徐汇中学2021学年高二年级第一学期
期中考试英语试卷
I. Listening Comprehension
Section A
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
1. A. Use a ladder to help her reach the cup. B. See a doctor about her shoulder.
C. Put the cup on a lower shelf. D. Buy a new cupboard.
2. A. He has already called Harry.
B. Harry knows most of the facts.
C. He needs to talk to Harry soon.
D. Harry doesn’t have a telephone.
3. A. The new doctor lacks experience.
B. She disagrees with what the man said
C. The man had better talk with the patients first.
D. Patients usually cannot offer a fair evaluation.
4. A. Take the man to the station. B. Look after the man’s things.
C. Find out when the next bus leaves. D. Show the man the way to the station.
5. A. He was good at fixing up bookshelves.
B. He helped James build up the furniture.
C. James helped him arrange the furniture.
D. James helped him with some of the work.
6. A. It’s difficult to take photographs indoors.
B. The photo album is in the living room.
C. Mary has lost the photo album.
D. Mary is a good photographer.
7. A. The job’s short hours make it impossible for her to refuse.
B. The job is turning into an excellent opportunity for her.
C. She’s looking forward to meeting her new colleagues.
D. She refused the position because of the low salary.
8. A. He had to do what is necessary in order to learn.
B. He doesn’t have to memorize all the vocabulary.
C. He knows the whole vocabulary list already.
D. He cannot learn much by just memorizing.
9. A. It’s not the one he likes. B. He needs a smaller shirt.
C. It doesn’t fit him very well. D. He hasn’t had time to try it on yet.
10. A. The line for concert tickets is too busy. B. He’s too busy to go to the concert.
C. Carl knows the concert is at eight. D. He hasn’t been able to reach Carl.
Section B
Directions: In Section B, you will hear several short passages and longer conversations, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversations. The passages and the conversations will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.
Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.
11. A. In the 19th century. B. In about 1800s.
C. In the 18th century. D. In about 2400BC.
12. A. The language used. B. The targeted readers.
C. The reputation. D. The length.
13. A. The evolution of self-study books. B. The importance of self-study books.
C. The difference among self-study books. D. The famous writers of self-study books.
Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.
14. A. The reasons railroad regulations in the U.S.A were changed.
B. The safety record of the railroad industry in the U.S.A.
C. The financing of railroad construction in the U.S.A.
D. The evolution of the railroad industry in the U.S.A.
15. A. Safety problems with railroad tracks.
B. The growth of the automotive industry.
C. The use of oversized freight containers.
D. The high cost of meeting various regulations.
16. A. It causes less air pollution than other means of transport.
B. Its competitors are less considerate of customers.
C. It creates great personal fortunes for investors.
D. Its business is kept in a traditional way.
Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.
17. A. To earn money for her tuition.
B. To make her dream come true.
C. To make preparations for her future job.
D. To ensure that she has time for acting work.
18. A. Serious. B. Funny. C. Experienced D. Demanding.
19. A. It involves many theories. B. He must get an advanced camera.
C. He hasn’t learned physics before. D. It occupies much of his spare time.
20. A. He is more willing to do something. B. He has stopped working late.
C. He can go to sleep early. D. He feels more relaxed.
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
(A)
Directions: After reading the passage below fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Mistakes that work
The best way to learn something is to make mistakes first. Thomas Edison, ____1____ invented the light bulb, told his colleagues, “Of the 200 light bulbs that didn’t work, every failure told me that I was able to work hard to make next attempt.” Benjamin Franklin, the US statesman and scientist once said, “I haven’t failed. I have had 10,000 ideas that didn’t work.”
____2____ of these people understood that failures and false starts are the condition of success. In fact, ____3____ surprising number of everyday objects had their beginnings in a mistake or a misunderstanding. Post-it notes, packets of crisps and even bread are all unexpected inventions. In 2006 BC, a tired Egyptian slave invented ____4____ is now called bread when the dough (面团) rose during his sleep. And crisps were first cooked by a cook in the USA when a customer suggested his fried potatoes be ____5____ (thin) than they were.
In 1968 Spencer Silver was trying to develop a strong clue when he accidentally invented a very weak glue instead. His colleague, Art Fry, decided to use it six years later, in 1974, to have his bookmarks ____6____ (hold) in his books and the post-it note was invented.
Successful business people have often made big, expensive mistakes in their past. When an employee of IBM made a mistake that cost the company $6,000,000, Thomas Watson, the chairman, ____7____ (ask) if he would fire the man. “No,” he replied. “I have just spent $600,000 ____8____ (train) him. I won’t let another company benefit from his experience.”
It is essential that everyone ____9____ (learn) from your mistakes. _____10_____ you don’t, then there is no point in making them.
(B)
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
If you like to buy imported products, here is a piece of good news. China has cut import tariffs (进口税) on 187 consumer goods.
Goods ____11____ (benefit) from the cut range from food and health supplements to clothes and recreational products. According to China’s Finance Ministry, their tariffs have dropped from an average of 17.3% to 7.7%. Tariffs on some special infant formulas have been cut from 20% to zero.
The move is thought to be part of an effort ____12____ (encourage) people to spend more at home. This can help China transform its economy to a consumption-driven one. Also, the cuts ____13____ (mean) to signal to the world that China is opening up its economy.
Doug Lippoldt, an economist at HSBC, says the cuts in the import tariffs are positive. In China, there is a huge demand ____14____ foreign brands. People think imported products are safer and are of higher quality. Now, with the reduction on import tariffs, the domestic market, ____15____ a few retailer giants used to dominate, has to become more competitive. ____16____, in the long run, will bring great benefit to consumers and the Chinese economy. Furthermore, consumers ____17____ (tempt) to buy foreign goods from Chinese retailers will help create jobs.
____18____ the move may benefit consumers and the Chinese economy, it’s not good news for daigou, people who resell items they buy abroad to consumers in China. Analysts say the days of ____19____ many consider to be a booming business may indeed be numbered. “Lower tariffs mean Chinese consumers can buy imported products at a ____20____ (costly) price at home; daigou traders will lose their price advantage,” says Yu Simin from CECRC, an e-commerce consulting firm.
Section B
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. appreciate；B. effectively；C. expected；D. previous；E. supervise；F. attitudeG. readily；H. prepared；I. exposure；J. suggested；K. cultural
Before you begin exploring nature with children, it is important to talk with families to learn about their values and children’s ____21____ experiences with nature. While some children have had many positive contacts with the natural world, others may have had little direct ____22____ to nature. In addition, in some families or ____23____ communities, children are taught at a young age to fear certain animals. It is important to be sensitive to potential fears. Talking in advance with parents will help you be ____24____.
It is helpful to look carefully at your outdoor area before you begin exploring the space with your children. This will give you some idea of what your children may meet with and where, so you can guide the explorations more ____25____.
Of course, nature does bring some danger to people. To prevent accidents, it is critical to ____26____ children at all times. It is also important to establish rules for children to follow when exploring nature both indoors and outdoors. Some ____27____ rules include: Ask before touching, treat living things with care, and be curious.
It is important to reflect on your own ___28___ towards nature before you begin exploring nature with children. Not everyone is equally fond of frogs, spiders, or snakes. Children ____29____ pick up the attitudes of adults around them. Try not to let your likes and dislikes influence theirs. If you are very uncomfortable around specific animals, help children learn to _____30_____ them from a safe distance. Just remember that the most important thing you can do is to instill (灌输) curiosity and appreciation of the nature that surrounds us.
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Walking while texting could lead to fines of up to $50 or 15 days’ imprisonment as state lawmaker warns of the dangers of “distracted walking”. Jared Schumacher is one of hundreds of thousands of New Jerseyans who ____31____ use electronic devices to text, listen to music or do other tasks as they walk outdoors.
If a “distracted walking” measure recently proposed by a state assemblywoman (女议员) becomes law Jared and others like him could face ____32____ or even jail time.
“I admit that I’m usually listening to music, talking on my phone or texting while I’m walking around,” Schumacher, 20, said while ____33____ to a text as he walked along a street in the state capital last weekend.
