Section Ⅱ Discovering Useful Structures
单元语法精析
过去分词作定语和宾语补足语
语法点拨
过去分词是非谓语动词的一种形式。从语法功能分析，过去分词兼有动词、形容词或副词的特性，可在句中充当定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语。过去分词通常与逻辑主语之间存在被动关系，表示被动或完成。
一、过去分词作定语
1．过去分词作定语时的位置
(1)前置定语
一般情况下，单个过去分词作前置定语，即放在所修饰词之前。
The polluted water was to blame for the spread of cholera.
被污染的水造成了霍乱的传播。
The recovered animals will be released soon.
痊愈的动物会很快被释放。
名师点津
①有些过去分词表示特定含义时，单独作定语也放在所修饰的名词之后，如left(剩余的)，given(所给的)，concerned(有关的)等。
There are few tigers left. It is time for the departments concerned to take measures to protect them from dying out.
剩余的老虎不多了，是相关当局采取措施保护它们免遭灭绝的时候了。
②如果被修饰的词是由every/some/any/no与thing/body/one所构成的复合代词或指示代词those等，单个分词放在被修饰词的后面。
Is there anything unsolved
还有什么没解决的吗？
(2)后置定语
过去分词短语作定语时往往作后置定语，即放在所修饰词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
Last Tuesday in a mountainous area, there were a total of 173 sheep killed almost immediately(＝which were killed almost immediately) when lightning struck.
上周二在一个山区，当雷击发生时有173只羊即刻被雷电击死。
2．过去分词作定语时的意义
(1)及物动词的过去分词作定语，在语态上表示被动；在时间上，常表示动作已经发生或完成，有时也不表示时间性。
Trucks and buses were driven on gas carried in large bags on the roof.(表被动)
卡车与公共汽车皆烧燃气，燃气装在车顶上的大袋中。
The plan put forward at the meeting will be carried out soon.(表被动和完成)
会上提出的计划将很快被执行。
(2)不及物动词的过去分词作定语，它不表示被动意义，只强调动作完成。
Our retired soccer coach went to watch us play a game last week.
上周我们已退休的足球教练去看我们打了一场比赛。
The risen sun is shining brightly in the morning.
早上已升起的太阳正明亮地闪耀。
3．过去分词与现在分词作定语的区别
意义形式 语态 时态
过去分词 被动 完成
现在分词 主动 进行
As we all know, China is a developing country.
众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。
The visitor came from a developed country.
这位游客来自一个发达国家。
4．过去分词(done)、现在分词的被动语态(being done)与动词不定式的被动语态(to be done)作定语的区别
意义形式 语态 时态
done 被动 完成
being done 被动 进行
to be done 被动 尚未发生
The building built last year is our classroom building.
去年建造的楼是我们的教学楼。
The building being built now is our classroom building.
现在正在建造的楼是我们的教学楼。
The building to be built next month is our classroom building.
下个月将要建造的楼是我们的教学楼。
即学即练
用所给词的适当形式填空
①The adobe dwellings (土坯房)built(build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern architects and engineers.
②The witnesses questioned(question) by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.
同义句转换
③He is a teacher loved by his students.
→He is a teacher who_is_loved_by_his_students.
④The girl, who was brought up by her uncle, has begun to work now.
→The girl, brought_up_by_her_uncle， has begun to work now.
选择填空
过去分词作定语有三种情况：
A．只表被动 B．只表完成 C．既表被动又表完成
请判断下列句子中加黑部分属于哪种情况
⑤America is a developed country. ( B )
⑥I found it hard to understand the English spoken by the native villagers. ( A )
⑦Is there anything planned for the weekend？ ( C )
用分词短语作定语补全句子
⑧Even though it is still in summer, there are many there_are_many_fallen_leaves on the ground.
即使仍是夏天，地上已有很多的落叶。
⑨Nowadays there are a lot of man－made satellites flying_in_space.
如今在太空中有许许多多人造卫星在飞行。
二、过去分词作宾语补足语
(一)常见的过去分词作宾语补足语的情况
1．过去分词用在表状态的动词keep，leave等词的后面作宾语补足语。
The other students in the class keep their eyes closed.
班上其他同学都闭着眼睛。
2．过去分词用在使役动词have/get和make的后面作宾语补足语。
(1)“have/get＋宾语＋过去分词”可以表示两种含义：“让别人做某事”或“遭遇到某种不幸”。
Claire had her luggage checked an hour before her plane left.
在飞机起飞前一个小时克莱尔对行李进行了安检。
While they were on holiday, they had their car broken into.
他们在度假时，汽车被撬开了。
(2)在“make＋宾语＋过去分词”这种结构中，过去分词表示结果。
They managed to make themselves understood by using very simple English.
他们用很浅易的英语来设法使自己被理解。
3．感官动词see，hear，notice，observe，watch，feel，find等后，可用过去分词作宾语补足语。
When we saw the road blocked with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.
当我们看到道路被雪封住后，我们决定在家过假期。
The next morning people found the world outside their houses completely changed.
第二天早上，人们发现他们房子外面的世界全变了样。
4．表示“意愿；命令”的动词，如like，want，wish，expect，order等可用过去分词作宾语补足语。
The manager ordered the work finished at the end of this week.
经理要求在本周末完成这项工作。
5．过去分词用在“with＋宾语＋宾补”这一结构中，过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系。
The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already laid for a meal to be cooked.
客厅既干净又整洁，已摆好了餐桌准备盛放即将做好的饭菜。
John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work finished, he gladly accepted it.
约翰收到一份宴会邀请函而且他的工作也做完了，他就欣然接受了邀请。
即学即练
用所给词的适当形式填空
①Back from his two－year medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother taken(take) good care of at home.
②Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car washed(wash)．
③Lucy has a great sense of humour and always keeps her colleagues amused(amuse) with her stories.
④With the problem solved(solve), the quality has been improved.
⑤The boss wouldn't like the topic discussed(discuss) at the meeting.
⑥He walked into the room quietly in order not to make himself noticed(notice)．
(二)非谓语动词(短语)作宾语补足语的区别
1．感官动词(短语)see，watch，observe，look at，notice，hear，listen to feel等的宾语补足语主要有三种形式，试比较(以hear为例)：
I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.
昨天经过她房间时，我听见她正在唱英文歌。(主动，正在进行)
I heard her sing an English song just now.
刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。(主动，完成)
To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English spoken as much as possible.
为了学好英语，我们应该尽可能多地听英语。(被动，无时间性)
2．使役动词make，have，get，keep后加复合宾语的比较
(1)make＋宾语＋
The shocking news made me realize what terrible problems we would face.
这令人震惊的消息使我意识到我们将面临多么可怕的问题。
I made myself known to them first and then we talked about our hobbies.
我先向他们做了自我介绍，然后我们谈论了自己的爱好。
Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.
妈妈让我去商店买些食盐。
He had us laughing all through the meal.
整顿饭下来他让我们笑个不停。
My elder sister had her walled stolen on a bus last month.
上个月，我姐姐的钱包在公共汽车上被偷了。
(3)get＋宾语＋
He got me to post the letter for him.
他让我替他寄信。
The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.
休息了片刻之后，上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进。
I'll get my cellphone repaired tomorrow.
我明天要(请人)修一下我的手机。
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting so long.
对不起，让你久等了。
She kept her eyes shut and stayed where she was.
她紧闭双眼，待在原地未动。
3．with复合结构中宾语补足语的比较
with
WeChat is like a public network, with people sharing information publicly; whatever they say or publish can be seen by everybody.
微信像是一个公开网络，人们公开分享信息，不管他们说什么、发布什么，大家都可以看到。
With a great weight taken off her mind, she passed all the tests successfully.
由于放下了极大的思想包袱，她成功地通过了所有考试。
With a lot of work to do, she wasn't allowed to leave her office.
由于有许多工作要做，她不被允许离开办公室。
即学即练
对比填空
①I saw your wallet drop(drop) from your pocket.
②The missing boy was last seen playing(play) near the river.
③When he came back, he was glad to see the work finished(finish)．
用所给词的适当形式填空
④Barbara often makes a schedule to get herself reminded(remind) of what she is going to do in the day.
⑤He wants to have his eyes examined(examine) tomorrow.
⑥He spoke slowly and clearly so that he could make himself understood(understand)．
⑦Li Hua, who was busy preparing a report, couldn't put up with the loud noise, so he kept all the windows shut(shut) all day long.
用所给词的适当形式填空
⑧The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog following(follow) them.
⑨With many brightly－coloured flowers planted(plant) around the building, his house looks like a beautiful garden.
⑩With so many things to_consider(consider), we haven't decided on the final plan yet.
