Unit 3 A healthy life Learning about Language
it的用法(Ⅰ)
观察上面对话, 并类比填空。
1. It is half past three now.
2. It’s a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl
3. That vase is valuable. It is more than 200 years old.
一、it 作人称代词
1. 用于上文提到过的指人以外的一切生物、无生命的东西和事情。
*(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel.
为了让房子拥有你想要的感觉, 颜色是关键。
2. 用于指代人。
(1)指代说话者心目中不太清楚的那个人, 常在打电话或敲门时用。
*There is a person knocking at the door. Who can it be
有人敲门, 会是谁呢
(2)指说话者心目中的那个人。
*—Look, someone is coming. Who can it be
看, 有人过来了。有可能是谁呢
—It may be the headmaster. 可能是校长。
(3)用于指代婴儿。
*Look at the baby. Isn’t it lovely 瞧那个婴儿, 它可爱吗
(1)it: 指代同名同物, 表示特指, 指代上文所提到的同一个对象。作主语时复数为they, 作宾语时复数为them。
(2)one: 指代同类异物, 表示泛指, 指代上文所提到的某一类对象中的一个。one既可代替人, 也可以代替物, 但只能代替可数名词, 相当于a/an+单数可数名词。复数形式是ones。
(3)that: ①用于远指, 表示特指, 指代上文所提到的同一个对象, 经常与this相对使用。复数为 those, this的复数是these; ②用于比较结构, 以保持比较对象相同, 为了避免重复, 相当于 the+名词, 表示特指。
注意: ①one单独使用时不用冠词修饰, 当有形容词修饰时, one 前需加a/an, 有限制性的定语修饰时前面加the;
②that不能带前置定语, 但可以有后置定语。
I have lost my umbrella; I’m looking for it.
我丢了伞, 我现在正在找它。(同名同物)
*(2018·北京高考)But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting.
但是与之前的研究相比, 她发现在这次研究中的分解速度令人兴奋。(同类异物)
*The water in the cup is hotter than that in the pot. (表特指=the+名词)杯子里的水比壶里的水热。
语法填空。
(1)(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)She’s trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.
(2)Mary’s handwriting is far better than that of Peter.
(3)Remember that popular courses might not be suitable for everyone, and you should choose the one that suits you best.
二、it作非人称代词
it有时并不指具体的东西, 而泛指天气、时间、日期、距离、价值、度量、温度、环境或指事物的状态等。
*(2021·全国甲卷)It was an extremely cold winter’s evening and freezing fog hung in the air. (指时间)
那是一个极其寒冷的冬天的晚上, 空气中弥漫着冰冷的雾。
*(2018·天津高考)The students began complaining about how cold it would be. (指天气)学生们开始抱怨天气太冷了。
*It is two miles to the island from here. (指距离)
从这里到那座岛有两英里远。
*(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. (指事物的状态)
大人明白(屋里)塞满东西是什么感觉。
指出下列句子中it的含义。
(A. 指时间 B. 指距离 C. 指事物的状态 D. 指天气)
(1)It is merely 2 kilometres from our school to the station. ( )
(2)It eventually cleared up after a few constant rainy days. ( )
(3)We would sit by the lake, dreaming of what it would be like to live there. ( )
(4)It was April 1st when the government issued a ban on smoking in public. ( )
答案: (1)～(4)BDCA
三、it作形式主语
当动词不定式、动名词或从句作主语时, 通常把它们置于句末, 而用it作形式主语, 放在句首。
1. 作形式主语替代主语从句。
(1)It be+adj. +that. . . (常用于此句型的形容词有certain, doubtful, important, necessary, easy, strange, natural等)
(2)It be+过去分词+that. . . 据…… (常用于此句型的过去分词有: said, announced, believed, reported, known, hoped等)
(3)It be+a/an+n. +that. . . 做……是……的(常用于此句型的名词有pity, honour, shame, wonder等)
(4)It happens/seems/looks/appears/turns(ed)out /occurred to sb. that. . . 碰巧/似乎/看起来/结果/某人突然想起……
*It is advocated that we should donate money or any living articles to the children.
人们提倡我们应该向那些儿童捐赠钱和生活用品。
*It is a pity that you didn’t win the scholarship.
你没获得奖学金真遗憾。
【知识延伸】
①句型(1)中的形容词为necessary/important/strange等时, 主语从句的谓语部分用“should+动词原形”结构。
②句型(2)中的过去分词为表示“建议、命令、要求”等意思时, 主语从句的谓语部分用“should+动词原形”结构, 且should可以省略。
2. 作形式主语替代不定式。
(1)It is+ adj. +(for/of sb. )to do sth.
(2)It+is/was+one’s turn(duty, pleasure, a pity, great fun, a habit, time, a rule, a shame, no wonder)+to do sth.
(3)It takes sb. some time to do sth.
(4)It costs sb. some money to do sth.
(5)It’s up to sb. to do sth. 应由某人(负责)做……
*(2020·天津高考)It was so good to feel accepted for what I’m good at. 感觉自己擅长的事被人接受了, 真是太好了。
*It is impossible to get there by boat.
坐船到那里是不可能的。
*It took me approximately two months to translate the foreign novel. 翻译那本外国小说花费了我大约两个月的时间。
*It’s up to us to help those in need.
我们有责任帮助那些有困难的人。
①句型(1)中的形容词表示对逻辑主语的评价时, 不定式前用of sb. , 常见的形容词有brave, careless, foolish, honest, kind, modest, rude, silly, stupid, wise, wrong等;
②若句型(1)中的形容词表示重要性、紧迫性、频繁程度、难易、安全等情况, 则不定式前用for sb. 。常见的形容词有important, necessary, easy, hard, natural, impossible等。
3. 作形式主语替代动词-ing形式。
有些句型中it作形式主语, 真正主语为动词-ing形式:
(1)It’s useless/(of)no use/(of)no good doing sth. 做……是徒劳的/没有用的/没有益处的。
(2)It is a waste of. . . doing sth. 做某事是浪费……的。
*It’s no good putting things off because you have to get them done anyway.
推迟该做的事情是没有益处的, 因为无论如何你都要去做。
*It’s no use taking this kind of medicine. 吃这种药没有用。
*It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.
劝说这种人加入我们是浪费时间。
(1)It is no use waiting for other people to make decisions for you. 等别人替你做决定是没有用的。
(2)It occurred to me that I had left my ticket at home.
我突然想起我把票忘在家里了。
(3)(2021·全国甲卷)It’s said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. 据说历史是由胜利者书写的, 而这些胜利者为天才俱乐部设定了准入标准。
四、it作形式宾语
1. 用于 “主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语” 句型。
该句型中, 当宾语是不定式、动词-ing形式或宾语从句时, 常使用it作形式宾语, 而把真正的宾语——不定式、动词-ing形式或宾语从句置于补足语之后。常用于此句型的动词有: make, think, consider, believe, guess, suppose, declare, imagine, feel, find, discover, notice, regard等。
*(2020·浙江高考) My parents made it a point for their two kids to spend time outside, no matter the weather or season.
我的父母坚持让他们的两个孩子花时间在户外待着, 不管什么天气或季节。
*They considered it important to have the work done on time. 他们认为按时完成这项工作很重要。
2. 用于“主语+及物动词+从句”句型。
有些动词或动词短语后不能直接跟从句, 需要在从句前先加上it, 如appreciate, dislike, hate, like, love, make, take, see to, count on, depend on等。
*I would appreciate it if you could point out my shortcomings.
如果你能指出我的不足之处, 我会不胜感激的。
*He disliked it when she behaved badly in front of his mother.
他讨厌她在他母亲面前举止不当。
*She hates it when he bragged that he was the most important. 她讨厌他吹嘘自己最重要。
(1)语法填空。
①He will appreciate it if they invite him.
②I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day.
③We have made it a rule not to smoke (smoke) in the office.
(2)单句改错。
①He thought it no use try to convince them. (try→ trying)
②He may depend on that his wife will never come back again. (在on后加it)
五、it常用的固定搭配
make it 成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达
as it is 事实上, 实际情况是……; 照原样
if it hadn’t been for. . . 如果不是……, 要不是……
that’s it 到此为止、仅此而已; 就是这样, 完全正确
Take it easy. 不要慌, 别担心。
Believe it or not. 信不信由你。
It all depends. 那得看情况而定。
Forget it. 别提了, 忘了它吧, 算了, 休想。
Don’t mention it. 别提了, 不用谢。
It doesn’t matter. 没关系。
You guessed it. 你猜着了。
When it comes to. . . 当谈到……时……
*(2020·江苏高考)Building such a bridge over the bay was a hard nut to crack, but the local government made it within two years. 建这样一座海湾大桥是一个难题, 但是当地政府却在两年内完成了。
*When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.