Experts say distracted walking is a growing ____34____, as people of all ages become more ____35____ on electronic devices for personal and professional matters. They also note pedestrian deaths have been ____36____ in recent years. In 2005, 11% of all US fatalities involved pedestrians, but that number rose to 15% in 2014.
The rise in deaths coincides (相符合) with states ____37____ bills that target pedestrians and bicyclists. For instance, a bill in Hawaii would fine someone $250 if he or she were to cross the street while ____38____ an electronic device. Similar bills have failed in states including Arkansas, Illinois, Nevada and New York.
“Thus far, no states have enacted a law ____39____targeting distracted bicyclists or pedestrians,” said Douglas Shinkle, transportation program director for the National Conference of State Legislatures. But he added that “a few states _____40_____ to introduce legislation every year.”
The measure recently put forward by New Jersey assemblywoman Pamela Lampitt would _____41_____ walking while texting and ban pedestrians on public roads from using electronic communication devices unless they are _____42_____.
Lawbreakers would face fines of up to $50, 15 days imprisonment or both, which is the same punishment as jaywalking. Half of the fine would be distributed to safety education about the _____43_____of walking and texting, said Lampitt, a Democrat.
Some see the proposal as a(n) _____44_____ government overreach, while others say they understand Lampitt’s reasoning. But most agree that people need to be made _____45_____of the issue.
31. A. naughtily B. fashionably C. routinely D. rarely
32. A. oppositions B. obstacles C. fines D. struggles
33. A. turning B. committing C. shifting D. responding
34. A. problem B. tragedy C. passion D. key
35. A. optimistic B. dependent C. troublesome D. active
36. A. enhancing B. arousing C. rising D. declining
37. A. paying B. denying C. voting D. introducing
38. A. operating B. texting C. adopting D. installing
39. A. understandably B. specifically C. traditionally D. fiercely
40. A. continue B. hate C. refuse D. return
41. A. promote B. ban C. dismiss D. reject
42. A. hands-full B. hands-flexible C. hands-wide D. hands-free
43. A. shortcomings B. desires C. dangers D. opportunities
44. A. unnecessary B. proper C. advanced D. shameful
45. A. aware B. wise C. noticeable D. knowledgeable
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
A
Salt was so valuable in ancient Rome that soldiers were sometimes paid with it. In fact, the word salary comes from the Latin word sal, for salt. When a soldier was doing an awful job, his paycheck might be cut, which is how we got the expression “not worth his salt.” Salt can still be valuable today. Amethyst Bamboo 9x salt, which rings up at &398 a pound, may be the most expensive in the world. This pricey stuff takes a lot of time to produce — it’s roasted nine times inside a bamboo pole at temperatures over 1,400 degrees F.
Historically, salt’s value came from its ability to preserve food. Venice, Italy, may be famous for its canals now, but salt imports helped its rise as an important trade power by the end of the 13th century. Salt also took on a great deal of symbolic value, like “old salt” referring to an experienced sailor. Salt is mentioned so many times in the Bible. For instance, “the salt of the earth” is used to describe a person who is dependable; “a covenant of salt” means a firm promise.
Most people know about the health risks associated with sodium (钠), but reducing your intake isn’t always easy. Even foods that don’t taste salty may contain it. If you are looking for sodium-free flavoring, try garlic, pepper, rosemary and other spices or herbs.
Still, we all need at least some salt. It promotes the transport of nutrients and oxygen, allows nerves to send messages, and helps our muscle work. The average adult’s body contains about 250 grams of sodium.
Consumption of too much salt can be deadly. For older folks especially, a heavy hand with the saltshaker may raise blood pressure, causing hypertension and hurt the head. A study of 975 people between the ages of 60 to 80 and with high blood pressure found that reducing sodium in their diets was associated with lower risk of headache.
46. Choose one expression with “salt” and make the following sentence logic: “Jerry is truly __________. You see, all his students trust him so much.”
A. worth their salt B. old salt
C. a covenant of salt D. the salt of the earth
47. What can be inferred from the passage
A. The more expensive salt is, the longer it takes to produce.
B. Old people with hypertension should choose sodium-free food.
C Salt is much more than a simple cooking element added to food.
D. Salt imports can establish a country as an international trade power.
48. What does the underlined word “saltshaker” refer to
A. A recipe. B. A container.
C. A gesture. D. A disease.
49. What is the passage mainly talking about
A. Objective knowledge of salt.
B. Advice on healthier eating habits.
C. Various amazing values of salt.
D. Tips on reducing the health risk of salt.
B
WHO IS LIPITOR FOR
Who can take LIPITOR:
People who cannot lower their cholesterol (胆固醇) enough with diet and exercise
Adults and children over 10
Who should NOT take LIPITOR:
Women who are pregnant, may be pregnant, or may become pregnant. LIPITOR may harm your unborn baby. If you become pregnant, stop LIPITOR and call your doctor right away
Women who are breast-feeding. LIPITOR can pass into your breast milk and may harm your baby
People with liver problems or allergic (过敏的) to anything in LIPITOR
HOW TO TAKE LIPITOR
Do:
Take LIPITOR at any time of day, with or without food
If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. But if it has been more than 12 hours since your missed dose, wait. Take the next dose at your regular time
Don’t:
Do not change or stop your dose before talking to your doctor
Do not give your LIPITOR to other people. It may harm them even if your problems are the same
POSSIBLE SIDE EFFECTS OF LIPITOR
Serious side effects in a small number of people:
Muscle problems that can lead to kidney problems, including kidney failure. Your chance for muscle problem is higher if you take certain other medicines with LIPITOR
Liver problems. Your doctor may do blood tests to check your liver before you start LIPITOR and while you are taking it
Call your doctor right away if you have:
Unexplained muscle weakness or pain, especially if you have a fever or feel very tired
Allergic reactions including swelling (肿胀) of the face, lips, tongue, and/or throat that may cause difficulty in breathing or swallowing which may require treatment right away
Nausea, vomiting (呕吐) or stomach pain
Feeling more tired than usual
Your skin and whites of your eyes turn yellow
Allergic skin reactions
Common side effects of LIPITOR are:
Diarrhea (腹泻)
Muscle and joint pain
Upset stomach
Changes in some blood tests
NEED MORE INFORMATION
Ask your doctor or health care provider
Go to www.
50. LIPITOR is a medicine ________.
A. specially designed for young kids B. to cure serious liver problems
C. that can lower the risk for heart attack D. for mothers-to-be to lower cholesterol
51. Which of the following is most likely to be a bad sign for LIPITOR takers
A. Drinking alcohol twice a day. B. Changes in medical tests.
C. Discomfort and ache in muscles. D. Feeling tired after a day’s work.
52. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text
A. LIPITOR should never be taken with other food at the same time.
B. Skipping is the best choice for those who have missed one dose.
C. Recommendation is encouraged if one feels LIPITOR to be good.
D. People can consult the professionals for details of the medicine.
C
Neuro-technology has long been a favourite of science-fiction writers. In “Neuromancer”, a wildly inventive book by William Gibson written in 1984, people can use neural(神经的) implants to get into the sensory experiences of others. Iain M. Banks came up with the idea of a neural lace, a mesh (网格) that grows into the brain, in his “Culture” series of novels. “The Terminal Man” by Michael Crichton, published in 1972, imagines the effects of a brain implant on someone who is convinced that machines are taking over from humans.
Where the sci-fi led, philosophers are now starting to follow. In Howard Chizeck’s lab at the University of Washington, researchers are working on an implanted device to administer deep-brain stimulation (DBS) in order to treat a common movement disorder called essential tremor. Traditionally, DBS stimulation is always on, wasting energy and robbing the patient of a sense of control. The lab’s ethicist (伦理学家), Tim Brown, a doctoral student of philosophy, says that some DBS patients suffer a sense of isolation and complain of feeling like a robot.
To change that, the team at the University of Washington is using neuronal activity associated with intentional movements to turn the device on. But the researchers also want to enable patients to use a conscious thought process to override these settings. That is more useful than it might sound: stimulation currents for essential tremor can cause side-effects like distorted (失真的) speech, so someone about to give a presentation, say, might wish to shake rather than make his words unclear. Giving humans more options of this sort will be essential if some of the more advanced visions for brain-computer interfaces are to be realized. Hannah Maslen from the University of Oxford is another ethicist who works on a BCI project. One of her jobs is to think through the distinctions between inner speech and public speech: people need a dependable mechanism for separating what they want to say from what they think.
