不及物动词如:happen,last,take place, break out,go on, go by, move on等,以主动式表示被动含义。例如:
You'd better wait and see what happens to him.你最好等着瞧他会发生什么事。
Over 500 people were working in the building when the fire broke out on the 11th floor.大楼的第11层着火时,有500多人正在那幢楼上工作。
Will the weather last long 这种天气会持续很久吗?
But many months went by and no one visited the island.可是一连许多月过去了,竟没有人来光顾这个岛屿。
5、有些“系动词+分词”的结构,意思上也接近被动结构。例如:
He got wounded in a battle.他在一次战斗中负伤。
Many countries became liberated in the following months.接下来的数月中,许多国家获得解放。
6、be + 副词或介词短语,如be on, be on show, be on sale, be in(out of) sight, be under discussion等,这类副词或介词短语往往具有动词含义,相当于被动语态表达的意义。例如:
Summer wear is on sale.(=Summer wear is being sold.)夏季衣服正在出售。
The film had been on for five minutes when I got to the cinema.(=The film had been show when I got to the cinema.)我到电影院时电影已放映了五分钟。
The two canoes were almost out of sight.(=The two canoes could hardly been seen any more.)那两只独木舟几乎看不到了。
7、不定式作后置定语的结构。当作定语用的不定式除了被修饰的词有动宾关系外,还与句子的主语或宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系,不定式须用主动形式表示被动含义。例如:
Is there anything to say 还有什么要说的吗?
We have a lot of things to do.我们有许多事情要做。
注意:若不定式与句子主语或宾语不存在逻辑上的主谓关系,只与所修饰的词有动宾关系时,即只有动作的承受者,没有动作的执行者时,不定式应用被动式。例如:
He has something to be told to you.他有事(要我)转告你。
Have you anything to be taken to him 你有什么东西(要我)带给他吗?
8、be+形容词+不定式结构。此结构的不定式与主语之间有逻辑上的动宾关系,因而不定式须用及物动词或相当与及物动词的短语动词。因而此结构的形容词大多数表示说话人对不定式动作的看法态度或感受等。如difficult, easy, hard, interesting, pleasant, fit,等或表示主语人或物所具有的特征,如 :nice,light,strong,beautiful,heavy等。形式上是主动的,意思上却是被动的。例如:
This text is very difficult to understand.这篇课文很难懂。
The water is not fit to drink.这水不宜饮用。
The man is very easy to get along with.那个人很容易相处。
The room is comfortable to live in.这房间住起来很舒服。
9、当表示“需要”含义的动词如:need, require, want等作谓语,其主语为物时,这类动词后面的动名词要用主动形式表示被动意思。例如:
The house needs cleaning.(or: The house needs to be cleaned.)这房间需要打扫。
My hair requires cutting.(or: My hair requires to be cut.)我需要理发。
10、worth用作形容词时,作表语,后面一般接动名词的主动形式表示被动的意思。例如:
This book is well worth reading.这本书很值得一读。
11、be+形容词结构。这类形容词如:invisible, forgettable,comfortable等具有动词含义的特点。因而常以主动形式表示被动含义。例如:
Names and addresses are forgettable.(=Names and addresses are forgotten easily.)人名和地址易忘。
12、there be句型中修饰主语的不定式,可用主动式表示被动含义。例如:
There is nothing to do .(=I have nothing to do.)没有事可做。
There are questions to solve.(= We have questions to solve.)有问题需要解决。
13、be +不定式结构。这类结构如be to blame, to be let, be to seek等,具有的特点是作表语的不定式与句子的主语有逻辑上的动宾关系,因而以主动形式表示被动含义。例如:
The house is to let.此房子要出租。
I felt I was to blame.我觉得我应该受罚。
A better way is (yet) to seek.还得找一种更好的办法。
14、某些固定词组和句型,用主动形式却表示被动意义。如add up (to), take place; catch on ( a nail. etc.), turn out (to be), blow open, consist of, come out sth., remains to do sth. be to blame.等。例如:
His whole schooling added up to no more than a year.他受到的学校教育加起来不过一年。
Sorry, I can't go with you. Much work remains to do.对不起,我不能和你一起去,我还有许多工作要做。
五、主动语态变被动语态的方法
1) My aunt invited me to her dinner party.
主语 谓语 宾语
→ I was invited (by my aunt ) to her dinner party.
主语 谓语 宾语
2) The school set up a special class to help poor readers.
主语 谓语 宾语
→ A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school.
主语 谓语 宾语
1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。
2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be + 过去分词,时态要与原句保持一致。
3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by 的宾语,放在被动语态里谓语动词之后,by 短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词,在被动语态中用in + 地点名词作状语。
六.语态转换时要注意的问题
1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时,其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致,其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。
We have bought a new computer. 我买了一台新电脑。
→A new computer has been bought.
2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时,可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个不动,一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。
My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. 我叔叔在我生日时给我一件礼物。
→I was given a present on my birthday.
如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语,则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词,如上句还可以说:
A present was given to me yesterday.
注意:一般在下列动词后,常在间接宾语前用介词 to,如:bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。
The cup with mixture was showed to the class. 装有混合物的杯子传给学生。
My bike was lent to her. 我的自行车借给她了。
六、被动语态与系表结构的区别:
一般说来,过去分词作表语的结构与被动语态在形式上相同,所以容易混淆除了主要从意义上加以区别外,这里提供几种辨别方法。
1.从带不带 by 短语来区分
被动语态表主语的动作,绝大多数可以用by+动作的执行者构成by短语;而系表结构表示主语的特征或所处的状态,不表示动作。例如:
The window was broken by his brother.窗子被他弟弟打破了。(被动语态)
The window is now brother.窗子现在是破的。(系表结构)
注意:1)但并非有by短语都表示动作的执行者。例如:
The house is surrounded by(with)trees and flowers.房子周围都是树木花草。(系表结构)
2)当然,过去分词后的by短语有时可以表原因、方式。应与表示行为者区别开来。例如:
The bank is usually closed at six银行通常6点钟就关门了。(被动语态)
The door was shut when I went by,but I don't know when it was shut.我们那里走过的时候门是关着的,但我不只道是什么时候关的。(第一个was shut是系表结构,第二个was shut是被动语态)
Our blackboard is painted every year.我们的黑板每年漆一次。(被动语态 )
Our blackboard is newly painted.我们的黑板新漆的。(系表结构)
3)在没有状语的情况下,就得根据上下文的意思来判断。例如:
The criminal was pushed into the cell and the door was closed.罪犯被推进牢房,门立刻关上了.(被动语态)
The door was closed, we couldn't get in.门是关着的,我们进不去。(系表结构)
2.系表结构一般只用于一般现在时、一般过去时;而被动语态除了用于这两种时态外,还可以用于将来时、进行时和完成时。例如:
The shop is (was)opened.商店正在营业。(系表结构)
The work is being done.这工作正在做。(被动语态)
Yesterday when I got there, the ship was being loaded.昨天我到达那里时,船正在装货。
Their work had been finished by the end of last month.他们的工作上月底已经完成。
You'll be shown around you room.有人会带你去看你的房门的。
He said the library would soon be built.他说图书馆很快就要修起来。
3.系表结构中的过去分词可被very修饰,被动语态中的过去分词须用much修饰。例如:
He was very agitated.他很激动。(系表结构)
He was much agitated by the news. 他听到消息后很激动。(被动结构)
4.be+不及物动词的过去分词通常是系表结构,如:be gone, be learned, be ashamed这些动词通常是表示状态,智力活动或心态的动词。
be+延续性动词的过去分词通常是被动语态,如:be loved, be encouraged, be praised 等。
【语法过关】
1.—Susan, why are you still here They are all ready to start.
–I’m sorry, but I _____ when to meet.
A. don’t tell B. didn’t tell C. haven’t told D. wasn’t told
2.Many old houses around our school ____ next year and a large green area will appear.
A. pull down B. will be pulled down C. will pull down D. are pulled down
3.--- My watch ______.
--- Don’t worry. Let’s go to the Lost & Found.
A. is lost B. is broken C. has found D. has stopped
4.---Did you go to Sam’s weekend party
---No, I___________.
A. am not invited B. wasn’t invited C. haven’t invited D. didn’t invite
5.-- How often ______ your school sports meeting ______
-- Once a year.
A. does; hold B. was; hold C. is; held D. did; hold
6.On May 30th, , one bowl in the Ming dynasty (明朝) _______ at the price of 30.36 million Hong Kong dollars.
A. sell B. sold C. is sold D. was sold
7.The "Thousand- hand Guanyin" _____ by many people as the best performance at CCTV's Spring Festival Evening.
A. has been regarded B. are regarded C. has regarded D. regards
8.—Those eggs of different colors are very beautiful.
—Yes, they ______ in Hangzhou.
A. painted B. were painting C. were painted D. had painted
9.---Don’t litter the ground, boy ,Look at the sign:: “Rubbish into the dustbin.”
-------Sorry.
A, has throw B, was throw C, must throw D , must be thrown
10.The 29th 0lympic Games __in Beijing in 2008.
A.will hold B will be held C.hold
【参考答案】
1.答案D 解析:依据句意:对不起,但我不知道什么时候见面。强调动作发生在过去,I 和tell之间是被动关系。
2.答案B 解析:由题干时间next year 科知识将来时态,句子主语是old houses ,应用被动语态。故选B。
3.答案A 解析:由Let’s go to the Lost & Found.可知,说明表丢失了。故选
4.答案B 解析:由Did you go to Sam’s weekend party 可知陈述过去的动作的发生,I 和invite之间存在着被动关系。故选B。
5.答案C 解析:How often+一般疑问句?此句型用来提问在某一特定时间内进行某个动作的次数,表示“多长时间一次”。往往针对频度副词如:always, seldom, usually, once a month, sometimes, every five minutes.等提问,常用于现在时或过去时。由题干your school sports meeting 作主语,谓语应用被动语态。故选C。
6.答案D 解析:由On May 30th, ,可知动作发生在过去;其主语是one bowl与sell存在被动关系。
7.答案A 解析:依据题意: “千手观音” 被许多人认为是中央电视台春节联欢晚会最好的节目。表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在的影响或产生的结果,应用现在完成时。其主语是The "Thousand- hand Guanyin",要用被动语态。故选A。
8.答案C 解析:they指代Those eggs of different colors,主语是物,故用被动语态。依据结构,应选C.。
9.答案D 解析:依据句意:垃圾必须扔进垃圾箱里。表示“命令”,句子主语是垃圾,应用被动语态。
10.答案B解析:考查一般将来时的被动语态。由in 2008可知是将来时,运动会应该是“被举行”,所以使用一般将来时的被动语态:will +be+过去分词。
用心 爱心 专心透析中考英语语法动词、动词词组考点
【语法概说】
【动词及动词词组命题趋势与预测】
根据对动词和动词词组部分全国各省市中考试题的分析可知,今后该部分将是重点考查点之一。其考查重点为:
动词和动词词组辨析。
常用动词于名词、副词、介词构成的短语动词的基本含义和引申义。
【考点诠释】
对表示状态变化的系动词的考查
英语中常见的表示状态变化的系动词有 get , turn , turn out (结果是……), go , come (成为), fall , become 等。
【考例】 The number of giant pandas is getting ______ because their living areas are becoming farmlands. (年江苏盐城)
A. less and less B. larger and larger C. smaller and smaller D. fewer and fewer
【解析】 答案为C。句意为“大熊猫的数量越来越少因为他们的生存空间正逐渐变成农场”。本题中四个选项都是“比较级+ and + 比较级”的结构,表示“越来越……”。主语为number,只能和large或small搭配。而结合句意可判断答案为C。
--I am getting ___each month. I can't put on my jeans.
--I'm afraid you have to take exercise every day. [河南省]
A. heavy B. heavier C. the heavier D. the heaviest
[答案]B。[解析]本题考查形容词的比较级。根据句意要用比较级而heavy的比较级是heavier,故选B。
【考例】The food in that restaurant ____delicious,but it tastes bad. [沈阳市]
A. looks B.feels C becomes D.gets
[答案]A。[解析]从下句but it tastes bad,“但尝起来很差”,可推知选A:那家餐馆的食物看起来不错。
【考例】一What do you think of the music,Fred
一It ________wonderful.[台州市]
A.smells B. looks. C.tastes D.sounds
[答案]D。 [解析]系动词的用法常见的系动词有四个“起来”(smell,look,taste,sound),四个“变得”(turn,grow,become,get)以及feel,be等。音乐应该是“听起来”,其余三项不合句意。
—It is said that no one bought that kind of fruit.
一That's true.It tasted_________.[浙江]
A.good B.terrible C.well D.terribly
答案:B解析:根据第一个人说“据说没人买那种水果”可知,它尝起来不好吃。taste是连系动词,其后接形容词,故选B。
一Do you know the final of men's singles will be played between Wang Liqin and Ma Lin
——Yes.I felt ____when I heard the ________news. [黄冈]
A.exciting;excited B.excited;exciting C.exciting;exciting D.excited;excited
答案:B解析:当主语是人时,要用excited来修饰;用来修饰物时,要用exciting,故选B。
Hi,mum.Have you cooked fish for dinner I can ____it.[ 河南]
A.taste B. smell C.feel D.touch
55.答案:B解析:由句意“妈妈,你做好鱼了吗 ”故“我能闻到昧了”,应选B。
【考例】.Hi, mum. Have you cooked fish for dinner I can _________it. [河南省]
A. taste B. smell C. feel D. touch
[答案]B。[解析]本题考查词义辨析。因为是问妈妈是否做了鱼,如果看到、尝到鱼了,就不会这么怀疑了。 smell是闻到的意思。
二、对表示状态存在的系动词的考查
常见的有 be, seem, appear, look, feel, smell, sound, keep, taste, remain, prove, stay, lie (处于某种状态), stand (处于某种状态)等。
【考例】Carl felt _______because he won the first prize in the school singing competition. [安徽省]
A. interested B. proud C. angry D. worried
[答案]B 。[解析]考查形容词词义。根据句意“获奖是值得高兴、自豪的事情”,应选proud。
三、对动词的考查
【考例】After they passed their exams, they __by having a party.[沈阳市]
A. succeeded B.celebrated C.prepared D.received
[答案]B 。[解析]由于通过了考试,所以他们通过聚会的方式来庆祝,celebrate庆祝。
I am sure that he is________ a lie. [广东省]
A. saying B. talking C. speaking D. telling
[答案]D。[解析]本题考查四个“说”动词的区别say强调说话的内容;talk为不及物动词,意为“交谈”;speak后接某种语言时为及物动词,作“说话,发言”讲时为不及物动词;tell为及物动词,当“告诉,讲,说” 等,经常和story,lie等连用,构成“讲故事”、“说谎”等短语,故本题选D。
How long does it __________ you to wash all the dishes [成都市]
A. take B. use C. spend
[答案]A。[解析]本题考查词义辨析。“干某事用了某人多少时间” 用spend或take。而spend主语必须是人根据it takes sb some time to do sth结构可知应选A。
I visited many places including the History Museum last Saturday; When I_________ at the hotel, it was very late. [太原市]
A. got B. reached C. arrived
[答案]C。[解析]本题考查三个“到达”的用法。get后接地点名词时要加介词to;reach是及物动词,其后可以直接跟地点名词;arrive是不及物动词,后接地点是“小地方”时可与 at连用;后接地点是“大地方”时可与介词in连用。此题空格后有介词at,故应该选C。
I am greatly interested in this painting. Something in it ______the painter's deep love for nature. [河南省]
A. expresses B. discusses C. expects D. imagines
[答案]A。[解析]本题考查词义辨析。 express有“表达”的意思,符合本题的要求。
In the 49 world Table Tennis Championship(锦标赛),Wang Liqin________ Ma Linand ________the champion(冠军)of the Men's Singles.[芜湖市]
A.beat; beat B. won;won C beat; won D.won; beat
[答案]C。[解析]考查易混词的辨析 动词beat后跟人或球队等,而win后则跟比赛、奖项等。
9.一why do Chinese people like red
——Because they think it can __________them good luck.[浙江省]
A.carry B. bring C. make D.take
[答案]B。[解析]考查carry,take与bring的区别carry搬,携带;bring带来;make制作,使;take带走,由句意“因为他们认为它能给他们带来幸运”,故选bring。
对动词词组的考查
动词短语是高考考查的一个热点,几乎每套题中都要设置2-3个考查动词短语的。从题设上看,主要有以下几种形式:
1.不同的动词,后面加上相同的小品词
使用频率较高的这类动词有:call,cut,come,go,get,look,put,set,turn,take,pay,pick,make等。常见的介词或副词有:in,off,out,up,away,for,on,over,等。
1)动词+away构成的短语有:
throw away扔掉;put away把……收拾好;give away捐赠,分发;carry away运走;run
away,潜逃;跑开;go away走开等。
【考例】
2)动词+for构成的短语有:
answer for负责;provide for供养;call for提倡,要求;plan for打算,为……计划;hope for希望,期待;ask for请求,寻找;需要;send for派人去请;go for努力获取;pay for偿还,
赔偿;wait for等待;look for寻找等。
【考例】
3)动词+on构成的短语有:
Try on试穿,试验;put on穿上,上演;have on穿着,戴着;pull on穿,戴;hold on不
挂断,停止;carry on继续开展,坚持;keep on继续;go on继续;get on上(车、船);come on赶快等。
【考例】
4)动词+over构成的短语有:
come over过来;hand over移交;go over仔细检查,复习;get over克服,恢复;look over检查;think over仔细考虑;take over接受,接管;turn over翻转等。
【考例】
5)动词+up构成的短语有:
bring up抚育,培养;call up召唤,打电话给;come up走进,上来;cut up切碎:fix up. 修理;give up放弃;go up上升,增长;grow up长大;look up尊敬;向上看;查寻;make up虚构;弥补,组成;put up举起,搭建;pick up捡起,(开车)接某人,偶然得到;set up建立,创(纪录);send up发射;show up揭露,露面;turn up出现,把……调高一点;’take up占据,开始从事等。
【考例】She has to _______some of her hobbies because she has no time to spend on them. [太原市]
A. give up B. look up C. pick up
[答案]A 。[解析]本题主要考查动词短语的用法。A项是“放弃”,B项是“抬头看;查询”,C项是“捡起”。根据后句意思:她没有时间花费在他们身上。推知空格处应选择“放弃”。
[临沂]
More and more foreigners want to ________their companies in China.
A.open up B.look up C.clean up D.pick up
52.答案:A解析:open up意为“成立”,look up意为“查找;cleanup意为“打扫于净";pick up意为“捡起”。用open up 最合适。故选A。
6)动词+out构成的短语有:
go out出去,熄灭;look out留神,当心;walk out走出;set out出发,开始:put out扑灭,生产;give out发出,发表;hand out分发;pick out挑选:find out找出,发现;speak
out大声地说出;turn out生产,打扫;get out出去,离开;work out计算出,解决,锻炼;
carry out实现,执行;bring out出版,start out出发,动身等。
2.同一个动词。后面加上不同的小品词(即介词或副词):
常见的这些动词有:break,die,call,cut,come,get,go,look,put,set,turn,take,pay,pick,make等。
1)break+介词/副词的短语有:
break down击败,摧毁;发生故障,(身体)垮掉;break out爆发;break through突破,突围;break off中断,突然停止;break up打碎;分解;驱散;break in打断;break into破门而人;break away突然离开;逃脱;脱离等。
2)bring+介词的短语有:
bring about使发生;bring back拿回来,使恢复;bring down打倒,降低;bring in引进;bring out出版,生产;bring up培养,养育;bring over使相信,征服等。
3)call+介词/副词的短语有:
call after以……的名字命名;call back叫回,召回,使回忆起;call up征召入伍,给某人打电话,使想起;call on号召,拜访某人.call in召集;call off取消等。
4)come+介词/副词的短语有:
come in进来;come from;来自于……;come about产生;come over过来:come out出来,出现;come by从旁经过;come up上来,走进;come across偶遇;come along发生,进步;come after跟着……来;come back回来;come around恢复知觉;回来;come down下来,倒塌等。
【考例】
5)cut+介词的短语有:
cut in插嘴,插入;cut across抄近路;cut back减少;cut off切断;cut up切碎,cut away砍掉;cut down砍倒,削减等等;cut out切掉,裁剪出,停止;cut throug通过,穿过等。
【考例】
6)get+介词/副词的短语有:
get about传播;走动;get through到达,做完,通过,度过,打通(电话);get in进入,陷入;get on上车,进展,融洽相处;get off下车,下来;get across通过,被理解;get along进展,融洽相处;get away离开,脱身等。
【考例】Don't __while the bus is moving,or you may hurt yourself and even someone outside.[07南通市]
A.get on B get up C.get off D.get in
[答案]C。[解析] 句中提到了bus,上车是get on,下车是get off,确定答案在A与C中。再由后面的someone outside(外面的人)可知,这儿说的是下车。
Wake up,Nick.It's time to____,or you'll be late for school.[温州]
A.get up B.get back C.get away D.get off
答案:A解析:本题考查动词短语的用法。由题意“到了起床的时间了,尼克,否则你会迟到”,故选A。
7)give+介词/副词的短语有:
give up放弃;give in屈服,投降;give away赠送,捐赠;泄漏;give over移交,交出,give off放出,发出,排出;give out分发,散发,放出(光,热);give back归还等。
【考例】
8)go+介词/副词的短语有:
go ahead着手,开始(做),进行;go along 进展,前进;go around到处走动;顺便访问;go away离去,走开;go beyond超过;go by过去,流逝;go down下降;go up上升;go for喜欢;go off离开,停止;go over复习,温习;go through经历,穿过等。
【考例】
9)1ook+介词/副词的短语有:
look after照顾,照料;look away把目光移开;1ook around环顾;look at看;look down朝下看;look for寻找;look into调查;look out当心;look through浏览,检查;等。
【考例】--Excuse me, Mr Li, I don't know the meaning of the whole sentence. What shall I do [成都市]
--You'd better first _______the new words.