说到教育, 大部分人认为它是一个终身学习的过程。
*Believe it or not, I always take your suggestions seriously.
信不信由你, 我总是认真对待你的建议。
(1)When it comes to the coming exam, I would suggest you relax and put yourself in a good mood.
当谈到即将到来的考试时, 我想建议你放松一下, 保持好的心情。
(2)It’s nice to sit down and take it easy after a hard day’s work. 劳累了一天之后, 能坐下来轻松一下是非常愉快的。
Ⅰ. 单句改错
1. (2018·全国卷Ⅱ)What is believed that the movie will be not only meaningful but also interesting. (What→It)
2. It is a waste of time try to persuade him to give up playing computer games. (try→trying)
3. It is impolite for you to talk loudly in public places. (for→of)
4. As is known to all that the Spring Festival plays an important role in China. (As→It)
5. The noise and the light really make hard for me to fall asleep. (make后加it)
Ⅱ. 句型转换
1. To my surprise, he thought that it was impossible for him to learn English well.
→To my surprise, he thought it impossible for him to learn English well.
2. 36 students are said to have passed the exam in our class.
→It is said that 36 students have passed the exam in our class.
3. To give up smoking is not easy.
→It is not easy to give up smoking.
4. Arguing about it is useless.
→It is useless arguing about it.
5. I became stronger and stronger, which made my parents glad.
→I became stronger and stronger, and it made my parents glad.
6. He felt it was his duty to serve the customers heart and soul.
→He felt it his duty to serve the customers heart and soul.
7. In the west, people send Christmas presents to their relatives and friends, making it a rule.
→In the west, people make it a rule to send Christmas presents to their relatives and friends.
8. When and where to hold the match hasn’t been decided.
→It hasn’t been decided when and where to hold the match.
9. In my opinion, to finish our work in a week was difficult.
→I found it difficult to finish our work in a week.
10. We met each other two weeks ago.
→It has been two weeks since we met each other.
根据提示, 综合运用本单元所学语法知识完成下列语段翻译。
随着我国的发展, 我认为学好英语很重要。(it作形式主语) 但是, 学好英语并不容易。(it作形式主语)为了学好英语, 首先我规定自己每天早晨6点起床。(it作形式宾语) 其次, 我认为每天练习说英语是必需的。(it作形式宾语) 再者, 我买了一个Mp3, 它可以帮助我提高听力。(代词it) 总之, 尽最大努力学习英语是值得的。(it作形式主语)
With the development of our country, I think it is very important to learn English well. But it is not easy to learn English well. To learn English well, first I make it a rule to get up at 6: 00 every morning. Second, I think it necessary to practice speaking English. Third, I bought an Mp3, and it can help me improve my listening. In a word, it is worth making every effort to learn English.
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9Unit 3 A healthy life Using Language
Ⅰ. 用本单元恰当的单词补全语境
1. an embarrassed businessman 一位尴尬的商人
2. a bunch of awkward kids 一群笨拙的孩子
3. a male magazine 一本男性杂志
4. buy some “female” stuff 买一些“女性”物品
5. develop comprehension 培养理解能力
6. break down prejudice 消除偏见
7. a lack of political judgement缺乏政治判断力
8. the survival of the fittest 适者生存
Ⅱ. 用方框中的短语补全句子
make a list of, at risk, in spite of, make sure, be more likely to, come across, take risks, look after, get into, share. . . with. . .
1. The girl has got into the habit of playing with her hair while reading.
2. Above all, make sure you keep in touch.
3. I will take the courage to go forward, whatever difficulties I may come across.
4. Successful people prefer to attempt new things and take risks rather than do what they have always done well.
5. They are forced to step into the roads, which is more likely to cause accidents.
6. My grandpa is seriously ill in hospital and I have to look after him.
7. In spite of his age, he still leads an active life.
8. By doing so, not only can I share good ideas with others but also learn to express myself clearly.
9. You could make a list of things you have to do, put a date next to each item and try your best to meet the deadline.
10. Teenagers at risk of depression and anxiety often wear their troubles like a neon (霓虹灯) sign.
Ⅲ. 根据课文及汉语提示补全句子
1. You can have HIV in your blood for a long time, but eventually HIV will damage your immune system so much that (会使你的免疫系统严重受损, 以致)your body can no longer fight disease.
2. In fact it is the cigarettes addiction rather than the physical effects that (是对香烟的上瘾而不是身体的影响)makes it really hard to quit smoking.
3. Do not share anything else that a person has used while injecting drugs(在注射药物时).
4. Women are slightly more likely to(可能性稍微大点) become infected than men.
框架宏观建构: 整体理解
文本微观剖析: 细节探究
1. 根据文章细节信息完成下列问题。
(1)You can get HIV through .
A. having meals with the patients with AIDS
B. kissing someone with AIDS
C. injecting drugs using the same needle
D. touching someone infected with HIV
(2)We can infer from the passage that .
A. HIV is the same as AIDS
B. HIV is different from AIDS
C. HIV weakens a person’s immune system
D. you can have HIV in your blood for quite a long time
(3)In order to stay safe, you .
A. should not use the needle someone else has used
B. have to avoid using anything else that the person has used while injecting drugs
C. should use a condom if you have sex with another person
D. all of the above
(4)The passage tells us about .
A. some common understanding of HIV/AIDS
B. scientists have found a cure for HIV/AIDS
C. ways to protect ourselves
D. the definition of HIV/AIDS and the warning to us
(5)The passage is a(n) .
A. advertisement B. story C. poster D. news report
答案: (1)～(5)CBDDC
2. 根据文章内容填空。
HIV is a (1)virus which is a very small living thing that causes disease. HIV (2)weakens a person’s immune system and eventually it (3)damages the immune system so much that the body can no longer fight disease. The (4)stage of the illness is called AIDS. HIV is spread through (5)blood or the fluid that the body makes during sex. At the moment there isn’t a (6)cure for AIDS and HIV. In order to stay (7)safe, you should not share your (8)needle with anyone else or share anything else that a person has used while (9)injecting drugs. Using a (10)condom will prevent sexual fluid from passing too. Besides, several wrong statements should be corrected.
3. 运用语句知识解构课文中的长难句。
译文: 携带病毒的血液或性液体必须通过皮肤上的伤口或通过注射才能进入人体, 使人受感染。
译文: 只有当这种疾病发展成艾滋病时, 人才会开始显出病态。
阅读思维升华: 主题实践
1. 结合课文主题, 回答下列问题。
(1)What can I do to support World AIDS Day
At school, you can support World AIDS Day by spreading knowledge about AIDS, making posters to advocate being kind to people with HIV and being a volunteer to help those with HIV.
(2)How should we act towards people who have HIV/AIDS What can we do to help them
We should not look down upon them and show our concern and care to them. We can donate money or other necessary daily supplies to them.
2. 根据提示, 运用本单元词汇与句型完成短文。
(1)艾滋病的危害;
(2)如何预防艾滋病;
(3)对艾滋病人的偏见。
HIV is a virus which can weaken a person’s immune system. To avoid developing AIDS, you should not share your needle with anyone else and don’t share anything else that a person has used while injecting drugs. You can’t tell by looking at someone whether or not he/she has HIV. It is only when the disease has progressed to AIDS that a person begins to look sick. Unfortunately, people with HIV sometimes lose their friends because of prejudice.
1. in spite of不顾; 不管
*He always did well at school in spite of having to do part-time jobs every now and then.
尽管有时得做些兼职工作, 但他在学校总是表现很好。
*In spite of the bad effect smoking has on health, some teenagers are still addicted to it. 尽管吸烟对健康有很坏的影响, 一些青少年仍沉迷于它。
*(2019·天津高考)In spite of all the problems, several of the players produced excellent performances.
尽管有所有这些问题, 几位运动员仍旧创造了佳绩。
(1)in spite of(普通用语)与despite(书面语言)同义。
(2)in spite of/despite the fact that从句。
(3)although/though“尽管; 虽然; 即使”, 后面接让步状语从句。
句型转换。
(1)I hope you have a pleasant vacation in spite of my disturbing you.