That is only one of many ethical questions that the sci-fi versions of brain-computer interfaces bring up. What protection will BCIs offer against neural hacking Who owns neural data, including information that is gathered for research purposes now but may be understandable in detail at some point in the future Where does accountability lie if a user does something wrong And if brain implants are performed not for treatment but to improve people’s abilities, will that make the world an even more unequal place
53. What do the three books mentioned in paragraph 1 have in common
A. They are all among what philosophers like best.
B. They all tell the stories well beyond imagination.
C. They are all works of the greatest sci-fi writers of the time.
D. They all deal with people’s losing control of their brains.
54. The research of the team at the University of Washington is intended to _____.
A. improve the accuracy of DBS B. let patients decide when to turn on DBS
C. get rid of the side effects of DBS currents D. separate what we think from what we say
55. What can be inferred from the passage
A. Neuronal activity fails to work without intentional movements.
B. Brain-computer interfaces do more harm than good.
C. People suffering from essential tremor will shake.
D. DBS settings cannot be changed once fixed.
56. What will the passage most probably talk about next
A. How these questions will be handled.
B. Why these questions used to be ignored.
C. Which questions come from science fiction.
D. Who has first raised these questions.
Section C
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Ways to Be More Efficient
Not all tasks of the day are inspiring, fun or exciting. But you still have to wash those dishes and take care of those routine tasks at work or in school. So what can you do not to get lost in procrastination(拖延)
I’ll share how I do it, how I get some motivation and find more pleasure in what may seem to be a boring task.
Instead of focusing your mind on how boring a task may feel, focus your thoughts on why you are doing this and how good it will feel when you are done with it. If needed, sit down for a few minutes, close your eyes and see in your mind. Then go to work with that motivation and those positive feelings in your body.
Do it attentively. _____57_____ Focus 100% on just the work with all your senses—how it feels, looks and smells—as you are scrubbing it and nothing else. Don’t get lost in daydreams. If you are just there, I have found that even such a simple task becomes more enjoyable and something that can bring inner calm rather than distress.
Make a deal with yourself and set a timer for 10 minutes. It is often easier to do tasks like these in small bursts. So make a deal with yourself to just spend 10 minutes on your reading or cleaning the house.
___58___ When the timer rings you can continue doing it if you feel like it (this often happens to me because getting started is the hard part). Or you can stop and go to do something more interesting instead.
Create a pleasurable distraction. If possible try to listen to the radio, your favorite songs, an audio book or watch a movie or TV episode while doing your boring task. _____59_____ I often listen to music or watch an episode of the Simpsons while doing the dishes or other routine work at home.
___60___ Take a walk in the sun. Move on to a more fun or creative task at work or in school. Have a tasty treat. This habit can make it easier to get started and to keep going each day. Because you know that you can look forward to not just being done and the long-term payoff from that but also your immediate reward right after you are finished.
A. When you are done with your task then reward yourself.
B. Make sure you only rest for 10 minutes.
C Or you can work harder and start an even bigger project.
D. Set a kitchen timer and say to yourself that you only have to do this work for 10 minutes.
E. When you sort papers, do the laundry or do the dishes, be fully there.
F. You don’t always have to do just one thing at a time in silence.
IV．Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
61. 南瓜原产于北美洲，于明代传入中国。(introduce)(汉译英)
62. 正因为他相信熟能生巧，他的英语才能讲得这么流利。（It）(汉译英)
63. 大多数学生饱受缺乏睡眠之苦，这导致他们在上课时无法集中注意力。（concentrate）(汉译英)
64. 即使他们采纳专家的建议，也决不能在执行计划的过程中掉以轻心，否则将会功亏一篑。（In no case）(汉译英)
V. Guided Writing
65. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假如你是明启中学高中学生李明，最近在一本英语杂志上读到一篇关于青少年心理状态的文章。文中提出与20年前的青少年相比，如今的青少年更加不快乐。你对此话题很感兴趣，请写一封信给该报社的编辑，表达你的想法，内容须包括：
1. 导致该现象的原因
2. 相应的建议
听力答案：1-20 AABADBDACDDBADBADCAD2021-2022学年上海市徐汇中学高二上学期期中考试英语试题
I. Listening Comprehension
Section A
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
1. A. Use a ladder to help her reach the cup. B. See a doctor about her shoulder.
C. Put the cup on a lower shelf. D. Buy a new cupboard.
2. A. He has already called Harry.
B. Harry knows most of the facts.
C. He needs to talk to Harry soon.
D. Harry doesn’t have a telephone.
3. A. The new doctor lacks experience.
B. She disagrees with what the man said
C. The man had better talk with the patients first.
D. Patients usually cannot offer a fair evaluation.
4. A. Take the man to the station. B. Look after the man’s things.
C. Find out when the next bus leaves. D. Show the man the way to the station.
5. A. He was good at fixing up bookshelves.
B. He helped James build up the furniture.
C. James helped him arrange the furniture.
D. James helped him with some of the work.
6. A. It’s difficult to take photographs indoors.
B. The photo album is in the living room.
C. Mary has lost the photo album.
D. Mary is a good photographer.
7. A. The job’s short hours make it impossible for her to refuse.
B. The job is turning into an excellent opportunity for her.
C. She’s looking forward to meeting her new colleagues.
D. She refused the position because of the low salary.
8. A. He had to do what is necessary in order to learn.
B. He doesn’t have to memorize all the vocabulary.
C. He knows the whole vocabulary list already.
D. He cannot learn much by just memorizing.
9. A. It’s not the one he likes. B. He needs a smaller shirt.
C. It doesn’t fit him very well. D. He hasn’t had time to try it on yet.
10. A. The line for concert tickets is too busy. B. He’s too busy to go to the concert.
C. Carl knows the concert is at eight. D. He hasn’t been able to reach Carl.
Section B
Directions: In Section B, you will hear several short passages and longer conversations, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversations. The passages and the conversations will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.
Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.
11. A. In the 19th century. B. In about 1800s.
C. In the 18th century. D. In about 2400BC.
12. A. The language used. B. The targeted readers.
C. The reputation. D. The length.
13. A. The evolution of self-study books. B. The importance of self-study books.
C. The difference among self-study books. D. The famous writers of self-study books.
Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.
14. A. The reasons railroad regulations in the U.S.A were changed.
B. The safety record of the railroad industry in the U.S.A.
C. The financing of railroad construction in the U.S.A.
D. The evolution of the railroad industry in the U.S.A.
15. A. Safety problems with railroad tracks.
B. The growth of the automotive industry.
C. The use of oversized freight containers.
D. The high cost of meeting various regulations.
16. A. It causes less air pollution than other means of transport.
B. Its competitors are less considerate of customers.
C. It creates great personal fortunes for investors.
D. Its business is kept in a traditional way.
Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.
17. A. To earn money for her tuition.
B. To make her dream come true.
C. To make preparations for her future job.
D. To ensure that she has time for acting work.
18. A. Serious. B. Funny. C. Experienced D. Demanding.
19. A. It involves many theories. B. He must get an advanced camera.
C. He hasn’t learned physics before. D. It occupies much of his spare time.
20. A. He is more willing to do something. B. He has stopped working late.
C. He can go to sleep early. D. He feels more relaxed.
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
(A)
Directions: After reading the passage below fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Mistakes that work
The best way to learn something is to make mistakes first. Thomas Edison, ____1____ invented the light bulb, told his colleagues, “Of the 200 light bulbs that didn’t work, every failure told me that I was able to work hard to make next attempt.” Benjamin Franklin, the US statesman and scientist once said, “I haven’t failed. I have had 10,000 ideas that didn’t work.”
____2____ of these people understood that failures and false starts are the condition of success. In fact, ____3____ surprising number of everyday objects had their beginnings in a mistake or a misunderstanding. Post-it notes, packets of crisps and even bread are all unexpected inventions. In 2006 BC, a tired Egyptian slave invented ____4____ is now called bread when the dough (面团) rose during his sleep. And crisps were first cooked by a cook in the USA when a customer suggested his fried potatoes be ____5____ (thin) than they were.