A. look for B. look up C. look through
[答案]B。[解析]本题考查词义辨析。此处look up意为“查阅”(词典等)。look for寻找;look through浏览。
Kate didn't go to the movie last night because she had to ________her sick dog at home. [陕西省]
A. look at B. look up C. look for D. look after
[答案]D。[解析]考查词组的的含义。 四个选项中A项表示“看”;B项表示“仰视”或“查找”;C项表示“寻找”;而根据句意,只有D项“照看”符合题意。
10)take+介词/副词的短语有:
The plane __________at three o'clock in the afternoon. [广东省]
A. takes off B. takes away C. takes out D. takes down
[答案]A。[解析]本题考查四个动词短语的区别。 题意为“飞机在下午三点钟起飞”。故应选A。take off是同定搭配,意为“脱下;起飞”等;而take away是“带走,拿走”的意思;take out意为“取出,拿出”;take down是“写下,记下”之意。
11)turn+介词/副词的短有:
turn about/round(使)向后转,回头,转身;turn against(使)反对(某人);turn away转过脸去,拒绝;turn back往回走;turn down调低,关小,拒绝;turn in上缴,上交;turn into(使)变成;turn off关掉;turn on打开;rum out'熄灭,生产;turn to求助于,转向;turn up
调高,到达,出现等。
【考例】
11)put+介词/副词的短语有:
put aside把……放在一边,积蓄;put back把……放回原处;put down放下,镇压;put forward提出,建议;put in放进;put off迟,拖延;put on穿上,戴上,增加,上演,put out生产出,出版;put up举起,张贴等。
【考例】After eight hours hard work,the firemen finally _____the forest fire. [07连云港市]
A.put away B.put out C.put down D.put in
[答案]B。[解析]本题考查词义辨析。 put away收起来放好;put out熄灭;put down放下;put in放进去。宾语为“森林大火”,所以用put out。
12)be/get/become+过去分词/形容词+介词的短语有:
be dressed in穿着;be fond of爱好,喜爱;be lost in沉溺于;be located in位于;be addicted to沉溺于.be used to习惯于;be curious about对……好奇;be engaged in忙于……,be glad to乐意……;be convinced of确信,认识到;be aware of意识到;be worried about担心等。
【考例】
13)动词+副词+介词的短语有:
add up to合计达;break away from从……脱离开;come up with想出;catch up with赶上;get down to开始认真地做某事;go in for参加,追求;keep away from远离;keep up with跟上;date back to追溯到;put up with忍受,容忍·;run out of用完;watch out for当心;look down upon瞧不起;go ahead with开始,着手;go along with一起去,同意;hold on to坚持等。
【考例】Though their parents work in faraway cities to make money,those“stay-home children" can ________themselves.[台州市]
A.look out of B come up with C.take care of D .catch up with
[答案]C。[解析]本题考查词义辨析。 look out of向外看;come up with想出take care of照顾catch up with赶上。句意为“虽然他们的父母在遥远的城市里工作赚钱,但那些留守的孩子能照顾好自己”。
---Do you have this kind of MP4
---Sorry,we ____yesterday.You can come next week. [南宁市]
A.wrote them down B. tried them on C.took them off D .sold them out
[答案]D 。[解析]从问句可知是买MP4,所以答语为“对不起,昨天卖完了”。Write down写下来;try on试穿;take off脱下;sell out卖完。只有D项符合题意。
3。动词不同,小品词也不同。
【考例】Don't ________people in trouble. Try to "help them, [吉林省]
A. hear. from B. go over C. laugh at D. took like
[答案]C 。[解析]联系上下句“不要嘲笑在麻烦中的人,要努力去帮助他们。”laugh at嘲笑,故选C。
14. --Tom, it's cold outside. ________your coat when you go out.
--OK, Morn. [安徽省]
A. Take off B. Take away C. Put away D. Put on
[答案]D 。[解析]本题考查词义辨析。因为外面冷,所以出去的时候要“穿上”外衣。
My parents and I like to __ outside after dinner. It is really relaxing. [太原市]
A. run off B. hang out C. dress up
[答案]B。[解析]本题主要考查动词短语的意思。A项run off意为“逃跑,流掉”;B项hang out意为“闲逛”;C项dress up意为“盛装打扮”。根据后句"It is really relaxing.”推知空格处应填hang out。
.Lots of people in our city _______ the old and they usually offer their seats to the old on buses. [河南省]
A. agree with B. worry about C. laugh at D. care for
[答案]D。[解析]本题考查词义辨析。 由句中的offer their seats to the old 0n bus和现实生活中就知道是“关心”“爱护”。
They are going to __a hospital to help poor people.[07南充市]
A.write down B. hand out C.set up
[答案]C。[解析]本题考查词义辨析。只有set up(建立)能与宾语a hospital搭配,write down(写下)和hand out(分发)都不合适。
The twins are talking about the book Who Moved My Cheese. It's fun to ___________them. [昆明市]
A. join B. join in C. take part in D. enter
[答案]A。[解析]本题考查了四个动词(组)的辨析。 动词join多指加入某一组织;join in参加某个活动;take part in指参加某一活动,并在其中发挥作用;enter指进入某一地方或领域。由句意可知,这儿指加入到某一行列中,所以正确答案为A项。
【语法回顾】
1. 短语动词的分类ww.zk5u.ecom
(1)动词+介词
常见的有look for, look after, ask for, laugh at, hear of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如:
We often listen to the radio.我们坚持听收音机。
Look at the picture.请看这幅画。
She looks after our children她照料我们的孩子。
(2)动词+副词
常见的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in,等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词,既可放在副词前边,又可放在副词后边;宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词,则要放在副词前边。如:
He always get up early.他总是起得很早。
Don't forget to put on your coat.不要忘记穿上大衣。
Please wake me up at five.请在五点钟叫醒我。
(3)动词+副词+介词ww.zk5u.ecom
常见的有 go on with, catch up with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如:
A doctor came up to me.医生走到我跟前。
We must go on with the experiment.我们必须继续实验。
(4)动词+名词+介词
常见的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如:ww.zk5u.ecom
Pay attention to the teacher's teaching. Don't talk to each other.注意听老师讲课,不要交谈。
Her job is taking care of the patients.她的任务是照顾病人。
(5)动词+形容词
常见的有leave open, set free, cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词,则宾语可放在形容词的前边,也可放在后边;宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词,则必须放在形容词前边。如:
The prisoners were set free.犯人获释了。
He cut it open.他把它割开了。
(6)动词+形容词 +介词ww.zk5u.ecom
Be used to习惯于,be afraid of害怕,be different from不同于,be fond of喜欢,be angry with生气
He wasn't used to hard work.他不习惯艰苦的工作。
What are you afraid of 你怕什么?
American football is different from the ordinary football.美国足球不同于一般足球。
(6)动词+名词
常见的有take place, make friends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如:
The May 4th Movement took place in 1919.五四运动发生于一九一九年。
I make friends with a lot of people.我和许多人交朋友。
2. 短语动词的辨析ww.zk5u.ecom
(1)be made in(在……生产或制造),be made of(由……组成或构成)
(2)come down(下来;落),come along(来;随同),come to oneself(苏醒),come true(实现),come out(花开;发芽;出现;出来),come over(过来;顺便来访),come in(进来),come on(来吧;跟着来;赶快), come up with(找到;提出)
(3)do one’s best(尽最大努力), do well in(在……干得好), do one’s homework(做作业),do some reading(阅读)
(4)fall asleep(入睡),fall behind(落在…..后面),fall off(从……掉下),fall down(到下;跌倒)
(5)get down(下来;落下),get on(上车),get to(到达),get up(起床),get back(回来;取回),get off(下来),get on well with(与……相处融洽),get married(结婚),get together(相聚)
(6)give up(放弃),give…a hand(给与……帮助),give a concert(开音乐会)
(7)go back(回去),go on(继续),go home(回家),go to bed(睡觉),go over(过一遍;仔细检查),go out(外出;到外面),go wrong(走错路),go on doing(继续做某事),go shopping(买东西),go boating(去划船), go fishing(去钓鱼),go hiking(去徒步旅行),go skating(去滑冰),go straight along(沿着……一直往前走)
(8)have a look(看一看), have a seat(坐下), have supper(吃晚餐), have a rest(休息), have sports(进行体育活动), have a cold(感冒), have a cough(咳嗽), have a good time(过得愉快), have a headache(头痛),have a try(尝试;努力)
(9)look for(寻找),look out(留神; 注意),look over(仔细检查),look up(向上看;抬头看),look after(照顾; 照看),look at(看; 观看),look like(看起来像),look the same(看起来像),
(10)make friends(交朋友),make phone calls(打电话),make money(赚钱),make the bed(整理床铺),make a noise(吵闹),make a faces(做鬼脸),make one’s way to(往……走去),make room for(给……腾出地方),make a decision(做出决定),make a mistake(犯错误),make up one’s mind(下决心)
(11)put on(上演;穿上;戴上),put up(挂起;举起),put down(把某物放下来),put away(把某物收起来), put off(推迟)
(12)take off(脱掉衣服),take photos(照相),take time(花费时间),take out(取出),take a seat(坐下),take an active part in(积极参加),take care of(照顾;照料;注意),take exercise(做运动),take one’s place(坐某人的位置;代替某人的职务),take turn(轮流)
(13)talk about(谈话;交谈),talk with(和……交谈)
(14)turn on(打开电灯,收音机,煤气,自来水等),turn off(关上电灯,收音机,煤气,自来水等),turn down(关小;调低),turn…over(把…..翻过来)
(15)think of(认为;想起),think about(考虑)
【语法过关】ww.zk5u.ecom
1-Do you like the music "the Moonlight Sonata"
-Yes, it ______ really beautiful.
A. feels B. sounds C. listens D. hears
2.Bill might phone while I'm out this evening. If he ______, could you take a message
A. does B. might C. phoned D. will
3.Alice, we are going to spend our holiday in Canada or, if you ______, we can go to China instead.
A. hope B. wish C. prefer D. agree
4.He is so careless that he always______ his school things at home.
A. forgets B. forgot C. leaves D. left
5.I bought a new dictionary and it ______me 30 yuan,
A. paid B. spent C. took D. cost
6.I have to go now. Please remember to______ the lights when you leave,
A. turn off B. turn down C turn up D. turn on
7.--- all your things, Tom! I hate them here and there.
---OK, Mom.
Put up B. Put on C. Put down D. Put away
8.—How do you go to work every day
—I______ on my bicycle.
A. ride B. drive C. take D. walk
9.—Oh, you painted the walls yourself
— Yes. It was not hard. The whole work didn't_______ much.
A. want B. cost C. spend D. pay
10.—One more satellite was sent up into space in China in May.
—Right. The government spoke _______ that.
highly for B. high of C. well of D. highly of
11.—There is a ticket on the floor, is it yours
—Oh, yes, it's mine.
—Let me______ for you.
to pick up it B. to pick it up C. pick up it D. pick it up
12.—May I _____ your Chinese- English dictionary
—Sony, I______ it at home.
borrow, forgot B. lend, left C. lend, forgot D. borrow, left
13.—Your sweater looks nice, is it______ wool
—Yes, and it's______ Inner Mongolia.
A. made of, made by B. made of, made in C. made by, made for D. made by, made from
14.—Don't you think you should paint the wall
—Who would ________
A. see B. look C. watch D. notice
15. 1 don't_______ what to do at all. You can decide yourself.
want B. mind C. like D. have
16.. It's really not easy to catch up with my classmates. Whenever I wanted to_______, my teacher always encouraged me to work harder.
go on B. turn down C. give back D. give up
17.. The doctor _____ the child carefully and found that there was nothing serious with him.
looked over B. looked at C. looked after D. looked for
18.. It's too dark here . Please ___________ the light.
A. turn back B. turn down C. turn on D. turn off
19. --- Where can we get a football
--- Let's ___________.
A. lend Jim one B. lend one to Jim C. borrow one from Jim D. borrow one of Jim
20. Tom, please help me ___ the picture on the wall.
put up B. put on C. put off D. put into
【参考答案】ww.zk545u.ecom
1.B 上文说的是"音乐",说"feels"美,不合逻辑;用"listens"和"hears"都与后面的"beautiful"不相适应。"sounds beautiful"才符合英文的表达习惯。
2.A 这里的"does"用于代替前面的动词"phone",是为了避免重复。(如用C. phoned,就重了,不符合英文表达习惯。)
3.C."hope, wish"意思相近,肯定不妥,"agree"又与句中的"or"不相适应。"prefer"有"更喜欢"的意思,与句意吻合。
4.C 。forget与 leave 两个词都有"遗留"的意思,leave 多指把但是遗留在什么地方,后面常接表示场所的词,forget后面则不能接表场所的词。
5.D 主语是"物"时,多用"cost"。
6.A turn off,"关闭";turn on,意思是"打开"。
7.D Put up举起,张贴,建造;Put on穿上,戴上;Put down记下,写下;Put away收起来放好。
8.A ride 同bicycle搭配合理。
9.B 主语不是"某人"时,动词用cost,spend的主语必须是"某人",pay一般指"花钱"。
10.D speak highly of 是"称赞"的意思。
11.D let 动词常用let sb. do sth.结构。由"动词 + 副词"构成的短语,它的宾语是代词时,代词一般放在动词和副词之间。
12.D borrow用于指"借入",lend指"借出";forget表示"忘记",则leave是"落下"。
13.B made of和made from都是指是由什么材料制成的(前者呈物理变化,后者呈化学变化),made by一般是被动语态结构,made in是指在哪里制作的。
14.D notice在这里有"注意"的意思。
15. B don't mind是不介意做---。
16. D give up意指"放弃"。
17. A look over 是"仔细检查",后 三个意思分别是"看---; 照看;寻找"。
18. C turn back(返回),turn down(翻下,旋小),turn on(打开),turn off(关上)。
19. C borrow常与 from连用,lend常与 to连用。
20. A put up这里是"张贴"的意思。
用心 爱心 专心透析中考英语语法宾语从句考点m
【语法概说】
【宾语从句命题趋势】
中考对宾语从句的考查主要集中在以下几个方面:
1. 引导宾语从句的连词和代词选择;
2. 宾语从句的语序;
3. 宾语从句的时态。
【考点诠释】
宾语从句在初中英语语法中有着相当重要的地位,几乎每年的中考都有对宾语从句不同角度的考查。笔者认真研读了近年来有关宾语从句的中考题,发现其考查的重点一般都集中在以下几个方面:
一、连接词
宾语从句的连接词分为三类:
1. 引导陈述句用that(在口语或非正式文体中常常省略)。
2. 引导一般疑问句用if或whether。
注意:下列几种情况通常使用whether:(1)在具有选择意义又有or或or not时,尤其是直接与or not连用时,往往用whether;(2)在介词之后用whether;(3)在不定式前用whether等。
3. 引导特殊疑问句,只需用原来的特殊疑问词。
一Excuse me,could you tell me__________
——There's a bank on the second floor.You can make it there.[黄冈市]
A where I can change money B how I can get to the bank
C if there's a bank near here D.where the bank is
[答案]A.[解析]考查宾语从句的连词用法。根据上下问可知应选A。
二、语序
在含宾语从句的复合句中,不管主句是陈述句还是疑问句,从句一律是用“连接词+陈述句语序”,其标点符号由主句来决定。
1.--Do you know ______________now
一In the People's Hotel.[北京市]
A where is Tom working B where did Tom work
C.where Tom is working D.where Tom worked
[答案]C.[解析]考查宾语从句要用陈述句语序。宾语从句要注意两点:①从句用陈述句语序;②前后时态要一致。故排除A、B,D时态不对,故选C。
三、时态
1. 如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时,宾语从句的时态可视情况使用任何一种相关的时态。
2. 如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态,宾语从句必须使用过去相应的某一种时态。
3. 如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等,不管主句是用什么时态,从句时态习惯上都用一般现在时。
4. 情态动词could / would用于“请求”,表示委婉、客气的语气时,从句时态不受主句的约束。
Excuse me, could you tell me when __the new Olympic Center [沈阳市]
A. are we visited B will we visit C we are visited D we will visit
[答案]D。 [解析]考查宾语从句的用法。从句要用陈述句语序,而且时态要与主句一致。从句意看本句不能用被动语态,故排除A、c。本题考查的是以when引导的宾语从句。B没用陈述句语序,故排除,此处could只表委婉的语气,并不表过去。
----Could you tell me whom the radio _________by
一Sorry,I have no idea.[福州市]
A. invents B invented C is invented D.was invented
[答案]D。[解析]考查宾语从句的时态和语态的用法。从句中的主语是谓语动词动作的承受者,这时应使用被动语态,这样A、B两项可以排除。我们还应考虑到,收音机的“发明”一定是过去的事情,所以该句的时态应是一般过去时,谓语的构成为“was/were+动词的过去分词”。
(年河北)I didn’t understand __________, so I raised my hand to ask..
A. what my teacher says B. what does my teacher say
C. what my teacher said D. what did my teacher say
答案为C。本题为宾语从句,由于需要用陈述语序可排除B、D;另外,主句时态为一般过去时,则从句也要用对应的过去时态,故还可排除A。
四、否定转移
当宾语从句表示否定的意义时,若主句主语为第一人称且谓语动词是think / believe / suppose / expect等时,应在主句上加以否定。
五、简化
宾语从句在一定条件下,可以简化为“特殊疑问词+不定式”、“it +形容词+不定式短语”、复合宾语、动词不定式(名词、动名词、形容词或副词、过去分词)短语、名词和过去分词等。
I don’t know what I should do with the letter. (改为简单句)(年山东烟台)
I don’t know what ___________ ___________ with the letter.
答案与解析:答案为to do。当主句谓语动词是know,learn,forget,remember等,其后接疑问词(连接代词/副词)引导的宾语从句,且该从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,宾语从句可简化成“疑问词(连接代词/副词+不定式(短语)”结构,故空白处填to do。
六、注意点
if / when既可以引导宾语从句,也可以引导状语从句,应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同。if / when引导宾语从句时,意思分别为“是否”和“何时”,此时它们的时态根据具体情况而定。if和when引导状语从句时,意思分别为“如果”和“当……的时候”,此时如果主句是一般将来时,从句部分则用一般现在时。
七、综合考查
--Did Mr White tell you________-
--Yes. He said he went there in 2003. [福州市]
A. when he traveled to Tibet B. how he goes to Wuhan
C. Where he spent his holidays D. why did he visit Kunming
[答案]A。 [解析]考查宾语从句。when询问时间,how询问方式,where询问地点,why询问原因。由答语“He said he went here in 2003.”可知,前面应是询问动作发生的时间。
【语法回顾】
宾语从句
宾语从句是一种名词性从句,在句中作及物动词的宾语,或介词的宾语,或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词,宾语从句可分为三类。
1. 由that引导的宾语从句。That只有语法作用,没有实在的意义,在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。例如:
He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.他说他想呆在家里。
She doesn’t know (that) she is seriously ill.她不知道她病得很严重。
I am sure (that) he will succeed.我确信他会成功。
2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如:
Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for 你知道他们在等谁吗?
He asked whose handwriting was the best.他问谁的书法最好。
Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is 你能告诉我3路公共汽车站在哪儿吗?
I don’t know why the train is late.我不知道火车为什么晚了。
I can't imagine why he did that thing.我不能想像他为什么做了那件事。
Do you know why we have put off the sports meet till next month 你知道我们为什么把运动会推迟到下个月吗
以上两个例句的宾语从句相当于一个特殊疑问句,分别为:why did he do that thing 和Why have you put off the sports meet till next month 由于宾语从句要求陈述句语序,故而在从句中它变成了陈述语序。请看下列两
组句子:
How much does this coat cost 这件衣服值多少钱
I want to know how much this coat costs.我想知道这件衣服值多少钱。
Where did you go yesterday 你昨天去哪儿了
Please tell me where you went yesterday.请告诉我你昨天去哪儿了。
当疑问代词what,who在特殊疑问句中做主语时,该特殊疑问句本身就是陈述句语序,所以当该句用来做宾语时,语序不需要调整。
What's wrong with you 怎么了
He asked the girl what was wrong with her.他问这个女孩怎么回事了。
What's the matter 怎么了
He asked the girl what was the matter.他问这个女孩怎么了。
What has happened to him 他发生什么事了
We want to know what has happened to him.我们想知道他发生了什么事。
同类句式还有:Who broke the window 谁打破的窗户
Who is in the classroom 谁在教室里
What made him so angry.什么使得他如此生气。
3. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。表示“是否”,二者通常可以互换。例如:
Lily asked if/whether she liked it.莉莉问她是否喜欢它。
I want to know if (whether) he lives there.我想知道他是否住在这儿。
He asked me whether (if) I could help him.他问我是否可以帮助他。
但语义有点区别:
1)whether强调犹豫和选择,多见于书面语中;if 只限于条件,常用于口语。例如:
Write and tell me whether I'm to come. 请写信告诉我,我是否该来。
Write and tell me if I'm to come. 如果我该来,请写信告诉我(相当于说:若我不必来,那就不用费心写信给
我了。)
2)whether可引导各种名词性从名和让步状语从句,if 只能引导宾语从句和条件状语从句。由if引导的从
句,首先要弄清楚是宾语从句,还是条件状语从句,然后再确定时态。若是引导条件状语从句,谓语动词
应用一般现在(过去)时代替一般将来(过去将来)时。例如:
If you don't go soon, you’ll be late.如果你不马上去就会迟到。
当if引导一个非真实条件句时,从句的谓语动词应用过去式(如果是be, 则不论主语的人称和数,一律用
were),主句谓语动词用“would+动词原形”。例如:
If everyone in the country knew first aid, many lives would be saved.如果每个国民都懂得急救(的知识),许
多生命就会得以挽救。
3)whether和if都可以与or no连用。但if与or not之间常需要用词语隔开,而whether与or not可连用,也可隔
开。例如:
Can you tell me whether or not the train has left (=Can you tell me whether the train has left or not )你能告诉
我火车是否离开了吗
I don't care if your car breaks down or not .我不在乎你的汽车是否坏了。
4)下列情况,只用whether作引导词:
引导主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句、让步状语从句。例如:
Whether he comes or not doesn't concern me.他来不来与我无关。
I am in doubt whether I ought to give this plan my approval..我决定不了是否该同意这项计划。
What I want to know is whether you can help me.我想知道的是你是否能帮助我。
Whether we go or stay, the result is the same.不管我们是走还是留,其结果是一样的。
5)与不定式连用:例如:
I don't know whether to accept or refuse.我不知道是该接受还是该拒绝。
6)在介词后作介宾。例如:
I am not interested in whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢那项计划。
4.think,believe,suppose,imagine,guess等表示“认为”、“猜想”等的动词后的宾语从句
1)否定转移
在以上动词之后的宾语从句中,有时谓语尽管是否定含义,却不用否定形式,而把主句中的上述动词变为否定形式,这就叫否定转移。
I don't think the book is worth buying.我认为这本书不值得买。
I don't believe they have finished their work.我相信他们并未完成他们的工作。
I don't suppose he cares.我猜想他们不会介意的。
We don't expect they will have everything done.我们希望他们没有把事全做完。
2)存在这种否定转移现象的句了在作反意疑问句时,具有如下特点:
在宾语从句中,如果主句的谓语动词是think,believe,suppose,imagine,guess等,主句主语是第一人称以外的人称时,反意疑问句应针对主句。
You don't think he can finish his work, do you 你认为他不能完成他的工作,是吗
He doesn't believe that we have come back,does he 他认为我们还没回来呢,是吗
但是如果主句主语是第一人称时,反意疑问词部分的主语和时态要与宾语从句保持一致,并注意否定转移。
I don't think you are an actor,are you 我认为你不是一个演员,是吗
I suppose you have been to Beijing,haven't you 我想你去过北京。是吗
另外,当think ,suppose,believe,imaging,guess这类表示“认为”、“猜想”的动词作主句谓语时,常会出现一种以疑问词起头的双重疑问句。
What do you think he is 你认为他是做什么的
How much time do you suppose I must spend on it 你认为我得花多少时间来做这件事
二. 宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序。例如:
I hear (that) physics isn’t easy.我听说物理不容易。
I think (that) you will like this school soon.我认为你不久会喜欢这所学校。
Can you tell me how I can get to zoo 你能告诉我怎么到动物园吗?
Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting.请告诉我我们什么时候开会。
三. 宾语从句的时态
1.若主句为一般现在时或一般将来时,则从句的时态不限可视句子意义使用所需要的任何时态。例如:
We all know chicken can't swim.我们都知道鸡不会游泳。
Don't you think Jim is speaking too quick.难道你不认为吉姆讲的太快了吗?
He says he will come back.他说他会回来。
2.若主句是祈使句,从句谓语动词也可用所需要的任何时态。例如:
Show me which picture is yours.让我看看哪张照片是你的。
Please tell us where we will go.请告诉我要去哪里。
3.若主句是一般过去时,从句必须用过去时态的某一种。例如:
I knew she had swept the floor already.我知道她已经扫过地了。
He asked if I was doing my homework this time yesterday.他问我昨天这个时候是否在做作业。
4.若从句叙述的是客观真理、自然现象或永恒不变的规律时,则不受主句时态的限制,仍用一般现在时。例如:
Our teacher told us light travels much faster than sound.老师告诉我们光传播的速度比声音快得多。
They knew the sun is much bigger than the earth then.他们那时就知道太阳比地球大得多,
He said that one and one makes two.他说一加一等于二。
【语法过关】
1.--- Could you tell us how long ______
--- About three days.
A. does the sports meeting last B. the sports meeting last
C. will the sports meeting last D. the sports meeting will last
2.I want to know______,
A. what is his name B what's his name C. that his name is D. what his name is
3.Parents are taught to understand_____important education is to their children’s future.(2004广东卷)
A. that B. how C. such D. so
4.I wonder _______ they will come here with tomorrow.
A. whether B. when C. who D. how
5.-Could you tell me ______
-I'm not sure.
A. how many people have been out of hospital B. when is Thanksgiving
C. which animal does he like best D. what time will the dolphin show start
6. - Can I help you
- Yes. I'd like a ticket to Mount Emei. Can you tell me______ take to get there
A. how soon will it B. how soon it will C. how long it will D. how long will it
7..---Could you let me know ___________ yesterday
---Because the traffic was heavy.
A. why did you come late B. why you came late
C. why do you come late D. why you come late
8.A computer can only do _________you have instructed it to do.
A. how B. after C. what D. when
9.The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at ________ I thought was a dangerous speed.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
10.I think Father would like to know ____ I've been up to so far, so I decide to send him a quick note
A. which B. why C. what D. how
【参考答案】
1.D 宾语从句用陈述句语序。
2.D 宾语从句用陈述句语序。
3. B题干中的“_____important education is to their children’s future”应理解为:education为主语,important是is的表语;to their children’s future是状语,所以空格处应为how修饰important。其实这个宾语从句是一个感叹句。
4.C 后面的"with"决定了用"who"。
5.A 宾语从句用陈述句语序。
6. C how soon一般用于指某事过多久后或到什么时候才发生,how long一般用于指某事需持续多长时间。
7. B yesterday表明宾语从句应用一般过去时,宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
8. C。 分析本句的结构可知, 空白处应填的连词应作宾语从句中动词不定式中动词do的宾语。所以,该连接词应是连接代词。故应选C。
9. C。 介词at之后是宾语从句,其中I thought是插入语。也可以把what分解为a speed that…
10. C what引导宾语从句,并在宾语从句中作短语be up to 的宾语。
用心 爱心 专心透析中考英语语法连词

【连词命题趋势】
根据对连词部分全国各地考试题的分析可知,今后该部分将是重点考查点之一。其考查重点为:
并列连词的用法
从属连词的用法
相似连词的辨析
【考点诠释】
一、考查表示转折对比关系的并列连词
这类并列句常用并列连词but (但是),yet (可是),while(而,另一方面)等连接前后简单句,but常译为‘但是”,“可是”,切不可与从属连词though或although一起使用。
1.but(但是,可是,而,却)
连接两个并列句,有时句中某些词可以省略;连接两个并列成分,可以放在一个句子的句首,后面不接逗号。
【考例】——Would you like to come to my house for dinner tonight
——I'd love to,____I have lots of work to do.[北京市]
A so B or C and D.but
[答案]D。[解析]考查转折连词。so(表结果),or(表选择),ad(表并列),but(表转折),根据句意:“我很乐意去,但我还有一些事要做”可推断选but,表转折。
It was very cold and windy, _________ those farmers were working hard on the farm.[吉林省]
A. and B. or C. but D. so
[答案]C。[解析]考查连词的用法。 but表转折,and表并列,or表选择,So表顺接。根据句意选C。
二、考查表示因果关系的并列连词
这类并列句常用并列连词for,so等连接前后简单句。
1.for在意义上与从属连词because,since和as相同,但它们引导的是原因状语从句,而for则连接两个简单句。由并列连词for引导的分句只能置于句末,而且必须用逗号与前面的分句隔开。for分句主要是对前一分句补充说明理由或推断原因。for分句不能用来回答why问句。
2. so意为“因此”、“所以”,但不能与because同时出现在同一个句子中。因为because是从属连词,而so是并列连词,用来连接并列句。其结构为:简单句(原因)+so+简单句(结果)。
【考例】I have been trying my best to study English ________I want to have a chance to be a volunteer for the Beijing Olympics. [太原市]
A, until B. because C. though
[答案]B。[解析] 本题考查连词的用法。until表示“直到……才”常用来引导时间状语从句;because"因为”用来引导原因状语从句,而though"尽管”用来引导让步状语从句。根据主从句的前后关系判断,应该选用表示原因的B项。
. Ricky caught a "bad cold yesterday, ___________ he had to stay at home. [南京]
A. because B. but C. or D. so
D because 因为,引导句子;because of因为引导短语But 但是,(表示转折=however,=whereas),不能够和though/although连用对不起,除了(=except) Or 和( and的否定形式),或者,否则(通常是将来时态,表示结果)So 所以,表示结果,不能够和because连用;如此引导形容词/副词。句意为: Ricky昨天得了重感冒,所以他不得不呆在家里。
三、考查表示选择关系的并列连词
这类并列句常用并列连词or (或者,否则),either..or...(或是……或是;不是……
就是)等连接前后简单句。
or连接并列成分时,意为“或者,还是”;用于否定句中,意为“也不”,这时不宜用and;还有“否则,要不然”之意,相当于otherwise。
【考例】Tom ,keep away from the fire,__ you will get burnt. [河南省]
A. and B. so C. or D. but
[答案]C。[解析]考查连词。 or是连词“否则”的意思。and表示顺承关系;but表示转折关系;or表示选择关系或转折关系;so表示因果关系。
四、考查表示并列关系的并列连词
【考例】Study hard, ________ you'll pass the exam. [长沙市]
A. or B. and C. but
[答案]B。[解析] 考查并列连词。or表示选择,and表示并列,but表示转折。
六、考查从属连词
1、对连接同等的词、词组或分句的and, but, or, for, neither…nor…, either…or…, both…and…, not only…but also…等并列连词的考查。
2、对引导名词性从句或状语从句的when、if、that、because、until、although等从属连词基本用法的考查。
3、几组容易混淆的连词或词组。
We have been good friends ________we joined the same ping-pong team. [陕西省]
A. after B. before C. since D. until
[答案]C。[解析] 主句是现在完成时,从句是一般过去时,填A、B、D三项其主句都不会用现在完成时。用since表示“自……以来,就……”。
None of the shoes in the shop fit me well. They are ______________too big______________ too small. [昆明市]
A. both; and B. either; or C. neither; nor D. not only; but also
[答案]B。[解析] 在前句中已经给出了一个前提“商店里的鞋都不适合我”。both...and“……和……都”;either...or“或者……或者”;neither...nor"既不……也不”;not only..but also“不但……而且”。所以很容易推断出“它们(这些鞋)或者太大,或者太小。”
Please take the medicine three times a day, _______ it won’t work well. ( 浙江)
A. and B. but C. or D. so
解析:这四个单词都是连词, but表示转折;so有因此之意。and和or 都可以用于祈使句,用and,整个句子相当于if you…, you’ll…; 用or相当于if you don’t…, you’ll…。答案:C
Hurry up, Jack. We have to get to the station before 11:45 _____ we can catch the 12:00 train. ( 南通)
A. since B. after C. as soon as D. so that
解析:本题的前三项都是表示时间的连词,因此不符合句意,so that表明“为了”、“便于”,引导目的状语从句。答案:D
—I hear a new film is on these days. Shall we go to the cinema together, Lucy and Lily
—_____Lily_____ I will go with you because one of us must be at home to help our father in the garden. ( 宁波)
A. Either, nor B. Either, or C. Neither, nor D. Both, and
解析:选项A不是一个固定搭配,C表示“既不……也不……”,选项D表示“……和……都……”,不符合句子的意思,B项则是一个选择的连词。答案:B
【语法回顾】
连 词
4. 连词的功能
用来连接词,短语,从句或句子的词叫连词。连词是一种虚词,在句中不能单独使用。连词可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。
5. 并列连词
并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词,短语或句子。常见的并列连词有:
(1)表并列关系的and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor等。
(2)表选择关系的or, either…or等。
(3)表转折关系的but, while等。
(4)表因果关系的for, so等。
6. 从属连词
从属连词用来引导从句。常见的从属连词有:
(1)引导时间状语从句的after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as等。(2)引导条件状语从句的if, unless等。
(3)引导原因状语从句的because, as, since等。
(4)引导目的状语从句的so that, in order that等。
(5)引导让步状语从句的though, although, even if等。
(6)引导结果状语从句的so that, so…that, such…that等。
(7)引导比较状语从句的than, as…as等。
(8)引导名词从句的that, if , whether等。
7. 常用连词的用法辨析
(1) while, when, as
这三个连词都可引导时间状语从句,但用法有所不同。
1) 当某事正在进行的时候,又发生了另一件事。While, when, as 都可用来引导表示“背景”的时间状语从句。例如:
As/When/While I was walking down the street I noticed a police car.我沿着街道走时,注意到一辆警车。
2) 当两个长动作同时进行的时候,最常用的是while。例如:
While mother was cooking lunch, I was doing my homework.当母亲做午饭时,我正在做作业。
3) 当两个动作都表示发展变化的情况时,最常用的是as。例如:
As children get older, they become more and more interested in things around them.随着孩子的长大,他们越来越多对周围的事情感兴趣。
4) 当两个短动作同时发生时,或表示“一边…一边…”时,最常用as。例如:
She looked behind from time to time as she went.她边走边不时地朝后面看。
5) 当从句的动作先于主句的动作时,通常用when。例如:
When he finished his work, he took a short rest.当他完成工作后,他进行了短暂的休息。
6) 当从句是瞬间动作,主句是延续性动作时,通常用when。例如:
When John arrived I was cooking lunch.当约翰到达时,我正在做饭。
(2)as, because, since , for
这四个词都可表原因,但用法有区别。
1) 如果原因构成句子的最主要部分,一般用because。因此,because引导的从句往往放在句末。例如:
I stayed at home because it rained.因为下雨,所以我呆在家里。
---Why aren’t you going 为什么你不走?
---Because I don’t want to.因为我不想去。
2) 如果原因已被人们所知,或不如句子的其它部分重要,就用as或since。Since比as稍微正式一点。As和since 引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。例如:
As he wasn’t ready, we left without him.由于他没有准备,我们没有带他。
Since I have no money, I can’t buy any food.既然我没有钱,我不能卖任何食物。
3) for用来补充说明一种理由,因此,for引导的从句几乎可以放在括号里。For引导的句子不放在句子的开头。例如:
I decided to stop and have lunch----for I was feeling quite hungry.我决定停下来,吃午饭。因我感觉很饿。
(3)if, whether
if和whether都可作“是否”讲,在引导宾与从句是一般可互换。例如:
I wonder whether (if) you still study in that school.我想知道你是否还在那所学校学习。
I don’t know whether (if) he likes that film.我不知道他是否喜欢这部电影。
在下列情况下,只能用whether,不能用if:
1) 引导主语从句时。例如:
Whether he will come to the party is unknown. 他是否来参加聚会还不知道。
2) 引导表语从句时。例如:
The question is whether I can pass the exam.问题是我能否通过考试。
3) 在不定式前。例如:
I haven’t made up my mind whether to go there or not.我还没有决定是否去哪儿。
(4)so…that, such...that
1) so…that中的so是个副词,其后只能跟形容词或副词,而such...that中的such是个形容词,后接名词或名词短语。例如:
I’m so tired that I can’t walk any farther.我很累,因此不想再走了。
It was such a hot day that he went swimming.如此热的天气,以至于他去游泳。
2) 如果在名词之前有many, much, little, few时,用so,不用such。例如:
He has so little education that he is unable to get a job.他受到得教育很少以致于他找不到工作。
(5)either…or…, neither…nor, not only…but also…
这三个连词词组都可连接两个并列成分。当它们连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词要随相邻的主语变化。例如:
Either you or he is wrong.
Neither he nor his children like fish.不但他不喜欢而且他的孩子也不喜欢鱼。
Not only the teacher but also the students want to buy the book.不但老师而且学生想买这本书。
(6)although, but
这两个连词不能用在同一个句子中。例如:我们不能说“Although he is over sixty, but he works as hard as others.”这个句子应改为:Although he is over sixty, he works as hard as others.或He is over sixty, but he works as hard as others.尽管他已是六十多岁,但他和其他工作一样努力。
(7)because, so
这两个连词同样不能用在同一个句子中。例如:我们不能说“Because John
was ill, so I took him to the doctor.” 这个句子应改为Because John was ill, I took him to the doctor.或John was ill, so I took him to the doctor. 因为约翰病了,所以我带他看医生。
[辨析]
(1) because、as、since、for的用法:
because(因为)表示原因的语气最强,常表示必然的因果关系,从句一般放在主句后面;另外,回答why的问句只能用because. as(因为)表示一般的因果关系,语气比because弱,说明比较明显的原因,它引导的从句可以放在句首也可以放在句尾。since(既然)表示对方已经知道、无需加以说明的原因或事实。for(因为)是并列连词,语气较弱,用来补充说明理由或提供一种解释。如:
He is not at school today because he is seriously ill.(他今天没有上学因为他病得厉害)
As all of you have got here, now, let’s go to the zoo.(既然大伙儿都到了我们就去动物园吧)
I will ask Lin Tao to go with me since you are very busy.(既然你很忙我就叫林涛和我一起去吧)
We must be off now for the match starts at 7:00.(我们得走了因为比赛在七点开始)
(2)if、whether的区别:表示“是否”时,if和whether同义,引导宾语从句,另外,whether还可以引导主语从句、表语从句(以及同位语从句)等名词性从句或者让步状语从句;而if还可以表示“如果”,引导条件状语从句,(主句与从句遵循主将从现的原则)。如:
I don’t know if/whether he will arrive on time.(我不知道他是不是会按时到达)
I will ring you up if he arrives on time.(如果他按时到达我会给你打电话的)
[注意]下列情况只能用whether不能用if:①引导主语从句,②引导表语从句,③引导从句作介词宾语,④引导不定式短语,⑤引导让步状语从句,⑥在动词discuss之后,⑦在wonder / not sure之后,⑧在if与whether含义易混时。如:
Whether it is a fine day next Sunday is still a question.(下个星期天是不是个好天还是个问题)(引导主语从句)
Please ask him whether to go there with a raincoat or not.(请问一下带不带雨衣去那儿)(作动词的宾语)
Hainan is the place to be, whether it’s summer or winter.(海南是个该去的地方无论冬夏)(引导让步状语从句)
Please let me know whether you need my help.(请告诉我你是否需要我的帮助)(引导宾语从句)(如果换成if则还可能表示“如果你需要我的帮助请告知”)
(3)while、when、as的用法区别:
while常表示一个较长的动作,它引导的从句动作与主句的动作是同时发生的、是平行的;when可以表示较短的动作也可以表示较长的动作,主句和从句的动作可以同时发生也可以先后发生;as与上两词同义,可替换while和when, 表示主句和从句的动作同时发生,常译为“一边……一边……”。如:
Please do not trouble me while I am writing my homework.(我写作业时请不要打扰我)
I’ll go home when I have finished my job.(我干完了活儿就回去)
They were running quickly across the road when they heard the sound of a truck coming.(他们正快速地穿过马路忽然听到了卡车开来的声音)
As we walked in the dark street, we sang songs and talked loudly.(当我们在黑洞洞的街上走路时我们高声地唱歌说话)
(4)till/until与not…till/until的区别:前者表示一个延续性的动作,后者表示一个才开始的动作。如:
I will stay here and watch the baby until you return.(我会呆在这里看着娃娃直到你回来)(stay这个动作一直进行到你return)
They won’t go on working until they get what they think is reasonable.(他们要到获得了他们认为合理的东西时才会继续干下去的)
另外till与until基本可以互换,但是在句首时只能用until,不能用till. 如:
Until the last minute of the match we kept playing.(我们坚持到比赛的最后一分钟)
Not until he had finished his work did he go home.(直到做完工作他才回家)(倒装句)
(5)though与although的区别:
两个词都表示“虽然”,均不可以与but同时使用,但在句中可加still或yet连用。although“尽管、虽然”仅作连词,比较正式,一般可以换为though; though“虽然、尽管、即使”,还可以与even连用(=even if),表示“即使、纵然”,作副词时意思是“然而、不过”,不能放在句首。如:
He passed the exams although illness prevented him from going to classes.(尽管疾病使他无法上课但是他还是通过了考试)/
she won’t leave the TV set, even though her husband is waiting for her for the supper.(她不愿离开电视机虽然丈夫在等她吃饭)/
It was a quiet party. I had a good time, though.(这是个不热闹的聚会尽管如此我还是玩得很开心)
(6)prefer to…rather than…与prefer…to…的区别:prefer to…rather than…后面都是用动词原形,prefer…to…都是用动名词或名词。如:
I prefer English to Japanese.(与日语相比我更喜欢英语)
I prefer to learn English rather than learn Japanese. (与日语相比我更喜欢学英语)
并列句的分类:
1. 表示同等关系的并列句
这类并列句常用并列连词and连接前后简单句,and常译为“和”、“并且”,也可不译出来。例如:
He likes playing football and he plays well.他喜欢踢足球,并且踢得很好。
Last year l met Kate and we became friends.去年我和凯特相遇,我们成了朋友。
2. 表示转折关系的并列句
这类并列句常用并列连词but(但是),yet(可是),while(而,另一方面),however(可是)等连接前后简单句,but常译为“但是”,“可是”,切不可与从属连词though或although一起使用。例如:
It has no mouth, but it can talk. 它没有嘴巴,但是它会说话。
School is over, yet all the teachers are still working.学校放学了,可是老师们仍然在工作。
He wants to be a writer, while I want to be a scientist. 他想当作家,而我则想当科学家。
It's raining hard, however, we must go out. 雨下得很大,然而我们必须出去。
3. 表示选择关系的并列句
这类并列句常用并列连词or(或者,否则)等连接前后简单句。
or有两重含义:
(1)译为“或者”,表示选择。例如:
Now you can have a rest or you can go to the cinema.现在你可以休息,或者去看电影。
(2)译为“否则”、“要不然”,表示条件。例如:
You must tell the truth,or you will be punished.你必须说真话,否则你将会受到惩罚。
4. 表示因果关系的并列句
这类并列句常用并列连词for,so等连接前后简单句。
(1)for在意义上与从属连词because,since和as相同,但它们引导的是原因状语从句,而for则连接两
简单句,前者表示结果,后者表示原因。其结构为:简单句(结果)+for+简单句(原因)。
例如:He has many good friends, for he is an honest man。他有许多好朋友,因为他是个诚实的男子汉。
(2)so意为“因此”、“所以”,但不能与because同时出现在同一个句子中。因为because是从属连词,而是并列连词,用来连接并列句。其结构为:简单句(原因) +so牛简单句(结果)。例如:
Mr. Li went to his hometown, so Mr. Wang was taking his class instead.李老师回家乡去了,所以王老师替二课。
5. 其他形式的并列句
(1)“祈使句+and+简单句”。其中祈使句表示一个条件,并列连词and引导的简单句则表示一个较好的结果,谓语常用一般将来时。例如:
Use your head, and you will find away.动脑筋,你就会想出办法来。
(2)“祈使句+or+简单句”。祈使句表示一个条件,并列连词or后的简单句则表示一个不愉快或不理想的结果。例如:
Study hard, or you Will fall behind the others.努力学习,否则你就会落于别人。
(3)“either...or”结构表示“不是……就是……”,“或者……或者……”,例如:
Either my uncle can do it, or my aunt can do it. 我叔叔可以做那件事,或者我婶婶也可以做。
习惯上将两个句子合并成Either my uncle or my aunt can do it.