→I hope you have a pleasant vacation despite my disturbing you.
→I hope you have a pleasant vacation regardless of my disturbing you.
(2)We went out in spite of the fact that it rained heavily.
→Although/Though it rained heavily, we went out.
2. get into陷入; 染上(坏习惯)
*We should get into the good habit of saving time and never leave what can be done today until tomorrow. 我们应该养成节省时间的好习惯, 不要把今天能做的事留到明天。
*I’ve got into the habit of calling in on my grandparents on my way home from school.
我已养成了在放学回家的路上看望祖父母的习惯。
【语块积累】
get into the habit of. . . 染上/养成……的习惯
get into trouble 陷入困境
get into a panic 惊慌失措
get into debt 负债
get into deep water 陷入困境
get into用法概览
(1)“get into +名词”指的是“陷入/染上(某习惯)”, 非延续动作, 不可直接与一段时间连用。
(2)“get into +名词”的反义短语常用“get out of+名词”。
【知识延伸】动词get的其他常见短语
get across (使)通过, (使)被理解, (把……)讲清楚
get along 进展, 相处
get away 逃脱, 离开
get down to 认真做
get together 相聚; 聚集
get over 爬过; 越过; 克服困难; 痊愈
get through 接通; 完成; 通过; 用完
Innocent people get into trouble on account of others’ misfortune. 城门失火, 殃及池鱼。
(1)It is better for us to get into a healthy eating habit to keep fit. 为保持健康我们最好养成健康的饮食习惯。
(2)If you continue spending money like this, you’ll get into debt some day.
如果你继续这样花钱, 总有一天你会负债的。
【拓展训练】
(1)选词(along, over, through)填空。
①He has got over the language barrier.
②I rang you but couldn’t get through.
③I am sure you would get along very well with him.
(2)改错。
Let’s get down to work on the project. (work→working)
3. survival n. 幸存; 生存, 存活
*I think it is necessary for our school to start a swimming lesson to teach students the survival skill. 我认为我们学校有必要开设一门游泳课来教学生们求生技能。
*There are about 3, 900 wild tigers left in the world and the illegal trade is one of the biggest threats to their survival.
世界上大约有3 900只野生虎, 非法贸易是它们生存的最大威胁之一。
*Some interesting customs have survived from ancient times.
一些有趣的风俗已经从古代保留了下来。
【语块积累】
(1)fight for survival 为生存而奋斗
(2)survive sth. 幸免于; 从……中挺过来/活过来
A survive B (by. . . ) A比B活得长……
survive on 依靠……生存下来
survive from. . . 从……存活下来, 流传下来
survive作“幸存; 幸免于”讲时为及物动词, 其后直接接宾语, 不用介词in或from。
【巧学助记】 “survival”很幸运
After he survived the earthquake, the old man became one of the few survivors of the family and his survival made his old friends very happy.
这位老人在地震中幸存下来之后, 他成了这个家庭中少数幸存者之一, 他的幸存使他的老朋友们很高兴。
(1)语法填空。
①As a matter of fact, she survived her husband by five years.
②Anyone totally dependent on others will find it hard to survive(survive).
③It is reported that because of the 2019-nCoV, many museums almost lose all their sources of capital and have to fight for survival.
(2)(2021·全国甲卷)The Xi’an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China’s long history.
西安城墙是中国悠久历史中保存下来的最完整的城墙。
4. judgement n. 看法; 判决; 判断
*In my judgement, we should have a balanced diet and play sports regularly to keep physically healthy.
在我看来, 我们应该均衡饮食, 并且定期运动来保持身体健康。
*He passed judgement on the guilty man.
他对那个罪犯做出了裁决。
*He showed good judgement in making decision related to the project. 他在做出与该项目有关的决策时表现出良好的判断力。
*Judging from/by his accent, he is from Canada.
从他的口音上判断, 他来自加拿大。
【语块积累】
(1)in one’s judgement 按某人的看法
make a judgement on/about 对……做出判断
pass judgement on 对……评价/宣判
show good judgement in 在……方面表现出良好的判断力
(2)judge n. 法官; 裁判员vt. &vi. 判决; 判断; 断定
judging by/from. . . 根据……来判断
You can’t judge a book by its cover.
不可以貌取人。
(1)In my judgement, we should accept their apology.
依我看, 我们应该接受他们的道歉。
(2)Judging from/by her last letter, they are having a wonderful time.
从她的上封信看, 他们过得非常愉快。
5. embarrassed adj. 尴尬的; 陷入困境的
*Are you embarrassed about/at talking to strangers
你和陌生人说话会感到尴尬吗
*I felt embarrassed about being teased about my height in public.
被当众取笑身高, 我感到很尴尬。
*He was very embarrassed to hear people speak so highly of him. 他听见别人这样高度赞扬他, 感到很难为情。
【语块积累】
(1)be/feel embarrassed about/at. . . 对……感到难为情/不知所措
be/feel embarrassed to do sth. 对做某事感到尴尬
(2)embarrassing adj. 令人尴尬的; 使人难堪的
embarrass vt. 使尴尬
embarrassment n. 窘迫; 尴尬
【知识延伸】
以-ed结尾的形容词(如ashamed, delighted, excited, frightened, interested, moved, pleased, surprised, worried等)通常用于描述人。而以-ing结尾的形容词(如exciting, frightening, interesting, moving, surprising, worrying等)主要用于描述事物。
语法填空。
(1)He only gave an embarrassed (embarrass) smile when she spilled the water onto him.
(2)The speech was deeply embarrassing(embarrass)to cabinet ministers.
(3)My face turned red with embarrassment (embarrass).
6. You can have HIV in your blood for a long time, but eventually HIV will damage your immune system so much that your body can no longer fight disease.
在你的血液中, 人体免疫缺损病毒可以长期存在, 但是它最终会使你的免疫系统严重受损, 以致你的身体不再能抵抗疾病。
【句式解构】
(1)此句为并列句。but连接两个并列分句, but在句中表示转折。
(2)第二分句中的“so. . . that. . . ”结构, 意为“如此……以致……”, that引导结果状语从句。
*My mother is so stubborn that I can never persuade her to give in. 我的母亲很固执, 我从来不能说服她让步。
*(2020·天津高考)It produces a deafening sound so painful that it temporarily disables a person. 它会产生一种致聋的声音, 这种声音如此令人痛苦以至于使人暂时残疾。
*We had such bad weather that we had to stay at home.
天气这么糟, 我们不得不待在家里。
【语块积累】
(1)so+adj. /adv. +that
(2)so+adj. +a(n)+单数可数名词+that
(3)so+many/few+可数名词复数+that
(4)so+much/little+不可数名词+that
(5)such+a(n)+adj. +单数可数名词+that
(6)such+adj. +复数可数名词/不可数名词+that
在使用so/such. . . that. . . 句型时, 如果so. . . 和such. . . 置于句首, 主句要使用部分倒装。
*So hard did he study that he could easily pass the examination. 他学习那么努力, 因而能够轻易地通过那次考试。
(1)语法填空。
①I like drawing so much that I spend lots of time drawing pictures.
②We had so little time that we couldn’t finish the work on time.
③He has made such great progress that the teachers are pleased with him.
(2)句型转换。
He tells us such an important lesson that I rethink about the meaning of being smart and clever.
→He tells us so important a lesson that I rethink about the meaning of being smart and clever.
→So important a lesson does he tell us that I rethink about the meaning of being smart and clever.
【要点拾遗】
1. take risks (a risk)冒险
*We have the courage to meet challenges and take risks in our life, which helps to realize our dreams. 我们有勇气迎接挑战, 在我们的生活中冒险, 这有助于实现我们的梦想。
*It is not worthwhile to take the risk of offending your boss just to get such a small sum of money.
仅是为拿到那一点钱就去冒险触怒你的老板是不值得的。
*Men who had been stressed tended to take more risks while women responded in the opposite way.
男性在压力下更容易冒险, 然而女性却完全相反。
He who risks nothing gains nothing.
收获与风险并存。(不入虎穴, 焉得虎子)
(1)语法填空。
①It is reported that the disease is spreading, and all children under five are at risk.
②He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk losing (lose) the good opportunity.
(2)同义句转换。
These people are willing to risk being killed by floods or winds for the excitement of watching the storm.
→These people are willing to run/take the risk of being killed by floods or winds for the excitement of watching the storm.