In 1968 Spencer Silver was trying to develop a strong clue when he accidentally invented a very weak glue instead. His colleague, Art Fry, decided to use it six years later, in 1974, to have his bookmarks ____6____ (hold) in his books and the post-it note was invented.
Successful business people have often made big, expensive mistakes in their past. When an employee of IBM made a mistake that cost the company $6,000,000, Thomas Watson, the chairman, ____7____ (ask) if he would fire the man. “No,” he replied. “I have just spent $600,000 ____8____ (train) him. I won’t let another company benefit from his experience.”
It is essential that everyone ____9____ (learn) from your mistakes. _____10_____ you don’t, then there is no point in making them.
【答案】1. who 2. Both
3. a 4. what
5. thinner 6. held
7. was asked
8. training
9. learn##should learn
10. If
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过列举一些伟人犯过的错误传达了要从错误中汲取经验的观点。
【1题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：发明灯泡的托马斯·爱迪生告诉他的同事，“在200个不工作的灯泡中，每一次失败都告诉我，我可以努力工作，进行下一次尝试。”句中先行词为Thomas Edison，指人，在非限制性定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词who引导。故填who。
【2题详解】
考查代词。句意：这两个人都明白失败和失败的开始是成功的条件。这里指代爱迪生和富兰克林两个人，所以用代词both。故填Both。
【3题详解】
考查冠词。句意：事实上，很多日常用品的起源都是一个错误或误解。a number of许多，且形容词surprising发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。
【4题详解】
考查名词性从句。句意：在公元前2006年，一个疲惫的埃及奴隶发明了现在被称为面包的东西，当时面团在他睡觉的时候升起。动词invented后接宾语，从句中缺少主语，指物，所以用连接代词what引导。故填what。
【5题详解】
考查形容词比较级。句意：薯片最早是由美国的一位厨师烹饪的，当时一位顾客建议他的炸土豆要比实际薄一些。根据空格后的than可知，这里是形容词比较级形式。故填thinner。
【6题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：六年后，也就是1974年，他的同事阿特·弗莱决定使用它，把他的书签放在书里，于是便利贴就被发明了。固定短语have sth. done让某事被做。故填held。
【7题详解】
考查时态与语态。句意：当IBM的一名员工犯了一个导致公司损失600万美元的错误时，董事长托马斯·沃森被问到是否会解雇这个人。逻辑主语the chairman与动词ask是被动关系且这是过去发生的事情。故填was asked。
【8题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：我刚刚花了60万美元训练他。固定短语spend … doing花……做某事。故填training。
【9题详解】
考查虚拟语气。句意：每个人都必须从你的错误中吸取教训。It is essential that sb（should） do某人做某事很重要。故填learn/should learn。
【10题详解】
考查连词。句意：如果你不这样做，那么做这些事情就没有意义了。分析句意可知，这里是if引导条件状语从句。故填If。
(B)
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
If you like to buy imported products, here is a piece of good news. China has cut import tariffs (进口税) on 187 consumer goods.
Goods ____11____ (benefit) from the cut range from food and health supplements to clothes and recreational products. According to China’s Finance Ministry, their tariffs have dropped from an average of 17.3% to 7.7%. Tariffs on some special infant formulas have been cut from 20% to zero.
The move is thought to be part of an effort ____12____ (encourage) people to spend more at home. This can help China transform its economy to a consumption-driven one. Also, the cuts ____13____ (mean) to signal to the world that China is opening up its economy.
Doug Lippoldt, an economist at HSBC, says the cuts in the import tariffs are positive. In China, there is a huge demand ____14____ foreign brands. People think imported products are safer and are of higher quality. Now, with the reduction on import tariffs, the domestic market, ____15____ a few retailer giants used to dominate, has to become more competitive. ____16____, in the long run, will bring great benefit to consumers and the Chinese economy. Furthermore, consumers ____17____ (tempt) to buy foreign goods from Chinese retailers will help create jobs.
____18____ the move may benefit consumers and the Chinese economy, it’s not good news for daigou, people who resell items they buy abroad to consumers in China. Analysts say the days of ____19____ many consider to be a booming business may indeed be numbered. “Lower tariffs mean Chinese consumers can buy imported products at a ____20____ (costly) price at home; daigou traders will lose their price advantage,” says Yu Simin from CECRC, an e-commerce consulting firm.
【答案】11. benefiting
12. to encourage
13. are meant
14. for 15. which
16. This##It
17. tempted
18. While##Although##Though
19. what 20. less costly
【解析】
【分析】本文为一篇新闻报道，介绍了中国削减187种外国货品进口税的政策及带来的影响。
【详解】1.考查非谓语动词。句意：受益于降价的商品包括食品和保健品、服装和娱乐产品等。空处作主语Goods的后置定语，goods与benefit构成逻辑上的主动关系，用现在分词作定语。故填：benefiting。
2.考查非谓语动词。句意：此举被认为是鼓励人们在家里花更多钱的举措之一。 分析句子结构，空处修饰an effort作后置定语，用动词不定式。故填：to encourage。
3.考查时态和语态。句意：此外，降税是为了向世界发出中国正在开放经济的信号。空处缺少句子的谓语，cuts与mean构成被动关系。主语cuts为复数，一般现在时。故填：are meant。
4.考查介词。句意：在中国，对外国品牌有着巨大的需求。demand for为固定搭配，意思为：对……的需求。故填：for。
5.考查定语从句。句意：现在，随着进口关税的降低，曾经由少数零售巨头主导的国内市场的竞争将变得更加激烈。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词the domestic market作dominate的宾语，用关系代词which引导。故填：which。
6.考查代词。句意：从长远来看，这将给消费者和中国经济带来巨大利益。空处缺少句子的主语，指代前一句描述的现象，用this或者it。故填：This/It。
7.考查非谓语动词。句意：此外，想从中国零售商那里购买外国商品的消费者将有助于创造就业机会。分析句子结构可知，空处作consumers的定语， consumers与tempt构成被动关系，用过去分词作定语。故填：tempted。
8.考查从属连词。句意：虽然此举可能有利于消费者和中国经济，但对于代购(将在国外购买的商品转售给国内消费者的人)来说，这并非好消息。根据句意，“may benefit”与“not good news”构成逻辑上的转折，空处缺少连词引导让步状语从句。故填：While/Although/Though。
9.考查从属连词。句意：分析人士说，这个被许多人认为是蓬勃发展的行业的日子可能真的不多了。介词of后为宾语从句，从句缺少consider的宾语，指代事物，用连接代词what。故填：what。
10.考查形容词比较级。句意：“关税降低意味着中国消费者可以在国内以更低的价格购买进口产品：代购将失去他们的价格优势，”电子商务咨询公司CECRC的余思敏表示。根据“Lower tariffs”可知，更低的关税意为这消费者能以更低的价格购买进口商品，空处用形容词比较级作定语。故填：less costly。
Section B
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. appreciate；B. effectively；C. expected；D. previous；E. supervise；F. attitudeG. readily；H. prepared；I. exposure；J. suggested；K. cultural
Before you begin exploring nature with children, it is important to talk with families to learn about their values and children’s ____21____ experiences with nature. While some children have had many positive contacts with the natural world, others may have had little direct ____22____ to nature. In addition, in some families or ____23____ communities, children are taught at a young age to fear certain animals. It is important to be sensitive to potential fears. Talking in advance with parents will help you be ____24____.
It is helpful to look carefully at your outdoor area before you begin exploring the space with your children. This will give you some idea of what your children may meet with and where, so you can guide the explorations more ____25____.
Of course, nature does bring some danger to people. To prevent accidents, it is critical to ____26____ children at all times. It is also important to establish rules for children to follow when exploring nature both indoors and outdoors. Some ____27____ rules include: Ask before touching, treat living things with care, and be curious.
It is important to reflect on your own ___28___ towards nature before you begin exploring nature with children. Not everyone is equally fond of frogs, spiders, or snakes. Children ____29____ pick up the attitudes of adults around them. Try not to let your likes and dislikes influence theirs. If you are very uncomfortable around specific animals, help children learn to _____30_____ them from a safe distance. Just remember that the most important thing you can do is to instill (灌输) curiosity and appreciation of the nature that surrounds us.