专项练习
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．This is the statue of a brave soldier seated(seat) on a horse, with a gun on his back.
2．Professor Jordan gave us a more confusing (confuse) lecture this afternoon and most of us were confused (confuse)．
3．He is enthusiastically talking with a man called (call) Mike.
4．The meeting held (hold) yesterday was of great importance.
5．The boy absorbed (absorb) in his homework was my deskmate.
6．Do you know the tower located (locate) in the heart of the city
7．There is a determined (determine) look on her face.
8．The people linked (link) to the robbery were put into prison.
9．The girl lost (lose) in thought is second to none in maths.
10．There is a polluted (pollute) river near my house, giving a bad smell.
11．When he came back ten years later，he found his hometown greatly changed(change)．
12．I want him to_finish (finish) the homework in time.
13．My father had had the house painted (paint) before we moved in.
14．The end of the story left me puzzled (puzzle)．
15．I turned around because I heard someone speaking (speak) my hometown dialect.
16．The speaker raised her voice to make herself heard(hear)．
17．I saw them playing (play) football when I passed by.
18．They kept the door locked (lock) for a long time.
19．We can hear the windows beaten (beat) by the rain drops.
20．We must get the work finished (finish) by 10 o'clock.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．When he woke up, he found_himself_surrounded by a group of children.(surround)
醒来时，他发现自己被一群孩子围着。
2．Where did you have_your_book_printed？(have)
你的书在哪里印刷的？
3．With_all_the_work_finished， I feel very relaxed now.(with)
所有的工作都做完了，我觉得现在很轻松。
4．They have_their_classroom_cleaned after school every day.(have)
他们每天放学后打扫教室。
5．While you were out, you should keep_your_doors_and_windows_closed.(keep)
外出时，你应关着门和窗子。
6．We had better work harder to get_our_homework_finished on time.(get)
我们最好努力一点以便按时做完作业。
7．They knew her very well. They watched_her_grow_up from childhood.(grow up)
他们对她很了解。他们看着她从小长大的。
8．With_the_wall_painted_white，the room seems larger.(paint)
墙刷成白色的了，房间看上去大了。
9．With_his_money_stolen，the man can't afford a ticket.(steal)
钱被偷了，那个人买不起票了。
10．When his wife returned, the husband noticed_her_hair_cut_short.(cut)
妻子回来时，丈夫注意到她的头发剪短了。
Ⅲ.语法主题应用
李华和同学刘青在谈论他的英国之行，请根据语境和提示完成对话。
Liu Qing：Welcome back. 1.Did_you_have_a_good_trip？(旅行快乐吗？)
Li Hua：Wonderful. Everything in England 2.made_me_excited(使我兴奋). There were lots of tourist attractions such as Big Ben and Tower of London.
Liu Qing：What else kept you impressed
Li Hua：On my arrival, 3.I_found_myself_lost_in_the_way(我发现自己迷路了). What's more, I can't make myself understood.
Liu Qing：What did you do then
Li Hua：When I was at a loss, I 4.noticed_a_Chinese_cross_the_street(注意到一个中国人过马路). So, I turned to her for help.
Liu Qing：You are so lucky.
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8Section Ⅳ 写作指导
写作方法指导
地点描写
写作储备
阅读P44课文，总结关于描写地点类文章的注意事项。
Ⅰ.地点描写的格式
1．一个让人惊讶的开头；
2．详实的主体段落；
3．回味无穷的结尾。
Ⅱ.地点描写的架构
Ⅲ.地点描写的语言特点
1．surprising——make the readers eager to read your writing(新颖性，令人惊讶的)
2．use sensory details(使用感官性的细节)
3．give examples(给出例子)
4．inviting(吸引人的)
Ⅳ.地点描写的常用词汇
1．be located/lies in...位于……
2．cover an area of...占地……
3．with a history of...有……的历史
4．date back to/from...追溯到……
5．the most popular tourist attraction最受欢迎的景点
6．places of interest名胜
7．enjoy great popularity深受欢迎
8．attract vt. 吸引
9．feature n. 特色
10．be worth doing值得做
11．make sb. unwilling to leave使某人流连忘返
Ⅴ.地点描写的常用句型
(一)基本信息
1．It is located/lies in..., with an area of...
2．It covers an area of...，with a history of...
3．...，located in... and covering an area of..., is one of China's most famous scenic spots.
4．The history of... dates back to...
5．It has become the most popular tourist attraction since...
(二)特色
1．There are many places of interest, such as...
2．You can enjoy..., which has a high reputation both at home and abroad.
3．With..., ... is/are attracting more and more tourists.
4．An interesting feature of... is...
5．With its pleasant climate, rich natural resources and beautiful scenery, ... is one of China's major tourist cities.
6．A trip along... will enable you to get to know...
(三)总结陈述
1．...is well worth visiting.
2．...is a place you have to visit and the extraordinary view will make you unwilling to leave.
典例剖析
假设你是河源市的李华，你市为吸引国外游客，拟制作英文版河源旅游宣传手册，并公开征稿。请根据下面信息，用英语写一篇短文应征。
1．位于广州的东北方向，离广州约198千米。
2．由五个县组成，人口约324万。
3．历史悠久，名胜众多；万绿湖(Wanlu Lake)景色优美；湖水清澈；鱼类繁多。
4．博物馆中有各种恐龙蛋化石(fossil)，吸引了来自全世界的游客。
注意：词数80左右。
审题谋篇
Ⅰ.定框架→好的开始，成功的一半
体裁 地点说明文
人称 第三人称为主
时态 一般现在时为主
框架 第一段：总体介绍；第二段：详细介绍其各个方面的特点；第三段：发出邀请
Ⅱ.定要点、关键词及动词时态→打造一篇要点全面、用词准确得体、时态多样的极优作文
要点一：河源市由五个县组成。(主谓结构)
The_city_of_Heyuan_consists_of_5_counties.
要点二：它大约有3 240 000人口。(主谓宾结构)
It_has_a_population_of_about_3,240,000.
要点三：河源市有许多名胜。(There be句型；places of interest)
There_are_many_places_of_interest_in_Heyuan.
要点四：万绿湖是其中一个典型。(主系表结构；one of...；outstanding)
Wanlu_Lake_is_one_of_outstanding_examples.
要点五：湖水清澈，鱼类繁多。(so...that...；a variety of)
The_water_there_is_so_clean_that_there_are_a_variety_of_fishes_in_it.
要点六：有很多恐龙蛋化石。(There be句型)
There_are_many_dinosaur_egg_fossils.
要点七：它们在当地博物馆中展出。(被动语态；display)
They_are_displayed_in_the_local_museum.
要点八：它们吸引了来自全世界的游客。(主谓宾结构；from every corner of the world)
They_attract_visitors_from_every_corner_of_the_world.
Ⅲ.词汇、句式升级→创造极优作文的倩词靓句
升级句式一：用现在分词短语作定语连接要点一和二
The_city_of_Heyuan,_consisting_of_5_counties,_has_a_population_of_about_3,240,000.
升级句式二：用one example of which引导定语从句连接要点三和四
There_are_many_places_of_interest_in_Heyuan,_one_example_of_which_is_Wanlu_Lake.
升级句式三：用倒装句改写要点五
So_clean_is_the_water_there_that_there_are_a_variety_of_fish_in_it.
升级句式四：用句型“There be＋n.＋过去分词作定语＋现在分词作结果状语”改写要点六、七和八
There_are_many_dinosaur_egg_fossils_displayed_in_the_local_museum,_attracting_visitors_from_every_corner_of_the_world.
Ⅳ.组建极优作文→水到渠成的成就感：动力的源泉
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参考范文：
Heyuan, with a long history, lies to the northeast of Guangzhou, from which it is about 198 kilometers away. The city of Heyuan, consisting of 5 counties, has a population of about 3,240,000. There are many famous places of interest in Heyuan, one example of which is Wanlu Lake, an inviting tourist destination. So clean is the water there that there are a variety of fishes in it. In addition, there are many dinosaur egg fossils displayed in the local museum, attracting visitors from every corner of the world.
Why not give it a try Your trip to Heyuan is sure to be enjoyable and worthwhile.
即学即练
假设你是丽江市某中学的学生李华。你市为吸引国外游客，拟制作英语版丽江古城旅游宣传手册，并公开征稿。请你根据表格中所给提示信息，用英语写一篇短文应征。
景点概况 位于云南省西北部，是纳西族人的聚居地
特色 1.拥有大量土木结构的房屋、鹅卵石道路，以及许多明清时期的石桥和拱门2．宗教壁画和东巴文化历史悠久，风格迥异
注意：词数80左右。
参考词汇：鹅卵石pebble；拱门archway
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参考范文：
The Old Town of Lijiang
The Old Town of Lijiang, located in the northwest of Yunnan Province, is an ancient town where the Naxi people live. Most of the houses are made of earth and wood. The roads in the town are covered with coloured pebbles produced in Lijiang, and there are many stone bridges and archways built during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Wandering in the town, you can see many religious wall－paintings and experience the traditional Dongba Culture which is totally different and amazing.
