人教版（2019）选择性必修第二册：Unit 1 Science and scientists阅读理解话题集训学案（含答案）

Unit 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
阅读理解话题集训
A
The advancement of human civilization is possible just because of enormous contribution made by scientists. They are one of the most influential people of today’s world. With practical advantages in engineering, medicine and technology, they have helped us to grow better understanding about the world and different working phenomenon that governs us. Their names are remembered in the sands of time for their work in the welfare of mankind with different inventions that has made our modern lives easy. Here is a list of the four great scientists we’ve ever seen who changed the world.
Louis Pasteur(1822～1895)
Pasteur contributed greatly towards the advancement of medical sciences developing cures for rabies(狂犬病), anthrax and other infectious diseases. He also invented the process of pasteurization(加热杀菌法)to make milk safer to drink. He probably saved more lives than any other person.
Otto Hahn(1879～1968)
Hahn was a German chemist who discovered nuclear fission(裂变)in 1939. He was a pioneering scientist in the field of radio-chemistry, and discovered radioactive elements in 1921. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1944.
Nikola Tesla(1856～1943)
Tesla worked on electromagnetism and AC current. He obtained around 300 patents worldwide for his inventions from electricity to radio transmission, but many inventions developed by Tesla were not put into patent protection. He played a key role in the development of modern electricity.
James Clerk Maxwell(1831～1879)
Maxwell made great progress in understanding electro-magnetism. His research in electricity and kinetics laid the foundation for quantum(量子)physics. Einstein said of Maxwell, “The work of James Clerk Maxwell changed the world forever. ”
1. What contribution did Louis Pasteur make to society
A. The development of medicine. B. Radio-chemistry.
C. Modern electricity. D. Quantum physics.
2. Who was thought highly of by Einstein
A. Louis Pasteur. 　　　　 B. Otto Hahn.
C. Nikola Tesla. D. James Clerk Maxwell.
3. What can we infer about the four people
A. They are medical pioneers. B. They are Nobel Prize winners.
C. They are great contributors to society. D. They are founders of modern physics.
【语篇概述】本文介绍了四位伟人。四个人都是社会的重要贡献者, 为社会变革做出了巨大的贡献。
【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据“Pasteur contributed greatly towards the advancement of medical sciences developing cures for rabies, anthrax and other infectious diseases. ”可知Louis Pasteur促进了医学的发展。
【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据“Einstein said of Maxwell, ’The work of James Clerk Maxwell changed the world forever. ’”可知爱因斯坦对James Clerk Maxwell的评价很高。
【解析】选C。主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知, 他们四个人都是社会的重要贡献者, 为社会变革做出了巨大的贡献。
B
Looking back on my childhood, I am convinced that naturalists are born and not made.
Although we were all brought up in the same way, my brothers and sisters soon abandoned their pressed flowers and insects. Unlike them, I had no ear for music and languages. I was not an early reader and I could not do mental maths.
I have only the unmemorable memory of the house we lived in, of my room and my toys. Nor do I recall clearly the large family of grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins who gathered next door. But I do have a crystal clear memory of the dogs, the farm animals, the local birds, and above all the insects.
I am a naturalist, not a scientist. I have a strong love of the natural world, and my enthusiasm has led me into varied investigations. I love discussing my favorite topics and enjoy burning the midnight oil while reading about other people’s observations and discoveries. Then something happens that brings these observations together in my conscious mind. This has resulted in my publishing 300 papers and books, which some might honour with the title of scientific research.
But curiosity, a keen eye, a good memory and enjoyment of the animal and plant world do not make a scientist: One of the outstanding and essential qualities required is self-discipline, a quality I lack. A scientist requires not only self-discipline but all training, determination and a goal. A scientist, up to a point, can be made. A naturalist is born. If you can combine the two, you get the best of both worlds.
