2022届高考英语二轮复习：定语从句用法讲解学案（含答案）

定语从句
Learning targets 学习目标
1. Know about the definition and characteristics of attributive clause.
2. Know the skills of filling in blanks related to attributive clause College Entrance Examination in recent years.
3. Distinguish the usage of that and which, as and which.
I.定语从句的相关概念:
1.定义：在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句。
2.先行词：被修饰的名词或代词。
I don’t like people(先行词) who always think of themselves.（定语从句）
3.引导定语从句的词:关系代词和关系副词。
1）关系代词的用法:
关系代词 指代 在定从中所做成分 是否可省略
that 人；物 主语；宾语 作宾语可省
which 物 主语；宾语 作宾语可省
who 人 主语；宾语 作宾语可省
whom 人 宾语 可省
whose 人；物 定语 不可省
as 人；物 主语；宾语；表语 不可省
2) 关系副词的用法:
关系副词 指代 在定从中所做成分 是否可省略
when 时间 状语 否
where 地点 状语 否
why 原因 状语 否
II. 定语从句分类：限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句。
1. 限制性定从与先行词关系密切，从句是整个句子密不可分的部分，主、从句之间不可用逗号分开。非限制性定从与先行词间的关系较疏散，从句只是对先行词的附加补充说明。如果去掉它，句子意思仍然清楚。从句与主句间常用逗号分开。
I don’t like people who always think of themselves. (限制性定从)
Mr. Brown, who just came from Britain yesterday, will teach us biology. (非限制性定从)
2. 使用非限制性定从时应注意：
1） that不能引导非限制性定从。 This is a new hospital, which was built just a few months.
2） 在限制性定从中，关系代词作从句宾语可以省略；但在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作从句宾语时不可省略。
The film (which) I saw last night is about a young teacher. (which可省略)
I saw a film last night, which was about a young teacher. (which不可省略)
3）在非限制性定从中，关系代词有时代替修饰的不是前面的名词或代词，而是前面整个一句话，这时关系代词必须用which。
He looks pale, which suggests that he is in poor health.
具体讲解：
一、that 和which用法的区别：
I. 关系代词that和which在定从中指物时可互换，但在下列情况下，只用that。
1. 当先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词时。
These are the cleanest parks that you can imagine.
When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake.
2. 当先行词是不定代词all, anything, everything, something, nothing, little, few, much, none等时。
All that can be done has been done.
3. 先行词被only, any, few, little, no, all, one of, just, very，much等词修饰时。
There is no book that I like to read here.
4. 当先行词为人、物共存时。
Can you tell me the persons and places that you’d like to visit
5. 当先行词前有the very/only/last等表示唯一概念的词修饰时。
This is the very problem that I can not answer.
6. 当定语从句的谓语动词是be，需要关系代词做表语时。
My computer is no longer the machine that it was.
7. 当主句是由which或who等引起的特殊疑问句时。
Who is the man that you spoke to just now
同步练习一：完成下面的定语从句：
1. In this factory I saw little___________________________(与我们的不同).
2. We heard clearly every word ____________________(他所说的).
3. The first thing __________________________________(应该做的是去把票拿到手).
4. That’s the most expensive hotel ___________________________(我曾经住过的).
5. This is the very book ______________________________(我想找到的).
6. The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances __________________________________________ (他们在少年宫看到的).
7. Which is the car ____________________________(使那个男孩丧命的)？
8. Does your hometown remain the appearance ___________________________ (它三年前 的样子吗)？
II. 只用which不用that的情况
1. 关系代词在限制性定语从句中紧跟介词作宾语（介词提前）;
There are many trees under which they can have a rest.
2 在非限制性定语从句中;
Football , which is a very popular game, is played all over the world.
3. 在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定从的关系代词用了that，另一个宜用which；
He gave me a gift that had been bought from the shop which belongs to his uncle.
4. 当先行词为指物的代词that和those时；
He has found that which I am looking for.
5. 当关系代词后面有插入语时。
Here is the book which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.
同步练习二：完成下列句子：
1. Please return the book to me that I borrowed from the library ______________________
(离我们学校不远的)
2. She has a little money in the bank with _________________________________ (她可以用来帮助她的母亲).
3. Don’t leave those ______________________________ (放在桌子上的) behind.
4. The water, ________________________(冷得象冰一样)，was above her knees.
5. Beijing was the city ______, he said, ____________________ (举办2008年奥运会的城市).
二、as与which引导定语从句时的区别:
两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用as：
1． As引导的从句可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。
As we all know, the earth is round.
He was late again, as we had expected.
The teacher always praises her, which makes others unhappy.