Why not give it a try The extraordinary view and unique culture of the Old Town of Lijiang will make you unwilling to leave.
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4UNIT 4 HISTORY AND TRADITIONS
单元核心素养
单元话题导读
The Norman Conquest
It was said that King Edward had promised the English throne① to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king.So William led his army to invade② England.In October 1066，during the battle of Hastings，William defeated③ Harold and killed him.On Christmas Day，William was crowned④ king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.
The Norman Conquest and its consequences
The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best－known event in English history.William the Conqueror confiscated⑤ almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers.He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government.So the feudal⑥ system was completely established in England.Relations with the Continent were opened，and the civilization⑦ and commerce were extended⑧.Norman－French culture，language，manners and architecture⑨ were introduced.The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome，and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.
①throne n．御座；宝座
②invade v．侵略；侵犯
③defeat v．击败；战胜
④crown v．为……加冕
⑤confiscate v．没收；充公
⑥feudal adj.封建(制度)的
⑦civilization n．文明
⑧extend v．延长；扩大；扩展
⑨architecture n．建筑风格
Section Ⅰ Listening and Speaking，Reading and Thinking
课前自主预习
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．philosophy n．哲学
2．individual adj.单独的；个别的 n．个人→individually adv.分别地； 单独地；个别地
3．heel n．足跟；(脚、袜子、鞋等的)后跟
4．kingdom n．王国；领域
5．chief adj.最重要的；最高级别的 n．(公司或机构的)首领；酋长→chiefly adv.主要地； 首要地
6．puzzle n．谜；智力游戏；疑问 vt.迷惑；使困惑→puzzled adj.迷惑的→puzzling adj.令人迷惑的
7．nearby adj.附近的；邻近的 adv.在附近
8．belong vi.应在(某处)；适应→belongings n．财产，所有物；行李
9．military adj.军事的；军用的
10．defence n．防御；保卫→defend vt.防护；防卫
11．legal adj.法律的；合法的→legally adv.合法地→illegally adv.违法地；非法地→illegal adj.非法的
12．surround vt.围绕；包围→surrounding adj.周围的→surroundings n．环境
13．evidence n．证据；证明→evident adj.明显的
14．achievement n．成就；成绩；达到→achieve vt.完成；达到
15．location n．地方；地点；位置→located adj.位于→locate vt.使坐落于vi.定位；定居
16．battle n．战役；搏斗vi.& vt.搏斗；奋斗
17．port n．港口(城市)
18．fascinating adj.极有吸引力的；迷人的→fascination vt.使着迷→fascinate n．魅力
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．join...to...把……和……连接或联结起来
2．break away (from sb./sth.) 脱离；背叛；逃脱
3．belong to属于
4．as well as同(一样也)；和；还
5．keep your eyes open (for)留心；留意
6．leadto导致；造成
7．be similar to与……相似
8．according to按照；根据……所说
9．ifany如果有的话
10．add to增加；增添
11．result in导致；造成；引起
12．refer to涉及，谈到，提到，引证；查阅；参考
13．take over接收；接管
14．leave behind把……丢在后面；留下；忘带
15．date back to追溯到……
16．be known as作为……而出名；被称作……
Ⅲ.重点句型
1．So what is the difference between them，if_any？
如果有的话，那么它们之间有什么区别呢？
2．They introduced the beginnings of the English language，and changed the_way people built houses.
他们介绍了英语的起源，改变了人们建造房屋的方式。
3．They had castles built all around England，and made changes to the legal system.
他们在英国各地建造了城堡，并对法律制度进行了修改。
4．There_is so much more to learn about the interesting history and culture of the United Kingdom.
关于英国有趣的历史和文化还有很多需要了解。
5．If you keep your eyes open，you will be surprised to_find that you can see both its past and its present.
如果你留心观察，你会惊奇地发现你能看到它的过去和现在。
Ⅳ.课文预读
一、Reading for the main idea
1．The text mainly tells us C.
A．British English
B．the origin of the British name
C．British history about the United Kingdom
D．the advantage of studying the history about the United Kingdom
2．Match the main idea for each paragraph.
Para.1 A．Explains the four invasions and their influences.
Para.2 B．States topic to be examined in the reading.
Para.3 C．Studying the history of the country will make one's visit much more
enjoyable.
Para.4 D．Explains what the term “Great Britain” means and how it came
about.
Para.5 E．Explains differences in the four countries.
答案：Paras. 1－5 BDEAC
二、Reading for the details
1．What is the main idea of the text？A
A．The history of the United Kingdom.
B．The geography of the United Kingdom.
C．The politics of the United Kingdom.
D．The climate of the United Kingdom.
2．What happened in the 19th century？C
A．The nearby country of Wales was joined to the Kingdom of England.
B．The Scotland was joined to create the Kingdom of Great Britain.
C．The Kingdom of Ireland was added to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
D．The southern part of Ireland broke away from the UK.
3．Which of the following is the different area of the four countries？D
A．Flag. B．Currency.
C．Military defence. D．Legal system.
4．Who conquered England after the well－known Battle of Hastings？C
A．The Romans. B．The Anglo－Saxons.
C．The Normans. D．The Vikings.
5．What's the author's attitude towards studying the history？C
A．Neutral. B．Indifferent.
C．Supportive. D．Doubtful.
三、Reading for the structure
本文主要讲述了英国的发展历史。本文一开始提到人们的困惑：联合王国、大不列颠、不列颠、英国有什么不同，然后按照时间顺序介绍了英国的发展历史以及其对我们游览的帮助。文章是以“总—分—总”结构来行文的。
明线 暗线 行文结构
第一部分(Para.1) What these 1.different names mean？ 2.confused 总
第二部分(Paras.2～4) How the full name is 3．formed？ under－standing 分
The four countries work together in some areas.
We can see many 4.evidences left behind.
第三部分(Para.5) Visiting 5.attractions. enjoyable 总
课内要点探究
重 点 单 词
1．puzzle n．谜；智力游戏；疑问 vt.迷惑；使困惑
典型例句
The meaning of the poem has always been a puzzle.
那首诗的含义始终是个谜。
She is puzzled over his letter of last week.
她对他上周的那封信感到迷惑不解。
思维拓展
(1)a puzzle to sb.对某人来说是一个难题
be in a puzzle不知如何是好
(2)puzzle over/about sth.苦苦思索
puzzle sth. out琢磨出……的答案
(3)puzzled adj.迷惑不解的(常用来修饰人或人的表情等)
puzzling adj.令人迷惑的(常用来修饰事物)
be puzzled about...对……迷惑不解
The puzzled look on her face suggested she was puzzling over the puzzling math problem.
她脸上困惑的表情暗示了她正在思考那个令人费解的数学题。
即学即练
单句语法填空
①The class were puzzling about/over the last physics problem.
②I'm am_puzzled(puzzle) by his failure to reply to my letter.
③Where the lost boy has gone still remains a puzzle to us.
④Her puzzled(puzzle) look on her face suggested she didn't understand what I said.
2．defence n．防御；保卫
典型例句
Attack is the best form of defence.
进攻是最佳的防御。
She stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands, as if in defence.
她后退了几步，看上去有些吃惊，并举起了手，好像是在自卫。
思维拓展
(1)in defence (of)保卫；保护
(2)defend vt.保护；保卫
defend against抵御
defend...from/against...保护……免遭……
defend sb. by...通过……为某人辩护
defend oneself自卫；为自己辩解
Troops have been sent to defend the borders.
部队被派去守卫边疆。
Their duty is to defend the country against the enemy.
他们的职责是保卫国家不受敌人侵犯。
巧学妙记
de－(＝from，脱离)＋fend(＝strike，打；击)→使某物不受打击→保护；保卫
即学即练
单句语法填空
①The soldiers fought bravely in defence of the safety of their country.
②All our policemen are trained to defend themselves from/against knife attacks.
完成句子
③Is there any man unwilling to fight in_defence_of his country
难道有谁不愿为保卫自己的国家而战吗？
3．surround vt.围绕；包围
典型例句
The general sent a large force to surround the airport.
将军派遣一支大部队去包围机场。
That old professor loved to surround himself with young people.
那位老教授非常喜欢年轻人围在他左右。
The lake is surrounded by/with trees.