1. What impressed the author deeply during his childhood
A. Wildlife. 　　　 B. Music. C. Languages. D. Literature.
2. Why can’t the author remember his relatives clearly
A. He didn’t live with them for long. B. The family was extremely large.
C. He was fully occupied with observing nature. D. He was too young when he lived with them.
3. According to the author, what personality should a born naturalist have first of all
A. Being knowledgeable. B. Being self-disciplined.
C. Being full of ambition. D. Being full of enthusiasm.
4. Why does the author say he is a naturalist, not a scientist
A. He thinks he lacks some quality required of a scientist.
B. He thinks he has much trouble doing mental arithmetic.
C. He thinks he comes up with solutions in a most natural way.
D. He thinks he just reads about other people’s observations.
【语篇概述】本文作者通过自身的经历明白了一个道理: 博物学家是天生的, 而科学家则是可以后天培养的。
【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“But I do have a crystal clear memory of the dogs, the farm animals, the local birds, and above all the insects. ”可知, 作者在童年时, 印象深刻的是那些野生生物。
【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“But I do have a crystal clear memory of the dogs, the farm animals, the local birds, and above all the insects. ”可推知, 作者童年时期过于专注自然界而对周围的亲戚并不是很在意, 所以没有深刻的印象, 这与第四段第二句中的“I have a strong love of the natural world”呼应。
【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据第四段前两句“I am a naturalist, not a scientist. I have a strong love of the natural world, and my enthusiasm has led me into varied investigations. ”可知, 作者从小热爱自然界, 而且这种热情使作者做了很多不同的调查, 成了一个博物学家。由此可推知, 一个天生的博物学家首先要充满热情。
【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句“But curiosity, a keen eye, a good memory and enjoyment of the animal and plant world do not make a scientist: One of the outstanding and essential qualities required is self-discipline, a quality I lack. ”可知, 作者认为自己只是一个博物学家而不是一个科学家是因为自己缺乏成为科学家的必备素质。
C
A list of Benjamin Franklin’s inventions reveals a man of many talents and interests. His natural curiosity about things and the way they work made him try to find ways to make them work better.
Ben had poor vision and needed glasses to read. He got tired of constantly taking them off and putting them back on, so he decided to figure out how his glasses would let him see both near and far. He had two pairs of glasses cut in half and put half of each lens(镜片)in a single frame. Today, we call them bifocals(双光眼镜).
Everyone knows the story of Ben’s famous kite flight. Although he made important discoveries and advancements, Ben did not “invent”the electricity. He did, however, invent the lightning rod which protects buildings and ships from lightning.
In colonial America, most people warmed their homes by building a fire in a fireplace even though it was dangerous and used a lot of wood. Ben figured that there had to be a better way. His invention of an iron furnace stove allowed people to warm their homes less dangerously and with less wood. The furnace stove that he invented is called the Franklin Stove. Interestingly enough, Ben also established the first fire company and the first fire insurance company in order to help people live more safely.
As a postmaster, Ben had to figure out routes for delivering the mail. He went out riding in his carriage to measure the routes and needed a way to keep track of the distance. He invented a simple odometer(里程表)and attached it to his carriage.
Later, other famous inventors, like Tomas A. Edison and Alexander Graham Bell, followed in Ben’s footsteps by trying to find ways to help people live better.