(3)(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation, more families are choosing to live together. 由于年轻人无法负担离开家的费用, 老年人面临被孤立的风险, 更多的家庭选择住在一起。
2. prejudice n. 偏见; 成见
*They accused him of having a prejudice against his women employees. 他们指责他对女雇员有偏见。
*The offer was accepted without prejudice to the current pay negotiations.
该提议获得接纳, 但对目前正在进行的工资谈判并没有不利。
*Johnson had to leave the university, to the prejudice of his own future as a scientist.
约翰逊不得不离开大学, 损害了他自己作为科学家的前途。
【语块积累】
have a prejudice against 对……有偏见
without prejudice to 对……没有不利; 无损于
to the prejudice of 损害
(1)语法填空。
①They continued hostile attacks without prejudice to their negotiations.
②A soldier was also cleared of conduct to the prejudice of good order and military discipline.
(2)We are taught not to have a prejudice against the disabled.
我们被教育不要对残疾人有偏见。
3. Do not share anything else that a person has used while injecting drugs.
在注射药物时, 不要使用别人用过的其他任何东西。
【句式解构】
句中while injecting drugs为时间状语从句的省略, 相当于while you are injecting drugs。
(1)状语从句省略的条件: when, while, before, after, unless, as if等状语从句中的主语与主句主语一致或状语从句中的主语为it, 状语从句谓语中含有be动词。
(2)状语从句的省略成分: 省略从句中的主语和be动词。
*In class, we’d better try hard to follow our teacher as much as possible while (we are) taking notes.
上课记笔记时, 我们最好努力紧跟着老师(的讲解)。
*Whenever(it is)possible, the Chinese people will spare no effort to help mankind get rid of suffering. 在任何可能的情况下, 中国人民将不遗余力地帮助人类摆脱苦难。
*When asked about the secret of his success, he said that he owed much of his success and happiness to his wife and children. 当被问及他成功的秘诀时, 他说他所取得的成功和幸福主要归功于他的妻子和孩子。
省略句中的谓语动词和主语构成主动关系, 则使用现在分词; 若构成被动关系, 则使用过去分词; 若谓语动词表示尚未发生, 则使用不定式。
(1)语法填空。
①He had his fingers cut while cleaning (clean) the window.
②When heated(heat), ice can be turned into water.
(2)He opened his mouth as if to say something.
他张开嘴好像要说什么。
(3)Work hard when young, or you’ll regret.
趁年轻要努力学习, 要不然你会后悔的。
4. In fact it is the cigarettes addiction rather than the physical effects that makes it really hard to quit smoking. 事实上是对香烟的上瘾而不是身体的影响使得戒烟变得困难。
【句式解构】
(1)此句为强调句式, 强调主语。其基本结构: It is/was +被强调部分+that+句子的剩余部分。
(2)句中的rather than意为“而不是”, 此处连接并列主语。
*He goes to the park in the evening rather than in the morning. 他晚上去公园, 而不是早上去。
*(2019·天津高考) Most food webs, for instance, consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones. 例如, 大多数食物网是由许多弱的联系而不是一些强的联系组成。
*(2020·江苏高考)It was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most significant.
脂肪细胞深处的影响可能是最显著的。
(1)语法填空。
①I think Tom, rather than you, is (be) to blame.
②It is in Beijing and Zhangjiakou that the 2022 Winter Olympic Games will take place.
(2)It was when I felt lonely that I realized the importance of friends.
正是感到孤独时我才意识到朋友的重要性。
(3)We will have the meeting in the classroom rather than in the great hall. 我们是在教室里开会, 不是在大厅里。
Ⅰ. 语用功能表达
1. 表示允许
Is it OK if I keep this photo 我保存这张照片好吗
Is it OK to tell white lies 说善意的谎言可以吗
It is all right to do so out of kindness. 出于好意这样做是对的。
Would you mind if I opened the window 你介意我打开窗户吗
I wonder if I could use your computer tonight
我想知道我今晚能不能用你的电脑
Do you mind if I turn on the radio 你介意我开收音机吗
2. 表示警告
It would be a good idea to communicate with them face to face.
如果你能和他们面对面交流, 这是个好主意。
Be sure to lock the door when you leave.
你离开时务必把门锁好。
Be careful to observe the table manners. 注意遵守餐桌礼仪。
Watch out for fire. 当心着火。
Mind your head/step! 小心碰头/请慢走!
Don’t forget to close the door. 不要忘记关上门。
It is not a good idea to miss meals and replace them with snacks. 不吃正餐, 改吃点心, 这不是什么好主意。
Why not get some work experience first rather than go straight on to university
为什么不先获得一些工作经验而不是直接上大学
3. 表示禁止
Don’t let me down. 别让我失望。
You can’t do it again. 你不能再做那件事了。
You cannot burn the candle at both ends. 不可过分消耗精力。
You mustn’t swim in the river. 你一定不能在河里游泳。
You shouldn’t tell the secret to him. 你不应该把秘密告诉他。
Ⅱ. 话题情景交流
Mary: Hi, Jack, are you going to attend Li Hua’s birthday party
Jack: Yes, but I’m a little worried. I don’t know what to do.
Mary: Oh, don’t be worried. Let me think. First, 1. You should arrive on time (你应该按时到达). Second, 2. don’t forget to bring a small gift (不要忘记带小礼物)to your friend. Third, you’d better mind your table manners.
Jack: OK, 3. is it OK if I could smoke there(我在那儿吸烟可以吗)
Mary: I think you’d better not smoke. After all, smoking is harmful to our health.
Jack: Well, you are right. Suppose someone invites me to drink alcohol, what should I do You know I’ve never drunk alcohol.
Mary: Well, 4. it would be a good idea to drink orange juice (喝橘子汁是一个好主意)or something instead.
Jack: Good, thank you.
Ⅰ. 语段填词
1. Your vocabulary can have a great effect on your reading comprehension(理解). Lack of vocabulary will make you feel awkward(笨拙的) when reading. You even make false judgement (判断)on some questions.
2. There is still some prejudice(偏见) against women in some countries. For example, it is illegal for the females(女性) to drive in one country. Therefore, it is difficult for them to win the right to abortion(堕胎).
3. In his judgement (看法), everyone can make survival (存活)in this competitive world.
4. Now he is in an awkward(局促不安的)situation, which has made him embarrassed(尴尬的).
Ⅱ. 单句语法填空
1. The woman glared at the young man coldly, which made him embarrassed(embarrass).
2. When surfing(surf)the Internet, I found the news.
3. It is so good a film that I like to see it a second time.
4. I’ve got into the habit of reading English aloud in the morning.
5. In her judgement, he was not very good at his job.
6. It was because of bad weather that the sports meeting had to be put off.
7. If cancers are spotted early there’s a high chance of survival(survive).
8. In spite of illness, he managed to come.
9. Operate the electrical appliance following the instructions attached in the box, or you’ll be at risk.
10. He has a prejudice against career women.
Ⅲ. 完成句子
1. You’d better get into the habit of drinking a glass of water every hour. (get)
你最好养成每小时喝一杯水的习惯。
2. In spite of great efforts, we failed to carry out our plans.
尽管很努力, 但我们未能实行我们的计划。
3. It was yesterday that he bought the book in this shop.
他是昨天在这家商店买的这本书。
4. I was embarrassed at his unexpected question.
他突然的发问使我不知所措。
5. They wait for the group to decide rather than making individual decisions. (rather)
他们等待团体作决定而不是各自作出决定。
6. She has a prejudice against modern music.
她对现代音乐怀有偏见。
7. While (I was) waiting for the bus, I met an old friend.
在等公共汽车时, 我遇到了一个老朋友。
8. Judging from the expression/look on her face, she must have news of great excitement to tell us.
从她脸上的神情来判断, 她一定有很令人兴奋的消息要告诉我们。
Ⅳ. 课文短文改错
HIV is a virus that weaken a person’s immune system. You can have a HIV in your blood for a long time. However, eventual it will damage your immune system so much as your body can no longer fight disease. This stage of the illness was called AIDS. So far, almost everyone who has developed AIDS died. HIV is spread through blood or the fluid where carries the virus. The virus gets inside the body through breaking skin, or by injection. Certainly, scientists will find a cure to HIV/AIDS one day. But before that happens, you need to protect myself.