【答案】21. D 22. I
23. K 24. H
25. B 26. E
27. J 28. F
29. G 30. A
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了树立孩子的价值观和有助于孩子与大自然的接触的接触。
【21题详解】
考查形容词。句意：在你开始和孩子们一起探索大自然之前，与家人交谈，了解他们的价值观和孩子们以前与大自然的接触是很重要的。名词experiences前用形容词修饰。形容词previous为“在……之前”之意。故选D。
【22题详解】
考查名词。句意：虽然一些孩子与自然世界有很多积极的接触，但另一些孩子可能很少直接接触自然。形容词direct后接名词。名词exposure为“接触”之意。故选I。
【23题详解】
考查形容词。句意：此外，在一些家庭或文化社区，儿童在很小的时候就被教导害怕某些动物。名词community前用形容词修饰。形容词cultural为“文化的”之意。故选K。
【24题详解】
考查形容词。句意：提前和父母交谈会帮助你做好准备。be后接形容词作表语。形容词prepared为“准备好的”之意。故选H。
【25题详解】
考查副词。句意：这会让你知道你的孩子可能会遇到什么，在哪里，所以你可以更有效地引导探索。动词guide后用副词修饰。副词effectively为“有效地”之意。故选B。
【26题详解】
考查动词。句意：要防止事故发生，关键是要随时监督孩子。固定短语be critical to do sth.做某事很关键。动词supervise为“监督”之意。故选E。
【27题详解】
考查形容词。句意：一些建议的规则包括：触摸前要问，小心对待生物，保持好奇心。名词rule前用形容词修饰。形容词suggested为“建议的”之意。故选J。
【28题详解】
考查名词。句意：在你开始和孩子们探索大自然之前，反思你自己对大自然的态度是很重要的。形容词own后接名词形式。attitude toward……的态度。故选F。
【29题详解】
考查副词。句意：孩子们很容易接受周围成人的态度。动词词组pick up前用副词修饰。副词readily为“容易地”之意。故选G。
【30题详解】
考查动词。句意：如果你在特定的动物周围感到非常不舒服，帮助孩子学会从安全的距离欣赏它们。固定短语learn to do sth.学会做某事。动词appreciate为“欣赏”之意。故选A。
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Walking while texting could lead to fines of up to $50 or 15 days’ imprisonment as state lawmaker warns of the dangers of “distracted walking”. Jared Schumacher is one of hundreds of thousands of New Jerseyans who ____31____ use electronic devices to text, listen to music or do other tasks as they walk outdoors.
If a “distracted walking” measure recently proposed by a state assemblywoman (女议员) becomes law, Jared and others like him could face ____32____ or even jail time.
“I admit that I’m usually listening to music, talking on my phone or texting while I’m walking around,” Schumacher, 20, said while ____33____ to a text as he walked along a street in the state capital last weekend.
Experts say distracted walking is a growing ____34____, as people of all ages become more ____35____ on electronic devices for personal and professional matters. They also note pedestrian deaths have been ____36____ in recent years. In 2005, 11% of all US fatalities involved pedestrians, but that number rose to 15% in 2014.
The rise in deaths coincides (相符合) with states ____37____ bills that target pedestrians and bicyclists. For instance, a bill in Hawaii would fine someone $250 if he or she were to cross the street while ____38____ an electronic device. Similar bills have failed in states including Arkansas, Illinois, Nevada and New York.
“Thus far, no states have enacted a law ____39____targeting distracted bicyclists or pedestrians,” said Douglas Shinkle, transportation program director for the National Conference of State Legislatures. But he added that “a few states _____40_____ to introduce legislation every year.”
The measure recently put forward by New Jersey assemblywoman Pamela Lampitt would _____41_____ walking while texting and ban pedestrians on public roads from using electronic communication devices unless they are _____42_____.
Lawbreakers would face fines of up to $50, 15 days imprisonment or both, which is the same punishment as jaywalking. Half of the fine would be distributed to safety education about the _____43_____of walking and texting, said Lampitt, a Democrat.
Some see the proposal as a(n) _____44_____ government overreach, while others say they understand Lampitt’s reasoning. But most agree that people need to be made _____45_____of the issue.
31. A. naughtily B. fashionably C. routinely D. rarely
32. A. oppositions B. obstacles C. fines D. struggles
33. A. turning B. committing C. shifting D. responding
34. A. problem B. tragedy C. passion D. key
35. A. optimistic B. dependent C. troublesome D. active
36. A. enhancing B. arousing C. rising D. declining
37. A. paying B. denying C. voting D. introducing
38. A. operating B. texting C. adopting D. installing
39. A. understandably B. specifically C. traditionally D. fiercely
40. A. continue B. hate C. refuse D. return
41. A. promote B. ban C. dismiss D. reject
42. A. hands-full B. hands-flexible C. hands-wide D. hands-free
43. A. shortcomings B. desires C. dangers D. opportunities
44. A. unnecessary B. proper C. advanced D. shameful
45. A. aware B. wise C. noticeable D. knowledgeable
【答案】31. C 32. C 33. D 34. A 35. B 36. C 37. D 38. A 39. B 40. A 41. B 42. D 43. C 44. A 45. A
【解析】
【分析】这事一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了美国的一些州可能会对边走路边发短信的分神行为进行罚款或监禁，以此来警告人们走路分神的危害。
【31题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：成千上万的新泽西人平常在户外行走时，他们都会使用电子设备发短信、听音乐或做其他事情。Jared Schumacher就是其中之一。A. naughtily顽皮地；B. fashionably时髦地；C. routinely例行公里地；平常；D. rarely很少。由下文“I admit that I’m usually listening to music, talking on my phone or texting while I’m walking around,” Schumacher, 20”可知，Jared Schumacher经常在走路时听音乐，打电话或发短信，所以此处指Jared Schumacher和成千上万的新泽西人一样，平常在户外行走时，都会使用电子设备，故选C。
【32题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果将州议员最近提出的反对“走神”立法的话，Jared 以及其他和他一样的人，可能会面临罚款甚至监禁。A. oppositions反对；B. obstacles障碍；C. fines罚款；D. struggles奋斗；挣扎。由第一段第一句话“Walking while texting could lead to fines of up to $50 or 15 days’ imprisonment”可知，边走路边发短信这种“走神”行为，可能会被罚款或监禁，故选C。
【33题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：“我承认，我经常边走边听音乐、打电话或发短信,”20岁的Schumacher上周末说，当时他正在北卡罗来纳州首府的一条街道上一边走一边回复短信。A. turning转向；B. committing犯（罪；错）；承诺；C. shifting移动；转移；D. responding回答；回应。由下文“to a text as he walked along a street”可知，此处表示他边走边回短信，故选D。
【34题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：专家表示，随着各个年龄段的人们越来越依赖电子设备来处理个人和职业事务，走路分心成为一个日益严重的问题。A. problem问题；B. tragedy不幸；悲剧；C. passion激情；热情；D. key钥匙；关键。由下文“pedestrian deaths”可知，走路分神导致行人出现事故，造成死亡，所以说走路分神是一个日益严重的问题，故选A。
【35题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：专家表示，随着各个年龄段的人们越来越依赖电子设备来处理个人和职业事务，走路分心成为一个日益严重的问题。A. optimistic积极的；乐观的；B. dependent依赖的；依靠的；C. troublesome麻烦的；D. active积极的。由上下文“Experts say distracted walking is a growing ____4____, as people of all ages become more ____5____ on electronic devices for personal and professional matters.”可知，走路分神是日益严重的问题，这是因为人们越来越依赖电子设备来处理个人和职业事务，故选B。
【36题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们还注意到，近年来行人死亡人数一直在上升。A. enhancing提高；B. arousing引起；激起；C. rising增加；上升；D. declining拒绝；下降。由下文“In 2005, 11% of all US fatalities involved pedestrians, but that number rose to 15% in 2014.”可知，行人死亡数量一直上升，从2005年的11%增长到2014年的15%，故选C。
【37题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：死亡人数的上升与各州针对行人和骑自行车者实施的法案情况相吻合。A. paying支付；B. denying否认；C. voting投票；D. introducing实施；引进。由下文“For instance, a bill in Hawaii would fine someone $250 if he or she were to cross the street while ____8____ an electronic device. Similar bills have failed in states including Arkansas, Illinois, Nevada and New York.”可知，夏威夷实施了法律，对边走边玩电子设备的人进行处罚，但是一些州的法案失败了。所以此处指各个州实施了一些法案，故选D。
【38题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：例如，夏威夷的法案规定，如果某人操作电子设备穿过马路，将被罚款250美元。A. operating操作；B. texting发短信；C. adopting收养；采取；D. installing安装。由上文“use electronic devices”可知，此处指操作电子设备会被罚款，故选A。
【39题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：到目前为止，还没有一个州颁布法律专门针对分心的骑自行车者或行人,”Douglas Shinkle说，他是州议会全国会议交通运输项目主管。A. understandably可理解地；B. specifically特意；专门；C. traditionally传统地；D. fiercely猛烈地。由上下文“Thus far, no states have enacted a law ____9____targeting distracted bicyclists or pedestrians,”可知，到目前为止，还没有一个州专门针对分心的骑自行车者或行人而颁布法律，故选B。
【40题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但他补充说“有几个州每年都继续立法”。A. continue继续；B. hate讨厌；C. refuse拒绝；D. return返回。由上文“Thus far, no states have enacted a law ____9____targeting distracted bicyclists or pedestrians,”可知，到目前为止，还没有一个州专门针对分心的骑自行车者或行人而颁布法律，所以有几个州每年都要继续立法，故选A。