2. 当与such或the same连用时，一般用as。
Such books as you tell me are interesting.
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.=This is the same kind of pen as I lost yesterday.
区别下句：
This is the same pen that I lost yesterday.=This is the very pen that I lost yesterday.
总结：用the same…as时，表示定从中内容与主句所讲事物“相似”，为同类事物。而用the same…that时，表示定从中内容与主句中事物是“同一个”事物。
3. 当从句和主句语义一致时，用as，反之则用which。
She has married again, as was expected.
She has married again, which was unexpected
4. as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如be known，be said，be reported等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。
She has been late again, as was expected.
Tom has made great progress, which made us happy.
注意：
1. 从意义上讲，which指前面主句的内容；而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常识性的东西，因此常译成“就像……那样、正如所……的”。
2. 如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用，则用which，而不用as.
同步练习三：
1. __________________________(正如前面所提到的), the number of the students in senior school is increasing. (mention)
2. Chongqing is not the same city ____________________ (和我们在其它地方看到的). (see)
3. He won the first prize, ______________________ (正如有些报纸报道的那样).(report)
4. He won the first prize, ________________________ (这并不属实). (true)
5. We have found such materials ___________________________(在他们工厂所用的)。(use)
6. He is not the same man _________________(他从前那样). (be)
7. This book is not such ____________________(我期待的那样). (expect)
三、先行词是人时，既可用who也可用that（不用which），但在下列情况下，关系代词宜用who而不宜用that：
1. 先行词为one, ones, anyone或those时。
The person I want to learn from is one who studies hard and works well.
Those who are not fit for their work should leave the office at once.
2. 在There be结构中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who指代人。
There are several students in our class who are still not sure about the use of attributive clause.
３. 当先行词有较长的后置定语时。
I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese well.
４. 一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个则宜用who以避免重复。
The student that was praised at yesterday‘s meeting is the monitor who is very modest
and works very hard.
同步练习四：
1. __________________________ (任何昨天没能来开会的人) must give his reason.
2. There is a gentle man ______________________________ (想见你).
四、关系代词与介词的搭配问题
1. 关系代词作介词宾语，无论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用whom（指人），which（指物）；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制。关系代词还可省去，特别是在口语中。
Do you know the boy to whom she was talking
Do you know the boy (that) she was talking to
The pencil (which/that) he was writing with suddenly broke.
2.关系代词前介词的确定：
1）根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系。
Is that the newspaper for which you often write articles
2）根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配。
Can you explain to me how to use these idioms about which I’m sure.
3）根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯，请体会：
1949 was the year in which the P.R.C. was founded.
4）非限制性定语从句中，要表示先行词的一部分时，可用“数词/代词 + of + 关系代词”的结构。
There are 50 students in our class, two-thirds of whom have been to Beijing.
5）whose从句可转换为“ of +关系代词”型。
They live in a house, whose door opens to the south. →
They live in a house, of which the door opens to the south. 或
They live in a house, the door of which opens to the south.
同步练习五：
1. The knife ____________________( 我们用来切面包的) is very sharp.
2. The beautiful dress______________________________ (琼斯小姐穿着去参加舞会的) was borrowed from a friend of hers.
3. I have two ballpens, ____________________________ (没有一只好写).
4. On May 12, part of Sichuan Province was struck by an earthquake, __________________________________________ (那里的一些人们仍在遭受其影响).
5. He has two sons, ___________________ (他们都)work as chemists.
五、关系副词when, where, why的用法:
1. 当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语时，若先行词表示时间、地点或原因概念，引导定从的词相应地使用关系副词when, where或why，在从句中分别作时间、地点、原因状语。此时关系副词都等于一个适当的介词＋which。
when=in/at/on/…+which;
where=in/at/on/…+which;
why=for /…+which
Do you still remember the day when (on which) we went to visit the museum together
This is the factory where (in which) my father once worked.
This is the reason why (for which) he was late.
2. 有些词，如position, case, situation, point, condition等作先行词，表示抽象的地点，关系词在定语从句中作状语用where或in which
同步练习六：
1. I will never forget ___________________________________(我受到校长表扬的那一刻).
2. Can you tell me the reason _____________________________(为什么你没来上学)
3. He is the manager of the company _________________________(你爸爸工作的).
4. We’re just trying to reach a point _____________________________ (双方要坐下来) together and talk. (sit)
3. 当定语从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语时，就需要用which / that充当相应主语、宾语或表语，此时就不能再用when, where或why了。
试比较：
1）This is the place where he works.
This is the place (which /that) we visited last year.
2）That was the time when he arrived.
Do you still remember the time (that/which) we spent together
3）This is the reason why he went.