(4) “not only…but also”意思为“不仅……而且……”,例如:
not only the students have missed the school car, but also the teacher has missed the school car.不仅学生,而且他们的老师都误了校车。
(5) “neither…nor…”结构,意为“既不……也不……”,“两者都不……”,用法与either …or…,not only …but also…相同。
三、使用并列句要注意的几种情况
1. 并列句有时可不用连词,而用分号隔开(前后句之间的关系须相当紧密)。例如:
We fished all day; we didn\'t catch a fish.我们钓了一天的鱼,一条鱼也没钓到。
2. 并列连词后的简单句如果与其前的简单句有相同的部分,则相同的部分常可省略。例如:
My father works in a factory and my mother in a school.我父亲在工厂工作,母亲在学校工作。
3. 由so, nor, neither连接的并列句,后一简单句为避免重复,其成份常倒装并省略一些。例如:
He is not a student, nor am I. 他不是学生,我也不是。
Beibei can swim, so can I. 贝贝会游泳, 我也会。
【语法过关】
1.How did you try to get to school on time ______ you missed the school bus, Mary
A. when B. if C. once D. that
2.-I'm going to the supermarket.
-Will you get me some chocolates ______ you are there, mum
A. since B. because C. if D. while
3.Never give up, ______ you'll make it.
A. and B. but C. or D. yet
4.Her grandparents are still in good health________ they are over eighty.
A. though B. as soon as C. until D. because
5. --- Would you like to come to dinner tonight   
--- I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy.
A. and  B. so  C. as  D. but 
6. When I got the news that the ship would sink, I was _____ frightened_______ my legs couldn't move forward.
A. so; that B. very; that C. too; that D. too; to
7. I won't believe that the five-year-old boy can read five thousand words ________I have tested him myself.
A. after B. when C. if D. until
8.Be careful , ___________ you will fall off the tree.
A. so B. or C. but D. and
9. Mr. Brown knows little Japanese, _______ he can't understand the instructions on the bottle of the pills.
A. so B. or C. but D. for
10.---I don't like chicken ___ fish. 
---I don't like chicken, ___ I like fish very much.
A. and; and  B. and; but  C. or; but  D. or;and
【参考答案】
1.A 用来引导时间状语从句。
2.D "since,because,if"都不符合语境意思,"while(当------时候)"指在超市的时候(买巧克力),语意清楚。
3.A 前后句子是递进关系。
4.A 语境表明两个句子是"让步关系"。
5.D。but与前面形成转折,符合语意。而表并列的and, 结果的so,原因的as都不符合句意。
6. A so --- that用于表示"如此------以致于------",so 后接形容词, that后接从句。
7. D not---until 表示"直到------才-----"。
8. B or意思是"否则;不然的话",与句意相符。
9. A so这里表示原因。
10.C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表转折。
用心 爱心 专心透析中考英语语法代词、it用法考点
【代词命题趋势】
代词是用来代替名词的词。它是英语语法结构中的一个重要项目,也是中考测试的重点内容之一。纵观历年中考试题,出现频率最高的是不定代词,其次是it用法、疑问代词、反身代词以及人称代词等。
1. 人称代词主格、宾格形式及其主要用法;
2. 名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词的形式、区别及其主要用法;
3 反身代词的形式、意义及其主要用法;
4 常见不定代词的一般用法;
5. 指示代词的一般用法,并了解其在上下文中的指代用法;
6. 相互代词的基本用法;
7. 疑问代词的基本用法。
8. 关系代词的基本用法。
【考点诠释】
一、考查人称代词的用法
人称代词分主格和宾格两种,在句中作主语用主格;作宾语或表语用宾格。
【考例】一Who is the boy over there
一______________is my brother.[北京市]
A.He B His C Him D.Himself
[答案]A。[解析]主格作主语(放在谓语动词前),宾格作宾语,放在介词、动词后面。依据句意:“他是我兄弟”看出,——为主语,主语用主格,故选A。
——Look! What's the postman giving Mrs Chen
一He's giving ____a letter.[沈阳市]
A it B him C.me D.her
[答案]D。[解析]指代上句中的Mrs Chen应用her,作give的宾语。
二、考查物主代词的用法
1、名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词。形容词性物主代词只能做定语,不能单独担任句子的某一成分;而名词性物主代词可单独做主语、宾语或表语,它相当于形容词性物主代词加名词。
【考例】 ---My pen is lost.
---Don't worry "about it. You can use__________.[吉林省]
A. my B. mine C. me D. myself
[答案]B。[解析] 从句意看:“别担心,你可以用我的”。由此可知C、D可排除,my是形容词性物主代词,修饰名词,而本题后面没有名词,故又排除了A,所以选B。
---Is this your e-dictionary
---No. ______ is in the schoolbag. [安徽省]
A. His B. Yours C. Hers D. Mine
[答案]D。[解析]名词性物主代词,都可以作主语。两者之间的对话,问句中有“你的”一词,那么答语中必然要用“我的”。
13.- --You look so happy. What happened
--- I have got an "A" in ________P.E. test. [陕西省]
A. your B. her C. his D. my
[答案]D。 [解析]考查代词。根据句意,I获得了A级,当然是在my的体育测试中了。
三、考查反身代词的用法
表示“我(们)自己,你(们)自己,她、它、他(们)自己”的代词叫反身代词。
单数 myself yourself Himself herself itself
复数 ourselves yourselves Themselves
反身代词主要用来表示动作回到执行者本身或加强所修饰名词、代词的语气。有人称和数的变化。在句中常用作宾语、表语、同位语。
【考例】—What a lovely card! Where did you buy it
—I made it by______.(年福建福州)
A. me B. himself C. myself D. itself
【解析】 答案为C。本题考查反身代词的用法,by oneself表示“单独;独自”。
——What a lovely card! Where did you buy it
一I made it by________.[成都]
A.me B. himself C.myself D.itself
47.答案:C解析:句意为“我自己做的这张卡片”。I的反身代词为myself。
四、考查指示代词的用法
在句中可做主语、宾语、表语和定语;并且this和these指较近的人或物;that和those指较远的人或物。
【考例】
五、考查不定代词的用法
1)one,ones,that,those的区别及用法ww.zk53u.ecom
指代前面所提到的名词,以避免重复。one表示“泛指”,指代单数可数名词;ones表示“泛指”,指代复数可数名词;that指代不可数名词或有后置定语的可数名词单数;those指代有后置定语的可数名词复数。
【考例】—There is enough food for the birds,isn't____
一No.We need to get some.[武汉]
A.it B.there C.that D.this
答案:B解析:本题考查附加疑问句后的代词的选择。因为前句是there be结构,所以后边用there,故选B。
2)考查other,the other,another.others, the others,the rest的用法及区别
another泛指三者以上的“另一个”,the other表示“两者当中的另一个”,other表示“其他的”,others指“别的一些人或物”,the others表示“其余所有的人或物”。指代单数时,若是泛指,用another;若是特指,则用the other。指代复数时,若是泛指,用other修饰名词的复数形式;若是特指,用the other修饰名词的复数形式。others不能作定语,表示复数意义,相当于“other+复数名词”;the others相当于“the
other+复数名词”。another一般表示单数,其后接可数名词的单数形式。但若其后有数词或few修饰时,
则可接复数名词。the rest表示“剩余部分;其余”,指代可数名词或不可数名词。
【考例】--Harbin is really a beautiful city and there're many places of interest.
--So it is Why not stay here for _________two days [哈尔滨市]
A. other B. others C. another
[答案]C。[解析]考查代词的用法。 Other表法别的,其他的“(单数);others(复数),another表“另一个,另外一个”, 从句意“为何不在这里再待两天 ”可知C正确。another表示“另一个”。
We had a Dicaic 1ast term and it was a lot of fun.so let's have ____one this month.[苏州]
A.the other B.some C.another D.other
25.答案:C解析:上句说“上学期我们举行了一次野餐并玩得很开心”,下句想表达“这个月让我们再举行一次吧”。表示“再一,又一”用another,故选C。
——What a hot day! Have you had a drink
——Yes.But I’d like to have ____after work.[ 江西]
A.it B.one C.other D.another
28.答案:D解析:由Yes.确定“我”已经喝了,“但工作完后我想再喝一杯”,只有another有“再一; 又一”之意,故选D。
In my class some students love music,are fond of drawing and ____enjoy reading.[ 南通]
A.some;the other B.others;the other C.others;the others D.some;others
31.答案:D解析:本题考查"some…some…others…”句型。意为“一些……,一些……,另一些……”,句意为“我班里一些学生喜欢音乐,一些喜欢画画,还有的喜欢阅读”,故选D。
3)考查all, both,either,neither,none的用法及区别
both,either和neither皆表示两者,可作主语、宾语和定语,both还可作同位语。
表示“两者都……”用both,“两者都不……”用neither.“两者中任意一个……”强调个体,用either。
all和none表示三者或三者以上。all表示全部肯定,而none表示全部否定。all可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和同位语;none可作主语、宾语和同位语,但不能作定语。all作主语时,指人看作复数,指物看作单数;none作主语时,看作单复数皆可。both,all,none作主语同位语时,通常放在行为动词前面,be动词、助动词或情态动词的后面。all和both与not连用表示部分否定。
【考例】——Which of the twin sisters is a doctor
一______are.[福州市]
A. All B Both C Either D.Neither
[答案]B。[解析]本题考查代词的用法。either和neither用作代词时,往往表示单数,both和an用作代词时,表示复数。答语中的系动词用are,所以C、D两项可以排除。both指两者,a11指三者或三者以上,the twa’n sisters是两个人,所以本题应选用both。
8..--Which do you prefer, bananas or oranges
--_________. I enjoy eating apples. [广东省]
A. Both B. Either C. Neither D. All
[答案]C。[解析]本题考查代词both,all,either,neither的区别。问句“香蕉和橙子你更喜欢哪个 ”答句中最后一句为“我喜欢吃苹果。”由此推知,香蕉和橙子他都不喜欢,故用代词neither表示“两者都不”。both为“两者都”,either意为“两者中的任一个”,aIl指“三者或j者以上”。
9.Liu Ying lives with her grandparents in the countryside because ___________of her parents work in the city. [成都市]
A. both B. either C. neither
[答案]A 。[解析]根据句意可知both两者都;either两者中一个;neither两者都不。
4)no one、none
no one只用于指人,而表示“若有一定的范围,且指明了没有何人或何物时”,应用
none,它既可指人也可指物用“none of,,,后接复数名词时,谓语可以用复数,也可用单数;
后接不可数名词时,谓语用单数。
【考例】—Got any information about High School Examination
一Well,I was trying to,but found_________.[武汉]
A.one B.no one C.none D.some
22.答案:C解析:句中but表明前后意思不同,即“我在努力找,但没找到”,故排除A、D,而no one指人,none可指人也可指物,故选C。
5)some/any/no/every +thing/one/body
some类的词用于肯定句,any类的词用于否定和疑问句。
【考例】Look! There are __________pictures on the wall. [北京市]
A any B some C much D.both
[答案]B。[解析] 根据句意可知,“墙上有一些图画”,pictures是可数名词复数,much修饰不可数名词,any用于疑问句和否定句,而both表“两者都”。故选B。
3.——Walt,we have few vegetables for dinner.Could you go and buy__
一Yes,sure. But I don't have __money.[黄冈市]
A. any;any B some;any C any;some D.some; some
[答案]B。[解析]考查some的用法。some用在肯定句中,any用在否定句和疑问句中,但在一般疑问句中,当希望对方作肯定回答时,用some代替any。故不能选A。
14.Money is important in my life. But it isn't _________to me. [陕西省]
A. everything B. something C. nothing D. anything
[答案]A 。[解析]若后句用and,则B、c、D三项都可以是本题答案,但是后文用了but,就只能选everything了——钱在生活中是重要的,但对我来说并不是一切。
15.---Wow, so many new houses! I can't believe that. It used to be a poor village.
--Yes.__ has changed here. [河南省]
A. Nothing B. Something C. Everything D. Anything
[答案]C。 [解析] 根据上句的意思判断此处应填everything表示“所有东西”,这样才符合句意。
6)little和a little;few和a few
little和a little修饰不可数名词,做主语时谓语动词用单数;few和a few修饰可数名词,做主语时谓语动词用复数。
【考例】We need some more coffee. There is only ____left.[沈阳市]
A. little B a little C few D.a few
[答案]B 。[解析] coffee是不可数名词,不能用few、a few修饰,故排除c、D;从句中only判定,不能用little,因为little表否定,故选B。
一You look sad.Kate.
——Yeah,I have made ____mistakes in my report.[ 武汉]
A.a little B.1ittle C.a few D.few
38.答案:C解析:由上下句意表明此处为“在报告中我犯了好几个错误”,是肯定的,故排除B、D项,mistakes是可数名词复数形式,故选C。
The reporters asked the man ____questions,but he said ____words.[成都]
A.many;few B.much;a little C.a lot of; a few
答案:A解析:第一空只能选A或C。many与a lot of修饰可数名词复数questions。由题意“但他没有说一句话”故选few。
—Can you tell me how to keep healthy
—You should eat ____fast food vegetables and take enough exercise.[咸宁]
A.fewer;more B.fewer; 1ess C.less;fewer D.less:more
答案:D解析:food是不可数名词,不能用few修饰,故排除 A、B。句意为:你应该少吃快餐,多吃蔬菜,并做足够的锻炼。表示“多”用more而不能用fewer,故选D。
六、疑问代词用于构成特殊疑问句,其中what,which,whose兼有形容词特征,可以和名词连用。ww.zk53u.ecom
which和what两者均可与名词连用。就人或物提问。但which一般用于有一定范围的情况,what用于无范围或究竟是什么还不清楚的情况。
七、it的用法考查
在英语中,It的使用相当广泛。它既可用作代词(如:人称代词、指示代词和非人称代词),也可用作引导词(做形式主语、形式宾语及构成强调句型)。
一、考查it表示上文提过的事物或心目中的人或物的用法。
上文提过的事物(单数)或事情时,常用it来代替;指代心目中的人或物时也常用it来代替。
【考例】---________ will make your grandma happy if you buy a walking stick for her birthday, I guess.
---It sounds a good idea! She has some problems walking now. (年湖北宜昌)
A. That B. It C. This D. What
[答案]:B
[命题立意]:本题考查指代词的用法。
[试题解析]:依据题干you buy a walking stick for her birthday可知,此处用it指代这件事情。
-- A latest English newspaper, please!
--Only one copy left. Would you like to have_____ , sir (徐州)
A. it B. one C. this D. that
[答案]:A
[命题立意]:本题考查替代词的用法。
[试题解析]:it用于指代前面提到过的名词,可以替代单数可数名词和不可数名词。
三、考查it作形式主语或形式宾语。
it作形式主语或形式宾语时,可指代动名词、动词不定式、主语从句或宾语从句。此时, it自身无词义,位于句子主语或宾语的位置,而真正作主语或宾语的动名词、动词不定式或从句则置于句子的后面。
注意: 考查it作形式主语或形式宾语常与that,this, as等一起考查。that, this, as等均不能作形式主语或形式宾语。
【考例】My mother finds great fun to learn to drive a car. (苏州)
A. it B. this C. the D. what
[答案]:A
[命题立意]:本题考查“S + V + it + adj. to do sth.”句型的用法。
[试题解析]:it 作指代词,用作形式宾语。
六、it/that/one用法区别
(it主要指代前面提到的同一物;one用来指代前面出现的单数名词,相当于a/an+单数名词,表泛指概念,往往是同类而同一物;that用来替代前面出现的特指的单数可数名词或特指的不可数名词,相当于the+单数/不可数名词)
【考例】
一Two Evening Papers,please!
——0nly one copy left.Would you like to have____,sir [盐城]
A.one B.it C.this D.that
答案:B解析:句意:“请拿两份晚报!”“先生,仅剩下一份了。你想买它吗 ”用it来代替前面提到的one copy,故选B。
——Where's my watch
——Sorry.I don't know.Maybe you put____on the table.[浙江台州]
A.it B.her C.him D.them
答案:A解析:此题考查代词的用法。it代替前面出现的单数事物,故选it。
. I can’t find the pen I was given. Have you seen __________ [ 徐州]
A. it B. one C. this D. that
答案:A。it指前文出现过的单数物或人;one常用来代替上文出现的属于同一类事物的单数名词;that多指电话中的对方或用在比较等级前替代前边的事物;this指上文中已提到的两点中的后一点,其前一点用that表示。
【语法回顾】ww.zk53u.ecom
代词是代替名词、形容词和数词的词。按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词等。
一. 人称代词
 1.人称代词的人称、数和格,如下表所示。
 2.人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语,宾格作宾语。如:
  I like table tennis. 我喜欢乒乓球。(作主语)
Do you know him 你认识他吗?(作宾语)
3.人称代词还可作表语。作表语时用宾格。如:
---Who is knocking at the door 是谁在敲门?
---It’s me.是我。
4.人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时,用主格和宾格都可以。如:
He is older than me.他比我大。
He is older than I am. 他比我大。
二. 物主代词
 1.表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性
物主代词,如下表所示。
 2. 形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词,可在句中作定语。例如:
  Our teacher is coming to see us.我们的老师将来看我们。
  This is her pencil-box.这是她的铅笔盒。
 3. 名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词,在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。
   Our school is here, and theirs is there.我们的学校在这儿,他们的在那儿。(作主语)
  --- Is this English-book yours 这是你的英语书吗?(作表语)
  --- No. Mine is in my bag.不是,我的在书包里。
  I've already finished my homework. Have you finished yours 我已经做完家庭作业。你做完了吗? (作宾语)
三. 指示代词
  指示代词包括:this,that,these,those。
1. this和these一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人,that和those
则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人,例如:
  This is a pen and that is a pencil.这是一支钢笔而那是一支铅笔。
  We are very busy these days.我们这些天很忙。
  In those days the workers had a hard time.在那些日子里,工人们过的很艰难。
2. 有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物,this 和these则是指下面将要讲到的事物,例如:
I had a cold. That's why I didn't come. 我感冒了。那就是我为什么没来。
What I want to say is this ; pronunciation is very important in learning English.我想要说的就是这个,发音在学英语中很重要。
3. 有时为了避免重复提到的名词,常可用that或those代替,例如:
Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai.北京制造的电视机和上海制造的一样好。
4. this 在电话用语中代表自己,that 则代表对方。例如:
Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking 你好!我是玛利。你是杰克吗?
四. 反身代词ww.zk53u.ecom
  英语中用来表示"我自己","你自己","他自己","我们自己","你们自己"
等意义的代词称为反身代词,也有人称之为自身代名词,其形式如表所示。
反身代词可以在句中作宾语,表语,同位语。
1. 作宾语,表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者,主语和宾语指同一个人或一些人。
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。
Please help yourself to some fish.  请你随便吃点鱼。
2. 作表语。
It doesn't matter.I'll be myself soon.没关系,我一会就会好的。
The girl in the news is myself. 新闻中的姑娘是我自己。
3. 作主语或宾语的同位语,表示亲自或本人。
The thing itself is not important.  事情本身并不重要。
I myself washed the clothes.(=I washed the clothes myself.)我亲自洗衣服。(作主语同位语)
You should ask the teacher himself.你应该问老师本人。(作宾语同位语)
五. 不定代词
不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词,在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语。现将几个常用的不定代词举例说明如下:
1. some与any的区别
1)some多用于肯定句,表示“一些,几个”作形容词时,后面可以接①不可数名词+单数动词;②可数名词+复数动词。
Look! Some of the students are cleaning the library.看!一些学生正在打扫图书馆。
Some rice in the bag has been sold out.在袋子里的一些大米已经卖掉。
2)any多用于疑问句、条件句和否定句中,表示“一些,任何”用作形容词时,后面可以接①不可数名词+单数
动词;②可数名词+复数动词。
If you have any questions, please ask me.如果你有任何问题,请问我吧!
There isn't any orange in the bottle.瓶子里没有橘汁。
Have you got any tea 你还要茶吗?
3)any和some也可以作代词用,表示“一些”。any多用于疑问句或否定句中,some多用于肯定句中。
How many people can you see in the picture 你能看见在图片里有多少人?
I can't see any.我没有看见任何人。
If you have no money, I'll lend you some.如果你没有钱,我借给你一些。
注意:与some, any结合的词如something, somebody, someone, anything, anyone, anybody在
肯定句、否定句、疑问句、条件句中的用法,大致和some, any的用法相同。
注意:some用在肯定疑问句中 。 说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答时。
Would you like句式中,表委婉请求或建议。例如:
Would you like some coffee 喝咖啡吗?