【41题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：新泽西州议员Pamela Lampitt最近提出了一项法案，禁止行人在公共道路上边走边发短信，并禁止行人使用电子通讯设备，但是只要不用手他们就可以使用电子设备。A. promote升职；B. ban禁止；C. dismiss开除；D. reject拒绝。由下文“ban pedestrians on public roads from using electronic communication devices”可知，此处表示禁止边走路边发短信，故选B。
【42题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：新泽西州议员Pamela Lampitt最近提出了一项法案，禁止行人在公共道路上边走边发短信，并禁止行人使用电子通讯设备，但是只要不用手他们就可以使用电子设备。A. hands-full很忙的；B. hands-flexible手灵活的；C. hands-wide手头宽松的；D. hands-free不用手的；免手持的。由上文“ban pedestrians on public roads from using electronic communication devices unless they are”可知，法案禁止行人使用电子通讯设备，但是只要不用手他们就可以使用电子设备。故选D。
【43题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：民主党人Lampitt表示，罚款的一半将用于有关步行和发短信危害的安全教育。A. shortcomings缺点；B. desires渴望；C. dangers危险；D. opportunities机会。由上下文“Half of the fine would be distributed to safety education about the ____13____of walking and texting”可知，罚款的一半将用于有关步行和发短信危害的安全教育，故选C。
【44题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一些人认为该提案是政府不必要的过度干预，而另一些人则表示他们理解Lampitt的推理。A. unnecessary没必要的；B. proper合适的；C. advanced先进的；高级的；D. shameful丢脸的；可耻的。由下文“government overreach”可知，一些人们认为这是政府不必要的过度干预，故选A。
【45题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但大多数人都认为，人们需要意识到这个问题。A. aware有意识的；B. wise明智的；C. noticeable显而易见的；D. knowledgeable有见识的。由上下文“But most agree that people need to be made ____15____of the issue.”可知，大部分人同意，人们需要意识到走路分神是很严重的，故选A。
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
A
Salt was so valuable in ancient Rome that soldiers were sometimes paid with it. In fact, the word salary comes from the Latin word sal, for salt. When a soldier was doing an awful job, his paycheck might be cut, which is how we got the expression “not worth his salt.” Salt can still be valuable today. Amethyst Bamboo 9x salt, which rings up at &398 a pound, may be the most expensive in the world. This pricey stuff takes a lot of time to produce — it’s roasted nine times inside a bamboo pole at temperatures over 1,400 degrees F.
Historically, salt’s value came from its ability to preserve food. Venice, Italy, may be famous for its canals now, but salt imports helped its rise as an important trade power by the end of the 13th century. Salt also took on a great deal of symbolic value, like “old salt” referring to an experienced sailor. Salt is mentioned so many times in the Bible. For instance, “the salt of the earth” is used to describe a person who is dependable; “a covenant of salt” means a firm promise.
Most people know about the health risks associated with sodium (钠), but reducing your intake isn’t always easy. Even foods that don’t taste salty may contain it. If you are looking for sodium-free flavoring, try garlic, pepper, rosemary and other spices or herbs.
Still, we all need at least some salt. It promotes the transport of nutrients and oxygen, allows nerves to send messages, and helps our muscle work. The average adult’s body contains about 250 grams of sodium.
Consumption of too much salt can be deadly. For older folks especially, a heavy hand with the saltshaker may raise blood pressure, causing hypertension and hurt the head. A study of 975 people between the ages of 60 to 80 and with high blood pressure found that reducing sodium in their diets was associated with lower risk of headache.
46. Choose one expression with “salt” and make the following sentence logic: “Jerry is truly __________. You see, all his students trust him so much.”
A. worth their salt B. old salt
C. a covenant of salt D. the salt of the earth
47. What can be inferred from the passage
A. The more expensive salt is, the longer it takes to produce.
B. Old people with hypertension should choose sodium-free food.
C. Salt is much more than a simple cooking element added to food.
D. Salt imports can establish a country as an international trade power.
48. What does the underlined word “saltshaker” refer to
A. A recipe. B. A container.
C. A gesture. D. A disease.
49 What is the passage mainly talking about
A. Objective knowledge of salt.
B. Advice on healthier eating habits.
C. Various amazing values of salt.
D. Tips on reducing the health risk of salt.
【答案】46. D 47. A 48. B 49. C
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了盐，这一日常生活中普通的调味品，不同方面具备的极高价值。
【46题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“For instance, “the salt of the earth” is used to describe a person who is dependable; (例如，“the salt of the earth”曾被用来指一个可以信赖的人)”可知，根据题干语境“杰瑞真的非常值得信赖。你看，他的学生都非常信任他”表意最恰当。故选D项。
【47题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“Amethyst Bamboo 9x salt, which rings up at &398 a pound, may be the most expensive in the world. This pricey stuff takes a lot of time to produce — it’s roasted nine times inside a bamboo pole at temperatures over 1,400 degrees F. (紫水晶竹9x盐，每磅398美元，它可能是世界上最贵的。这种昂贵的东西需要很长时间生产-它要在超过1400华氏度的高温下，在竹枝里烤九次)”可知，价格昂贵的盐，需要耗费更多时间生产完成。故选A项。
【48题详解】
词义猜测题。根据最后一段“Consumption of too much salt can be deadly. (摄入大量的盐有可能是致命的)”和“…may raise blood pressure, causing hypertension and hurt the head. (可能使血压上升，从而导致高血压和头痛)”可知，划线词应与“盛放盐的器具”之意接近，句中的“a heavy hand with the saltshaker”经常拿起盐瓶代指大量食用盐的饮食习惯。故选B项。
【49题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Salt was so valuable in ancient Rome that soldiers were sometimes paid with it. (在古罗马，盐非常珍贵，有时候士兵们以发盐来代发工资)”和第二段“Historically, salt’s value came from its ability to preserve food.(历史上，盐的价值主要在于其保存食物的作用)”和Salt also took on a great deal of symbolic value,(盐也有很多象征意义的价值)”可知，这篇文章主要讨论盐令人惊叹的价值。故选C项。
B
WHO IS LIPITOR FOR
Who can take LIPITOR:
People who cannot lower their cholesterol (胆固醇) enough with diet and exercise
Adults and children over 10
Who should NOT take LIPITOR:
Women who are pregnant, may be pregnant, or may become pregnant. LIPITOR may harm your unborn baby. If you become pregnant, stop LIPITOR and call your doctor right away
Women who are breast-feeding. LIPITOR can pass into your breast milk and may harm your baby
People with liver problems or allergic (过敏的) to anything in LIPITOR
HOW TO TAKE LIPITOR
Do:
Take LIPITOR at any time of day, with or without food
If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. But if it has been more than 12 hours since your missed dose, wait. Take the next dose at your regular time
Don’t:
Do not change or stop your dose before talking to your doctor
Do not give your LIPITOR to other people. It may harm them even if your problems are the same
POSSIBLE SIDE EFFECTS OF LIPITOR
Serious side effects in a small number of people:
Muscle problems that can lead to kidney problems, including kidney failure. Your chance for muscle problem is higher if you take certain other medicines with LIPITOR
Liver problems. Your doctor may do blood tests to check your liver before you start LIPITOR and while you are taking it
Call your doctor right away if you have:
Unexplained muscle weakness or pain, especially if you have a fever or feel very tired
Allergic reactions including swelling (肿胀) of the face, lips, tongue, and/or throat that may cause difficulty in breathing or swallowing which may require treatment right away
Nausea, vomiting (呕吐) or stomach pain
Feeling more tired than usual
Your skin and whites of your eyes turn yellow
Allergic skin reactions
Common side effects of LIPITOR are:
Diarrhea (腹泻)
Muscle and joint pain
Upset stomach
Changes in some blood tests
NEED MORE INFORMATION
Ask your doctor or health care provider
Go to www.
