2022届高考英语二轮复习：新高考写作专题之--概要写作课件（32张ppt)

(共33张PPT)
高考写作之
熟悉本课件的结构，在作具体内容的相应修改之后，可以把它作为概要写作的模板来使用。
1．不能准确抓住要点
概要写作的重点是能概括出要点，如果要点弄错了，那么就失去了目标；如果不能抓住要点，句子写得再好，也不能得分。因此，抓住要点是关键。抓准要点，除了读懂文章的主旨，了解文章的结构，还要特别注意一些标志词，如小标题、高频词等。
2．随意打乱文章的结构
概要写作一般会提供结构比较清楚的文章，而写概要的时候，一般都是按照文章的结构去概括要点，不要轻易打乱文章的结构。
考生主要失分原因：
3．各个要点的独立性不够
考试说明对要点的独立性有明确的要求。因此，我们对要点的陈述也要相对独立，一般不要把几个要点放到一个句子当中。
4．照抄原文中的句子
概要写作的独立性除了各个要点的独立之外，其实还要求考生用自己的语言去概括文章，不能直接照抄原文的句子。因此，切记要用自己的语言，而不是原文中的句子来概括要点。
写概要写作时要先读懂原文，把握文章主旨大意和作者观点，抓关键词，筛选与主旨有关的主要信息，然后，借助已掌握的语言知识，对原语篇进行“浓缩”，写出一个新的语篇。而新的语篇，既要做到在语篇结构、语篇衔接和连贯各要素上与原文保持一致，又要做到简明扼要、意义完整，结构严密和语句通顺。
概括要点的必备技能和知识储备
第二步　查找信息，分清主次
概要写作，要求考生具有从文章中抽取主干和找到关键信息的能力。在第二遍细读时，要弄清主要信息和次要信息，略过次要信息和细节性信息，以免影响概要写作的简洁性；同时，要养成在重点词句下做出标记的习惯。
写作步骤
第一步　阅读全文，把握主旨和结构
一篇概要写作是否正确、有条理，能否把握文章的主旨，都是建立在理解原文的基础上的。因此，阅读全文，可以为考生从宏观上把握文章的主旨和结构、行文逻辑、判断文章的体裁奠定基础。
第四步　改写要点，灵活表达
为了使所写概要简明、扼要，就要对罗列的每段大意进行整合；同时为了避免使用原文的句子，就需要考生灵活采用同义词或近义词进行替换，用不同的句式进行转换，并在必要的地方添加衔接词，使各要点之间能够通顺、流畅。
第三步　概括段意，提炼要点
考生在理解全文内容、弄清主次关系之后，可以初步写出每段的段落大意，注意每段归纳主题句和关键词，避免出现遗漏要点或增添要点的情况。
第五步　检查修改，整理誊写
写完初稿后，需要在内容上、语言上以及上下文的连贯性上进行检查：看是否包括了原文的所有要点，语言词汇的
运用是否准确和地道，以及行文是否流畅；另外，还要注意词数限制和书写规范。检查修改完后，一定要注意书写工整、清晰。
(二)高分技巧
(一)导入句
1．A survey/An experiment/An invention/A research ... finds/discovers/proves/shows ...
2．According to a recent survey/experiment/invention ...
3．According to experts/specialists/Dr. White ...
4．Experts/Specialists/Researchers ... say ...
5．It is expected that ...
6．Hopefully ...
概要写作常备优秀元素
(二)改写句子基本方法
1．同义替换法
Tom thought of an idea.
2．正语反说法
I think wealth is less important than health.
3．词性转换法
Your suggestions are super valuable.
→An idea occurred to Tom.
→I don't think wealth is more important than health.
→Your suggestions are of great value.
4．利用介词短语法
We are sure to finish it in time because so many people are helping us.
5．句式变化法
(1)语态变换
It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today.
(2)简单句合并为复合句
The weather turned out to be very good. This was more than we could expect.
→With so many people helping us, we are sure to finish it in time.
→Computers are widely used in the world today.
→The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.