2. few, a few, little, a little在用法上的区别
1)用作形容词:
含义用法 表示肯定 表示否定
用于可数名词 a few虽少,但有几个 few不多,几乎没有
用于不可数名词 a little,虽少,但有一点 little不多,没有什么
I'm going to buy a few apples.我去买些苹果。
He can speak only a little Chinese.他仅能讲一点汉语。
There is only a little milk in the glass.杯子里仅有一点牛奶。
He has few friends.他没有朋友。
They had little money with them.他们身上没有带钱。
2)a little和little也可以用作副词,a little表示“有点,稍微”,little表示“很少”。
I'm a little hungry. 我有点饿。(修饰形容词hungry)
Let him sleep a little. 让他睡一会儿。(修饰动词sleep)
Mary, go a little faster, please.玛丽,请稍微走快一点。 (修饰副词比较级)
She slept very little last night.昨天晚上她没有睡觉。
3. other, the other, another, others, the others的区别。
用 法 代名词 形容词
单数 复数 单数 复数
不定 Another另一个 others别人,其他人 another (boy)另一个(男孩) other (boys)其他男孩
特定 the other另一个 the others其余那些人、物 the other (boy)另一个男孩 the other (boys)其余那些男孩
1)other可以作形容词用,后面可以跟单数或复数名词,意思是“其他的、别
的”。
Where are his other books 他的其他书在哪里?
I haven't any other books except this one.除这本书,我没有别的书了。
2)other也可以用作代词,与冠词the连用构成“the other”,表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。常与one搭配构成“one ..., the other ...”句型。
He has two brothers. One is 10 years old , the other is 5 years old.他有两个弟弟,一个是10岁,另一个是5岁。
She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise-book in the other.她一只手拿着尺子,另一只手拿着一本练习册。
3)other作代词用时,可以有复数“others”,泛指“另外的人或物”。常与some搭配构成“some ...., others ...”句型。
Some went to the cinema, others went swimming.一些去看电影了,另外的去游泳了。
This coat is too large. Show me some others, please.这件大衣太大,请给我拿另外的。
4)“the others”表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。
We got home by 4 o'clock, but the others didn't get back until 8 o'clock.
In our class only Tom is English, the others are Chinese.在我们班只有汤姆是英国人,其他的是中国人。
5)another可以作形容词用,修饰后面的名词,意为“另一个”,还可以跟代词one.
You can see another ship in the sea, can't you 你能看见海上另一只船,不是吗?
Mary doesn't want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one 玛利不想买这条裙子,请再给她拿一条好吗?
6)another也可以作代词用,表示“另一个”。
I'm still hungry after I've had this cake. Please give me another.吃完蛋糕我还饿,请在给我一个。
4. every与each的区别。
Each Every
1)可单独使用 1)不可单独使用
2)可做代名词、形容词 2)仅作形容词
3)着重“个别” 3)着重“全体”,毫无例外
4)用于两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物 4)用于三者或三者以上每一个人或物
The teacher gave a toy to each child.老师给每个孩子一个玩具。
Each ball has a different colour. 每个球有一个不同的颜色。
当我们说each child, each student或each teacher时,我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当我们说every child和every student时,我们想到的是全体的情况,every的意思与all接近,表示他们都如此。
Every student loves the English teacher. = All students love the English teacher.每一个学生都喜欢英语老师。
Every child likes playing. = All children like playing.每一个孩子都喜欢玩。
5. all和both的用法。
1)all指三者以上,或不可数的东西。谓语动词既可以用单数,也可以用作复数。在句中作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语。
All of us like Mr Pope. 我们都喜欢Pope先生。(作主语)
= We all like Mr Pope. (作同位语)
All the water has been used up. 所有的水都用完了。(作主语)
That's all for today.这一切都是为今天。 (作表语)
Why not eat all (of) the fish 为什么不吃所有的鱼呢? (作宾语)
All the leaders are here.所有的领导都在这儿。 (作定语)
2)both作代词。
①与其他名词或代词并列出现,表示“两个都”。
Lucy and Lily both agree with us.露西和李莉两个都同意我们的意见。
They both passed on their sticks at the same time.他们俩同时传出接力棒。
How are your parents 你的父母怎么样?They're both fine.他们都很好。
②与“of +代词(或名词)”连用,表示“两者都”。
Both of them came to see Mary.他们俩都来看过玛利。
Both of the books are very interesting.两本书都很有趣。
③单独使用,表示“两者(都)”。
Michael has two sons. Both are clever. Michael有两个儿子,两个都聪明。
I don't know which book is the better, I shall read both.我不知道哪一本书好,我两本都看。
3)both用作形容词,放在名词之前,修饰该名词,表示“两者都”。
Both his younger sisters are our classmates.他的两个妹妹都是我们的同学。
. There are tall trees on both sides of the street.街道两边都有高树。
六. 相互代词
表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词有each other 和one another两种形 式。在当代英语中,each other和one another没有什么区别。相互代词可在句中作宾语,定语。作定语用时,相互代词用所有格形式。
  We should learn from each other / one another. (作宾语)
  Do you often write to each other / one another 你们经常相互写信吗?(作宾语)
  The students borrowed each other's notes. 学生们互借笔记。 (作定语)
  The students corrected each other's / one another's mistakes in their homework. 学生们互相纠正的错误。
(作定语)
七. 疑问代词
疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中,一般都放在句首,并在句子中作为某一句子成分。例如:
Who is going to come here tomorrow 明天谁来这儿?(作主语)
What is that 这是什么? (作表语)
Whose umbrella is this 这是谁的雨伞? (作定语)
Whom are you waiting for 你在等谁? (作宾语)
八.关系代词
关系代词是一种引导从句并起连接主句和从句作用的代词。关系代词有 who, whose, whom, that, which. 它们在句中可用作主语,表语,宾语,定语. 在主句中,它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。例如:
I hate people who talk much but do little.我不喜欢说得多,做得少的人。
I’m looking at the photograph which you sent me with your letter.我正在看你信中的那张照片。
With the money that he had saved, he went on with his studies.用他所存的钱,他继续他的学业。
Do you know the lady who is interviewing our headmaster 你认识采访我们校长的那位女士吗
II、It的用法
1)( 指心目中或上下文中的人或物)这;那;它。例如:
It's a part-time job, so I only work evenings.这是一件零活,我只是在晚上做。
2)(指无生命的或性别不详的或性别无关紧要的小孩或动物)它。例如:
What a beautiful baby! Is it a boy 多漂亮的婴孩! 是个男孩吗?
3)(指成为问题或话题的对象的人或物)那个;这个。例如:
“What's that?” “It's a book(a colour television).”那是什么?那是一本书(一台彩色电视机)
“Who is on the phone ”“It's Mary.”谁的电话?是玛丽的。
4)用作主语表示时间、天气、气温、距离等一般不译出。例如:
It's Monday, the 1st of May.今天是五月一日,星期一。
It is about a mile to the station.距离车站大约一英里。
5)指不清楚的情况等不译出。例如:
Who's it speaking I don't recognize your voice.你是谁呀?我听不出你的声音来。
6)it用作引导词
一、It's time for sb. to do sth. / It's time for sth.意为"是(某人)该干……的时间了"、"到……的时候了"。例如:
It's time for supper /to have supper.该吃晚饭了。
It's time for us to go to school我们该去上学去了。
二、It takes(sb.)some time to do sth.意为"(某人)花……时间做某事"。例如:
It takes twenty minutes to go to school by bike. 骑自行车上学要花二十分钟的时间。
It took me a week to finish reading the book. 我花了一周时间读完这本书。
三、It is one's turn to do sth.意为"轮到某人做某事了"。例如:
It's your turn to be on duty tomorrow. 明天轮到你值日了。
四、It is / has been +时间段+since +一般过去时,意为"自从……以来已过了……(时间)。" 例如:
It is / has been four days since I caught a cold. 我感冒已四天了。
It is / has been two weeks since we met last. 自从我们上次见面以来已过了两周。
五、It seems /seemed +that从句,意为"看起来好像……"。例如:
It seemed that our team was going to win. 我们队看起来好像要赢了。
六、It's+表语+to do sth.。例如:
It's a good idea to go out for a walk. 出去散步是个好主意。
七、It's +adj.+that从句。例如:
It's true that I may fall behind the other students.我真可能落在别的学生后面。
八、 It's+adj.+of(for)sb.+to do sth.。对于这个句型究竟用of还是用for,主要取决于前面的形容词。如果形容词是描述不定式行为者的性格、品质等的,如 kind,good,nice,clever等用of;如果形容词仅仅是描述行为的则用for,这类形容词常见的有difficult,easy,hard, important,dangerous等。例如:
It is nice of you to come to see me.你能来看我真好。
It is dangerous for children to play with fire.对小孩儿来说玩火是危险的。
【语法过关】
1.When Yang Liwei came back from space, many reporters interviewed ________ and got some first-hand information.
A. he B. him C. his D. himself
2. camera is not so expensive as ,but it works well, too.
A, My; his B. Mine; him C. My; him D. Mine; his
3.--- Tom, Mary can’t sharpen the pencil. Can you give a hand
--- Certainly.
A. she B. her C. hers D. herself
4.--Carl, why not go and help your sister water the flowers there
--Why ________ I'm busy myself. Jack is lying on the grass doing nothing.
A. me B. I C. him D. he
5.Liu Xiang and Yao Ming are world-famous sports stars. ____ of them have set a good example to us.
A. All B. Neither C. Both D. None
6..—How many of these books have you read
--______ of them. Every one.
A. Many B. Some C. All D. None
7.When we got to the city center,_______ shops were still open, but most of them were closed.
A. the B. some C. many D.不填
8.--Can I park my car here
--Yes. You can park on side of the street.
A. either B. neither C. both D. all
9.--- Are your parents doctors, too
--- No, they are teachers. of them love teaching very much.
A. All B. Both C. None D. Neither
10.____went surfing at the beach because of the terrible weather.
A. Someone B. Everyone C. Nothing D. No none
11.---My computer! It’s all black!
---Let me have a look. And you may use ________ if you have something important to do. She is just playing games now.
A. mine B. it C. hers D. his
12.--Which would you like, tea or coffee
-- ________is OK. I really don't mind.
A. Both B. None C. Either D. Neither
13. I agree with most of what you said. But I don't agree with _________.
A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything
14.-- Did your parents go to the film yesterday evening
-- No. We ______stayed at home watching TV.
A. both B. all C. either D. none
15.—Have you heard of the accident about Lucy and her father
--Accident No, I haven’t. Tell me about_____.
A. it B. her C. him D. them
16.My mother finds great fun to learn to drive a car.
A. it B. this C. the D. what
17.---________ will make your grandma happy if you buy a walking stick for her birthday, I guess.
---It sounds a good idea! She has some problems walking now.
A. That B. It C. This D. What
18.-- A latest English newspaper, please!
--Only one copy left. Would you like to have_____ , sir
A. it B. one C. this D. that
19.Merry Christmas, George! Here is a card for , with best wishes.
A. you.., our B. us... your C. you.., your D. us... our
20. Not long ago, our country sent up a rocket with two small satellites(卫星 ) into space. One weighed 204 kilos and _ _,25 kilos.
A. another B. other C. others D. the other
21——Your coffee smells good!
——It's from Canada. Would you like _________
A. it B. some C. this D. little
22.______ of the Class 1 students is in the classroom. They are having a PE lesson on the playground.
A. Both       B. Neither      C. All        D. None
23.He doesn't know ______ English because he has studied it for only ____ weeks.
A.much…a few B.little…few C.few…a little D.a few…a little
24— Excuse me , have you got any ink
— Yes, but only .
A. a little B. a few C. little D. few
25.There’s too much noise here. Let’s go      .
A. quiet everywhere B. somewhere quiet C. everywhere quiet D. quiet somewhere
【参考答案】
1.[答案]:B依据题意:当杨利伟从太空返回时,许多记者采访他得到第一手资料。
2.[答案]:A.名词前应用形容词性的人称代词;依句意:我的照相机与他的照相机相比,应用名词性人称代词。故选A。
3.[答案]:B本题考查固定词组中的人称代词的用法。give sb. a hand 表示“帮助某人”的意思,故选B。
4.[答案]:A.本题考查人称代词宾格的用法。在无谓语动词的句子中,常用宾格的人称代词作主语,而不用其主格人称代词。先排除B、D; 依据后句其主语是第一人称,故选A。
5.[答案]:C由上句可知是指Liu Xiang and Yao Ming 两个人,用于表示两者都的含义,应用both。
6.[答案]:C本题考查不定代词的用法。依据题意:你读了多少本书?每一本书都读过了。
7.[答案]:B依据题意:当我们到达市中心时候,有些商店还在开着,但大部分关着。
8.[答案]:A依据题意:你可以停在街道的任何一边。Either表示“两者之间的任何之一”,故选A。
9.[答案]:B由前一句句意:你的父母都也是医生吗?可知是针对两者都是……,可排除A、C。neither表示“两者之间任何一者”,故选B。
10.[答案]:D根据后面的句意: 由于恶劣的气候,可知“没有一个人在海滨冲浪”。所以用no one。
11.[答案]:C依据句意:如果你有重要的事情要做,你可以用她的电脑。此处hers=her computer, 故用名词性物主代词。
12.[答案]:C由上句句意:你喜欢喝茶还是咖啡?其后答应是:两者中任何一者都可以,应用either。
13.[答案]:D依据句意:一切我都不同意。表示“一切”,故用D。
14.[答案]:B依据上句句意:你父母昨天晚上去看了电影吗?可知我和父母待在家里看电视。是指三者,而且表示肯定。故应选用all。
15.[答案]:A依据句意:告诉我有关事故的情况。用it指代accident。
16.[答案]:A本题考查“S + V + it + adj. to do sth.”句型的用法。it 作指代词,用作形式宾语。
17.[答案]:B依据题干you buy a walking stick for her birthday可知,此处用it指代这件事情。
18.[答案]:Ait用于指代前面提到过的名词,可以替代单数可数名词和不可数名词。
19.[答案]: A依据题意:圣诞节快乐!乔治!给你带有我们良好祝愿的贺卡。故选A。
20.[答案]: D依据题意:一个重量为204公斤,另一个是25公斤;是指两者之间的另一个。故应选D。
21[答案]: B由上句可知:你的咖啡味道非常好,它产自加拿大。再来点吗?用some想得到肯定的答复。
22.[答案]: D:由后一句他们正在操场上体育课。可知一班的学生不在教室里。故选D。
23.[答案]: A由题意可知,他对英语不懂得太多,因为他仅学了几周。由weeks可知,其前面要用能修饰复数名词的代词,其他三项均不符合。故应选A。
24[答案]: A由上句可知:墨水是不可数名词,先排除B、D。由答语可知:但仅有一点。故选A。
25.[答案]: B本题考查不定代词和形容词的用法。形容词修饰不定代词时,应放在不定代词后面。先排除A、D。依据题意:这太吵了,咱们到安静的地方去。故选B。
用心 爱心 专心透析中考英语语法定语从句考点
【定语从句命题趋势与预测】
根据对定语从句部分全国各省市中考试题的分析可知,今后该部分仍将是重点考查点之一。其考查重点为:
定语从句的功用和结构
关系代词和关系副词的功用
各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法
【考点诠释】
一、考查以that与which引导的定语从句
1.通常只能用that的情况
1)当先行词是不定代词a11,few,little,much,something,anything,nothing,everything等时。
2)先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级以及被a11,any,every,each,few,little,no,some,
the only.the very.the last等修饰时。
3)如果先行词既指人又指物,应用关系代词that。
【考例】Without friendship, one can't be happy although he is rich enough. As for me, I will never forget the days __ I spent with my dearest friend. [哈尔滨市]
A. that B. when C. who
[答案]A。[解析]在定语从句中,引导词who(指人)which(指物)that(指人或物)。由先行词the days作spent的宾语可判定用that引导。
2.通常只用which的情况
(1)引导非限定性定语从句,用关系代词which指代前面整个句子的内容。
(2)引导非限定性定语从句,而且先行词指物时只能用which,不用that。
(3)如果句中有两个定语从句,如果两个从句都可以用that引导,那么其中一个应改用which引导。
【考例】Many young people love the songs _________have great lyrics. [成都市]
A. who B. those C. which
[答案]C。[解析]考查定语从句。定语从句的引导词有which,who,where,that,故排除B,who指人,又排除了A,先行词是物,故选C。
二、考查以who,whom与whose引导的定语从句
(1)如果先行词是指人的不定代词anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,nobody,one,ones,those,all(指人)等作先行词,作主语用who,作宾语用whom。who而不用which。
(2)在非限制性定语从句中,指人作主语用who,作宾语用whom,who。
(3)在定语从句中,作定语的关系代词只能用whose,它相当于the+名词+of +which/whom;非限制性定语从句中还有 “代词/数词+of +which/whom"结构。
【考例The man _________ gave us a talk on science yesterday is a famous scientist. [广东省]
A. who B. whose C. which D. whom
[答案]A。[解析]本题考查定语从句的关系代词。先行词为the man,指人,排除which;连接代词在从句中作主语,排除 whose和whom。故本题选who。
--Do you know the man __is running along the street
--Yes. He is our English teacher. [长沙市]
A. who B. which C. whom
[答案]A。[解析]考查定语从句。限制性定语从句,如果修饰人,一般用关系who,有时用 that(作主语时用who较多)。
三、考查关系副词where、when与why引导的定语从句
它们相当于“介词+which",其中where=in/at +which;when=at/in/during +which;why=for +which。
(1)关系副词where引导定语从句时,只能在定语从句中作地点状语,其修饰的名词必须是表示地点的名词。
(2)关系副词when引导定语从句时,只能在定语从句中作时间状语,其修饰的名词必须是表示时间的名词。
(3)关系副词why引导定语从句时,只能在定语从句中作原因状语,其修饰的名词必
须是表示原因的名词。
【考例】 (2009·绵阳中考)Disney is an amusement park you can find a11 the normal attractions and Disney movies and characters.
A.which B.where C.that D .when
答案:B点拨:此题考查定语从句。先行词为an amusement park指地点,故关系词用where。
五、对“介词+关系代词”的考查
当关系代词作介词宾语,且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时,介词可以提前,这样就出现“介词+关系代词”。先行词指物,用“介词+which”,指人则用“介词+whom",且两个关系代词均不能省略。介词的选择要遵循两个原则:根据定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配内容而定;根据先行词的特殊用法而定。
【考例】Do you know the young lady ____your mother is talking (湖北黄石)
A. who B. whom C. with whom D. which
[答案]:C
[命题立意]:本题考查“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句的用法。
[试题解析]:先行词为the young lady,被关系代词whom代替在从句中作talk with 的宾语,介词with 可以放在关系代词之前,故应选C。
【语法回顾】
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词叫做关系代词(that, which, who, whom, whose)或关系副词(when, where),关系代词和关系副词放在先行词与定语从句之间,起联系的作用,同时又作定语从句的一个成分。
关系代词、副词 作用 先行词 例句
that, who,whom(只做宾语) 主语、宾语、表语 人 Do you know the girl who/that is standing under a tree 你知道站在树下的女孩是谁吗
that,which 主语、宾语、表语 物、时间、地点、原因 She got a computer which/that her parents bought for her.她有一台她的父母买给她的电脑。
whose 定语 人物 The boy whose father is a doctor studies very hard.他的爸爸是医生的男孩学习非常刻苦。The classroom whose window is open is mine.窗户开着的那个教室是我的教室。
when 状语 时间 I still remember the day when you leave for Beijing.我仍然记得你去北京的那一天。
where 状语 地点 This is the school where my mother works.这就是我妈妈工作的学校。
why 状语 原因 Could you explain the reason why you were late 你能解释一下你迟到的原因吗
二、关系代词在定语从句中的用法(关系代词作宾语时可省略):
1.that指人或物,在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。
This is the pen that you are looking for. 这是你要找的那支钢笔。(宾语)
The girl that has long hair is my sister.留着长发的那个女孩是我妹妹。(主语)
2.which指物,在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。
The bike which is made in Tianjin sells well.天津产的自行车销售很好。(主语)
The fish which we bought were not fresh.我们买的鱼不新鲜。(宾语)
3.who, whom指人,在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。
The boy who broke the window is called Tom.打碎窗户的男孩叫Tom. (主语)
The person to whom he is talking is my father.正在和他谈话的那个人是我父亲。(宾语)
4.whose指人或物,在定语从句中作定语。
The girl whose bag is new is called Ann.新书包的那个女孩叫Ann。(指人)
He lives in a house whose widows open to the south.他住在窗户朝南的那所房子。(指物)
三、只用which不用that的情况:
1.在介词后只用which,不能用that。
This is the bank in which the robbery happened.这是那所发生抢劫案的银行。
2.先行词本身是that时,只能用which,不能用that。
The clock is that which tells the time.钟表是用来报时的。
四、只用that不用which的情况:
1.先行词被形容词最高级修饰时只能用that。
This is the most beautiful mountain that I have seen. 这是我所见过的最美丽的山。
2.先行词被序数词修饰时只能用that。
The first English novel that I read was Thirty-nine Steps.我读的第一本英文小说是《39级台阶》。
3. 先行词前有all, any, no, little, much, many, the only, the very, the last等修饰词时只能用that。
Here are all the books that I have. 这就是我所有的书。
This is the only book that I like.这是我唯一喜欢的一本书。
4.先行词是everything, something, anything, all, none, much, little, many, few等不定代词时,只能用that。
Finally, the thief handed in everything that he had stolen.最后小偷交出了他所偷的东西。
5.先行词同时含有“人”和“物”的名词时,只能用that。
I can remember the people and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能记得我在房间里看到的人和一些图画。
6.先行词是the one时,只能用that。
This is the one that you want. 这就是你想要的。
7.在以who引导的疑问句后,为了避免重复,只能用that。
Who is the girl that is standing there 站在那边的那个女孩是谁?