湖边树木环绕。
思维拓展
(1)surround...with...用……包围……
be surrounded with/by...被……包围/环绕
(2)surrounding adj.周围的，附近的
surroundings n．环境，周围的事物
误区警示
surroundings指周围具体的、物质性的环境，而environment指对人的发展产生影响的自然环境或生活的环境条件。
巧学妙记
一言助记surround
The lake is surrounded with trees and so its surrounding area looks beautiful. And I'd like to bring up my children in such healthy surroundings.
那个湖被树木环绕着，因此它周围的地区看上去很漂亮。我乐意在这样健康的环境中抚养我的孩子们。
即学即练
单句语法填空
①What do you think about the surrounding(surround) ecosystem
②He became accustomed to the new surroundings(surround)．
③They've surrounded the building with the police.
完成句子
④(2019·江苏高考)We are_surrounded_by a natural playground just perfect for walking, caving，climbing and cycling.
我们周围是一个天然的操场，非常适合散步、洞穴探索、攀岩和骑车。
⑤(2019·江苏高考)Steve arrived and sat in the front row, surrounded_by_his family.
史蒂夫来了，坐在第一排，周围都是他的家人。
4．achievement n．成就；成绩；达到
典型例句
Even a small success gives you a sense of achievement.
即便是小小的成功也会给人一种成就感。
That surely gave us a great sense of achievement.
这确实给了我们很大的成就感。
思维拓展
(1)a sense of achievement成就感
(2)achieve vt.完成；达到
vi.成功
achieve one's success取得成功
achieve one's goal达到目标
巧学助记
联想记忆：a(表示加强)＋chieve(看作chief主要部分)→做好最主要的部分才算成功→achieve＋－ment(名词后缀，表示行为)→achievement
即学即练
单句语法填空
①It takes hard work to_achieve(achieve) the final success.
②China sent up two manned spaceships and they were also great scientific achievements(achieve) in the world.
完成句子
③She hoped to achieve_her_goal to become a singer.
她希望实现自己的目标，成为一名歌手。
④I've achieved only half of what I'd hoped to do, so I can not celebrate the achievements I've made although everyone said I should feel a_sense_of_achievement.
我原本希望做的只做到了一半，因此我不能庆祝自己所取得的成绩，尽管每个人都说我应该有成就感。
⑤His_achievement in this field is astonishing.
他在这个领域的成就令人震惊。
5．location n．地方；地点；位置
典型例句
Could you give me your precise location
你能给我你精确的位置吗？
The location of the factory is close to the railway.
工厂地处铁路沿线。
思维拓展
locate vt.坐落于；位于；找出……的位置
be located in/on坐落于；位于
即学即练
单句语法填空
①The ancient people built towers in different locations(locate) for military defence.
②China is_located(locate) in the east of Asia with the area of 9,600,000 square kilometres.
重 点 短 语
1．join...to...把……和……连接或联结起来
典型例句
The hip bone is joined to the thigh bone.
髋骨和股骨相连。
The island, joined to the mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to.
这个岛由一座大桥与大陆相连，很容易到达。
思维拓展
join A to/and B把A和B连接起来
connect...to/with/and...把……与……连接起来(具体含义)
join in参加；加入
join (with) sb. in doing sth.和某人一起做某事
即学即练
单句语法填空
①Every individual or group is joined to the world by the Internet.
②In the evening there was a barbecue, with the whole village joining(join) in the fun.
2．break away (from sb./sth.)脱离；背叛；逃脱
典型例句
The girl decided to break away from her family if her parents didn't agree to her marrying the young man.
如果父母不同意她和那个男青年的婚姻，这位姑娘就决定离家出走。
The boy broke away from his father and ran away.
那个男孩挣脱了他父亲，跑掉了。
误区警示
break away中的away是副词而非介词，如果后接宾语则要再加介词from，构成短语break away from (sb./sth.)。
思维拓展
break down(机器)出故障，损坏；化学物质分解；垮掉；和谈失败
break in闯入，破门而入；打断，插嘴
break into破门而入；闯入
break off打断，折断
break out(战争、火灾等)突然发生；爆发
break up分解；打碎，解体，分手
break through冲破；突破
即学即练
单句语法填空
①It is said that several states wanted to break away from the Union.
②His car broke down on the way to work this morning.
③The fire broke out during the day and thus no one was injured.
④Did you know that Kate broke up with her boyfriend
完成句子
⑤It was wrong of him to break_away_from all his good friends.
他和他所有的好朋友决裂是错误的。
⑥The students were encouraged to break_away_from the bad habits.
学生们被鼓励改掉坏习惯。
⑦The elevators in the building are always breaking_down.
这幢楼里的电梯总出故障。
⑧Peace talks have broken_down over the question of reparations.
和谈因战后赔款问题而中止。
⑨Bacteria break_down the animal waste to form methane.
细菌使动物粪便分解成沼气。
⑩If Tim carries on working like this, he'll break_down sooner or later.
如果蒂姆继续这样工作，身体迟早会垮掉。
3．refer to涉及，谈到，提到，引证；查阅，参考
典型例句
He never referred to his sisters in his letters.
他在信里从未提到过他的姐妹们。
If you don't know the spelling of a word, you should refer to a dictionary.
如果你不会拼写一个词，你应当查一下词典。
思维拓展
(1)refer to...as...把……称作……
refer...to...把……提交给……
(2)reference n．提及；参考；查阅
in/with reference to关于
即学即练
单句语法填空
①You should refer this matter to our teacher for a decision.
②We refer to copper and silver as good conductors.
③The dictionaries can be used as reference(refer) books while the magazines serve as reading materials.
④Who do you think the teacher is referring to？
⑤The scientist referred to the discovery as the most exciting new development in this field.
⑥Write down the phone number of that restaurant for future reference(refer)．
4．belong to属于
典型例句
(2019·浙江高考)The students feel that they belong to a particular group.
学生们觉得他们属于一个特殊的群体。
Cultural relics and natural scenery belong to everyone including the generations to come.
文化遗产和自然风景属于每一个人，包括我们的后代。
The spare time belonging to the children should be returned to them by the teachers.
老师应归还属于孩子们的课余时间。
误区警示
belong to无被动语态和进行时态，作定语时用belonging to形式。不能说This car is belonging to me.和This car is belonged to me.。
思维拓展
belong vi.“适合待在某处，放在某处”，没有含被动意味的过去分词用法。
belongings n．财产，所有物，相关事物
即学即练
单句语法填空
①The old house belonging(belong) to my grandfather was still in good condition.
②I just escaped from the flood and all my belongings(belong) were swept away.
③If someone belongs to a particular group, he or she is a member of that group.
完成句子
④I realized that he and I belonged_to_different_worlds.
我意识到我和他不是一路人。
⑤Pratt has forgotten something belonging_to_his_baby.
普拉特忘记带他孩子的东西。
5．as well as同(一样也)；和；还
典型例句
They will travel by night as well as by day.
他们除了白天旅行外，晚上也得赶路。
She sings as well as plays the piano.
除了弹钢琴外，她还唱歌。
思维拓展
(1)as well as用作连词，连接两个相当的成分，如名词、形容词、介词、动词等，通常不位于句首。此时 as well as强调的重点在前面，不在后面。连接两个主语时，谓语动词的数与前一个主语保持一致。
和as well as的用法一样，连接主语时，谓语动词和前面的主语保持一致的词或短语还有：with, along with, together with, but, besides, rather than等。
Mr. Brown together with his wife and three children has been in China for three years.
布朗先生跟他的妻子和三个孩子已经来中国三年了。
not only...but also...可连接各种结构，包括句子，但强调的重点在后面，连接主语时，谓语动词的数与和谓语靠近的主语一致。
Not only he but also we are fond of the song.
不仅是他，我们也喜欢这首歌。
(2)as well as作介词，相当于 besides, in addition to，意为“除……之外”，后接名词、代词、动名词。
(3)as well as表示比较，意为“和……一样好”。
(4)as well 相当于too和 also，用于肯定句中，表示“也，又，而且”，用于句尾。
(5)may/might as well 表示委婉的建议，一般是针对当时的情况提出另外的提议。意思是“我们不妨……，我们还是……吧”。
即学即练
单句语法填空
①Peter as well as his friends likes(like) to listen to classical music.
②Not only he but also his brothers are_working(work) like mad at the moment.
③He gave me some good tips as well as some warnings.
④Dr. Smith, as well as his wife and daughters, is(be) going to visit Beijing this summer.
完成句子
⑤I'm going to London and my sister's going as_well.
我要去伦敦，我的妹妹也要去。
⑥If you're going to the library, I might_as_well go with you; I have to return this book.
如果你去图书馆，我不妨和你一起去，我得去还这本书。
⑦He was kind as_well_as sensible.