50. LIPITOR is a medicine ________.
A. specially designed for young kids B. to cure serious liver problems
C. that can lower the risk for heart attack D. for mothers-to-be to lower cholesterol
51. Which of the following is most likely to be a bad sign for LIPITOR takers
A. Drinking alcohol twice a day. B. Changes in medical tests.
C. Discomfort and ache in muscles. D. Feeling tired after a day’s work.
52. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text
A. LIPITOR should never be taken with other food at the same time.
B. Skipping is the best choice for those who have missed one dose.
C. Recommendation is encouraged if one feels LIPITOR to be good.
D. People can consult the professionals for details of the medicine.
【答案】50. C 51. C 52. D
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了LIPITOR这种药的药效，适用人群，以及禁忌。
【50题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段图片标注的文字，“我正在患心脏病.现在我正在锻炼，注意我的饮食,把我的心交给Lipitor”可知，LIPITOR是一种降低心脏病发作风险的药。故选C项。
【51题详解】
推理判断题。根据POSSIBLE SIDE EFFECTS OF LIPITOR这一段，提到的“Unexplained muscle weakness or pain,”可知，其副作用有无法解释的肌肉无力或疼痛，C项是肌肉不舒服或疼痛，符合题意。故选C项。
【52题详解】
细节理解题。根据NEED MORE INFORMATION 这块内容“Ask your doctor or health care provider”可知，人们可以向专业人士咨询药物的细节。故选D项。
C
Neuro-technology has long been a favourite of science-fiction writers. In “Neuromancer”, a wildly inventive book by William Gibson written in 1984, people can use neural(神经的) implants to get into the sensory experiences of others. Iain M. Banks came up with the idea of a neural lace, a mesh (网格) that grows into the brain, in his “Culture” series of novels. “The Terminal Man” by Michael Crichton, published in 1972, imagines the effects of a brain implant on someone who is convinced that machines are taking over from humans.
Where the sci-fi led, philosophers are now starting to follow. In Howard Chizeck’s lab at the University of Washington, researchers are working on an implanted device to administer deep-brain stimulation (DBS) in order to treat a common movement disorder called essential tremor. Traditionally, DBS stimulation is always on, wasting energy and robbing the patient of a sense of control. The lab’s ethicist (伦理学家), Tim Brown, a doctoral student of philosophy, says that some DBS patients suffer a sense of isolation and complain of feeling like a robot.
To change that, the team at the University of Washington is using neuronal activity associated with intentional movements to turn the device on. But the researchers also want to enable patients to use a conscious thought process to override these settings. That is more useful than it might sound: stimulation currents for essential tremor can cause side-effects like distorted (失真的) speech, so someone about to give a presentation, say, might wish to shake rather than make his words unclear. Giving humans more options of this sort will be essential if some of the more advanced visions for brain-computer interfaces are to be realized. Hannah Maslen from the University of Oxford is another ethicist who works on a BCI project. One of her jobs is to think through the distinctions between inner speech and public speech: people need a dependable mechanism for separating what they want to say from what they think.
That is only one of many ethical questions that the sci-fi versions of brain-computer interfaces bring up. What protection will BCIs offer against neural hacking Who owns neural data, including information that is gathered for research purposes now but may be understandable in detail at some point in the future Where does accountability lie if a user does something wrong And if brain implants are performed not for treatment but to improve people’s abilities, will that make the world an even more unequal place
53. What do the three books mentioned in paragraph 1 have in common
A. They are all among what philosophers like best.
B. They all tell the stories well beyond imagination.
C. They are all works of the greatest sci-fi writers of the time.
D. They all deal with people’s losing control of their brains.
54. The research of the team at the University of Washington is intended to _____.
A. improve the accuracy of DBS B. let patients decide when to turn on DBS
C. get rid of the side effects of DBS currents D. separate what we think from what we say
55. What can be inferred from the passage
A. Neuronal activity fails to work without intentional movements.
B. Brain-computer interfaces do more harm than good.
C. People suffering from essential tremor will shake.
D. DBS settings cannot be changed once fixed.
56. What will the passage most probably talk about next
A. How these questions will be handled.
B Why these questions used to be ignored.
C. Which questions come from science fiction.
D. Who has first raised these questions.
【答案】53. D 54. C 55. B 56. A
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇科普型的议论文。主要提到科学家对于植入装置来管理大脑有很多有争议的方面，需要进一步完善。
【53题详解】
细节理解题。这三本书出现在第一段，段首“Neuro-technology has long been a favourite of science-fiction writers.（神经技术长期以来一直是科幻小说作家的最爱。）”，可看出，这些书和神经技术有关，四个选项中只有第四个选项和大脑及神经有联系。故选D项。
【54题详解】
细节理解题。从第二段“DBS stimulation is always on, wasting energy and robbing the patient of a sense of control.（DBS 刺激一直持续，浪费能量，剥夺患者的控制感）”。第三段首句“To change that, the team at the University of Washington is using neuronal activity associated with intentional movements to turn the device on.（为了改变这一点，华盛顿大学的团队正在使用与有意运动相关的神经元活动来打开设备）”，可看出，研究团队是为了消除DBS电流的副作用。故选C项。
【55题详解】
推理判断题。第二段段尾“some DBS patients suffer a sense of isolation and complain of feeling like a robot. （DBS患者感到孤独，并抱怨感觉像个机器人。）”第三段“ stimulation currents for essential tremor can cause side-effects like distorted (失真的) speech, so someone about to give a presentation, say, might wish to shake rather than make his words unclear. （对原发性震颤的刺激电流可以引起。副作用，如扭曲(失真的) 演讲中，如果有人要发表演讲，他可能希望握手，而不是让他的话不清楚。）”以及最后一段“That is only one of many ethical questions that the sci-fi versions of brain-computer interfaces bring up. （这只是科幻版本的脑-机接口所带来的众多道德问题之一）”，可推断脑-机接口弊大于利。故选B项。
【56题详解】
推理判断题。本文主要讲脑—机接口这个新技术的设想，以及最后一段“That is only one of many ethical questions that the sci-fi versions of brain-computer interfaces bring up. （这只是科幻版本的脑-机接口所带来的众多道德问题之一）”，因此我们推断接下来可能会进一步讲到如何解决这些问题。故选A。
【点睛】
Section C
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Ways to Be More Efficient
Not all tasks of the day are inspiring, fun or exciting. But you still have to wash those dishes and take care of those routine tasks at work or in school. So what can you do not to get lost in procrastination(拖延)
I’ll share how I do it, how I get some motivation and find more pleasure in what may seem to be a boring task.
Instead of focusing your mind on how boring a task may feel, focus your thoughts on why you are doing this and how good it will feel when you are done with it. If needed, sit down for a few minutes, close your eyes and see in your mind. Then go to work with that motivation and those positive feelings in your body.
Do it attentively. _____57_____ Focus 100% on just the work with all your senses—how it feels, looks and smells—as you are scrubbing it and nothing else. Don’t get lost in daydreams. If you are just there, I have found that even such a simple task becomes more enjoyable and something that can bring inner calm rather than distress.