(3)连词衔接法
He insisted on staying. He was not willing to go.
→He insisted on staying rather than going.
(4)语序改变法
Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests were present at the meeting.
→Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.
(5)特殊句式法
Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating, too.
→Jim wants to go boating, and so do his parents.
(三)过渡词
similarly，actually，meanwhile，on the other hand，
besides/moreover/also，despite sth./in spite of sth.，
because of/due to/owing to/thanks to/as a consequence of
in fact，as a matter of fact，in reality
1 about　关于
2 actually　事实上
3 aim at　旨在
4 appear　出现
5 approach　靠近，临近
6 besides　而且，另外
concerning，regarding，related to，be relevant to
be aimed to，be aimed at，be intended to，be meant to
appearance，turn up，show up
come near，draw near
additionally，in addition，what's more，moreover，furthermore
高级词汇及短语的使用：
7 be pride of　为……感到骄傲/自豪
8 energetic 精力充沛的
9 have fun　玩得开心
10 hold　举行
11 honor/honour　纪念
12 intelligent　聪明的
13 in a word　总之
14 finally　最后
15 in the beginning　开始
take pride in
full of energy
enjoy oneself，have a good time
take place
in honour of
clever，wise，smart，bright，
brilliant
all in all，in conclusion，in short，in brief，to sum up
in the end，eventually，at the end of
at the start of，to begin with
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
(2019·浙江卷6月)Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, “We've gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise，parents think they're building their children's confidence, when, in fact，it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that's insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents' praise has put them.
Still, don't go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like they're not good enough or that you don't care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.
So what is the right amount of praise Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially recognize our children's efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal，” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear：Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. “One thing to remember is that it's the process not the end product that matters.”
Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if he's out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard，cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case by case basis and be proportionate (相称的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it.
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本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了如何有效表扬孩子的问题。文章结构清楚，论点明确。
第一步　速读 抓段落主题句和全文主题句（共4段）
1．第一段，指出如今，父母总是给孩子们很多赞扬，希望增强他们的自信，但是这可能产生相反的效果。第一段主题句：Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that's insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents' praise has put them.
2．第二段，论述了在批评和表扬孩子方面不要走极端，不表扬孩子也不好。第二段主题句：Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much.
3．第三段，指出了什么是高质量的表扬，对孩子们的表扬要真诚，并且说明表扬的核心是要关注过程而非结果。第三段主题句：If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward.
4．第四段，归纳总结，指出表扬应遵循的原则，即表扬应与其付出努力的程度成正比。第四段主题句：But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case by case basis and be proportionate (相称的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it.
5．读完全文，发现各个段落中都难以找到一个概括全篇的支持句。这就需要我们总结出全文主题句：How to praise kids is really a sensitive problem.
第三步　找要点 抓关键词，为组织语言护航
1．第一段要点：_____________________________________________________
2．第二段要点：_____________________________________________________
3．第三段要点：_____________________________________________________
4．第四段要点：_____________________________________________________
parents，praise their kids；the opposite
not giving enough praise；damaging
give praise；focus on；the process；not the outcome
praise his effort；not the outcome；the amount of effort；put into
第四步　试改写 不要全盘照抄原文句子，尽量用自己的语言进行转换表达
1．第一段主题句：Too much praise or praise _____________ way may have _____________ on children.
2．第二段主题句：Yet, both too much and too little praise can be _____________．
3．第三段主题句：When giving praise, parents should be _____________ and concentrate on _____________ instead of _____________．
4．第四段指出：Similarly, they ought to give praise for _______________________ have put into the work.
given in a wrong
the opposite effects
equally damaging
sincere
the process
the result
how much effort their kids
第五步　再修改 查看各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和衔接情况，让语篇更连贯
How to praise kids is really a sensitive problem. (要点1) Experts believe that too much praise or praising the kids in a wrong way may have the opposite effects on children. On the other hand, too little praise also does harm to kids' development. (要点2) To gain the best result, our praise should focus on the process rather than the result. (要点3) Similarly, they ought to give praise for how much effort their kids have put into the work. (要点4)
Writing 1
(2020·之江教育联盟一模)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
An old saying goes that a near neighbor is better than a distant cousin. This saying has fully proved that neighbors are so significant in our life.