答案: 1. 第一句的weaken→weakens。
2. 第二句第一个a去掉。
3. 第三句的eventual→eventually。
4. 第三句的as→that。
5. 第四句的was→is。
6. 第五句died前加has。
7. 第六句的where→that/which。
8. 第七句的breaking→broken。
9. 第八句的to→for。
10. 第九句的myself→yourself。
如何写一封建议信
建议信是生活中常见的一种文体, 是写信人向收信人对某事提出的建议和忠告。建议信可能是写给个人, 也可能是写给某个组织或机构, 信的内容要包括写信的原因、建议的内容、提出建议的理由。建议信要写得简明扼要、目的明确、具有合理性和说服力。
假设你是红星中学高三学生李华, 你的英国朋友Jim在给你的邮件中提到他对中国文化感兴趣, 计划明年来北京上大学。他向你咨询相关信息。请给他回邮件, 内容包括: 1. 表示欢迎; 2. 推荐他上哪所大学; 3. 建议他做哪些准备工作。
注意: 词数100左右。
完成句子
1. 我了解到你对中国文化的强烈兴趣。
I have learned your keen interest in Chinese culture.
2. 我建议你申请北京大学, 中国最好的大学之一。
I suggest you apply for Peking University, one of the best universities in China.
3. 它的中国文学专业对你来说很好。
Its Chinese Literature major is perfect for you.
4. 在那里你可以完全沉浸于中国悠久的历史和丰富的文化之中。
You can be completely soaked in Chinese profound history and rich culture there.
句式升级
5. 用非谓语动词提升句1、2
Learning your keen interest in Chinese culture, I suggest you apply for Peking University, one of the best universities in China.
6. 用复合句提升句3、4
Its Chinese Literature major is perfect for you where you can be completely soaked in Chinese profound history and rich culture.
Dear Jim,
I’m so glad to hear your future education plan in Beijing in your last letter. First I would like to express my warmest welcome to you and I am sure you will have the most unforgettable experience during your college in Beijing.
Learning your keen interest in Chinese culture, I suggest you apply for Peking University, one of the best universities in China. Its Chinese Literature major is perfect for you where you can be completely soaked in Chinese profound history and rich culture. As for preparation, some reading in advance is needed like The Story of the Stone while some online courses of spoken Chinese can be helpful for you to adapt into the Chinese language environment.
I sincerely hope your dream will come true and if you have further questions, please feel free to let me know.
Yours,
Li Hua
1. 话题词汇
①listen
②follow
③attentively
④with caution
⑤respect others’ ideas
⑥first of all
⑦above all
⑧from my perspective
在我看来
⑨keep in mind 记住
2. 话题句式
(1) 表达感情
①It is a pity that I hear the bad news.
我很遗憾听到这个坏消息。
②I’m glad to receive your letter asking for my advice on how to solve the problem.
我很高兴收到你的来信向我询问如何解决这个问题的建议。
③It is my pleasure to do this thing.
我乐意做这件事情。
④I’m willing to lend a hand to you.
我愿意帮助你。
(2)提出建议
①It is helpful for you to do this thing.
做这件事对你有益。
②In my opinion, it would be better if you do this thing.
在我看来, 如果你做这件事会更好。
③It should be a good idea for you to do this thing.
对你来说做这件事是个不错的主意。
④It does harm to you.
它对你有害。
PAGE
20Unit 3 A healthy life Warming Up & Reading
Ⅰ. 根据语境用正确的单词填空
1. remove the ban(解除禁令)
2. abuse one’s power (滥用权力)
3. stress of the snow (雪的压力)
4. mental health (心理健康)
5. have no effect (没有影响)
6. strengthen the protection of wetland (加强湿地保护)
7. make a desperate attempt (竭尽全力)
8. several disappointed customers (几个失望的顾客)
9. deeply ashamed of yourself (对你自己感到很惭愧)
10. quit and give up my journey(停止并放弃我的旅程)
11. one abnormal gene(一个畸形的基因)
12. make some tough decisions(做出一些困难的决定)
Ⅱ. 根据语境用恰当的词补全短语
1. —Do you feel like taking a walk in the park
—No, I’m really not in the mood for it this evening.
2. Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious consequences.
3. It doesn’t take long to be addicted to computer games for adolescents.
4. People who live in these areas have become accustomed to the cold climate.
5. We must decide on an appropriate course of action.
6. He makes the same mistake over and over again.
7. You mustn’t give up studying foreign languages for even a day.
8. If you cannot go, he’ll go instead of you.
Ⅲ. 根据课文及英语提示翻译句子
1. When I was taken off the school football team because I was unfit, I knew it was time to quit smoking.
当我因为身体不健康而被学校足球队除名时, 我知道该是戒烟的时候了。
2. I do hope so because I want you to live as long and healthy a life as I have.
我的确希望如此, 因为我想让你能像我这样活得健康长寿。
3. Every time you feel like smoking a cigarette, remind yourself that you are a non-smoker.
每次你想吸烟的时候, 要提醒自己你是一个不吸烟的人。
根据给出的构词规则完成下面空格。
1. 形容词后缀-less
breath→breathless adj. 气喘吁吁的; 屏息的
home→ homeless adj. 无家可归的
end →endless adj. 没完没了的; 无尽的, 无边的
aim →aimless adj. 漫无目的的; 无目标的
2. be+(过去分词形式的)形容词+to短语, 在句中作谓语
be addicted to 对……有瘾
be accustomed to 习惯于……
be devoted to 致力于, 献身于
be attached to 附属于, 隶属于
框架宏观建构: 整体理解
文本微观剖析: 细节探究
1. 根据文章细节信息完成下列问题。
(1)Why did James’ grandfather write to James
A. Because he wanted to tell James his experience.
B. Because he wanted to tell James the harmful effects of smoking.
C. Because he wanted to help James give up smoking.
D. Because he wanted to help James get some information.
(2)From Para. 3 we can learn that .
A. a person can be addicted to nicotine because nicotine is one of the chemicals in cigarettes
B. a person will be addicted to smoking if he treats it as a habit
C. a person will feel sick if his body gets used to having nicotine
D. a person will really feel relaxed when having a cigarette
(3)Which is NOT the effect of smoking
A. Causing terrible damage to heart and lungs.
B. Affecting the health of non-smokers.
C. Making the clothes turn yellow.
D. Not enjoying sport.
(4)In what way did the old man try to persuade his grandson to give up smoking
A. Using scientific theory. B. His failure in love.
C. His sports activity. D. His own experience.
答案: (1)～(4)CBCD
2. 根据文章内容完成空格。
Ways to become addicted to cigarettes ·Physically addicted to (1)nicotine·Addicted through habit·(2)Mentally addicted
Harmful effects of smoking ·Do terrible (3)damage to your heart and lungs. ·Smoking couples have more difficulty in becoming (4)pregnant. ·Smokers’ babies may have a smaller birth weight or even be (5)abnormal in some way. ·Affect the health of (6)non-smokers. ·Your breath and clothes (7)smell bad. ·The ends of your fingers turn yellow. ·Become (8)breathless quickly and enjoy less sport.
Advice on stopping smoking ·Prepare yourself. ·Be (9)determined. ·Break the habit. ·Relax. ·Get help if you need it. ·Keep (10)trying.
3. 运用语句知识解构课文中的长难句。
(1)
译文: 我那时认为, 抽了一支烟后就会感到更轻松愉快, 于是我就开始认为只有在抽烟时我才能感觉良好。
译文: 例如, 我不知道抽烟能严重损害你的心脏和肺部, 也不知道抽烟的夫妇生育能力会下降。
译文: 由于我身体不健康被校足球队除名之后, 我才知道该是我戒烟的时候了。
阅读思维升华: 主题实践
1. 结合课文主题, 回答下列问题。
What kind of people do you think James’ grandfather is
He is fit and healthy and leads an active life. He takes an interest in his grandson’s well-being. He is knowledgeable. He surfs the Internet. He appears to love his grandson.
2. 根据提示, 运用本单元词汇与句型完成短文。
(1)越来越多的孩子整日沉溺于(be addicted to)网络游戏。
(2)这会对他们有很坏的影响(have a bad effect on)。
(3)一旦他们养成这个习惯, 他们就不容易摆脱(quit)它。
(4)他们不能习惯(accustom)日常生活。
(5)在我看来, 老师和家长都应该强调(stress)学习的重要性, 禁止(ban)他们玩这样的网络游戏。
(6)到了孩子们该致力于学习的时候了。(It is time to do. . . )
More and more children are addicted to Internet games all day, which will have a bad effect on them. Once they form the habit, they won’t quit it easily, and they can’t accustom themselves to the daily life. In my opinion, the teachers and parents should stress the importance of study, and ban them from playing such Internet games. It is time for children to be devoted to study.