他厚道又明白事理。
⑧He as_well_as his wife was invited to the party.
他和他妻子都被邀请参加那个聚会了。
⑨As_well_as breaking his leg, he hurt his arm.
他除了摔断腿之外，还伤到了胳膊。
⑩The daughter cooks as_well_as her mother does.
女儿烧菜烧得跟她母亲一样好。
重 点 句 型
1．So what is the difference between them，if any
如果有的话，那么它们之间有什么区别呢？
(1)句式分析：这是一个主从复合句。主句是what is the difference between them，if any是从句。
(2)if any意为“如果有的话”，是if there is any的省略形式，属于if型省略结构。
I don't think there will be more than a dozen left, if any.
我认为即使还有的话也不会超过十几个。
思维拓展
常见的if型省略结构：
(1)if＋形容词：if necessary(如果有必要的话)
if possible(如果有可能的话)
If necessary, I'll go there by myself.
如果有必要的话，我将独自去那儿一趟。
I suggest you make a copy of the document, if possible.
我建议你把文件复印一份，如果可能的话。
(2)if＋ever：表示“若有过的话”
He seldom, if ever, travels abroad.
他在国外旅行，即使有过，也是极少的。
(3)if so如果这样的话
Is it raining If so, let's go there tomorrow.
在下雨吗？如果下了，我们明天再去那儿吧。
(4)if＋not：if not可视为一个否定的条件状语从句的省略
Do you have an umbrella If not, I'll lend you mine.
你带伞了吗？如果没有，我把我的借给你。
(5)if＋过去分词：即在if与分词之间省略了主语和be
(6)if＋代词：if anyone，if any，if anything等
即学即练
句型转换
①Some of you may have finished Unit One.If you have done so，you can go on to Unit Two.
→Some of you may have finished Unit One.If_so，you can go on to Unit Two.
②Wash it in water and pick out the small particles，if there are any.
→Wash it in water and pick out the small particles，if_any.
选词填空(if so/if not/if any/if ever/if possible/if necessary)
③It sounds like something is wrong with the car's engine.If_so， we'd better take it to the garage immediately.
④Do you think you are good at small talk If_not， it is never too late to learn.
⑤—Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday
—Yes. If_possible， I'm going to visit some old people's homes in the city.
⑥The climate here is quite pleasant, the temperature rarely, if_ever， reaching 30 ℃ in summer.
⑦—The old store is very popular with customers in this area.
—I can't agree more. There are few, if_any， complaints about their service.
⑧I'll stay up all night, if_necessary， to get it finished.
2．They introduced the beginnings of the English language，and changed the way people built houses.
他们介绍了英语的起源，改变了人们建造房屋的方式。
(1)句式分析：这是一个主从复合句。people built houses是定语从句，修饰先行词the way。
(2)way(方式，方法)后定语的常见形式：
There are many ways of learning a language.
学习语言的方法有很多种。
This way to get the task done is not practical.
完成该任务的这一方法不实用。
The way (which/that) you told me last Sunday worked well.
上周日你告诉我的那个方法很管用。
The way (that/in which) you treat your children is not wise.
你对待孩子的方法不明智。
即学即练
单句语法填空
①I watched the way (that/in_which) her arms and legs moved and the funny movements made me laugh my head off.
②The villagers thought highly of the way (in_which/that) we treated the beggar.
③The way (that/which) you told me wasn't practical.
完成句子
④The way (that/which)_he_thought_of to prevent the air pollution was very good.
他提出的防止空气污染的方法非常好。
⑤The Smiths are praised for the_way_(that/in_which) they bring up their children.
史密斯夫妇因为他们养育孩子的方式而受到称赞。
3．They had castles built all around England，and made changes to the legal system.
他们在英国各地建造了城堡，并对法律制度进行了修改。
(1)句式分析：这是一个简单句。句中的had castles built...是“have＋宾语＋宾补(done)”结构。
(2)“have＋宾语＋宾补(done)”结构
①表示“请/让别人做某事”。
I'll have my bike repaired tomorrow.
我明天得(请人)修一下我的自行车。
②表示“经历或遭遇(一些不好的事)”。
She had her computer stolen the other day.
前几天她的电脑被偷了。
③表示“完成/解决某事”，此时主语也可能是过去分词所表示的动作的执行者。
When will you have your homework handed in
你什么时候交家庭作业？
思维拓展
让某人做……
have sb./sth.doing让某人/某物一直做……
have sth. to do有某事要做
The boss had me set down what people present at the meeting said.
＝The boss got me to set down what people present at the meeting said.
老板让我记录下出席会议的人员所说的话。
He was very funny and had us laughing all the way.
他非常滑稽，一路上逗得我们笑个不停。
易混辨析
have sth. done, have sb. do, have sb. doing
have sth. done 让/叫/使/请别人做某事。宾语sth.后面用过去分词作宾语补足语，sth.与过去分词表示的动作之间是被动关系
have sb. do 让某人做某事。do与sb.是主动关系
have sb./sth. doing 让/叫/使某人/某物一直做某事。doing与sb./sth.是主动关系
即学即练
单句语法填空
①He will have the computer repaired(repair) tomorrow.
②Unfortunately, he had his right leg injured(injure) during the training.
③She might just have her hair waved(wave)．
④She had never had anybody speak(speak) to her that way before.
⑤In order to finish the task in time, the two men had their lights burning(burn) all night long.
⑥I have an important meeting to_attend(attend) this afternoon.
随堂达标验收
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．We are chiefly(chief) concerned about improving educational standards.
2．The patient's illness puzzled(puzzle) the doctor; and he couldn't find the cause.
3．Mr. Green stood up in defence(defend) of the 16－year－old boy, saying that he was not the one to blame.
4．As a famous pop star, he loves being_surrounded(surround) by so many fans coming to visit him from the nearby cities.
5．There is plenty of evidence(evident) that drinking is closely connected with violence.
6．Her friends came to help her when the war broke out.
7．Scientists say they are beginning to break through in the fight against cancer.
8．The house had belonged to her family for three or four generations.
9．E－mail, as well as telephones, is(be) playing an important part in daily communication.
10．You should come on time.If not，please let me know.
Ⅱ.选词填空
1．Keep_your_eyes_open for opportunities.
2．Having nothing to add_to the list, he gave it back to his assistant.
3．In the 16th century, the Wales was_joined_to the UK.
4．Part of East Africa will break_away_from the rest of Africa.
5．Many foreigners are fond of the local snacks dating_back_to Qing Dynasty.
6．Children should be educated not to touch anything belonging_to others without permission.
7．Many graduates as_well_as their beloved professor have attended the graduation ceremony.
Ⅲ.完成句子
1．The_achievements the Chinese have made in space are surprising and pleasing.
中国人在太空所取得的成就令人惊喜。
2．Treat others in the_way you want to be treated.
以你想要被对待的方式对待别人。
3．They have already had_some_everyday_words_added to the new edition of dictionary.
他们已经在新版本的词典中增加了一些日常用语。
4．Finally, he had to admit having cheated in the exam and that_was_why he wasn't admitted to universities.
最后，他不得不承认考试作弊，这就是为什么他没有被大学录取。
5．The local Tibetans laughed at the strange bottles containing what they referred_to as “English air”．
当地藏族人民嘲笑那些含有他们称之为“英国空气”的奇怪的瓶子。
6．The government has taken some measures to solve_the_shortage_of_electricity.
政府已经采取一些措施来解决电力短缺的问题。
7．It's evident that the_evidence can prove his innocence.
很明显，证据可以证明他是清白的。
Ⅳ.课文与语法填空
根据课文内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Many people are confused about the 1.meaning(mean) of the names：the United Kingdom，Great Britain, Britain and England. 2.To_solve(solve) this puzzle, knowing a little bit about British history will help.
In the 16th century, the nearby country of Wales 3.was_joined(join) to the Kingdom of England，followed by the country Scotland in the 18th century. In the 19th century, the Kingdom of Ireland was added to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 4.Finally(final), in the 20th century, the southern part of Ireland broke away 5.from the UK, resulting in the full name we have today: “the United Kingdom” or “the UK”. People from the UK are called “British” 6.which means the UK is also often referred to as Britain or Great Britain.
Even though the four countries 7.belonging(belong) to the United Kingdom work together in some areas, such as using the same flag, sharing the same currency and military 8.defence(defend), they also have some differences. Anyhow, the United Kingdom has 9.a long and interesting history to explore which can help to understand much more about the country and 10.its(it) traditions.