Make a deal with yourself and set a timer for 10 minutes. It is often easier to do tasks like these in small bursts. So make a deal with yourself to just spend 10 minutes on your reading or cleaning the house.
___58___ When the timer rings you can continue doing it if you feel like it (this often happens to me because getting started is the hard part). Or you can stop and go to do something more interesting instead.
Create a pleasurable distraction. If possible, try to listen to the radio, your favorite songs, an audio book or watch a movie or TV episode while doing your boring task. _____59_____ I often listen to music or watch an episode of the Simpsons while doing the dishes or other routine work at home.
___60___ Take a walk in the sun. Move on to a more fun or creative task at work or in school. Have a tasty treat. This habit can make it easier to get started and to keep going each day. Because you know that you can look forward to not just being done and the long-term payoff from that but also your immediate reward right after you are finished.
A. When you are done with your task then reward yourself.
B. Make sure you only rest for 10 minutes.
C. Or you can work harder and start an even bigger project.
D. Set a kitchen timer and say to yourself that you only have to do this work for 10 minutes.
E. When you sort papers, do the laundry or do the dishes, be fully there.
F. You don’t always have to do just one thing at a time in silence.
【答案】57. E 58. D 59. F 60. A
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述几个让你在做日常工作或者无聊的家务时能感到鼓舞或找到更多乐趣的方式。
【57题详解】
本段的主题“Do it attentively.”(用心做这件事)，并且下文Focus 100% on just the work with all your senses—how it feels, looks and smells—as you are scrubbing it and nothing else.(用你所有感觉100%专注于这份工作——它的感觉、外观和气味——因为你正在擦洗它，什么都没有。)可知，建议要专注于做事。E选项When you sort papers, do the laundry or do the dishes, be fully there.(当你整理文件、洗衣服或洗碗时，要全身心投入。)符合语境。故选E项。
【58题详解】
根据下文“When the timer rings you can continue doing it if you feel like it (this often happens to me because getting started is the hard part) . Or you can stop and go do something more interesting instead.”(当计时器响起时，如果你愿意，你可以继续做下去(我经常遇到这种情况，因为开始是最难的部分)。或者你可以停下来做一些更有趣的事情。)可知，D选项Set a kitchen timer and say to yourself that you only have to do this work for 10 minutes.(设置厨房定时器，对自己说，你只需要做10分钟的这项工作。)符合语境。故选D项。
59题详解】
根据下文“I often listen to music or watch an episode of the Simpsons while doing the dishes or other routine work at home.”(当我在家里洗碗或做其他日常工作时，我经常听音乐或看一集the Simpsons)可知，做一些工作的时候还可以同时做一些其他的事情，F选项You don’t always have to do just one thing at a time in silence.(你不必总是一次只默默地做一件事。)符合语境，切题。故选F项。
【60题详解】
根据下文“Because you know that you can look forward to not just being done and the long-term payoff from that but also your immediate reward right after you are finished.”(因为你知道你不仅可以期待完成工作的长期回报，也可以期待完成工作后的即时回报。)，A选项When you are done with your task then reward yourself.(当你完成你的任务，奖励自己。)符合语境，故选A项。
IV．Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
61. 南瓜原产于北美洲，于明代传入中国。(introduce)(汉译英)
【答案】Pumpkins originated in North America and were introduced into China during the Ming Dynasty.
【解析】
【详解】考查一般过去时和被动语态。观察句子可知，为一般过去时的并列句。“南瓜”译为：pumpkins，表示一类，用名词复数，作句子的主语；“原产于”可以译为：originate in，“被传入”译为：be introduced into，为被动语态，be动词应为were；两句之间用and连接；“于明代”译为：during the Ming Dynasty。句子可以译为：Pumpkins originated in North America and were introduced into China during the Ming Dynasty. 故填：Pumpkins originated in North America and were introduced into China during the Ming Dynasty.
62. 正因为他相信熟能生巧，他的英语才能讲得这么流利。（It）(汉译英)
【答案】It is because he believes that practice makes perfect that he can speak English so fluently.
【解析】
【详解】考查强调句和宾语从句。此处为强调句“it is/was+被强调部分+that+其它”；被强调部分为“因为他相信熟能生巧”翻译为because he believes that practice makes perfect，that引导的宾语从句内容practice makes perfect意为“熟能生巧”；表示“他的英语才能讲得这么流利”翻译为he can speak English so fluently。句子应用一般现在时。故翻译为It is because he believes that practice makes perfect that he can speak English so fluently.
63. 大多数学生饱受缺乏睡眠之苦，这导致他们在上课时无法集中注意力。（concentrate）(汉译英)
【答案】The majority of students suffer from a lack of sleep which causes them to fail to concentrate during the class.
【解析】
【详解】考查时态和定语从句。讲述事实，时态用一般现在时，表示“大多数学生饱受缺乏睡眠之苦”翻译为The majority of students suffer from a lack of sleep，短语The majority of意为“……的大多数”，suffer from意为“遭受”；表示“这导致他们在上课时无法集中注意力”翻译为which causes them to fail to concentrate during the class，which引导非限制性定语从句，代指前面的整个句子，短语cause sb. to do sth.意为“导致某人做某事”，fail to do sth.意为“未能做某事”。故翻译为The majority of students suffer from a lack of sleep, which causes them to fail to concentrate during the class.
64. 即使他们采纳专家的建议，也决不能在执行计划的过程中掉以轻心，否则将会功亏一篑。（In no case）(汉译英)
【答案】In no case will they be careless in the process of carrying out the plan even if they adopt/follow/take the expert’s advice, or they will fail/achieve nothing in the end/finally/ eventually.
【解析】
【详解】考查短语、时态、倒装和状语从句。in no case绝不，否定词位于句首，主句要部分倒装。in the process of在……的过程中；carry out执行；even if即使，引导让步状语从句；adopt/follow/take one’s advice采纳某人的建议； in the end最终。根据句意，用一般将来时。根据句意，故翻译为In no case will they be careless in the process of carrying out the plan even if they adopt/follow/take the expert’s advice, or they will fail/achieve nothing in the end/finally/ eventually.
V. Guided Writing
65. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假如你是明启中学高中学生李明，最近在一本英语杂志上读到一篇关于青少年心理状态的文章。文中提出与20年前的青少年相比，如今的青少年更加不快乐。你对此话题很感兴趣，请写一封信给该报社的编辑，表达你的想法，内容须包括：
1. 导致该现象的原因
2. 相应的建议
【答案】Dear Editor,
I am Li Ming, a student in Ming qi Middle School. Recently, I read an article about the mental state of teenagers which mentioned that compared to the teenagers 20 years ago, today’s teenagers are unhappier. I am writing to express my opinion about this phenomenon.
Many people think today’s teenagers should be happier than before. However, that’s not the case. First of all, today’s teenagers have more difficulty in getting along with others. It makes them feel lonely. Secondly, nowadays, teenagers suffer from too much pressure of study, which makes them easier to be depressed.
Therefore, action must be taken to improve it. To begin with, teenagers should be encouraged to take many activities to form harmonious interpersonal relationship. Besides, parents also need to pay more attention to their children’s mental health. As we all know, good listening can always show respect, promote understanding and make things better. I am convinced that with our joint efforts, the situation will be gradually improved.
Yours sincerely ,
Li Ming
【解析】
【分析】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生给某英语杂志的编辑写封信，表达你对青少年不开心这一现象的看法以及建议。
【详解】1.词汇积累
鼓励：encourage→inspire/motivate
此外：besides → what’s more
采取措施：take action→ take measures
关注：pay attention to →focus on
2.句式拓展
合并简单句
原句：First of all, today’s teenagers have more difficulty in getting along with others. It makes them feel lonely.
拓展句：First of all, today’s teenagers have more difficulty in getting along with others, which makes them feel lonely.
【点睛】【高分句型1】Recently, I read an article about the mental state of teenagers which mentioned that compared to the teenagers 20 years ago, today’s teenagers are unhappier.（运用了which引导的定语从句和非谓语动词作状语）
【高分句型2】I am convinced that with our joint efforts, the situation will be gradually improved.（运用了that引导宾语从句）
听力答案：1-20 AABADBDACDDBADBADCAD