1. ban vt. 禁止; 取缔 n. 禁令; 谴责
*Do you think smoking should be banned
你认为吸烟应该被禁止吗
*We should ban smoking in public places.
我们应该禁止在公共场所吸烟。
*They banned visitors from smoking in the building.
他们禁止来访者在大楼内吸烟。
*We have put a ban on smoking, so please follow it.
我们已禁止吸烟, 请你遵守。
*Cambodia has announced a ban on elephant riding from 2020, allowing animals to return to nature.
柬埔寨已经宣布自2020年起禁止骑大象, 让动物回归大自然。
【语块积累】
(1)ban doing 禁止做……
ban sb. from doing sth. 禁止某人做某事
(2)a ban on. . . 一个……的禁令
【巧学助记】直观透视 ban用法
(1)语法填空。
①The government put a ban on the sale of that drug.
②I think that our school should ban students from taking (take)mobile phones on campus.
(2)After the accident, he was banned(ban) from driving alone.
2. addicted adj. 入了迷的; 上了瘾的
*Our life will be greatly affected if we are addicted to playing Internet games.
如果我们痴迷于玩网络游戏, 我们的生活将会受到巨大影响。
【语块积累】
be/become addicted to (doing) sth. 沉溺于(做)某事; 专心于(做)某事
语法填空。
(1)Addicted (addict) to playing the violin, he didn’t notice a thief walk into his house.
(2)People who are addicted to shopping(shop)should break this habit.
(3)Being addicted(addict)to cell phones does a lot of harm to the owners.
3. accustom vt. 使习惯于
*I’m sorry to hear that you feel it difficult to accustom yourself to your new school life in America.
很抱歉得知你很难使自己适应在美国新学校的生活。
*He is accustomed to getting up early, which is beneficial to his health.
他习惯于早起, 这对他的健康有好处。
【语块积累】
(1)accustom oneself to (doing)sth. 使……习惯于(做)某事
(2)accustomed adj. 经常的; 惯常的; 习惯了的
be/get/become/grow accustomed to (doing)sth. 习惯于(做)某事
accustom. . . to. . . 以及be accustomed to. . . 结构中的to均为介词, 后接名词或动词的-ing形式作宾语。
(1)语法填空。
①I believe that you can be accustomed to living (live)on your own in the new environment.
②Accustoming (accustom)himself to working late, he usually stays up.
(2)句型转换。
He quickly became accustomed to the new way of life.
=He quickly accustomed himself to the new way of life.
4. effect n. 结果; 效力
*When I was young, I didn’t know much about the harmful effects of smoking.
在我年轻的时候, 关于吸烟的危害性我知道得并不多。
*They will feel sleepy in class, which will have bad effects on their memories and studies.
他们在课堂上会犯困, 这将对他们的记忆力和学业产生坏的影响。
*Many new rules have been brought/carried/put into effect to control COVID-19.
为了控制新冠肺炎, 许多新规则已付诸实施。
【导图理词】
(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments.
为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响, 研究人员进行了两项实验。
Bitter pills may have wholesome effects.
良药苦口利于病。
语法填空。
(1)It won’t be easy to put the changes into effect.
(2) (2019·江苏高考)Favorable policies are in effect to encourage employees’ professional development.
(3)The new regulation will come into effect on January 1, 2022, which will have a significant effect on traffic conditions. People think it is an effective (effect)way to stop drunk driving.
5. decide on 对……作出决定
*We finally decided on holding a class meeting to make a plan for the activity. 我们最后决定开班会来制订活动计划。
*We have decided to go to France for our holidays.
我们已决定到法国去度假。
decide on作“选定, 决定”之意时, 相当于settle on, determine on。
(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)They decided to boil the porridge first.
他们决定先把粥煮熟。
(1)语法填空。
①Don’t decide on important matters too quickly.
②We’ve decided to put (put) off our trip till next Friday, owing to the bad weather.
③I’m glad to hear that you are coming to Beijing, which is an extremely smart decision(decide).
(2)Decide on a new course and make one decision at a time.
决定一个新方针并且逐一作出决定。
6. feel like (doing)想要(做)……
*Our parents feel like seeing our circle of friends, which shows their care and love for us.
我们的父母想要看我们的朋友圈, 这表明他们对我们的关爱。
*This kind of brick feels like wood. 这种砖摸起来像木头。
*I would like to try out this new approach to solve the problem.
我想试验一下这个新方法来解决问题。
【语块积累】
feel like 感觉像, 摸起来像
would like (to do) 想要(做某事)
feel like后跟动名词作宾语, 而would like后跟动词不定式作宾语。
(1)语法填空。
①She really feels like having (have)a talk with him about his study at school.
②He would like to drink (drink) black tea instead of green tea.
(2)句型转换。
Nobody would like to give up their own rights.
→Nobody feels like giving up their own rights.
7. ashamed adj. 感到惭愧或羞耻的
*If you weaken and have a cigarette, do not feel ashamed.
如果你因为意志脆弱而抽烟了, 也不要觉得难为情。
*You should be ashamed of your shameful behavior.
你应该为你的可耻的行为感到羞愧。
*I always feel ashamed to see some improper behavior, such as littering and scribbling.
看到乱扔垃圾、乱写乱画这些不良行为时我总是感到羞耻。
【语块积累】
be ashamed to do sth. 耻于做……
be ashamed of (doing)sth. 因(做)某事而感到羞耻
be ashamed of oneself 为自己感到惭愧
be ashamed that. . . 对……感到内疚/惭愧
语法填空。
(1)He felt ashamed of cheating in the exam, determined never to do such things again.
(2)He was ashamed to make(make)up an excuse for his making such a big mistake.
(3)He knows well he’d be ashamed of himself(him)later.
(4)He is ashamed to let (let) me know what he has done.
(5)Didn’t you feel ashamed(shame) for yourself when you did the shameful(ashamed) thing What a shame(shameful) that you should be such a cruel man!
8. Your mother tells me that you started smoking some time ago and now you are finding it difficult to give it up. 你妈妈告诉我, 你不久前开始吸烟了, 而且现在发现很难把它戒掉。
【句式解构】
(1)本句为一个主从复合句, that引导宾语从句作tells的宾语。句中“finding it difficult to give it up”为固定句式, 其中 it为形式宾语, difficult为宾语补足语, to do不定式作真正的宾语。
(2)用于结构“v. +it+补语(adj. )+真正的宾语(to do 不定式)”中的常见词还有: think, consider, feel, make等。
*We found it impossible to finish the rest of the work in five days. 我们发现在五天之内完成剩余的工作简直是不可能的。
*That made it impossible for us to go on.
那使我们没法进行下去。
【知识延伸】形式宾语句型“6123”结构
“6”指主句中常用的动词: think, believe, make, find, consider, feel;
“1”指的是形式宾语it;
“2”指的是宾语补足语的两种形式: 形容词或名词;
“3”指的是真正宾语的三种形式: 不定式短语, 动名词短语或that引导的宾语从句。
(1)The heavy rain made it impossible for us to go out.
大雨使得我们无法出去。
(2)I find it hard to study English. Could you give me some advice
我发现学英语很难, 你能给我一些建议吗
9. It is not easy to stop smoking, but millions have managed to quit and so can you.
戒烟并不容易, 但数百万人都做到了, 你也能做到。
【句式解构】
(1)该句为由并列连词but与and连接的并列句。
(2)句中so can you是倒装句式“so+情态动词/助动词/系动词+主语”, 表示前面的情况也适用于后者。
*If the trust between both sides fades away, so will friendship itself.
如果双方的信任消失了, 那么友谊也会消失。
*Mary has learned by heart 200 words, and so have I.
玛丽已经记住了200个单词, 我也一样。
前后情况的否定与强调
(1)若前面情况为否定且也适用于后者, 则句式为neither/nor+情态动词/助动词/系动词+主语。
(2)“so +主语+情态动词/助动词/系动词”为正常语序, 只是对前面情况的肯定与附和, 表示“确实如此”。
*I never play PC games; nor/neither do they.
我从不玩电脑游戏, 他们也不。
*—The students work very hard.
—So they do.
——学生们学习很努力。
——他们确实是这样。
【知识延伸】
当情况比较复杂, 既有肯定又有否定内容, 或句子中的助动词、情态动词或系动词不止一个时, 可以使用So it is with. . . 或It is the same with. . . /The same with. . . 。
*Liu Jun studies English, but doesn’t study German. So it is with Li Mei.