PAGE
20Section Ⅲ Listening and Talking，Reading for Writing
课前自主预习
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．charge n．收费；指控；主管 vt.收费；控告；充电
2．announce vt.宣布；通知；声称→announcement
n．声明；宣告→announcer n．广播员，告知者
3．amount n．金额；数量
4．gallery n．(艺术作品的)展览馆；画廊
5．approach n．方法；途径；接近 vt.接近；接洽；着手处理 vi.靠近
6．ensure vt.保证；确保；担保
7．landscape n．(陆上，尤指乡村的)风景
8．generous adj.慷慨的；大方的；丰富的→generously adv.慷慨地；宽大地；丰盛地→generosityn.慷慨
9．butter n．黄油；奶油 vt.涂黄油于
10．honey n．蜂蜜
11．ancestor n．祖宗；祖先
12．position n．位置；姿态；职位
13．snack n．点心；小吃
14．eager adj.热切的；渴望的→eagerness n．热切；渴望→eagerly adv.热心地；热切地
15．poet n．诗人→poem n．诗；韵文→poetry
n．诗歌
16．county n．(英国、爱尔兰的)郡；(美国的)县
17．roll vi.& vt.(使)翻滚；(使)滚动 n．卷(轴)；翻滚
18．cattle n．牛→bull n．公牛→cow n．奶牛
19．ocean n．大海；海洋→Oceanian.大洋洲
20．greet vt.问候；迎接→greeting n．迎接；问候；招呼
21．pub n．酒吧；酒馆
22．wine n．葡萄酒；果酒
23．beer n．(一杯)啤酒
24．custom n．风俗；习俗；习惯→customer n．顾客→customs n．海关；关税
25．striking adj.引人注目的；显著的→strike vt.打，撞击；敲响；突然想到 vi.罢工 n．罢工→striker n．罢工者；前锋
26．crowd n．人群；一群人；民众 vt.挤满；使……拥挤→crowded adj.拥挤的
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．at the entrance of在……的入口
2．attend to处理；照料
3．watch over照看，照料
4．have an influence on/upon对……有影响
5．be dotted with点缀着
6．make up编造；形成；构成；弥补
7．breathe in吸入
8．introduce oneself to sb.向某人做自我介绍
9．be likely to很可能
10．on fire着火
11．in ruins严重受损，破败不堪
Ⅲ.重点句型
1．The peaceful landscape of the “Emerald Isle” and its many green counties is a true feast for the eyes，with its rolling green hills dotted with sheep and cattle.
“绿宝石(爱尔兰)岛”风光宁静秀美，郡县草木葱茏，青山连绵起伏，牛羊点缀其中，堪称一场名副其实的视觉盛宴。
2．To_have a chance of experiencing this，stop by a village pub and relax with a glass of wine or a local beer.
想要拥有体验的机会，去乡村酒吧吧，喝杯当地的葡萄酒或啤酒放松一下。
3．And if you introduce yourself to a friendly face，you are more than likely_to experience local culture and customs first－hand.
如果你把自己介绍给一个友好的人，你更有可能直接体验当地的文化和习俗。
Ⅳ.课文预读
Reading for the details
1．What's the main idea of the text？A
A．Introduce Ireland and its traditions.
B．Introduce Ireland's snacks.
C．Introduce Ireland's history.
D．Introduce Ireland's scenery.
2．Which of the following can not be seen in the “Emerald Isle”？D
A．Many green counties.
B．Rolling green hills.
C．Sheep and cattle.
D．Beautiful lakes.
3．What should you do if you want to experience local culture and customs first－hand？B
A．Meet a local guide.
B．Introduce yourself to a friendly face.
C．Surf the Internet.
D．Have a trip with your parents.
课内要点探究
重 点 单 词
1．charge n．收费；指控；主管 vt.收费；控告；充电
典型例句
What needs to be specifically noted is that the activity is free of charge.
尤其需要指出的是这项活动是免费的。
The company is in the charge of Tom while the boss is away.
→Tom is in charge of the company while the boss is away.
→Tom takes charge of the company while the boss is away.
汤姆在老板不在时负责这家公司。
We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of what it used to charge.
我们选择这家宾馆，因为一晚的价格下降到20美元，是它以前收取价格的一半。
思维拓展
(1)in charge (of...)主管/看管/负责(……)
take charge of...负责/看管……
in/under the charge of sb.＝in one's charge在某人的掌管之下
free of charge免费
(2)charge sb. for sth.因某事/某物向某人收费
charge sb. with (doing) sth.指控某人(做)某事
巧学妙记
人＋in charge of＋事
事＋in the charge of＋人
即学即练
单句语法填空
①—How much do you charge me for it
—No. In fact it is free of charge at the weekend.
②He was charged with murder and sentenced to death.
③He charged me nothing for using his phone.
④The police charged the prisoner with stealing the jewels.
⑤Mr. Li is in charge of that class; that is, that class is in the charge of Mr. Li.
一句多译
⑥老板退休以后，这家公司就一直在格林小姐的掌管之下。
〈1〉Miss Green has_taken_charge_of the company since the boss retired.
〈2〉The company has_been_in_the_charge_of Miss Green since the boss retired.
〈3〉Miss Green has_been_in_charge_of the company since the boss retired.
2．announce vt.宣布；通知；声称
典型例句
They officially announced the news to the reporters.
他们正式向记者发布了这条新闻。
One day with a basket of vegetables, he announced to us that he was going to cook a dish.
一天他带着一篮子的蔬菜，向我们宣布他将烹调一道菜。
It was been officially announced that he will pay a second visit to China soon.
官方消息称，他不久将再次来中国访问。
思维拓展
(1)announce sth. to sb.向某人宣布某事
announce that...宣布……
It's announced that...据宣布……
(2)announcement n．通告，宣告
make an announcement (that...)宣布(……)
announcer n．播音员，广播员
误区警示
动词announce后不跟双宾语，表示“向某人宣布某事”时应该说announce sth. to sb.或announce to sb. sth.。类似用法的单词还有：suggest，explain，report，say等。
巧学妙记
The announcer made an announcement that all the details should be announced through the broadcast.
广播员宣布所有的细节都应通过广播公布出来。
易混辨析
declare，announce
(1)declare 指正式和明确地向公众“宣布”“宣告”“声明”，侧重“当众”发表，多用于宣战、议和、宣判某人有罪、宣布国家独立等，declare 后可跟复合宾语。
(2)announce 指含有预告意味的“宣布”“宣告”或“发表”，指公开地或官方性质的“宣布”，侧重“预告”人们所关心或感兴趣的事情，尤指新闻之类的消息，后如需接间接宾语时，要在间接宾语前加 to。
即学即练
单句语法填空
①It is_announced(announce) that the new president will visit this city in May.
②He announced his intention of leaving to us.
③We have launched another man－made satellite, which is_announced(announce) in today's newspaper.
④Job's announcement(announce) wasn't surprising, considering his long struggle with cancer.
⑤A voice through the loudspeaker announced to the passengers that their flight was delayed because of the storm.
选词填空(announce/declare)
⑥It was announced that there would be a celebration on Sunday.
据宣布，星期日要举行庆祝(活动)。
⑦This powerful country declared war on that small country.
这个强国向那个小国宣战。
⑧The court declared the young man guilty.
法庭宣布这位年轻人有罪。
⑨The little girl announced that she would do an experiment on Friday.
这个小女孩向大家宣布她要在星期五做个实验。
3．amount n．金额；数量
典型例句
A large amount of damage was done in a short time.
短时间内造成了大量损害。
Large amounts of time were wasted.
大量的时间被浪费了。
思维拓展
(1)a large/small amount of大量的/少量的……(＋不可数名词)
(2)amount v．总计，共计；相当于，等于
amount to sth. 共计……；相当于……
(3)“许多，大量”的多种表达
many a＋可数名词单数＋单数谓语动词＋其他。
即学即练
单句语法填空
①With more forests being destroyed, a large amount of good earth is(be) being washed away each year.
②There are(be) large amounts of valuable information about the Olympic Games.
③To my disappointment, a large amount of money has_been_wasted(waste) so far.
④A number of high buildings have_arisen(arise) where there was nothing a year ago but ruins.
⑤This weekend we will have a lot of work to do.
⑥A large number of books(book) will be bought by the library.
完成句子
⑦They spent a_great_deal_of_time watching television.
他们花很多时间看电视。
⑧They wasted a_large_amount_of_money yesterday.
昨天他们浪费了大量的钱。
⑨The total expenses amount_to a hundred dollars.
全部费用合计一百美元。
⑩Large amounts of money have_been_spent on his project.
他在这个项目上花了大量的钱。
4．approach n．方法；途径；接近 vt.接近；接洽；着手处理 vi.靠近
典型例句
As I approached the house，I noticed a light on upstairs.