In the past, neighbors helped one another build houses and clear fields. They could offer timely help when someone was in trouble. Families depended on one another for friendship and entertainment. They shared happiness and sorrow from time to time, which brought a harmonious atmosphere.
新题
精练
C
However, nowadays, lack of communication and interaction between neighbors is the norm. The close relationship between neighbors is not common in our cities. A family may not even know the other families that live next door to them. We live in an age of machines and the Internet, and each family has its own car, TV set, and washing machine. People no longer depend on neighbors as much as they once did. Machines and the Internet keep people apart. In our grandparents' times, women met while they hung the washing out, and men stopped and talked while they moved their lawns. Today, they can't hear anything above the noise of their power lawn mowers. And women stay inside with their electrical dryers. Children are inside watching their favorite TV shows or playing computer games.
Is the idea of being a good neighbor old fashioned In 1965, a power cut hit New York City, and many thousands of people were left helpless. Suddenly everyone shared the same problem, and the largest city became a group of eight million neighbors. People with cars offered rides to those walking. Other people helped direct traffic. Trapped in elevators, people played word games and helped keep each other in good spirits. In times of trouble, people still depend on one another. As time goes on, people may once again feel that being a good neighbor is important.
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【写作提示】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了过去和现在的邻居关系。文章第一段整体介绍了邻居的重要性；第二段介绍了过去的美好邻居关系；第三段介绍了现在的邻居关系；最后一段，通过纽约市的一次停电事故，展示了好邻居的重要性。写作时，依据自然段概括要点。
【参考范文】
Neighbors play an important role in our life. (要点1) In the past, neighbors helped one another and lived a harmonious life. (要点2) Admittedly, owing to modern devices and the Internet, neighbors drift apart, resulting in little contact between each other now. (要点3) Nevertheless, undergoing a power failure enabled residents in New York City in 1965 to become neighbors, and they assisted and encouraged one another, which illustrates the significance of being a good neighbor. (要点4)
Writing 2
(2020·浙江嘉兴一模)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Do you know that 60.2% of US families own dogs That's over 75 million families. Besides getting a faithful companion, these friends also provide many health benefits that can be truly life changing for your fitness and wellness.
Most dogs need to walk outside every day, so you are up and moving more often than non pet owners. The average dog owner spends 300 minutes per week walking, compared to a non pet owner's 168 minutes. Frequent daily exercise lowers your blood pressure and reduces your chances of suffering from heart disease.
Your physical health isn't the only thing that gets better with a companion dog. You can also improve your mental wellbeing. People suffering from anxiety find it helpful to have a dog on hand. You can find many dogs operating as emotional support animals, and help people in stressful situations feel better. If your dog is a more active type, you could find yourself taking your friend all over the place. If you take your dog to the forest, you actually lower your tendency to suffer negative (消极的) feelings. A research discovered that the part of the brain that is the most active when you deal with negative things calms down when you spend time among the trees.
The dog ownership routine allows you to build healthy habits and it also gives you the opportunity to make social connections. Dog parks are filled with people you share a common interest with, and there are plenty of people who love to give dogs a friendly pat (轻拍) during walks. All of these are opportunities to have new great friendships and other emotional connections.
Your doctor might not write down a dog prescription (处方), but when you become a dog owner, you get plenty of health benefits.
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【写作提示】　本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了养狗对人的有利之处。第一段提出论点；第二段至第四段分别就论点提出分论点并阐述。写作时，注意把握各段的核心词。
【参考范文】
Many US families have dogs and these companion animals help improve people's health in many ways. (要点1) Taking the dog for a walk every day contributes to physical health. (要点2) Besides, dogs, which can offer people emotional support or get them close to nature, bring psychological benefits. (要点3) They also provide more chances of positive social interaction with people of the same interest. (要点4)