刘军学习英语, 但他不学习德语。李梅也是这样。
*—Jane is a good student and works hard.
—So it is with Tom. /It is the same with Tom.
——简是个好学生并且学习刻苦。
——汤姆也是。
(1)Everyone knows the importance of health, and so do I.
每个人都知道健康的重要性, 我也是。
(2)If you don’t give up the plan, nor/neither will I.
如果你不放弃这个计划, 我也不会。
10. Every time you feel like smoking a cigarette, remind yourself that you are a non-smoker. 每当你想要吸烟的时候, 你就提醒你自己, 你已经是不吸烟的人了。
【句式解构】
(1)这是一个主从复合句, every time 在句中引导时间状语从句, 意为“每次”。that引导宾语从句, 作动词remind的宾语。
(2)句中remind sb. that. . . 意为“提醒某人……”。
*Every time you smile at someone, you give a gift to that person.
每当你向某人微笑的时候, 你就是给了那个人一件礼物。
*He fell in love with her the first time he saw her.
他第一次看见她就爱上了她。
*I got in touch with him immediately I received the letter.
我一接到信就与他联系了。
every time在这里相当于连词, 连接了两个分句, each time, the first/last time, the moment /instant/minute, the day等表示时间的名词也可以引导两个句子, 相当于一个从属连词; 此外immediately, instantly, directly等副词也可以引导时间状语从句, 相当于as soon as。
(1)单句改错。
①You won’t have to break down the still every time when you need a drink. (去掉when)
②I have to remind you of nobody can win all the time. (of改为that)
(2)Every time I meet him, he always wears a smile.
我每次遇见他, 他总是面带微笑。
【要点拾遗】
1. abuse n. &vt. 滥用; 虐待
*Don’t abuse your health by working like that.
不要像那样工作把身体搞垮。
*We all think it wrong to abuse one’s power to meet one’s private needs.
我们都认为滥用职权谋取私利是错误的。
【语块积累】
the abuse of power/sb. 滥用职权/虐待某人
abuse one’s power/position 滥用职权
abuse sb. 虐待/辱骂某人
A good rider never abuses his horse. 善骑者决不虐待其马。
(1)语法填空。
Abusing (abuse)children is a common phenomenon in some countries.
(2)According to the latest law, parents are not allowed to abuse their children.
根据最新的法律, 家长不允许虐待他们的孩子。
(3)His political reputation was ruined by his abuse of power.
他因滥用职权而破坏了政治声誉。
2. stress n. 压力; 重音vt. 加压力于; 使紧张; 强调
*One of the most effective ways to reduce stress is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.
减少压力最有效的方式之一就是与你信任的人聊聊感受。
*Because the final exam is coming, most students are under a lot of stress.
因为期末考试即将到来, 大多数学生都感觉压力大。
*President Xi put great stress on the utilization of cultural relics. 习主席强调了文化遗产的利用。
【语块积累】
(1)put/lay stress on. . . 强调, 着重于……
under stress 在压力下
under the stress of. . . 在……的压力下
(2)It must be stressed that. . . 必须强调的是……
(3)stressful adj. 令人感到有压力的
stressed adj. 紧张的, 有压力的
under stress指“在压力下”的状态, 其中stress为不可数名词, 前面一般不用冠词; 而表示“在……的压力下”时, of结构作stress的定语, 故stress前用the修饰表特指。
(1)语法填空。
①When you’re not stressed (stress), you can be more productive.
②Most doctors and nurses live under stressful(stress)conditions.
③Students will be under mental stress with their parents accompanying them.
(2)句型转换。An increasing number of schools stress the importance of foreign language education.
→An increasing number of schools lay/place/put stress on/upon the importance of foreign language education.
(3)(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)It turns out that just looking at green, growing things can reduce stress, lower blood pressure, and put people into a better mood. 结果是只看绿色和生长的东西能减少压力, 降低血压, 让人们有好心情。
3. due adj. 欠款的; 预定的; 到期的
*(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)The little girl’s mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness.
这个小女孩的母亲由于疾病不能为她的假期付钱。
*I’m due to graduate in the next half of the year.
今年下半年我就要毕业了。
*The car is due for its annual service again.
这辆汽车又应该到了一年一度的保养期了。
*Eventually, his scholarship was not approved due to various reasons.
最终, 出于各种原因, 他的奖学金没有被批准。
【语块积累】
(1)due to 由于……; 因为……
(2)be due to sth. / sb. 归因于某事/某人
be due to do sth. 预期做某事, 预定要做某事
be due for sth. 应有; 应得到
due to可在句中作表语、定语或状语。
(1)Surely you are due for a rest.
无疑, 你应该休息一下。
(2)The train is due to leave for Shanghai at 8.
这次列车定于8点出发去上海。
(3)(2019·天津高考)The captain of the ship was advised to turn back due to a sudden heavy storm.
由于突然发生的大风暴, 船长被建议返航。
(4)The task was finished ahead of time due to (owing to/thanks to) our joint efforts.
由于我们的共同努力, 任务提前完成了。
4. quit vt. 停止(做某事); 离开
*He quit school at 15 and left home.
他15岁辍学后离开了家。
*Parents should quit putting more stress on their children.
父母应该停止给孩子施加更多的压力。
【语块积累】
quit one’s office/post/job 辞职/离职
quit doing sth. 停止做某事
(1)语法填空。
①(2018·北京高考)Susan had quit(quit)her well-paid job and was working as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.
②You must quit smoking(smoke)so that you can live a long life.
(2)If you quit your job, you might regret forever.
如果你辞掉工作, 你可能会后悔一辈子。
5. strengthen vt. 加强; 巩固; 使坚强 vi. 变强
*To promote students’ sense of social responsibility, moral education should be strengthened.
为了提升学生们的社会责任感, 应当强化道德教育。
*This visit aims to strengthen sound friendship, unity and cooperative relations between the two countries.
此次访问旨在加强两国间良好的友谊、团结和合作关系。
*(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)Begin to train your brain to look at strength before weakness.
开始训练你的大脑先看到自己的优点而不是缺点。
【语块积累】
strength n. 力气; 体力; 勇气; 强项; 长处
have the strength to do sth. 有勇气做某事
with all one’s strength 用尽全身的力气
“会动的”-en
动词strengthen是由名词strength加后缀-en转化而来的, 常见的由名词或形容词加后缀-en转化而来的动词还有:
brighten(使)发亮 weaken(使)变弱
harden(使)变硬 sharpen(使)变尖锐
sweeten(使)变甜 darken(使)变暗
soften(使)变软 widen(使)变宽
(1)语法填空。
①(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to strengthen(strength)your leg muscles.
②The weaknesses of playing with the phone outweigh its strengths(strong).
(2)Exercising can strengthen your body and change your eating habits.
锻炼能增强你的体质, 改变你的饮食习惯。
6. disappointed adj. 失望的; 沮丧的
*Do not be disappointed if you have to try several times before you finally stop smoking.
即使非得经过多次才能最后把烟戒掉, 你也不要失望。
*He was disappointed that other guests were not coming.
其他客人没有来, 他感到失望。
*He was disappointed at not getting the job, but he’ll get over it.
他因没有得到那份工作而大失所望, 不过他会从失望中恢复过来的。
*I was completely disappointed to hear that he was affected with COVID-19. 听到他感染新冠肺炎, 我很沮丧。
*I’m really disappointed with/in you, Tom. You could have done well.
我对你很失望, 汤姆。你本能够做好的。
disappointed “失望的, 沮丧的”, 指人的主观感受, 常用来修饰人; disappointing “令人失望的”, 指事物的属性或性质, 用于修饰事物。
【巧学助记】disappoint家族小聚会
To the parents’ disappointment, their disappointing son always makes them disappointed at his disappointing performance.
令父母失望的是, 他们令人失望的儿子总是因他的令人失望的表现使他们失望。
语法填空。
(1)I was disappointed to see (see) what had happened.
(2)The next day, we got a disappointing(disappoint) message that another buyer had offered a much higher price.
(3)(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)As the twins looked around them in disappointment(disappoint), their father appeared.
(4)Your father feels rather disappointed(disappoint) because you have not behaved as well as he expected.
7. desperate adj. 绝望的; 拼命的
*He is desperate for a chance to show himself in public.