5. How many things invented by Benjamin Franklin are mentioned in the passage
A. 3. 　　　　B. 4. 　　　C. 5. 　　　　D. 6.
6. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage
A. Franklin invented the bifocals because of his poor vision.
B. Franklin invented the odometer to make his riding easier.
C. Franklin first invented the electricity and then the lightning rod.
D. Franklin invented the odometer when he worked in a post office.
7. What characteristic did Franklin, Edison and Bell have in common
A. They had a strong desire to make life better.
B. They were excellent students at school.
C. They were born in the same age.
D. They made people’s life simple.
8. What would be the best title for this passage
A. The life of Benjamin Franklin
B. Benjamin Franklin, a great inventor
C. A man of many talents and interests
D. How to help people live better
【语篇概述】本文主要讲述了本杰明·富兰克林的一系列的实用发明物。
【解析】选B。细节理解题。本文从上至下讲述了本杰明·富兰克林的发明有: 双光眼镜、避雷针、铁皮炉子和里程表四种。
【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的叙述可知, 富兰克林在邮局工作时, 发明了一个简单的里程表, 并把它装在了他送邮件的车上。
【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据最后一段的“by trying to find ways to help people live better”可推知, 这些科学家们都有强烈的使人们的生活更加美好的愿望。
【解析】选B。主旨大意题。全文讲述了本杰明·富兰克林从生活的实际出发, 发明了一系列有利于自己、有利于他人的实用物品。
D
In France, there once lived a man named Louis Pasteur, who was a doctor of science. The thing that concerned him most was the disease rabies.
“I must find the rabies germs (细菌) that hide inside people and make them so sick that they die, ” he thought. “Once I find them, I’ll think of a way to kill them. ”
Many people thought Pasteur was wasting his time. Some laughed at him and said, “You’ll never do it. ”
Pasteur didn’t care what people thought; he believed in himself. He kept right on working.
At the same time, in Germany, a boy named Joey was about to get into trouble. He was teasing (逗弄) a dog. But this dog was sick with rabies, which made the dog mad. Unfortunately, the dog bit him. The rabies germs were passed from the dog to Joey.
Soon the little boy was very sick. His parents could only wait. But then there was news. Joey’s mother saw it and shouted for joy. “A doctor of science has found a way to save sick people like Joey! ” she said. The man, of course, was Louis Pasteur. Joey’s parents quickly prepared Joey for the long journey to Paris.
“Dr. Pasteur, ” said the mother. “Our little boy is very sick. Can you help us ”
“Perhaps, ” said Pasteur. “I’ve invented a vaccine (疫苗). It is strong enough to kill the rabies germs. Joey will be the first person to have my rabies vaccine. ”
“The first person ” asked Joey’s worried father nervously. “Will it be dangerous Are you sure it will work ”
“I believe it will, ” said Pasteur.
Slowly the vaccine killed more and more of the rabies germs. Joey began to get well. Dr. Pasteur’s vaccine was a success!
From then on no one had to be afraid of rabies anymore, and people who had laughed at him before, respected him. He is recognized as one of the world’s greatest scientists.
4. What was people’s first reaction towards Pasteur’s thoughts on killing rabies germs
A. Hopeful. 　　　 B. Cheerful. C. Doubtful. D. Uncaring.
5. What happened to Joey
A. He fought with a dog. B. He drove a mad dog away.
C. He killed the rabies germs. D. He got rabies unexpectedly.
6. Which of the following words can best describe Pasteur
A. Confident and strong-minded. B. Careful and simple-minded.
C. Selfless and humorous. D. Proud and imaginative.
7. What does the text mainly talk about
A. The amazing story of Joey. B. Pasteur’s deep interest in science.
C. The first known person to survive rabies. D. Pasteur’s success in finding a treatment for rabies.
【语篇概述】本文是记叙文, 介绍了研制出狂犬疫苗的著名法国科学家——巴斯德。
【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据第三段中的内容可知, 大家对巴斯德想要消灭狂犬病病毒的事深表怀疑, 都认为他做不到。
【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据第五段中的“He was teasing a dog. But this dog was sick with rabies. . . from the dog to Joey. ”可知Joey被患有狂犬病的狗咬了, 所以他也患上了狂犬病。
【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据第四段内容及倒数第二段中的“Dr. Pasteur’s vaccine was a success! ”可知巴斯德并没有在意世俗的看法, 他非常自信。在他的坚持努力下他终于成功研制出了狂犬疫苗。
【解析】选D。主旨大意题。根据巴斯德下定决心研制狂犬疫苗并最终取得成功的故事, 我们可以得知本文的主旨是介绍巴斯德在发明狂犬疫苗方面取得的成就。
E
Women have been making scientific discoveries since ancient times. Twelve women have won the Nobel Prize for Science, one of the highest honors in the world. Some women scientists never married, some worked with their husbands, and others raised large families. It has been difficult for women to be successful scientists.