五、在介词后只能用whom,不能用who。
The girl to whom I talked just now is from America. 我刚刚与之谈话的那个女孩是来自美国的。
六、定语从句中主谓一致的问题:
当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语动词要与先行词的人称和数保持一致(我们要知道,关系代词所代指的就是先行词,这里有一个等量关系)。
Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA. Tom是众多来自美国的男孩中的一个。
Tom is the only boy that is from the USA. Tom是惟一从美国来的男孩。
七、定语从句中的介词与副词的问题:
当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时,如果定语从句中的谓语动词是不及物动词时,要加介词或副词。(定语从句中的不及物动词加介词或副词构成固定的及物动词短语后,不能把介词或副词提前到关系代词前。)
He is the old man who/whom we looked after last year.他是我们去年照顾的那个老人。
That is the book which I am looking for.那就是我要找的书。
八、关系副词when与where的使用:
1.when指时间:
I will never forget the time when we worked on the farm.我将永远不会忘记我们在农场劳动的那段时光。
2.where指地点(where=in等介词+which):
This is the house where(=in which) he lived last year.这是他去年住的房子。
九、定语从句与作定语的①动词不定式、②介词短语、③现在分词短语、④过去分词短语的转换:
She has much work that she must do.=She has much work to do.她有许多要做的工作。
The man in the car is Mr. Green.=The man who is in the car is Mr. Green.在车上的人是格林先生。
The girl watering flowers there is my sister.=The girl who is watering flowers there is my sister.在浇花的女孩是我妹妹。
The boy saved in the river has come back to life.= The boy who was saved in the river has come back to life.从河里救起的男孩苏醒过来了。
【语法过关】
1. --Do you like the pop singer
--No, I prefer the singer __________can sing folk music.
A. which B. who C. where D. how
2. The man _________is wearing a blue jacket is Jim's uncle.
A. who B. whom C. which D. /
3.Do you know the young lady ____your mother is talking
A. who B. whom C. with whom D. which
4. ---Does the teacher know everybody _______ planted the trees
---Yes, he does.
A. which B. whose C. where D. who
5.The letter _______ I received from him yesterday is very important.
A. who B. where C. what D. that
6.---Where is the scientist ________ gave us the talk yesterday
---He has gone back to Qinghua University.
A. whom B. who C. whose D. which
7.I hate people _______ talk much but do little.
A. whose B. whom C. which D. who
8.I'm looking at the photograph ___ you sent me with your letter.
A. who B. whom C. which D. it
9.I hate people don’t help others when they are in trouble.
A.who B.which C.they
10. --Barbara, where do you work
--I work for a company _________sells cars.
A. which B. where C. what D. who
11.Do you know the young lady ____your mother is talking
A. who B. whom C. with whom D. which
12.The letter _______ I received from him yesterday is very important.
A. who B. where C. what D. that
【参考答案】
1.B[解析]考查学生对定语从句中引导词的掌握。定语从句中先行词是人时用who引导。
2.A.[解析]考查学生对定语从句。 先行词是人且引导词在从句中作主语,故用who引导。
3.C.[解析]本题考查“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句的用法。先行词为the young lady,被关系代词whom代替在从句中作talk with 的宾语,介词with 可以放在关系代词之前,故应选C。
4.D.[解析]本题考查引导定语从句的关系代词的选择。 因为先行词是人,而关系代词又在定语从句中作主语,所以只有who合适。
5.D.[解析]本题考查定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是物,而关系代词在定语从句中作宾语,所以只有that合适。
6. B.[解析]本题考查引导定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是人,而关系代词又在定语从句中作主语,所以只有who合适。
7.D.[解析]本题考查引导定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是人,而关系代词又在定语从句中作主语,所以只有who合适。
8. C.[解析]本题考查定语从句的用法。句中的先行词是the photograph,同时在定语从句中作宾语,故关系代词应用which。其答案为:C。
9. A.[解析]本题考查定语从句的用法。句中的先行词是people,同时在定语从句中作主语,故关系代词应用who。其答案为:A。
10.A.[解析]作定语从句的引导词,which可修饰物,who指代人,that指人或物。定语从句修饰company,选用which。
11。答案C 解析:先行词为the young lady,被关系代词whom代替在从句中作talk with 的宾语,介词with 可以放在关系代词之前,故应选C。
12.答案D 解析: 因为先行词是物,而关系代词在定语从句中作宾语,所以只有that合适。
用心 爱心 专心透析中考英语语法名词考点
【名词命题趋势与预测】
根据近几年全国各地中考试题对名词部分考查的分析可知,今后对名词部分的考查重点为:
名词的可数与不可数性。
名词单复数在特定情况下的使用。
名词的普通格与所有格作定语的选用。
物质名词、抽象名词具体化。
名词词义的区别与固定搭配。
【考点诠释】
一、名词的各种分类。单、复数的用法及单数名词变复数名词的方式,包括可数名词的复数的变化规则,少数不规则名词的复数形式及部分单复、数同形的名词。
【考例】There is good_________ for you. I've found your lost watch. [广东省]
A. news B. ideas C. messages D. thoughts
[答案]A。[解析] 四个选项都是以s结尾的名词,其中A为不可数名词,B、C、D为名词的复数形式,句中用了连系动词is,所以只有A项正确。
My uncle will come to my house for dinner.I want to buy some ___to make a vegetable salad for him.[济宁]
A.meat B.tomatoes C.apple juice
[答案]B。[解析]下文说制作蔬菜沙拉,故选蔬菜类的tomatoes。
The teacher said we needed to choose three for the school concert. [ 重庆]
A. farmers B. doctors C. drivers D. singers
[答案] D。 [解析]可数名词的复数形式是在原形后加“s”。根据school concert可知,需要挑选的是singers。
At night the koala bear gets up and eats___________.[广元]
A.1eaf B.1eaves C. leafs
[答案]B。[解析]考查名词leaf的复数形式。 以f或fe结尾的名词在变复数时,一般将f或fe变v后,加es。
The PLA man saved three ____lives in the accident.[济南]
A.children’s B.children C.child D.childs'
[答案]A。[解析]考查名词所有格的用法。three后接复数children,变名词所有格时直接加“'s”,故选A。
Come on,children.Help yourselves to some_________ if you like.[南通]
A.fish and chicken B.fishes and chicken C.fish and chickens D.fishes and chickens
[答案]A。[解析]fish(鱼肉)和chicken(鸡肉)都是不可数名词。
All the ____teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th,because it was their own holiday.[ 重庆]
A.man B.men C.woman D.women
[答案]D。[解析]由时间on March 8th可知是妇女节,因此是女教师。“女教师”单数形式用woman teacher,复数形式两个词都要变为复数。故选D。
二、不可数名词数量的表达法。用“数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词”这样的结构来表示,量词可以是单数也可以是复数,但of后面的名词只能用单数。
Mr Smith always has _________to tell us.[青岛]
A.some good pieces of news B. some pieces of good news
C.some good piece of newes D.some piece of good newes
[答案]A。[解析]考查名词的数的掌握。 news意为“消息”,是不可数名词,所以C、D两项可排除。形容词修饰类似的词组时,一般放在前面。
——Would you like to have a look at some pants
They may fit you well.
一Well,I'd like to try those blue__________.[黄冈]
A.pairs B.one C.pant D.pair
[答案]A。[解析]pants要用a pair of来修饰,由those blue确定其后接pairs的复数形式,故选A。
―Would you like some drinks, boys [ 河北]
―Yes, , please.
A. some oranges B. two boxes of chocolates C. some cakes D. two bottles of orange
[答案] D [解析]orange是不可数名词。可用“数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词”这样的结构来表示它的数量。量词(piece, bottle, glass, pair, cup等)是可数名词,可根据情况用单数或复数,但of后面的名词只能用单数。
exciting news! We will have long holiday after the exam. [ 黄冈]
A. What an, a B. What, a C. How an, the D. How, the
[答案] B。 [解析]news为不可数名词,其前面不能用a/an来修饰。不可数名词的确切数量可借助单位词组来表示,如a piece of,a cup of ,two glasses of three bottles of,etc。
三、名词所有格及其用法。以-s结尾的单数名词加“’”或“’s”构成所有格;以-s或-es结尾的复数名词只加“’”;不规则复数名词在词尾加“’s”;两者或两者以上共同所有,把“’s”加在最后的名词上;表示各自拥有某件东西时,每个名词都要用所有格形式。
_________fathers are both scientists.[ 咸宁]
A.Jim's and Bob B.Jim's and Bob's C.Jim and Bob's D.Jim and Bob
[答案]B。[解析]当两个人分别拥有时,要在每个人后都加名词所有格的标志“’s”来表达。吉姆的父亲和鲍勃的父亲不是一个人,所以在其后都加“'s”,故选B。
_____room is big and bright.They like it very much. [河北]
A.Tom and Sam B.Tom's find Sam C.Tom and Sam's D.Tom's and Sam's
[答案]C。[解析]本题考查名词所有格的用法。表示两人共同拥有某一事物时,只需要在第二个人的后面加“’s”。故选C。
―How’s Joy’s skirt ―Her skirt is more beautiful than . [ 兰州]
A. her sister’s and Kate B. her sister and Kate
C. her sister and Kate’s D. her sister’s and Kate’s
[答案] D。 [解析]当某物为几个人所共有时,只在最后一个名词后用所有格形式;如表示两者或两者以上分别所有,应在每个名词后用所有格形式。
四、表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词,也可以加“'s”来构成所有格。如:today's newspaper.ten minutes,walk,China's industry
—Excuse me, is the supermarket far from here
—No, it’s about _______.(浙江宁波)
A. 7 minutes walk B. 7 minute walk C. 7 minutes’ walk D. 7 minute’s walk
[答案]C。[解析]考查名词所有格用法。当名词的复数以-s结尾时,则只需要加“’”即可,则“7分钟的距离”为“7 minutes’ walk”。
——Come and see me in .
——With pleasure.That’s what I'm expecting.[哈尔滨]
A.two or three days' B.two or three day's time C.two or three days' time
答案:C解析:in后接一段时间,此处表示“两三天的时间”,要用名词所有格形式,因two or three days是复数,直接加“”’,故选C。
I'm going on holiday on the 12th.I have to be back at work on the 26th.So I've got two_______ holiday.[临沂]
A.weeks B.week's C.weeks' D.week
答案:C解析:本题考查名词所有格的用法。“两周”是复数,用two weeks,weeks变名词所有格时,只需在后面加“’”,故选C。
五、名词作主语时的主谓一致。主语为单数形式,谓语动词也用单数形式,主语为复数,则谓语动词也用复数;主语形式上是单数,但表达复数意义,那么谓语动词 要用复数形式;主语形式上是复数形式但表达单数意义,则谓语动词也采用单数形式;谓语动词的人称和数由最靠近它的主语决定。
六、语境中名词的选择。根据语境确定名词的词义,再根据句法进一步确定词形。
Studying in a foreign country is a different _____and you can learn a lot.[盐城]
A.event B.exercise C.experience D.exhibition
答案:C解析:由选项及句意“在外国学习是一次不同的并且你能学到许多东西。”可知用experience“经历”最合适。故选C。
---Would you like some_________
---No, thank you. I'm not hungry at all. [陕西省]
A. tea B. water C. bread D. coffee
[答案]C 。[解析]后文中有hungry,说明上文询问的是关于食品的问题,所以选bread。
It's common ____that the Japanese eat Sushi. [沈阳]
A.information B.knowledge C.direction D.instruction
答案:B解析:由选项及句意“日本人吃寿司是常识”。information意为“信息”;knowledge意为“知识,学识”; direction意为“方向”;instruction意为“说明”,故选B。
The thing that ____is not whether you fan or not,but whether you try or not.[苏州]
A.minds B.cares C.matters D.considers
答案:C解析:句意为“问题不在于你失败与否,而在于你是否尝试了”。mind"介意”,care"关心”,matter"有关系,重要”,consider"认为,考虑”,故选C。
——I don't know how to use this machine.
一It doesn't matter.Here is the____.[江西]
A.instruction B.direction C.information D.advertisement
答案:A解析:句意:“我不知道怎样使用这台机器。”“没关系。这儿有说明。”故选A。
——What do you know about____
——Line drawings that show how something works.[沈阳]
A.pictures B.diagrams C.programmes D.paintings
答案:B解析:由答语中的“画的线表明事情是怎么工作的”可知由“线”来表示,故应是图表。
七、易混名词的区别。主要是要求区别一些常见的容易混淆的名词的用法。ww.
---Look, the tall building looks very modern.
---Yes, and there is a garden on its ___________. A garden in the air! [河南省]
A. top B. ground C. side D. floor
[答案]A。[解析] 由A garden in the air可判断为“顶部”。
一How can I tell one tree from another
一You can mostly tell them by the _________of their leaves.[07武汉市]
A.shape B size C.age D color
[答案]A 。[解析]本题与生物知识。区别树的不同点时,大多通过树叶的“形状”。
---Oh! There isn't enough _________ for us in the bus.
---No hurry. Let's wait for the next. [昆明市]
A. place B. land C. room D. floor
[答案]C。[解析]考查单词room的用法。place意为“地点”;land意为“陆地";room作可数名词时表示“房间”,作不可数名词时意为“地方”;floor意为“楼层,地板”。在“公共汽车上”,只能是没有足够的“地方”。
0ur school held an activity called “Recommend Books to Your Teachers”.The students made a
____of 1 000 books.[淄博]
A.note B.1ine C.menu D.1ist
答案:D解析:句意为“学生列了一张1 000本书的清单”。note"笔记”,line“线”,menu“菜单”,list“名单,单子”,故选D。
【语法回顾】
名词是用来表示人、事物、地点、现象及其他抽象概念等名称的词。英语名词一般分为两类,即专有名词和普通名词。普通名词又可分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词。个体名词和集体名词一般可数,有单复数之分;物质名词和抽象名词一般不可数。所以从可数性方面看,名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。高考热点主要是不可数名词.可数名词的单复数以及名词和其他词类(如冠词、动词、介词等)组成的固定短语,还包括具体情景中名词词义的辨析等知识的综合。
一、名词的数
(一)规则变化:
1.一般名词的复数形式是在词尾直接加-s构成。如:
page→pages pen→pens student→students
2.以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词,变成复数时在词尾加-es。如:
class→classes box→ boxes brush→ brushes watch→watches
3.以-f和-fe结尾的词变f或fe为v,再加-es。如:
leaf→ leaves knife→knives wife→wives
注意:roof,gulf,belief,chief,safe,proof,staff等其复数直接在词尾加-s。
handkerchief的复数为handkerchiefs或handkerchieves.
4.以辅音字母加一y结尾之名词,先将y变成i,再加-es。如:
party-→parties story→stories university→universities
5.以字母o结尾的词,一般来说,生物名词,包括动、植物名词加-es构成复数。例如:
Negro→ Negroes黑人 hero→ heroes英雄 potato→potatoes土豆tomato→ tomatoes西红柿
以-o结尾的无生物名词一般直接加-s构成复数。例如:
photon→ photos照片piano→pianos钢琴 kilo→kilos公斤tobacco→tobaccos烟草
外来的有生物以-o结尾的名词也只加—s构成复数。例如:
Eskimo→ Eskimos爱斯基摩人 Filipino-→filipinos菲律宾人
(二)不规则变化:
1.变化名词中所含的元音字母。如:
foot-→feet tooth→ teeth goose→geese man→men
2.词尾加-en或-ren。如:
child→ childlien ox→oxen
3.单复数同形。如:
sheep,deer,fsh,means(方法),aircraft(飞机)
4.表“某国人”的名词,其复数变化有3种情况。
(1)单复数形式相同。如:
a Chinese→ ten Chinese;a Japanese→ five Japanese
(2)变词尾的.man/woman。如:
Frenchman→ Frenchmen;Englishman→Englishmen Dutchman→Dutehmen;Englishwoman→Englishwomen
(3)词尾加-s。如:
German→ Germans;Russian→ Russians;American→ Americans
口诀记忆法:中日同形用不变,英法同盟变a为e,其他一律加s。
5.有一些词如hair(头发),fruit(水果),通常是用它们的单数形式来表示总称。但在表示“几根头发”,“若干种水果”时,则要用复数形式。如:
a few white hairs几根白发several foreign fruits几种外国水果
(三)复合名词的复数
1.一般将主体名词变为复数。如m:ww.
mother-in-law→ mothers-in-law岳母 passer-by→passers-by过路人
looker-on→lookers-on旁观者 editor-in-chief→editors-in-chie主编
2.无主体名词构成的复合词,在词尾加一s。如:
go-between→ go-betweens中间人,媒人 grown-up→grown-ups成年人
3.由man或woman构成的复合名词,两者都要变成复数。如:
A man teacher→ two men teachers; a woman doctor→ ten women doctors
注意:有一些名词,包括一些学科名词,形式上为复数,但意义上却是单数。如:
news(消息); mathematics(数学); physics(物理); politics(政治)
(四)不可数名词的数
1.不可数名词就是表示无法分清个体的名词。这类词主要为抽象名词和物质名词。计算不可数名词时,用“数词或冠词+量词+0f+不可数名词”这样的结构来表示,量词可以是单数也可以是复数.但of后的名词只用单数。如:
a piece of apple pie一块苹果派 two cups of tea两杯茶 three items of news三条消息
four buckets of water四桶水 a drop of water一滴水 a ray of hope一线希望
2.有些物质名词可用复数形式表示数量或不同的类别。如:
Two coffees,please.请来两杯咖啡。
The old should take some heath foods.老年人应食用些保健品。
3.有些抽象名词可以用单数或复数形式表示具体的事物。如:
difficulty困难→difficulties难事 success成功→ a success一个成功的人或一件成功的事
二、名词的所有格
1.表示有生命的东西的名词所有格。
(1)一般在单数或复数名词后加-'s。如:
Wei Fang's chair the childrens'bedroom
(2)以-s结尾的复数名词后直接加“'”。如:
the students'teading room; grown-ups'clothes
(3)并列名词表示各自所属时,在两个名词之后都加.’s;ww.
表示共同所属时.在最后一个名词后加-'s。如:
Tom and Mike's father汤姆和迈克的父亲(俩人共有的父亲)
(4)表示店铺,某人的家,私人开的诊所、餐馆等,其所有格后的名词(如shop等)可以省略。如:
at the tailor's在裁缝店 at a chemist's在药店
2.表示无生命的东西的名词的所有格,常常用“of+名词”的形式。如:
the covers of the book(s)书的封面 a picture of my family一张我家的全家福
注意:(1)表示有生命东西的名词,如果名词较长或名词的定语较长.也可用“of+名词”的形式。如:
the works of Lu Xun.Lao She and Mao Dun
(2)表示时间、距离、集体、城市、国家、团体、机构及某些惯用语中的名词,可用-s。如:
yesterday's newspaper昨天的报纸 five minutes’ ride开车五分钟的路程
3.双重所有格
被修饰的名词前有不定冠词,指示代词,不定代词或数词等时.要用名词的双重所有格。其结构为“of+名词-'s”。如:
some pictures of my brother's我哥哥的一些照片 a friend of my father's我父亲的一个朋友
比较:
a photo of my father's我父亲的一张照片 a photo of my father我父亲的照片
三、名词的句法功能
1.名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补定语、定语、状语、同位语和呼语等。如:
Tom was the best student in the class.(主语)
I have never heard of the man.(宾语)
We elected him monitor of our class.(宾语补足语)
There is a stone bridge over the fiver.(定语)
Peter goes to school at 8 every morning.(状语)
Bush.President of the United states.is coming to China next month.(同位语)
Mary,come here quickly.(呼语)
2.名词作定语时,表示中心词的用途:材料、地点、时间等,和形容词做定语在含义上有所不同。试比较:
银币silver coins 银白色的小车a silvery car 心脏病heart trouble 热情的欢迎a hearty welcome 石桥stone bridge 铁石心肠stony heart
【语法过关】
1. Today is September 10th. It's______ Day. Let's go and buy some flowers for our teachers.
A. Teachers B. Teachers' C. the Teachers' D. Teacher's
2 .He had something to write down and asked me for_____,
A. a paper B. some papers C some pieces papers D. a piece of paper
3. The ______ now is that we have lots of _____ to ask,
A. problem; questions B. question; problems C question; problem D. problem; question
4. --- Can I just have a try
---Sure. It doesn't if you give a wrong answer.
A. matter B. trouble C. mind D. care
5 .--- Could you move over a little and make some_______ for me
--- Sure. Please.
A. place B. seat C. room D. ground
6. -What would you like to drink, girls
-_____, please.
A. Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffees C. Two cups of coffee D. Two cup of coffees
7. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs far _______.
A. fun B. wishes C. interest D. thanks
8. I'd like something to read. Would you please pass me the _____________
pen B. box C. ruler D. book
9. September 10th is ___________.
A. Women's Day B. Children's Day C. Mid-autumn Day D. Teachers' Day
10. -How do you get home from ______ By bus
-No, I walk. ______ isn't very far.
A. school, The school B. the school, The school C. the school, School D. school, School
【参考答案】ww.
1.B “教师节” 的正确表示法是“Teachers' Day” 。
2.D paper表示“纸” 的意思时是不可数名词,前面可以加a piece of (pieces of)。
3.A question一般与“疑问” 有关,problem一般与“困难” 有联系,多用于指令人困惑的事或数学难题等。
4. A it doesn't matter. 意思是“没关系” 。
5.C room在这里指“空间” 。
6.C不可数名词表示数量时,借助表量的名词,名词前数词大于一时,名词用复数形式。
7.A fun有“娱乐,玩笑,嬉戏”等意。
8. D 本题为语意的理解问题,与“read” 直接发生联系的是“book” 。
9. D 本题属于社会常识。
10. A 上句中的“school” 虽是个体名词,但这里已转为“抽象” 意义,故前面不用冠词;下句中的“school” 则是特指,故要用定冠词。
用心 爱心 专心透析中考英语语法介词考点
【介词命题趋势】
1、表示时间的介词
2、表示方位和运动方向的介词
3、常用介词用法辨析
4、介词与其它词类的搭配
1)形容词与介词的搭配
2)动词与介词的搭配
3)名词与介词的搭配
【考点诠释】
一、考查简单介词的用法
【考例】-When did Hong Kong return to our motherland
一____July 1st,1997.[福州市]
A. On B In C At D For
A本题的四个选项都可以放在表示时间的单词(组)前面,in,on,at往往在时间点的前面,for往往引导一个时间段。1997年7月1日是一个具体的时间,在具体到某一天,用介词on。
I'd like a cup of coffee __________some sugar and milk. [广东省]
A. in B. to C. of D. with
DA选项介词in,表示“在……里面”;B选项介词to表方向,意为“到,向”;
C项of表“所属关系”,意为“……的”;D项介词with作“带有;用_力口”等讲。由句意“我想要一杯加糖和牛奶的咖啡。”可知,选项D正确。
--Oh, so many people in the amusement park!