我走近那幢房子的时候注意到楼上有灯光。
The approach of winter brings cold weather.
冬天临近，天气转冷。
We have found a new approach to the study of English.
我们发现了一种学英语的新方法。
思维拓展
(1)an approach to (doing) sth.(做)某事的方法/途径
the approach of sth.在……快到的时候
make approaches to sb.设法接近某人
approach sb. on/about sth.就某事与某人洽谈(商量、交涉)
be approaching快到了
(2)表示“方式，方法”的短语荟萃：
in a(n)...manner用……方法
in this way通过这种方式
by means of...借助……手段，依靠……方法
the method of/for (doing) sth.(做)某事的方法
with this method通过这种方法
the approach to (doing) sth.(做)某事的方式/方法
即学即练
判断下列句子中approach的词性及含义
①(2021·江苏无锡期中)As university graduation approached,_Robbie applied to several medical schools and finally was admitted to New York Medical College.＋＋＋＋ vi.接近 －－－－
②The new approach Mr. Wang has been devoted to proves effective.n．方法
③It might be possible to approach the problem in a different way.vt.着手处理(问题、工作等)
单句语法填空
④At the meeting they discussed three different approaches to the study of mathematics.
⑤They came up with several approaches to solving(solve) the problem, but some were not practical.
⑥By means of WeChat, we can keep in touch with our friends for everyday communication.
⑦Only in this way can you get rid of the bad habit of staying up late.
⑧Approaching(approach) the cottage, they saw a dog running towards them.
完成句子
⑨With_autumn_approaching， it is becoming cooler and cooler.
随着秋季的到来，天气越来越凉爽了。
5．ensure vt.保证；准确；担保
典型例句
A good sleep will ensure you a quicker recovery.
好的睡眠会确保你更快康复。
Our workout system will ensure that you lose weight and build muscles quickly and safely.
我们的健康方法将确保你快速而安全地减肥并增强肌肉。
These safety facilities are used to ensure workers from accidents.
这些安全设施是用来确保工人不出事故的。
思维拓展
(1)ensure sth.保证……
ensure that...确保……
ensure sb. from...确保某人免受(……损失等)
(2)make sure确保，设法保证
see to it that...确保……
即学即练
单句语法填空
①The hospital tries to_ensure(ensure) that people are seen quickly.
②These road facilities are used to_ensure(ensure) the safety of cyclists.
完成句子
③We ensure_that the work shall be done in the right way.
我们保证把这项工作做好。
④I have a particular responsibility to_ensure I make the right decision.
我肩负特殊责任，必须确保自己作出的决定是正确的。
6．position n．位置；姿态；职位 vt.安装；装置；使处于
典型例句
The ship was identified, and its name and position were reported to the coastguard.
那艘船已找到，其名字和位置已报告给海岸警卫队。
I'm writing to apply for the position as a student volunteer.
我正写信申请学生志愿者的职位。
They watched over the lake with their cameras, which were positioned on the hill.
他们使用安装在山上的摄像机观察着湖面。
Sales director is a position where communication ability is just as important as sales skills.
销售总监是一个交际能力和销售能力同等重要的职位。
思维拓展
in a ...position (to do sth.)(做某事)处于……的处境
out of/in position不在/在适当的位置
误区警示
当position，situation，stage，job，case等词在句中表示抽象的地点，且其后的定语从句中又缺少地点状语时，应用where引导。
即学即练
单句语法填空
①Ensure that everything is in position when we come back to the room.
②I'm sorry if I put you in an awkward position.
③If a container catches liquid, it is in a position where the liquid falls into it.
判断下列句子中position的词性及含义
④Kathy, struggling for months to find a job as a typist, finally took a position at a local travel agency.＋＋＋＋ n．职位 －－－－
⑤(2021·江苏泰州模考)—I have been sitting in the same position too long. My legs have been asleep.
—Shake them a little before you get up.n．姿势
⑥The backpack should be positioned high on the back, reducing the stress on the shoulders and back.vt.安置，使处于
7．eager adj.热切的；渴望的
典型例句
We are all eager for knowledge.
我们都求知心切。
He's eager to go with her.
他渴望同她一起去。
Tom was eager for you to come to the party.
汤姆期盼你来参加聚会。
These children are eager that their parents (should) come home.
这些孩子热切希望他们的父母回家。
思维拓展
(1)be eager for...渴望……
be eager to do sth.渴望做某事
be eager for sb. to do sth.渴望某人做某事
be eager that...热切希望……[从句的谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”]
eagerly adv.热切地
eagerness n．渴望
(2)“渴望……”相关表达聚焦：
be dying to do sth./for sth.
be anxious to do sth./for sth.
be keen on sth.
be eager to do sth./for sth.
be thirsty for sth.
long to do sth./for sth.
易混辨析
eager，anxious
eager 强调“对成功的期望”或“进取的热情”，含有积极向上的意思
anxious 强调“担心”或“焦虑”，对结果感到不安
即学即练
单句语法填空
①(2020·北京一零一中学期末)I was eager to_have(have) those photos developed (冲洗) because I wanted to send them to my mother.
②As the Spring Festival is approaching, the children look forward eagerly(eager) to meeting their grandparents in the hometown.
③I wasn't able to hide my eagerness(eager) when I asked, “What do you wish me to do now？”
单句改错
④The teacher is glad that everyone in his class is eager to knowledge and success.
to改为for
⑤Yesterday afternoon, I paid a visit to Mr. Johnson. I was eager to seeing him, but outside his room I stopped.
seeing改为see
选词填空(eager/anxious)
⑥Zhou Yang is anxious to know the result of the exam, for he's eager to be admitted into the university.
完成句子
⑦He was_eager_to_do an experiment.
他急于做实验。
⑧She was_eager_for a holiday to relax herself.
她非常渴望一个假期来放松一下自己。
8．roll vi.& vt.(使)翻滚；(使)滚动 n．卷(轴)；翻滚；面包圈；名单
典型例句
She looked at Ginny and tears rolled down her cheeks.
她看着金尼，泪珠顺着脸颊淌下。
In mid－afternoon, shopkeepers began to roll down their shutters.
下午三点钟左右，店主们开始摇下百叶窗。
People may roll their eyes and talk about overprotective grandmothers.
人们可能会翻着白眼讨论过分呵护的祖母们。
He sipped at his coffee and spread butter on a roll.
他抿了一口咖啡，将黄油涂在了面包卷上。
思维拓展
roll out铺开；滚出
roll in蜂拥而来
roll up卷起；滚滚上升
roll down摇下；滚下
roll one's eyes翻白眼
get the ball rolling开个头，使开始
rock and roll摇滚乐
a roll of...一卷……
巧学妙记
即学即练
完成句子
①(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get_the_ball_rolling.
几位年轻而勇敢的商人才开始行动。
②(2019·浙江高考)Their victory in America was still remembered as a major turning point in the history of rock_and_roll.
他们在美国的胜利仍然被认为是摇滚乐历史上的一个重大转折点。
③Roll_up your sleeves.
把你的袖子挽起来。
④Offers of help are still rolling_in.
帮助正在大量涌入。
⑤He rolled_down his car window and started shouting at them.
他摇下车窗，朝他们大声喊起来。
⑥Could you pick up a_roll_of paper towels
你能捡起一卷纸巾吗？
9．greet vt.问候；迎接
典型例句
He greeted all the guests warmly as they arrived.
客人到达时他都热情迎接。
The movie star was greeted with cheers from his fans.
这位电影明星迎来了粉丝们的欢呼。
思维拓展
(1)greet sb. with sth.用……向某人打招呼/欢迎某人
(2)greeting n．问候；招呼 [pl.]祝贺；贺词
exchange greetings寒暄
即学即练
单句语法填空
①He greeted uswitha smile.
②I wish to take this opportunity to send my best wishes and festival greetings(greet) to you and your family members.
完成句子
③Mother likes greeting her guests at the door.
妈妈喜欢在门口迎接她的客人们。
④(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)We were_first_greeted_with the barking by a pack of dogs，seven to be exact.
首先迎接我们的是一群狗的狂吠，准确地说是七只。
10．custom n．风俗；习俗；习惯
典型例句
It is difficult to get used to another country's customs.
要适应另一国家的风俗习惯是困难的。
It is the custom in that country for women to marry young.
女子早婚是那个国家的风俗。
思维拓展
(1)follow/keep up a custom 沿袭/保留风俗
the custom of doing sth. 做某事的习惯
It is the custom (for sb.) to do sth. 做……(对某人来说)是一种风俗。
(2)customers n．顾客；客户
误区警示
复数customs还专指“海关”。a customs officer海关官员
易混辨析
custom与 habit
custom多指社会的“风俗，习俗”，表示“习惯”时，与habit同义；
habit指个人的“习惯”。eating habits饮食习惯。
即学即练
单句语法填空
①When you go abroad for further study, you should learn to adapt to the customs(custom) of the destination country.