In the early 1800s in England, Mary Anning became one of the first women recognized for her discoveries about the ancient history of the earth. Mary and her father collected fossils(化石) in their village on the south coast of Great Britain. Fossils are parts of plants or animals that have been saved in rocks for millions of years.
When she was only twelve years old, Mary became the first person to find the almost complete skeletons(骨架) of several animals that no longer existed on the earth. She didn’t become famous for her discoveries at that time because she often sold her fossils to get money to support her family.
In 1891, a young Polish woman named Marie Sklodowska traveled to Paris to study physics. She did so because she could not get a college education in Poland. She began working in the laboratory of a man named Pierre Curie. Marie and Pierre Curie got married and made many discoveries together. They received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903 along with another scientist. Marie Curie became the first person to be awarded a second Noble Prize in 1911, this time for Chemistry. Marie Curie was one of the few women at the time who became famous as a scientist.
1．The author believes that women scientists________.
A．have more opportunities to become successful
B．can not get the highest honors in the world
C．go through difficulties to be successful
D．had better pay more attention to their families
2．Mary Anning was one of the first women to ________.
A．win the Noble Prize for Science after getting married
B．make achievements in the study of ancient earth
C．research animals and their bones
D．study the mystery of all kinds of plants
3．What can we learn about Marie Sklodowska
A．She studied physics in Poland and got a college education.
B．She received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903 on her own.
C．She only got one Nobel Prize during her lifetime.
D．She made many discoveries after she got married.
4．What’s the passage mainly about
A．Ancient discoveries. B．Women scientists.
B．Successful marriages. D．Different prizes.
【语篇导读】自古以来就有女性在科学领域做出了巨大贡献，还有的获得了诺贝尔奖，让我们了解一下其中一些有成就的女性吧。
1．C　细节理解题。由第一段的“It has been difficult for women to be successful scientists. ”可知。
2．B　细节理解题。由第二段“. . . for her discoveries about the ancient history of the earth. ”可知。
3．D　推理判断题。由最后一段“Marie and Pierre Curie got married and made many discoveries together. ”可知。
4．B　主旨大意题。由第一段可知，作者主要讲述成功的女科学家的事迹，在后文中的例子也有体现。
F
Plastic is one of the most important technological discoveries of the 20th century. However, German scientists are certain that this material may soon be replaced. The new development— liquid wood—can replace plastics in all branches of modern industries.
Plastic as a material enjoys the biggest demand in the modern world, but it does have a number of disadvantages. First, plastic is not recyclable. Second, it contains poisons that can cause cancer. Finally，plastic is made of oil, which is not endless.
The liquid wood technology is able to replace plastic and providing mankind with new materials for many years ahead. Arboform is a new material, which can be got from soft tissues(组织) of wood. Once mixed with several other ingredients(成分), it turns into solid and non poisonous material.
The wood working industry separates wood into three basic things including lignin(木质素), which is not used for the production of paper. Specialists of the Faunhofer Institute mixed lignin with several natural materials and thus invented the material which could be melted and moulded(铸造)．
When solid arboform looks like plastic and possesses the qualities of wood，it can be used for the production of any items.
Arboform is already used for the production of car parts. However, the new invention does not enjoy a wide use due to the high content of sulphur(硫) in it. German researchers believe that they will be able to reduce the amount of sulphur by 90 percent very soon to make arboform usable for home needs.
In addition, liquid wood can be recycled repeatedly. The analysis of arboform showed that the material had all of its qualities even if it was reprocessed ten times.
1．From the passage we learn that liquid wood ________.
A．has replaced plastic B．is made from natural oil
C．has been widely used in household D．can be recycled repeatedly
2．It can be concluded that German researchers will focus their future work firstly on the ________.
A．material’s wide use B．content of sulphur in arboform
C．production cost of arboform D．qualities of liquid wood
3．Which of the following is NOT true
A．Lignin contains poisons that can cause cancer.
B．Plastic does harm to our society in many ways.
C．The liquid wood helps to protect our environment
D．Arboform isn’t usable for home need at present.