The reason (that/which) he gave us was quite reasonable.
同步练习七：请在下列空白中填入适当的词，以完成句子：
1. This is the hotel_______________ we will stay at.
2. This is the hotel_______________ we will stay.
3. This is the hotel ______________we will visit.
4. This hotel is_______________ we will stay at.
5. This hotel is_______________ we will visit.
6. This hotel is_______________ we will stay.
7. This hotel is_______________ we will visit.
六. 如何区别定语从句和同位语从句：
有些定语从句和同位语从句从表面形式上看非常相似，都可用that引导，区别之法在于：
(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：
The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.
第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语
The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.
同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分
(3) 定语从句的先行词是名词或代词；而同位语从句的先行词只能是名词，而且仅限于idea，plan， fact，theory，promise，hope，news，doubt，truth，information，suggestion，question， thought，belief，conclusion等少数名词。例如：
①The boy who is playing football is my classmate． （定从，名词作先行词）
②Those who work hard will succeed． （定从，代词作先行词）
③The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody．（同从，名词作先行词）
④The fact that you are talking about is important． （定从，名词做先行词）
由以上分析可见，同位语从句的先行词一定可以用作定语从句的先行词，但定语从句的先行词不一定能用作同位语从句的先行词。
(4) when，where，why引导的定语从句的先行词一定分别是表示时间、地点和原因的名词，而三者引导的同位语从句的先行词则肯定不是表示时间、地点和原因的名词。例如：
①I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing． (定从，先行词day在定从中作时间状语)
②I have no idea when she will be back． （同从，先行词idea在同从中不表时间）
同步练习八：指出下列句子是定语从句还是同位语从句
1. I can’t remember the problem that they have.
2. He can’t answer the question how he got the money.
3. She gave us the suggestion that we make the scientific instrument in a better way.
4. That was the reason that he told me this morning.
5. The farm that we visited last month is not far from here.
6. We heard the news that she set a new world record in swimming .
7. He made a promise that he would help me.
同步练习答案:
练习一：
1. that was different from ours 2. that he said
3. that should be done is to get the tickets 4. that we’ve stayed in
5. that I want to find 6. that they saw at the Children’s Palace
7. that killed the boy 8. that it was/used to be three years ago
练习二：
1. which is not far from our school 2. which she could help her mother
3 which are put on the table 4.which was cold as ice
5. which, held the 2008 Olympic Games
6. which, just as the name suggested, eating is performed quickly
练习三：
1. As is mentioned above 2. as we have seen in other places
3 as was reported in some newspapers 4 which is/was not true
5 as are used in their factory 6 as he was/used to be
7 as I expect
练习四：
1. Anyone who failed to come to the meeting 2. who wants to see you
练习五：
1. with which we use to cut the bread或which/that we use to cut the bread with
2. in which Miss Jones went to the ball
3. neither of which writes well
4. from whose effects some of the people there are still suffering/of which effects some of the people there are still suffering from/the effects of which some of the people are still suffering from
5. both of whom
练习六：
1. the moment when/at which I was praised by the headmaster
2. why /for which you didn’t come to school
3. where /at (或in) which your father works
4. where/in which both sides will sit down
练习七：
1. that/which 2. at which/ where 3. that/ which 4. the one that 5. the one that 6. where 7. what
练习八：
1. 定从 2. 同从 3.同从 4. 定从 5. 定从 6. 同从 7.同从
Keys:
一.that与which
1.that should be done 2. that I used to stay in
3. that I want to find 4. that it was / used to be
5.that/ which is designed to 6.which made the teacher annoyed
7.during which time 8.in under which they have been trained
二.which和as
1.which was cold as ice 2. .which ought to have been handed in
3.As is mentioned above 4. .as we have seen in other places
5.as was reported in some newspapers 6.which is where she goes wrong
三.who和whom
1.who had never come across
2.neither of whom wanted to buy it/ and neither of them wanted to buy it/ neither of them
wanting to buy it
3.for whom life had been very hard
4.who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man
5.Anyone who failed to come to the meeting
6. both of whom are
四.whose用法
1.in whose company I once worked
2.whose photos I showed you
3. from whose effects some of the people there are still suffering/of which effects some of the
people there are still suffering from/the effects of which some of the people are still suffering
From
五.when/ why/ where
1.when/at which I was praised by the headmaster
2.why /for which you didn’t come to school
3.Where /at (或in) which your father works
4. where/in which both sides will sit down
5. where it’s out of/beyond the children’s reach 6.why she refuse
7.when it was so poorly equipped 8.where/which she needed to decide
9.where/ in which sight matters more than hearing
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