-- Nobody likes to stay at home __ Sunday morning. [太原市]
A. in B. on C. at
B此题考查介词的用法。三个选择都可以用来表示时间,at多用于具体时间点前,在上、下午及晚上常用介词in,但具体到某一天的上、下午要用介词on。
二、考查介词之间的辨析
【考例】The moon light is coming in _________ the window and the room seems quiet and beautiful. [成都市]
A, across B. through C. over
B across表示横过,从一边到另一边,through从内部穿过,over表示从物体表面通过。“月光透过窗子射进来……”故不能选A。
Be careful when you come _______ the street, because the traffic is very busy at the moment. (年山东济宁)
A. across B. behind C. between D. over
【剖析】 答案为A。本题考察方位介词的用法。“过马路”一般为表面横穿,因此要用across。
--Look, a blind man is in the middle of the street, It's too dangerous.
--Let's go and help him _________the road. [河南省]
A. through B. along C. across D. over
C横穿马路要用across表示“从一边到另一边”而不用through,through用于穿过森林等。
三、考查成语介词与介词固定搭配
【考例】You must always be careful _________ electricity.It’s dangerous.[沈阳市]
A. to B at C for D.with
D.be careful with(of/about)…对……注意(警惕),句意为“你必须时刻注意用电,那很危险。”
Boys and girls, wish you to do well in the English exam __ a light heart. Good luck to every-one! [哈尔滨市]
A. on B. with C. without
B考查介词用法。with a light heart以一种轻松的心态(with表伴随)。with是中考的重要考点,有如下几种用法:①有,带着②表方式或工具,write with a pen用钢笔书写③表伴随a house with a big garden带有大花园的房子。
Mary bought a house ________a small garden. She will move in next week. [昆明市]
A. from B. with C. for D. of
B本题由句意人手破解,玛丽买了一处“带有”花园的房子,这儿可用介词with,意为“具有;带有”,所以B项正确。
一I hear you have got a ticket ___________the 0pening Ceremony of the Beijing Olympics.
一Yes.I got it __________my uncle.[黄冈市]
A. of;from B to.by C to;from D.for;to
C考查介词的用法。本题易错选项为A…….的答案/钥匙/票,都要用to,而不能用of。故不能选A。
It was a great day but We did not enjoy it____ the beginning.[苏州]
A.on B.for C.with D.at
答案:D解析:此处考查固定短语“在……开始时”,用介词at,故选D。
It is important ____us students to make a plan ____our studies before a new term starts.[·连云港)
A.for;for B.of:for C.to;of D.with:on
答案:A解析:此题考查介词for的用法,第一空It is important for sb.to do sth.;第二空for our studies为我们的学习,表目的。
It's necessary for us to take one hour's exercise every day. I agree _________you. [吉林省]
A. at B. to C. on D. with
D agree with sb同意某人的观点。注意agree with与agree to的区别。agree with +sb“同意某人的观点”;agree to+动词原形“同意干某事”。
一How are you going to the Summer Palace
一We're going there _____________bike.[北京市]
A for B at C of D.by
D考查短语by bike"骑自行车”。要注意区分:take a bike to+某地一go to+某地+by bike。
[ 连云港]
This ____woman has devoted all her life____ caring for the poor.
A.modest;with B.kind; to C.selfish;for D.unfair;at
答案:B解析:第一空意为“这位善良的妇女”,故选kind,第二空,devote…to…指献身于……,to后跟动名词或名词,故本题选B。
【语法回顾】
1. 介词的功能
介词是一种虚词,用来表示名词或相当于名词的其它词语句中其它词的关系,不能单独使用。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语可在句中作定语,状语,表语和宾语补足语。例如:
The boy over there is John’s brother. 在那儿的那个男孩是约翰的弟弟。(定语)
The girl will be back in two hours. 这位姑娘过两个小时回来。 (状语)
Our English teacher is from Australia.我们的英语老师来自澳大利亚。 (表语)
Help yourself to some fish. 请吃些鱼。 (宾语补足语)
2. 常用介词的用法辨析
(1)表时间的介词
1)at, in on
表示时间点用at。例如:at six o’clock, at noon, at midnight。表示在某个世纪,某年,某月,某个季节
以及早晨,上午,下午,晚上时,用in。例如:in the nineteenth century, in 2002, in may, in winter, in the morning, in the afternoon等。表示具体的某一天和某一天的上午,下午,晚上时,用on。例如:on Monday, on July 1st, on Sunday morning等。
since, after
由since和after 引导的词组都可表示从过去某一点开始的时段,但since词组表示的时段一直延续到
说话的时刻,因而往往要与现在完成时连用。而after词组所表示的时段纯系过去,因而要与一般过去时连用。例如:
I haven’t heard from him since last summer.自从去年夏天,我再也没有收到他的信。
After five days the boy came back.五天后,这男孩返回来。
in, after
in与将来时态连用时,表示“过多长时间以后”的意思,后面跟表示一段时间的词语。After与
将来时态连用时,后面只能跟表示时间点的词语。After与过去时态连用时,后面才能跟表示一段时间的词语。例如:
He will be back in two months.他在两个月后回来。
He will arrive after four o’clock四点钟后,他到达。
He returned after a month.一个月后,他回来了。
(2)表示地点的介词
at, in, on
at一般指小地方;in一般指大地方或某个范围之内;on往往表示“在某个物体的表面”。例如:
He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.他昨他天到达上海。
They arrived at a small village before dark.他们在天黑前到达一个小村庄。
There is a big hole in the wall.墙上有一个大洞。
The teacher put up a picture on the wall.老师把一幅画挂在墙上。
over, above, on
over, on和above都可表示“在……上面”,但具体含义不同。Over表示位置高于某物,在某物的正上方,其反义词是under。 above也表示位置高于某物,但不一定在正上方,其反义词是below。On指两个物体表面接触,一个在另一的上面。例如:
There is a bridge over the river.河上有一架桥。
We flew above the clouds.我们飞越云层。
They put some flowers on the teacher’s desk.他们把一些花放在讲桌上。
across, through
across和through均可表示“从这一边到另一边”,但用法不同。Across的含义与on有关,表示动作在某一物体的表面进行。Throgh的含义与in有关,表示动作是在三维空间进行。例如:
The dog ran across the grass.狗跑过草地。
The boy swam across the river.那男孩游过河。
They walked through the forest.他们穿过森林。
4) in front of, in the front of
in front of 表示“在某人或某物的前面”,在某个范围以外;in the front of 表示“在……的前部”,在某个范围以内。例如:
There are some tall trees in front of the building.在大楼前有一些高树。
The teacher is sitting in the front of the classroom.老师坐在教室前面
3. 介词的固定搭配
介词往往同其他词类形成了固定搭配关系。记住这种固定搭配关系,才能正确使用介词。
(1)介词与动词的搭配
listen to , laugh at, get to, look for wait for, hear from, turn on, turn off, worry about, think of, look after, spend…on…, 等。
(2)介词与名词的搭配
on time, in time, by bus, on foot, with pleasure, on one’s way to, in trouble, at breakfast, at the end of, in the end等。
(3)介词与形容词的搭配
be late for, be afraid of, be good at, be interested in, be angry with, be full of, be sorry for等。
【语法过关】
1.China lies______ the east of Asia and______ the north of Australia,
A. to; to B. in; to C to; in D. in; on
2.His son suddenly returned________ a cold rainy night.
A. on B. at C. in D. for
3.Timmy goes to school __________ every day . It's 5 minutes' walk from his home to school.
A. in a bus B. by plane C. on foot D. by boat
4. Last month , students had to have their lessons by Internet ________ because of SARS.
A. on the playground B. at home C. in the street D. near the hospital
5.Today some newly-produced mobile phones can take pictures __________ a camera.
as B. for C. like D. of
6. Some shops open_______ 10:00 a. m. and 3 : 30 p. m, during the Spring Festival holidays.
A. at B. between C. from D. about
7. --- How are you going to the train station to meet your aunt
--- I'm going there ________ my car.
A. by B. in C. to D. on
8.Luckily, the bullet narrowly missed the captain ____an inch.
A. by B. at C. to D. from
9.The home improvements have taken what little there is _________my spare time.
A. from B. in C. of D. at
10.They had a pleasant chat ____a cup of coffee.(北京)
A. for B. with C. during D. over
【参考答案】
1.B 表示在一个大的范围内用"in",范围之外用"to"。
2.A 具体到某一天的时间用"on"。
3.C 5 minutes' walk决定去学校的方式是on foot。
4.B 语境中"by Internet"和 "because of SARS"决定了"have their lessons --- at home "。
5.C like在这里意思是"像------"。
6. B between 后接两个并列的成分,意思是"在两者之间"。
7. B in my car = by car。
8. A。与数量连用可表示尺寸、距离等。依句意:幸运的是,子弹在距离上尉一英寸的地方与他擦肩而过,没有射中他。故应选A。
9. C。what引导的从句作谓语have taken的宾语,而从句中的基本结构为 “there is little of…”, 表示“……有很少”what 修饰little提到了从句句首。正确答案为C。
10.D.用作介词表示时间时,可作“在(做)……时(while doing, eating, etc)”。故正确答案为。其句意为:他们在喝咖啡时进行了一次愉快的谈话。
用心 爱心 专心透析中考英语语法冠词、数词考点
【冠词命题趋势】
根据对冠词部分全国各地中考试题的分析可知,今后该部分考点主要分布在单项选择、完形填空和短文改错三大题型之中。冠词和数词部分主要考查的有:
不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词的基本用法。
冠词常见的习惯搭配用法。
部分物质名词抽象名词具体化之后的冠词用法。
冠词的位置
6.基数词的用法
7.序数词的用法
【考点诠释】
一、考查不定冠词的用法
1.不定冠词a用于辅音音素开头的单词前,an用于元音音素开头的单词前。
【考例】 Don't talk to Simon like that. He is only _________eleven-year-old boy. [南京市]
A. a B. an C. the D. 不填
[答案]B。[解析] 考查不定冠词an的用法,an用在元音音素的前面,a用在辅音因素的前面。
11.The new D-type trains can run at speeds(速度)of 200 to 250 kilometres ______hour. The trip from Shanghai to Beijing only takes 10 hours now. [哈尔滨市]
A. a B. an C. the
[答案]B。[解析] 考查冠词用法。hour第一个音素为元音音素,故前不能加a。
12.It's _____________easy job. I think you can do it by yourself. [吉林省]
A. a B. an C. the D. /
[答案]B。[解析] 考查a,an和the:a/an表泛指,a用于辅音音素前,an用于元音音素前,the表特指。job是可数名词,从上下句意看,“这是一项简单的工作,……”,可排除C、D,easy以元音音素开头,故选B。
2.不定冠词a/an用于单数可数名词前,表泛指,说明事物的种类或类属。它往往含有“一”的意思,但侧重说明“种类”,而不强调数量。
【考例】Harry Potter Ⅲ is _____________interesting story and we a11 like it.[北京市]
A a B an C the D.不填
[答案]B。[解析] 由句意可知,这里story表泛指。表示“一”,而且interesting开头第一个音素为元音音素,所以填an。
--Do you know Taiwan,Jenny
一Yes,of course.Taiwan is ____island.It belongs to China.[福州市]
A. a B an C the D.不填
[答案]B。[解析]本题考查冠词的用法。名词之前常使用冠词;一般来说,定冠词the表特指,不定冠词a或an表示数量一,有时也表示一类人或事物。由句意可知,本题应使用不定冠词表示数量“一个”,island是以元音音素开头的单词,所以用不定冠词an。
--Why did you laugh just now
--Ted wanted to tell us _________very funny story, but he forgot end himself. [河南省]
A. a; an B. the; the C. the; a D. a; the
[答案]D。[解析]不定冠词和定冠词用法。 第一个空填a,泛指一个故事,第二个空用the,特指“这个或那个”故事。
3.不定冠词a/an可用于具体化的抽象名词、物质名词或专有名词前。
有一些抽象名词、物质名词或专有名词在一定情况下,特别是有限制性定语修饰时,意义往往具体化,变为可数名词,其前要加不定冠词。
【考例】He is ________university student and he comes from __________island in England. [广东省]
A. an; an B. an; a C. a; an D. a; a
[答案]C。[解析]本题考查不定冠词a和an的区别。由句意可知第一句话泛指一类人,故用不定冠词a或an,university的读音以辅音音素开头,故用a;第二个句子泛指一类事物,island的读音以元音音素开头,所以应用冠词an,故本题选项为C。
二、考查定冠词的用法
1.定冠词the用在表“特指”的单数可数名词、复数名词或不可数名词前,指前面已经提到或说话双方都能体会到或明了的人或事物,或有一定语境明确地限制其范围或确定其为某一具体的人或事物。
【考例】—Do you know _____ university student who is talking with Joe
—Yes, she’s my cousin, Kate. (年四川成都)
A. a B. an C. the D. /
【解析】 答案为C。university虽然以元音字母u开头,但其前若使用不定冠词时,则要用a。不过此题中不能使用不定冠词,而是特指和Joe说话的那个大学生,故要选the。
2.定冠词the用于单数可数名词前,从整体上表示一类人或事物。
【考例】____was invented by Chinese Cultures ago.[ 黄冈]
A.The telephone B.The car C.The clock D.The abacus
答案:D解析:算盘是几个世纪前中国人发明的。
3.定冠词用于形容词、副词最高级或序数词前。但当序数词不表顺序,而表示“再一”、“又一”时,使用不定冠词。
【考例】—Which floor does Mr. Hu live on
一He lives on ____floor.[浙江]
A.tenth B.the tenth C.ten D.the ten
答案:B解析:考查序数词的用法。“第十层”用the tenth floor表示,序数词前要加定冠词the。故选B。
4.姓氏的复数前加定冠词表示“一家人”。
【考例】
5.由普通名词构成的专有名词前通常加定冠词。
【考例】Everyone knows that ____Great Wall of China is very famous.[沈阳市]
A. a B an C the D.不填
[答案]C。[解析]区分不定冠词a/an(表泛指)和定冠词the(表特指)。中国的万里长城,表特指,前面要加定冠词the。
三、考查零冠词的固定用法
1.抽象化的具体名词前使用零冠词。有些可数名词在一些习语中出现了抽象化的现象,变成了不可数名词,这时名词前面使用零冠词。如go to school/church/hospital...;by plane/bike/ship/train/bus…;by hand/letter...等。
【考例】一Will you get there by ____train
一No,I'11 take ____taxi.
A./;a B.a;the C./;/ D.the:a
6.答案:A解析:此题考查冠词的用法。by train"乘火车”,不加任何冠词;take a taxi“乘出租车”,加冠词a。
2.球类、三餐以及学科名词前通常使用-零冠词。
【考例】
3.用作宾语、补语、同位语表示独一无二的职位、头衔的名词前通常用零冠词。常见的名词有:president,chairman, mayor,head,secretary.monitor,等等。例如:
In 1860,Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States.
4.man意为“人类”,word意为“消息”时,其前使用零冠词。
【考例】
四、对数词的考查
一、考查数词的基本用法
【考例】In our city, ___ middle school students want to work as a teacher in the future. [年重庆]
A. thousand B. thousand of C. thousands of D. two thousand of
【解析】 答案为C。thousands of表约数概念,此时,不能和具体数字连用。
The road is over _____ metres long.[年济南]
A.six hundred and fifty-two B six hundreds and fifty-two
C.six hundred,fifty-two D.six hundred,fifty and two
[答案]A。[解析]本题考查数词的书写形式。在英语中,百位与十位之间通常用and连接,由此可知,答案在A与B之中,在表示确切的数字时,hundred不能用复数形式。
2. In our city, middle school students want to work as a teacher in the future.[年重庆]
A.thousand B thousand of C thousands of D.two thousand of
[答案]C。[解析] 考查数词的用法。thousands of是一个词组,意为“成千上万的”,表示一个大概的数量,注意这时thousand用复数,且前面不能加明确的数字。
二、对序数词的用法
【考例】We are sure the______0lympic Games in Beijing next Year will be one of __games in history.[07 连云港]
A twenty-nine more successful B twenty-ninth;more successful
C twenty-ninth;the most successful D. twenty-nine; the most successful
[答案]C。[解析]本题综合考查序数词表次序,基数词表数量的用法。句意为:来年的北京奥运会为第二十九届奥运会,这是不争的事实,此处应使用序数词表顺序,由此可确定答案在B与C之中;再由句意可知,后面应是一个最高级的句子,所以C项正确。
Qinghai-Tibet Railway(青藏铁路)was completed last year.
It is the ___railway that connects Tibet with the 0ther parts of China.[盐城]
A.first B second C third D.fourth
[答案]A。[解析] 本题考查序数的用法。句意为:青藏铁路是第一条将西藏与其他地区连接起来的铁路干线。
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, _____book of the series(系列),will be for sale on July 21,.[ 湖南怀化]
A.seventh B.the seventh C.seven
.答案:B解析:由句意“系列丛书的第七本书将在年7月21日被出售”可知此空要用序数词,且序数词前要加定冠词the,故选B。
三、对分数的用法
【考例】About __of the students in our school are hoys.[常德]
A.third fifths B three fifths C.three fifth
[答案]B。[解析] 在英语中表示分数的方式为“序数词+基数词”,如果分子大于1,则分母用复数形式。
【语法回顾】
冠词是一种虚词。没有词义,没有数和格的变化,不能单独使用。它位于名词前面,只能帮助名词或起名词作用的其它词说明其意义。习惯上人们把冠词分为不定冠词(a/an)和定冠词(the)两种。英语中冠词虽少,但是它们的使用频率却相当高。
一、不定冠词的用法
不定冠词在意义上相当与汉语的“一”,与one同义,但又不那么强调数目概念,是一种表示泛指的、不限定意义的冠词形式。它的用法可分为“类指”“指量”和“特殊”三种。
1、不定冠词的类指用法
(1)用于单词可数名词前,表示一类人或物或首次提及的人或物。例如:
First of all, don't come in here without a teacher.首先,没有老师不要进入这儿。
Einstein wanted to be a physicist when he was fourteen years old.爱因斯坦14岁就想当物理学家。
(2)不定冠词用来指一类人或事物中的任何一个,而不具体说明哪一个。例如:
I think it difficult to master a foreign language.我认为掌握一门外语很难。
A Mr Johnson phoned and left a message for you.有一位杰克逊先生给你打过电话,并给你留下口信。
(3)不定冠词用在作表语、同位语等的名词前,泛指某人的职业、阶级、宗教、身份等。例如:
My father is a college teacher.我父亲是一名大学教师。
2、不定冠词的指量用法
(1)不定冠词也可以用来表示“一”这个数量,但又不强调这一数量概念,否则应用one。例如:
Rome was not built in a day.(prov.)罗马不是一天建成的。[谚语]
He'll be back in an hour. 他在一小时后回来。
(2)不定冠词可以用在某些数目的表示法中。
a pair of(一双,副); a lot of(许多);a dozen(一打);a thousand(一千);a great deal of(大量)a number of (许多) 。
(3)不定冠词用在时间、价格、速度、比率等名词前面,表示“每一(个)”。例如:
They can sell their beef at a high price in the capital.他们在首都以高价出售他们的牛肉。
The doctor told him to take this medicine three times a day.医生叫他每天吃三次这药。
3、不定冠词的其它用法
(1)不定冠词一般用于泛指某一类人或物,但它有时也可以特指某一个人或物,不过这是它属于非确定特指带有不确定的含义,有进一步说明。例如:
The ship sank on a stormy night.船在一个暴风雨的夜晚沉没的。
He had worked in a small factory in Beijing.他在北京的一家小厂里工作。
(2)用在quite,rather,many(more than), half, what, such等词之后。例如:
I had never seen such a good match.我从未看过这么激烈的比赛。
Many a person believes the story.许多人相信这个故事。
They're rather a strong team, aren't they 他们是一支强队,对吗?
(3)当某一单数名词前有形容词修饰,又有as,so,too,how等词修饰形容词时,不定冠词应位于形容词之后。例如:
It was so good a film that we all wanted to see it again.这部电影如此之好,我们都想再看一次。
It's too difficult a book for me.这本书对我来说太难了。
(4)表示“同一”,“相同”这时一般都与作表语的 of 结构连用。例如:
Birds of a feather flock together.(prov.)物以类聚。[谚语]
Your shoes and mine are of a size.你的鞋和我的是同样的尺码。
(5)用于某些物质名词coffee, food, tea, fog, rain, snow, wind等不可数名词前,表示“一阵、一番、一场、一种、一份、一件的事情”等意义,常用形容词修饰时,前面要加不定冠词。例如:
Longjing is a famous Chinese green tea.龙井是一种著名的中国绿茶。
A heavy rain prevented them from going out.一场大雨阻止了他们外出。
6)一些表示情感的不可数名词,如feeling, honour, joy, pity, pleasure, surprise等,在表示一种心理情感时(前面多有一个描绘性的形容词),需要加不定冠词。
It's a pleasure to talk with you.和你谈话是一件愉快的事。
It's a pity you can't swim.真可惜你不会游泳。
7)不可数名词danger, difficulty,disappointment,failure, help,success,wonder等在表示一种人或物时,前面应加不定冠词。如:
He is a danger man.他是一个危险的人。
He is a success.他是一个成功者。
8)不可数名词education, history, knowledge, population, time,world等,在表述其部分或某一方面的内容、概念时,前面常加不定冠词(have a history/knowledge/population of.......可看作为固定搭配)。
9)具有动作意义的抽象名词在与动词have,take,make,give,let out等构成短语表示 一种短暂性的动作时,此抽象名词前的冠词一般不可缺少。例如:take a look/walk/swim/rest/bath; make a promise/dive for; have a look/walk/swim/rest/test/try/bath/break; give a laugh/ smile/shout/talk/whistle; let out a cry/ scream。.例如:
We had a very good journey home.我们回家得旅行很顺利。
10)在同源宾语中,与动词同源的名词前一般要加不定冠词如:die a......death; dream a.......dream; fight a...battle; have a....sleep; have/lead/live a ...life; smile a...smile.