4．The best title of the passage should be “______”．
A．Plastic Has a Number of Disadvantages B．A New Material—Plastic
C．Liquid Wood to Replace Plastic D．How to Protect Arboform
【语篇导读】尽管塑料是20世纪最重要的科技发明之一，但德国科学家确信它很快就会被一种新型原料所代替，你知道这种原料是什么吗？
1．D　细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句 “liquid wood can be recycled repeatedly”可知D项正确。
2．B　细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段可知，如果用 “liquid wood”代替塑料，科学家首先考虑的是应该如何去除“liquid wood”里面高含量的硫。
3．A　细节理解题。文章中没有介绍木质素有致癌的毒素。
4．C　主旨大意题。本文主要说明了一种新型材料“liquid wood”将会代替塑料，所以C项可作文章的标题。
G
You may hear the expression: “If you give a person a fish, they will eat for a day. If you teach a person to fish, they can eat for a lifetime. ”
One way to explain this is that helping people grow their own food is a better way to fight hunger. That is the purpose of an agricultural research organization called HarvestPlus. HarvestPlus is teaching people around the world how to grow what it calls “smart” crops (庄稼). Its project in Mozambique, a country in Southeast Africa, is having surprising influences.
Sweet potatoes have vitamin (维生素) A, which keeps your eyes healthy and helps the body fight disease. In 2006, HarvestPlus workers provided orange sweet potato plants to people in 24 Mozambique villages. The workers taught these people how to grow the vegetables and also explained the importance of vitamin A to staying healthy.
Farmers in Mozambique had been planting white and yellow sweet potatoes, which have very little vitamin A. However, one small, orange sweet potato has a full day’s supply of vitamin A.
Alan de Brauw from the International Food Policy Research Institute says about 70 percent of children there were not getting enough vitamin A. He says the potatoes had a surprising influence on the health of children. At the end of the three-year study, the researchers found that children living in villages growing orange sweet potatoes had 40 percent fewer chances of getting diarrhea (痢疾) than other boys and girls. Among children under the age of three, the difference was 50 percent.
Experts (专家) are suggesting that connecting agriculture and health problems is natural and helpful. Anne Herforth, a food expert, says the findings do a good job making the connection between food production and health. “Look, you produce a food and it’s available to people to eat and they like it; then it does good things for health. ”
1. Why was HarvestPlus set up
A. To provide food for people around the world. B. To help farmers increase crop production.
C. To do research on agricultural products. D. To deal with the hunger problem.
2. What’s special about orange sweet potatoes
A. They have more vitamin A. B. They sell better in villages.
C. They taste much sweeter. D. They are easier to plant.
3. What surprised the researchers
A. Diarrhea was extremely common in Mozambique villages.
B. Orange sweet potatoes strongly influenced children’s health.
C. Most children in Mozambique weren’t getting enough vitamin A.
D. There was a big difference in the health of children of different ages.
4. In Anne Herforth’s opinion, ________.
A. connecting food with health is useful
B. people should try their best to produce natural food
C. agriculture and health problems always go hand in hand
D. it’s more important to produce healthy food than delicious food
【语篇概述】本文是说明文。农业研究组织HarvestPlus以一种特殊的方式不仅解决了粮食危机而且还改善了人们的健康状况。
【解析】选 D。细节理解题。根据第二段中的“helping people grow their own food is a better way to fight hunger. That is the purpose of an agricultural research organization called HarvestPlus. ”可知, HarvestPlus这个组织的目的是解决饥饿问题。
【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据第四段中的“white and yellow sweet potatoes, which have very little vitamin A”和“one small, orange sweet potato has a full day’s supply of vitamin A”可知, 橙色的红薯含有更多的维生素A。
【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“the potatoes had a surprising influence on the health of children”以及接下来的研究结果可知, 橙色红薯对儿童的健康有着巨大作用, 这让研究者感到非常诧异。
【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Anne Herforth. . . says the findings do a good job making the connection between food production and health. ”以及她接下来说的话可知, 她认为将食物和健康联系在一起是有用的。