他渴望得到一个在公众面前展示自己的机会。
*I was desperate to see the manager and tell him the good news.
我非常想见到经理并告诉他这个好消息。
【语块积累】
(1)be desperate for sth. 极渴望某物
be desperate to do sth. 极想做某事
(2)desperately adv. 绝望地; 拼命地
(3)desperation n. 拼命; 绝望
(1)语法填空。
①(2020·浙江高考) I ran desperately (desperate) but failed to catch up.
②They felt desperate, and were desperate for money.
③Deep into my desperation (desperate)lies a beautiful surprise.
(2)They made a desperate attempt to save the company.
他们为挽救公司作出孤注一掷的努力。
8. However, what I did know was that my girlfriend thought I smelt terrible.
然而我的确知道, 我的女朋友觉得我的烟味很难闻。
【句式解构】
(1)该句为复合句。what引导主语从句, 在从句中作主语; that引导表语从句, 在从句中不作成分; thought后为宾语从句, 省略了引导词that。
(2)句中助动词did强调谓语动词know。助动词do用在一般现在时或一般过去时的肯定陈述句或肯定祈使句中, 用来加强谓语动词的语气, 表示“的确、真的、务必等”, 有时态和数的变化。
*The course of true love never did run smooth.
[谚]好事多磨。
*I do hope you can take my suggestion into account.
我的确希望你能考虑一下我的建议。
*She does go to school every day. 她确实每天都去上学。
(1)强调下列句中的谓语动词。
①(2020·全国Ⅰ卷) It does, however, have its own problem.
②As we all know, he does speak English well.
(2)It was very difficult for my father to quit smoking, who smoked for 30 years, but in the end he did manage it.
尽管戒烟对我父亲来说很难, 他有30年的烟龄, 但最终他确实戒掉了。
1. I want to stress here that, after the return of Hong Kong and Macau to the motherland, the affairs of the two special administrative regions are completely China’s internal affairs, which need no finger-pointing from any external forces.
我要在此强调的是, 香港、澳门回归祖国后, 处理这两个特别行政区的事务完全是中国内政, 用不着任何外部势力指手画脚。
2. However, the number of cases of the new virus is expected to continue rising during the Spring Festival holiday, due to the large number of people traveling nationwide, which will make the disease spread more easily.
然而春运期间人员流动大, 会导致疾病传播更加容易, 因此患病人数可能继续上升。
3. As a result, the majority of people are not able to reap the fruits of economic development. The lopsided industrial structure has generated a crowding-out effect that makes it difficult for other industries to flourish.
结果, 大多数人无法收获经济发展的成果。不平衡的产业结构产生了挤出效应, 使得其他产业难以蓬勃发展。
4. Using a mobile phone while cycling is to be banned in the Netherlands amid mounting safety fears in a country where bikes outnumber people.
荷兰的自行车比人还多, 令人们对安全隐患的担忧渐增, 于是荷兰发布禁令, 禁止骑车时用手机。
5. It is reported that in recent years, some teenagers who are addicted to online games have committed some absurd crimes.
据报道, 近年来一些对网络游戏上瘾的青少年做出了一些荒唐的违法犯罪行为。
6. The Chang’e-5 mission has successfully brought home 1, 731 grams of moon samples and accomplished several firsts for China.
嫦娥五号成功带回了1 731克月球样本, 为中国创造了多项“第一”。
Ⅰ. 语段填词
1. Once upon a time, he was addicted(上瘾)to cigarettes(香烟) and alcohol(酒) and lost his job. As a result, his life became tough(艰难的) and he tried desperately(拼命地) to make a change. At last, he managed to quit(停止) smoking and drinking.
2. The price of buildings was abnormal (反常的). So the government banned (禁止)a family from buying over two flats. The policy had a good effect (影响)on the building market.
3. Take Green for example, he was a chemist(药剂师)and abused(滥用) his power to make money. His colleagues were ashamed(羞耻) of referring to him and his leaders were disappointed(失望的) at him. So we should strengthen(加强) the education of legal awareness.
Ⅱ. 单句改错
1. It’s not wise for us to be addicted to play with smart phones. (play→playing)
2. As time becomes limited and schoolwork begins to pile up, many students start to feel more stressful. (stressful→stressed)
3. To our disappointing, the sky is always grey; the haze (雾霾)blankets everything. (disappointing→disappointment)
4. If you go abroad to study law, so do I. (do→will)
5. A man in the river was shouting and waving his arms around desperate. (desperate→desperately)
Ⅲ. 完成句子
1. Every time I see the old man in the park, he is absorbed in reading papers.
每次我在公园里看到这位老人, 他都在专注地读报。
2. You should do exercise for about half an hour every day to strengthen your body.
你应该每天锻炼大约半个小时来增强体质。
3. It is a rule that the students should be banned from playing computer games in our school.
我们学校规定禁止学生玩电脑游戏。
4. I don’t feel like walking very much today.
我今天不太想散步。
Ⅳ. 课文语法填空
James’ grandad wrote to help James 1. quit/stop smoking. James’ grandad once became 2. addicted(addict) to cigarettes. His body was accustomed to 3. having(have) nicotine. He began to smoke automatically and became 4. mentally(mental) addicted. But he finally managed to stop 5. when he realized the harmful effects of 6. it/smoking. He also told James that smoking did damage to heart and 7. lungs(lung) and that it was more difficult for smoking couples to become pregnant. So he gave James some 8. advice(advise) and encouraged him not to be 9. disappointed(disappoint). 10. If he kept trying, he would succeed eventually.
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22Unit 3 A healthy life
【导语】笑一笑十年少! 最能赋予生命价值、最廉价而回报最多的东西, 是令人心情舒畅的微笑。让我们学会笑对生活吧。
注: 听音填空
Let Us Smile
The thing that goes the farthest toward ①making life worthwhile,
that costs the least and does the most, is ②just a pleasant smile.
The smile that bubbles from the heart that loves its fellow men,
Will drive away the clouds of gloom and coax the Sun again.
It’s full of worth and goodness, too, with manly kindness blent;
It’s worth a million dollars, and it doesn’t cost a cent.
There is no room for sadness when we see a cheery smile;
It always has the same good look; it’s never ③out of style;
It nerves us on to try again when failure makes us blue;
The dimples of encouragement are good ④for me and you.
It pays the highest interest — for it is merely lent;
It’s worth a million dollars, and it doesn’t cost a cent.
A smile comes very easy—you can wrinkle up with cheer,
A hundred times before you can squeeze out a salty tear;
It ripples out, moreover, to the heartstrings that will tug,
And always leaves an echo that is very like a hug.
So, smile away! Folks understand what by a smile is meant;
It’s worth a million dollars, and it doesn’t cost a cent.
巧辨人物关系
熟悉特定的场景用语和关键词对我们更好
地解答有关人物关系的题目会很有帮助。常见的特殊地点用语如下:
餐馆用语: restaurant, menu, bill, order, tip, hamburger, sandwich, soup, dish等;
医院用语: hospital, take the medicine, temperature, pill, headache, fever, blood pressure等;
商店用语: shop, on sale, size, color, price, change等;
学校用语: school, professor, exam, course, dining hall等。
【即时训练】(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)听音频回答问题, 并辨别对话中的人物关系。
What is the relationship between the speakers
A. Colleagues. B. Classmates. C. Strangers.
答案: C
【听力原文】
M: Hello, my name is John Arber, and I’m calling to ask about the position advertised in Friday’s daily mail.
W: Yes, the position is still open. You could come over and have a talk with us.
译文: 让我们微笑吧
那最能赋予生命价值、最廉价而回报最多的东西,
不过是一个令人心畅的微笑而已。
由衷地热爱同胞的微笑, 会驱走心头阴郁的乌云,
心底收获一轮夕阳。
它充满价值和美好, 混合着坚毅的仁爱之心;
它价值连城却不花一文。
当我们看到喜悦的微笑时, 忧伤就会一扫而光;
它始终面容姣好, 永不落伍;
失败令我们沮丧之时, 它鼓励我们再次尝试;
鼓励的笑靥于你我大有裨益。
它支付的利息高昂无比——只因它是种借贷形式;
它价值连城却不花一文。
来一个微笑很容易——嘴角欢快翘起来,
你能百次微笑, 可难得挤出一滴泪;
它的涟漪深深波及心弦, 总会留下反响, 宛若拥抱。
继续微笑吧! 谁都懂得它意味着什么;
它价值连城却不花一文。
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