Many farmers in the west continue to lead a simple life.西部的许多家庭继续过着简朴的生活。
11)含有不定冠词的短语或结构
A.与时间和方式有关的
a moment ago; after a while/minute/moment; for a time; half an hour; in a while/minute/moment; in an instant; just a minute; once a while; once upon a time; three meals a day; twice a week; all of a sudden; as a result; as a rule; as a matter of fact; in a......way; in a hurry; in a loud voice; in a word; with a .......hand; with a smile;
B)与一些常用动词构成的固定搭配
catch (a) cold; do a good deed; get a cold; get in a word; give a concert/lesson; go out for a walk; have a cold/cough/fever/ pain/ headache /have a good time; have a match/meeting; have a size;make a face/living/mistake/noise/speech/start; make an effort/apology; make a study of; make it a rule; pay a visit; take a seat; take /leave/make a message; take an interest in; take an active part in; keep an eye on; lend a hand; go for a skiing; give a fine welcome;
二、定冠词的基本用法
定冠词the是 this / these,that / those的弱式,无人称数和性的变化,它的用法可分为“特指”、“类指”和“其它”三种。
1)特指某人、某物或某事时;指上文已提到或正在谈论的人或事物以及指谈话双方都知道的人或事物,名词前要加定冠词。例如:
The cleverer of the two boys is my youngest brother.这两个男孩中较聪明的那个是我弟弟。
What is the title of the book 书名是什么
Do you think of the film 你认为这部电影怎么样?
2)表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前要用定冠词;也用于指自然现象或表示方位的名词前;如:the wind, the night, the south, the east, the left/right;
The earth moves around the sun.地球围绕着太阳转。
若sun,moon,sky等词前有一描绘性的形容词修饰时,这时也可用不定冠词。例如:
It was a dismal winter night. A pale moon hung low in the sky.这是一个暗郁的冬夜,苍白的月亮挂在天边。
Day broke and brilliant sun lit up the room.天亮了,灿烂的阳光照亮了房间。
3)说明整个类属事物的名词前要用定冠词。如:
The horse is a useful animal.
(Horse are useful animals.
A horse is a useful animal)
以上三句语法形成都对,但所表达的意义有差别。定冠词 + 单数可数名词,表示这个类属总的特点;定冠词 + 复数名词,表示这个类属中都具有本类属特点;不定冠词 +单数可数名词,着重表达这一类属中的任何一个都具有本类的特点。
4)由普通名词构成专有名词(国家、组织、政党、机构等)前常用定冠词,而单个专有名词前不加定冠词。例如:
the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国,the Communist Party of China中国共产党,the National People's Congress.全国人民代表大会
The UN stands for the United Nations. UN代表联合国
The USA stands for the United States of America. USA代表美利坚和众国
5)在乐器的名称前,常用定冠词;在表示文娱、艺术活动的名词前,也须用定冠词, 如:go to the cinema/the theatre/the concert/the movies
She likes playing the piano.她喜欢弹钢琴。
"The Red Rose" are giving a performance at the People's Theatre.“红玫瑰”将在人民剧院上演。
6)用于表示姓氏的复数形式前加定冠词,指夫妇、全家人或全家中的一些人。例如:
The Smiths were having supper when I got there.我到那儿时,史密斯一家正在吃晚饭。
[注意:]姓氏所有格(使用时常常不出现被修饰的名词)表达的意思 。例如:
I've got a job as a salesman at the Taylor's(shop).我在裁缝店找到了一份工作。
They are going to stay at the Wilsons' (house) for the weekend.我们将在威尔逊家度过周末。
7)由短语或定语从句修饰的名词前要用定冠词;序数词、形容词的最高级和在only, last等修饰某一名词时,常用定冠词,但表达分数的序数词前不加定冠词。例如:
This is the second letter that I received from my younger sister this month.这是我这个月收到的我妹妹的
第二封信。
Gone with the Wind is one of the best films that I have ever seen.《乱世佳人》是我所看过的最好的影片之一。
[注意]序数词前也可加不定冠词,表示在原基础上“又一、再一”的意思。
8)[加在形容词、副词比较级前作关系副词用]“越......越......”;“愈......愈......”(前面的是关系副词,后面的是指示副词)
The sooner, the better.越快越好。
The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes.英语你听得越多,它就变得越容易。
He worked the harder, because he had been encouraged.他因受到了鼓励,工作越发努力了。
9)用于名词化的某些形容词、分词前指一类人。例如:
the young年轻人/the new新事物/ the living活着的人/ the rich 富人/the beautiful and the ugly美与丑
10)在某些表示山脉、群岛、河流、海洋、报纸、杂志、大建筑物、朝代、时代、等专有名词前,要用定冠词。如:the Changjiang(长江), the Atlantic(大西洋), the Times(泰晤士周刊), the Great Hall of the People(人民大会堂), The Warring States Period(春秋战国), The Great Wall(长城)。the Yellow River(黄河)the English Channel( 英吉利海峡)
11)用于“in +逢十的复数数词”中的复数名词之前常加定冠词,指世纪中的几十年代。例如:
The story of "The Gold Rush" happened in the 1850s。“淘金热”故事发生于19世纪50年代。
三、零冠词的用法
1.在一般的物质名词、抽象名词或复数名词表示“笼统概念”时,一般不用定冠词;容易用错的这类零冠词名词有:fun,music,nature,poverty,progress,society,weather;有些名词不能与a(an)一起使用,但在特指时可以根据情况与the一起使用。这类名词有:advice,beauty, experience,homework,housework,work,information,new,practice,room(空间),research。例如:
He is fond of music.(一般)他喜欢音乐。
Do you like the music of the film (特指)你喜欢这部电影的音乐吗?
2.学科、球类运动、棋类、或游戏名词前不用冠词。例如:play football/basketball/tennis/chess/bridge..
Are you going to play basketball or football 你们是打篮球还是踢足球?
3.季节、月份、星期几、节日前一般不加冠词,但季节、月份等词前后,如有限制性定语修饰表示特定时间,其前加定冠词;如:
Trees turn green in spring.春天树变绿了。
We often go skating in the winter.我们经常在冬季滑冰。(说话人把季节看成一年的某一部分。)
New year's Day 新年;National Day 国庆节; May Day 五一节
We had a terrible hot summer this year.今年我们过了一个炎热的夏天。(季节名词前有描绘性形容词修饰时,也可加不定冠词。)
4.一日三餐前,一般不加冠词。但如其前后有形容词或从句、短语等修饰时,应加冠词。如:
We had a good dinner at Mr.Zhangs yesterday evening. 昨天晚上我们在张先生家吃了一顿丰盛的晚餐。
How did you like the dinner Mr..Jack gave us 你认为杰克先生给我们吃的晚餐怎么样?
5.可数名词前已有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格及a kind of, a sort of, a type of, a piece of等修饰时不用冠词。
Give me that pencil, please.请给我那支铅笔。
This is my book.这是我的书。
I can never get used to this kind of life.我永远习惯不了这种生活。
6)名词作句中的表语、同位语或补足语时,表示独一无二的头衔、职位、职业等不用冠词。例如:
1860, Abraham Lincoln became President of the United States.1860年亚伯拉罕林肯当选为美国总统。
We all elect Engineer Wang director of our factory. 我们都选王工程师为我们工厂的厂长。
He is head of the English Department.他是英语系主任。
6)描述交通方式时,不用冠词。如:by train(air, bus, boat, sea, bike)例如:
My house is about twenty minutes by bike.骑自行车到我家大概得20分钟。
I'm going to Guangzhou by plane.我将乘飞机去广州。
7)在部分习语中catch fire, give way, take place, lose heat, at home, by chance, in/on time, catch sight of, make use of, take part in, catch hold of, on foot.
四、 专有名词前冠词的用法
专有名词本身已具有确定特指的含义,所以一般它前面不用冠词。但是,有些专有名词本身是由普通名词构成,或本身就是个带定冠词的名词词组。冠词与专有名词的搭配可分为三种情况:不用冠词、用定冠词、用不定冠词。
1、人名前冠词的用法。
1)人名前一般不用冠词。例如:
Engels恩格斯Karl Marx卡尔·马克思,Mao Zedong毛泽东,Tom汤姆,Alice爱丽斯
2)在有一限制性定语修饰的人名前,一般要用定冠词。例如:
The girl must be the Miss Green you have referred to in your letter.这姑娘肯定是你信中所提到的格林小姐。
3)若表示与某个专有名词相仿的某人,则用不定冠词。这种情况也适用于与某地、某事相仿的情况。例如:
The little boy was moved deeply at the story of Laining and wished to be a Laining .这小男孩深深被赖宁的事迹打动,他希望成为赖宁式人物。
Old China is gone, a new China has been founded.旧中国一去不复返了,一个新中国诞生了。
4)若表示有一位姓某某的先生,而该人对于说话者又是陌生的,在该姓氏名词前也可用不定冠词。例如:
Peter, a Mr. Brown is asking for you.彼得,一位布朗先生找你。
A Miss Zhao had called you in the morning, Mum.妈妈,一位赵小姐早上给你打电话。
5)在姓氏复数名词前,表示夫妇或一家人时, 要用冠词。例如:
The Whites live in a small town near New York怀特一家住在纽约附近的一个小镇上。.
2、地名前冠词的用法
1)一般的地理名称前不加冠词。例如:
China中国, Asia亚洲, Shanghai上海, Hong Kong香港, New York.纽约
但是若在普通名词构成的国名前,则要加定冠词。例如:
the People's Republic of China, 中华人民共和国,the United States of American美利坚和众国 the United Kingdom联合王国
2)江、河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海湾、海峡等名称前,一般要加定冠词。例如:
the Yellow River黄河, the Suez Canal 苏伊士运河,the Alps阿尔卑斯山, the Tianshan Mountains天山 The English Channel英吉利海峡,the Taiwan Straits台湾海峡
3)街名、广场名词前一般不加冠词 。例如:
Wall Street 华尔街,Nanjing Road 南京路,Tian An Men Square天安门广场, Chang'an Street.长安街
3、月份、星期名称前一般不加冠词。例如:
Today is Thursday, September 10th, Teachers Day.今天是星期四,九月十日,教师节。
若这些名词前有一个限制性定语修饰时则,应加定冠词。例如:
The October of 1949 saw the great thing happen in China.1949年10月在中国发生了巨大的事件。
同时,若表示是在许多星期中的“某一个”时,这个名词前加不定冠词。例如:
I do not remember the exact date when I came to Beijing, but I am sure it was a Monday.我不记得来到北京的确切日子,但我确定是一个星期一。
4、节日、假日等名称前,一般不加冠词。例如:
New Year's Day 新年,National Day 国庆节,May Day 五一节,Children's Day儿童节
5、在朝代、时代及报刊、会议等名词前,加定冠词。例如:
the Tang Dynasty清朝, the Warring States Period 战国时期,the People's Daily人民日报 ,the 27the Olympic Games.第二十七届奥运会
6、某些建筑物、旅馆、文娱场所以及飞机号、船舶号等名词前,常带定冠词。例如:
the Summer Palace 颐和园,the Beijing Zoo北京动物园, the Titanic泰坦尼克号
冠词是一种虚词。没有词义,没有数和格的变化,不能单独使用。它位于名词前面,只能帮助名词或起名词作用的其它词说明其意义。习惯上人们把冠词分为不定冠词(a/an)和定冠词(the)两种。英语中冠词虽少,但是它们的使用频率却相当高。
一、不定冠词的用法
1.不定冠词分为a和an两个形式,a用在辅音(指读音)开头的名词前;an用在元音(指读音)开头的名词前。如:
an honest boy一个诚实的男孩) an 800-word composition(一篇800字的作文)
a university(一所大学) a European country(一个欧洲国家)
2.用于可数名词的单数形式前,指人或事物的某种类。如:
A horse is a useful anima1.马是一种很有甩的动物。
Kate is a student. 凯特是个学生(而不是工人或其他)。
3.指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物或首次提到的一方不知道的人或事物。如:
A girl is looking for Lucy.一个女孩在找露茜。
An old cock is sitting under a tall tree.大树下有只老公鸡。
4.表示某事物的单位,相当于every或per“每一”。
Take this medicine three times a day.这种药每天服三次。
The car is running at a speed of 90 kilometers an hour. 小车正以每小时90公里的速度行驶。
5.序数词前加不定冠词a/an表示“另一个”或“又一个”的含义。如:
Would you like a second cup of tea 你想再要一杯茶吗
6.用于某些抽象名词前,使抽象名词具体化。如:
He is a success as a singer.作为歌唱家他是成功者。
The party was a failure.这是一次失败的晚会。
7.表示“同一”,相当于the same。如:
The two boys are of an age.那两个男孩年龄一样大
Cotton of a kind was stored together in a house. 同种棉花被一起贮藏在一间屋子里。
8.用于某些固定词组中:
(1)have a swim/walk/talk/dance/look=swim/walk/ talk/dance/look
(2)have a cold,have a good time,keep a diary,in a hurry.once in a while,at a loss(不知所措),for a while,once upon a time,all of a sudden,tell a lie,do sb.a favor,at a distance(隔开一段距离)
(3)what a/such a/quite a/rather a+单数可数名词
too/as/so/how/however + adi+ a+单数可数名词
many a+单数可数名词
二、定冠词的用法
1.用于可数名词单数前,表类别。如:
The horse is a kind of useful anima1.马是有用的动物。
The telephone was invented by Green Bell.电话是格林·贝尔发明的。
2.表示上文提到的人或物。如:
I bought a book yesterday.The book is very interesting.昨天我买了一本书。这本书很有趣。
I saw a little girl.The girl is my uncle's daughter.我看见一个小女孩。这女孩是我叔叔的女儿。
3.表示说话人和听话人都知道的人或物。如:
Give me the book,please.请给我那本书。
Close the window,please.请关上窗户。
4.用在表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如:
the sun太阳the moon 月亮 the shy天空the earth地球
5.用在序数词和形容词最高级前。如:
He was the first to speak against slavery.他是第一个发表演说反对奴隶制的。
6.用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前以及江河、海洋、山脉、群岛等名词前。如:
the United Nations联合国 the Middle Ages中世纪 the Qing Dynasty清朝the Himalayas喜马拉雅山
the Pacific太平洋 the Suez Canal苏伊士运河 the United States美国 the Summer Palace啄和园
7.用在表示方位或乐器的名词前。如:
the east东方the southwest西南the piano/guitar钢琴/吉它
8.用在某些形容词或过去分词前,使之名词化,用以表示一类人或事物。如:
the poor穷人 the rich富人 the living活着的人 the young年青人
the sick病人 the wounded伤员 the beautiful美丽的事物
9.用于姓氏的复数前,表示“夫妇二人”或“全家”。如:
The Greens live a happy life.格林家过着幸福的生活。
10.用在年份的复数名词前,指世纪的某个年代。如:
in the 1980s/1980's在二十世纪八十年代
in the middle of the 80s/80’s在八十年代中期
比较:in one's eighties在某人八十几岁时
11.关于定冠词的一些固定搭配:
(1)与时间、地点有关:
in the morning在早晨 in the end最后 on the whole总之 on the right在右边
the next morning第二天早上 go to the cinema去看电影
all the year round全年 at the same time同时
on the other hand另一方面the other day不久前的某天
in the distance在远处 for the time being暂时
at the moment此刻 in the way挡道
out of the question不可能 by the way顺便说一下
(2)在句型“动词+人+介词+the+人体部位”,要用the。如:
take sb.bv the arm/hand抓住某人的臂/手pat sb.on the shoulder拍某人的肩
strike sb.in the face打某人的脸hit sb.on the head打某人的头
(3)其它搭配,如:
be red in the face脸红be lame in the right leg右腿瘸 be blind in the left eye左眼瞎
【语法过关】
1.There is ______ report in today’s newspaper. It’s about the International Film Festival, Shanghai.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
2.Haikou, capital of Hainan Province, is pretty city.
A. a; a B. the; the C. the; a D. a; the
3.--- Mum, where is my CD player
--- It’s in white bag on your desk.
A. a B. an C. the D. 不填
4.-- Have you seen _____ mobile phone I left it here just now.
-- No, I haven' t.
A. a B. an C. the D. 不填
5.Mr Smith always gives me ___ hand when I am in trouble.
A. a B. an C. the D. 不填
6.This is song I’ve told you about. Isn’t it beautiful one
A.the /the B.a/a C.the /a D.a /the
7.—Have you seen ________ pen I left it here this morning.
—Is it ________ black one I think I saw it somewhere.
A. a;the     B. the;the    C. the;a     D. a;a
8._______ woman over there is ______ popular teacher in our school.   
A , an B. The, a C. The, the D. A, the
9.The cartoon "Mulan" is_____ interesting film and_____ story happened in China.
A. a, the B. an, the C. the, a D. an, a
10.They had _______ wonderful train ride to Chengdu before they went on to _______ Mount Emei by bus.
A. a; the B. /; the C. a; / D. the; a
11.During World War II, a Jewish (犹太) lady was protected by a local family in Shanghai in her ______.
A. fifties B. fifty C. fiftieth D. the fiftieth
12.--How often are the Olympic Games held?
--_____ four years.
A. Every B. Each C. In D. For
13.I’ve read ______ sports news about the F1 race today.
A. two B. pieces C. two pieces D. two pieces of
14._____the students in these primary school is about three thousand, _____of them are girls.
A.A number of; two third B. The number of; two thirds
C.A number of; two thirds D .The number of; two third
15。The river through our city, which is about _________, is clean again.
A. 6000 metres long B. 6000-metres-long
C. 6000-metre-long D. 6000 metre long
16.It is reported that the train accident in India killed _____ people. No Chinese was_____ them.
A. two hundred; among B. two hundreds; among
C. two hundred; between D. two hundreds; between
17.During the seven-day May Day holiday, families went sightseeing.
A. thousand B. thousands C. thousands and thousands D. thousands of
18.—What's one fourth and a half, do you know —Yes, it's _____.
A. two sixths B. three fourths C. one three D. three sixths
19.______ of the students are girls in our class.
A. Two three B.Two threes C.Two thirds D.Second three
20.The doctor worked for __________ after twelve o'clock.
two more hours B. two another hour C. more two hours D. another two hour
【参考答案】
1.[答案]:A 依据题意:在今天的报纸上有一篇报告,他有关于上海国际电影节的。
2.[答案]C。 题意为:海口是海南省的省会,是一个美丽的城市。表示特指,应用定冠词;后一空表示泛指,故选C。
3. [答案]:C 此处是指你桌子上的白袋子里。故应用定冠词。
4. [答案]:A 不定冠词用来指一类人或事物中的任何一个,而不具体说明哪一个。
5. [答案]:A give sb. a hand表示“帮某人一把”的意思。故用选A。
6. 答案]: C 依据题意:这是我告诉你的那首歌曲,是特指;难道不是美丽的一首歌曲吗?,是泛指。故应选C。
7. [答案]: D 。不定冠词也可以用来表示“一”这个数量,同时不定冠词用来指一类人或事物中的任何一个,而不具体说明哪一个。故应选D。
8. [答案]: B 。依据题意:在那边的那位妇女是我们学校最受欢迎的教师。第一个空特指,应用定冠词;第二空是泛指。故应选B。
9. [答案]: B 一部有趣的电影,是泛指,首字母读音是元音,排除A、C两项;故事是发生在中国,是特指。故选B。
10. [答案]: C .have a ride是固定搭配,峨眉山名词前不用冠词。故选C。
11. [答案]:A 表示“某人几十岁”,用“in one's十位数的基数词的复数形式”。故选A。
12. [答案]:A “每隔……”的表达式为:“every +基数词+复数名词 /every +序数词+单数名词”。
13. [答案]:D news表示“消息”,是不可数名词;一条消息应用,a piece of ;两条消息则用two pieces of。故用D。
14. [答案]:B 。a number of, 意为“许多…”,后接复数名词,谓语用复数形式;the number of意为“为……的总数”,后接复数名词,但谓语要用单数。当分子大于“1”时。分母的序数词后加“s”。分数常与of 短语连用,作主语时,其谓语动词的单复数取决于of 后的名词。故选B。
15。 [答案]:A 由基数词和名词加连字符号构成的复合词作定语时,其中名词用单数。反之,则用复数。
16. [答案]:A 。ten,hundred,thousand,million,billion表示具体数目时,不用复数形式。先排除B、D;among表示“在.......中”,指三者或三者以上;而between则表示“两者之间”。故选A。
17. [答案]: D。ten,hundred,thousand,million,billion表示具体数目时,不用复数形式。但ten,hundred,thousand,million等后面如跟“of......短语”时,则其后要用复数形式,表示大约数。故应选D。
18. [答案]:B 分数表达法是分子用基数词,分母用序数词。当分子大于“1”时。分母的序数词后加“s”。依据题意:四分之一加二分之一是多少?其答案应为:四分之三。故选B。
19. [答案]: C 分数表达法是分子用基数词,分母用序数词。当分子大于“1”时。分母的序数词后加“s”。
20. 【答案】A。 数词、形容词连用,修饰名词时,数词放在形容词前。
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