选词填空(custom/habit)
②The celebration of the Spring Festival in China is a custom.
③He has formed a bad habit of smoking since an early age.
④There is a nice custom in the area. That's to say, people have formed the habit of getting together to celebrate the harvest.
11．crowd n．人群；一群人；民众 vt.挤满；使……拥挤
典型例句
She shut her mind against the fears that crowded in on her.
她克制自己不去想那些涌上心头的恐惧感。
This car accident drew a large crowd around the site.
这场车祸招来一大群人围在现场。
思维拓展
(1)a crowd of/crowds of一群；许多
the crowd群众；百姓
(2)crowd around聚集在……周围； 聚拢
crowd into涌入；挤入
crowd in(on sb.)(想法，问题等)涌上(某人心头)，涌入(某人脑海)
(3)crowded adj.拥挤的；塞满的
be crowded with...充满……，挤满……
即学即练
单句语法填空
①Hundreds of people crowded into the nearby church for the wedding.
②Too many uncomfortable thoughts were crowding in on her.
③In crowded(crowd) places like airports and railway stations, you must take care of your luggage (行李)．
④The studio was crowded(crowd) with visitors.
完成句子
⑤We all crowded_around the stove to keep warm.
我们都挤在炉子边取暖。
⑥(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)The city was_crowded_with disappointed people with no interest in settling down.
城市里挤满了失望的人们，他们不想在这里定居。
⑦(2019·浙江高考)Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded_with small trees that compete with big trees for resources.
声势浩大的对野火的控制，使得加利福尼亚的森林，长满了一些小树，它们和大树竞争资源。
重 点 短 语
1．have an influence on/upon对……有影响
典型例句
Global warming is having a great influence on hundreds of plant and animal species around the world.
全球变暖正在对世界上数百种动植物物种产生重大影响。
Claude's work had a major influence on generations of musicians.
克劳德的作品对几代音乐家都产生过重要影响。
思维拓展
have a bad influence on...对……有不好的影响
influence sb./sth.影响某人/某事
affect sb./sth.影响某人/某事
have an effect/impact on/upon...对……有影响
即学即练
单句语法填空
①Confucius' philosophy has a great influence on/upon Chinese culture.
②You can't imagine the influence you have on/upon me.
③His teaching methods still have a strong effect on/upon young people.
2．make up构成，形成；虚构，编造；和解，言归于好；补足，凑足；化妆，打扮
典型例句
He made up some excuses about his daughter being sick.
他编造了一些借口，说他的女儿病了。
I told the kids a story, making it up as I went along.
我给孩子们讲了个故事，是现编的。
Girls make up 56% of the student numbers.
女生占学生人数的56%。
We need one more person to make up a team.
我们还需要一个人才能组成一个队。
Can I leave early this afternoon and make up the time tomorrow
我今天下午早点儿走，明天补上这段时间，可以吗？
思维拓展
make up for补偿
be made up of...由……构成
make out辨认出；明白，理解
make it及时到达；取得成功
make the best of充分利用
make up one's mind下定决心
make good/full use of好好/充分利用
即学即练
判断下列句子中make up的含义
①Different qualities make_up a person's character. 组成，构成
②The company will be forced to pay 6 million dollars to make_up the difference.补足，凑足
③She spent two hours making herself up before the party.化妆
④He made_up a song in memory of the hero.创作
⑤Have you made_up with Patty yet？和好
用make的相关短语完成句子
⑥Six players can make_up a volleyball team while a football team is_made_up_of eleven players.
重 点 句 型
The peaceful landscape of the “Emerald Isle” and its many green counties is a true feast for the eyes，with its rolling green hills dotted with sheep and cattle.
“绿宝石(爱尔兰)岛”风光宁静秀美，郡县草木葱茏，青山连绵起伏，牛羊点缀其中，堪称一场名副其实的视觉盛宴。
(1)句式分析：这是一个简单句。使用了“主系表”句型结构。后面with its rolling green hills dotted with sheep and cattle是with的复合结构。
(2)with复合结构可作定语和状语，其具体形式如下：
with＋名词/代词＋
With so many books to read，I have no time to chat with you.
有这么多的书要读，我没时间跟你闲聊。(books与read之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，但不定式用主动形式表示被动意义)
Don't stand with your hands in your pockets.
站着的时候不要把手插在口袋里。
With time going by，they became close friends.
随着时间的流逝，他们成了好朋友。
With the floor wet，I had to stay outside.
由于地板潮湿，我只得待在屋外。
With her sister out，she had to stay at home alone.
因为她的姐姐出去了，她只得独自待在家里。
They bought a house with many trees and flowers planted around last month.
上个月他们买了一座四周植满了树与鲜花的房子。
巧学妙记
with复合结构用法口诀
with结构并不难，with后面宾语连，
动宾关系用过分，主谓关系用现分，
将来要把不定跟，还有三种形副介。
即学即练
单句语法填空
①Our government will try to beautify the city and with trees and flowers to_plant(plant) everywhere，our city will take on a new look.
②He sat there with his eyes closed(close)．
③With time going(go) by，the examination is drawing near.
④With a lot of homework to_do(do)，the boy had no time to go out to play.
完成句子
⑤She fell asleep with the_light_burning.
她睡着了，灯还亮着。
⑥With all_the_work_finished， he went home happily.
所有的工作都已完成，他高兴地回家了。
随堂达标验收
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．She charged the shop assistant with cheating customers.
2．How much did he charge you for repairing this pair of shoes
3．A good amount of sleep every night is(be) important for your health.
4．At the approach of the rain and the wind, the swallows are busy.
5．The job market has changed and our approaches to finding(find) work must change as well.
6．Multi－billionaire Mr. King donates generously(generous) to charity several times a year.
7．Each week I eagerly(eager) counted my growing savings increased by extra work here and there.
8．The bus was so crowded(crowd) that I had to stand all the way to the school.
9．He began to make up for the missing lessons.
10．The book with its covers torn(tear) off is a book dating back to 300 years ago.
Ⅱ.选词填空
1．People from all walks of life are_eager_for success, but lack of confidence is a great barrier.
2．Different kinds of music have_an_influence_on people in different ways.
3．Westerners should make use of the ancient Chinese wisdom to make_up_for the drawbacks (缺点) of western philosophy.
4．For many people, fishing is more_than a sport; it is an art as well.
5．The young man was charged with setting_fire_to the factory at court.
Ⅲ.完成句子
1．We two take_turns_to_do the housework.
我们两个人轮流做家务。
2．A_huge_amount_of_environmental_damage has been brought about by the destruction of the rainforests.
雨林的毁坏已经导致了大量的环境破坏。
3．Perhaps the most promising approach to_reducing e－waste is to buy the new system.
也许减少电子垃圾最可行的方法是购买这种新系统。
4．You'll find your colleagues very_eager_to_assist_you.
你将发现同事们会热情地帮助你。
5．I'm terribly sorry to have caused your pain unconsciously. Will you be_so_generous as to forgive me
十分抱歉无意地让您疼痛，您能原谅我吗？
6．If you come to visit China, you will experience a_culture_of_amazing_depth_and_variety.
如果你来访问中国，你会体验一种具有惊人深度和广度的文化。
7．A survey says that men are_more_likely_to tell lies than women.
调查表明男人比女人更容易说谎。
8．The mission delivering supplies to crew aboard the ISS has_taken_place on 2 March.
为国际空间站的工作人员运送物资的任务已于3月2日启动。
9．They are working hard to keep sorghum and peanut free from being_destroyed by pests and chemicals.
他们正在努力工作保护高粱和花生免遭害虫和化学物质的破坏。
10．Just then I realized that the letter had been_delivered_to the wrong address.
就在那时，我意识到，这封信被送错了地方。
Ⅳ.课文与语法填空
根据课文内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Ireland's beautiful countryside has always had a great influence 1.on its people and traditions. The 2.peaceful(peace) landscape of the “Emerald Isle” and its many green 3.counties(county) is a true feast for the eyes, with 4.its(it) rolling green hills 5.dotted(dot) with sheep and cattle. And down by the sea, 6.the roar of the ocean waves and cries of the seabirds make up the music of the coast. On a quiet morning in the mountains, feel the sun on your skin, and 7.breathe(breath) in the sweet scent of fresh flowers
8．while birds greet the new day with their morning song. With all this beauty, it is not 9.surprising(surprise) that Ireland has developed strong traditions that include music，dancing, and dining. So the country has a long history of
10．producing(produce) great writers and poets.
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