SectionⅠ Topic Talk & Lesson 1
Ⅰ.匹配词义
A．单词匹配
( )1.electricity A．n.基础；地基
( )2.firm B．n.树根
( )3.institute C．adj.坚实的；稳固的
( )4.foundation D．n.电
( )5.root E．n.机构；研究院
[答案] 1－5 DCEAB
B．短语匹配
( )1.make a difference A．尽自己所能做某事
( )2.not be bothered to do sth.
B．致力于
( )3.take action C．起作用；产生重大影响
( )4.do my part for sth. D．懒得做某事
( )5.be committed to E．采取行动
[答案] 1－5 CDEAB
Ⅱ.默写单词
1．smog n. 雾霾
2．ocean n. 海洋，大海
3．extinction n. 灭绝
4．transport n. 交通运输系统，运输方式
5．recycle vi.&vt. 再利用，回收利用
6．flat n. 一套公寓房，一套住房
adj. 平坦的
7．shoot n. 芽，苗；嫩枝
vt. 射中；射击
8．brick n. 砖，砖块
9．desert n. 沙漠
10．carbon n. 碳
Ⅰ.语境填词
desert；balance；recycle；battery；foundation；extinction；firm；transport；institute；global
1．We should recycle garbage，not burn it.
2．Respect and love provide a solid foundation for marriage.
3．If you have to climb up，use a firm platform or a sturdy ladder.
4．There is a middle school attached to the institute．
5．We need to take a more global approach to the problem.
6．Try to keep a balance between work and relaxation.
7．An efficient transport system is critical to the long term future of London.
8．They have driven the rhino to the edge of extinction．
9．The vehicles have been modified to suit conditions in the desert．
10．The man in the garage said he would charge up my car battery．
Ⅱ.语法填空之派生词
1．Climate change is a terrible problem and it absolutely (absolute) needs to be solved.
2．Will global(globe) warming mean the spread of tropical parasitic diseases
3．The government's industrial(industry) policy has been fiercely attacked by the left.
4．Most of us need to lead more balanced(balance) lives to be healthy and happy.
5．All this has happened because you couldn't be bothered (bother)to give me the message.
6．Fruit juices can be harmful(harm) to children's teeth.
7．It is now firmly(firm) established as one of the leading brands in the country.
8．We need to examine all the costs involved(involve) in the project first.
1．Well，say you leave the tap running while you brush your teeth，leave a light on when you go out or you drop a piece of litter and can't be bothered to pick it up.
比方说你刷牙的时候让水哗哗地流，外出的时候不关灯，或者掉了一块垃圾却懒得捡起来。
2．To inspire young people to take action for the environment，animals and their community，Roots & Shoots was established.
为了鼓励年轻人对环境、动物及其社区采取行动，建立了“根和芽”组织。
3．The organisation is called Roots & Shoots because roots move slowly under the ground to make a firm foundation，and shoots seem small and weak，but they can break open brick walls to reach the light.
这个组织被称为“根和芽”，因为树根在地下缓慢移动以形成坚实的基础，而嫩枝看起来又小又弱，但它们可以打破砖墙，以达到光明。
4．Hundreds and thousands of roots and shoots can solve the problems，change the world and make it a better place to live in.
成百上千的根和芽可以解决问题，改变世界，使之成为一个更适合居住的地方。
5．That's what Roots & Shoots is all about：the value and importance of each individual—human，animal or plant.
这就是“根和芽”的全部意义：每个人、动物或植物的价值和重要性。
名师圈点
①suffer from 患有；遭受
②just me ism以自我为中心
③brush vt.刷净；刷亮
④litter n．垃圾
⑤not be bothered to do sth.懒得做某事
⑥so what 那又怎么样
⑦millions of数百万
⑧matter vi.要紧；有影响
⑨anyway adv.无论如何；不管怎么样
⑩gallon n．加仑
harmful adj.有害的；可致伤害的
take action采取行动；采取措施
establish vt.建立；确立
institute n．机构；研究院
Jane Goodall珍·古道尔——世界上拥有极高声誉的动物学家，致力于野生动物的研究、教育和保护。她二十多岁时前往非洲的原始森林，为了观察黑猩猩，度过了三十八年的野外生涯。她奔走于世界各地，呼吁人们保护野生动物、保护地球环境。
chimpanzee n．黑猩猩
whole heartedly adv.全心全意地；一心一意地
be committed to致力于
secure adj.安全的
firm adj.坚实的；稳固的
foundation n．基础；地基
brick n．砖；砖块
wag vt.&vi.(狗)摇(尾巴)
thirsty adj.渴的；饥渴的
individual n．个人
make a difference 起作用；产生重大影响
原文呈现
ROOTS & SHOOTS
Most people suffer from①what is known as “Just me ism”②.What is that？Well，say you leave the tap running while you brush③your teeth，leave a light on when you go out or you drop a piece of litter ④and can't be bothered to⑤pick it up.You know that all those things are wrong，but so what⑥？“What difference can it possibly make？”you say to yourself.“There are millions of ⑦people in the world and I'm just me.How can it matter⑧if I leave one little tap running，one little light on or leave a little piece of litter on the road？And anyway⑨，no one will know.”Of course，it wouldn't matter if there were just a few people in the world.But just think of all the millions of people saying to themselves：“It doesn't matter.It's just me.And，anyway，no one knows.”Millions of gallons⑩of water would be wasted；millions of lights would be left on；millions of pieces of litter would be dropped.And all of this would be very harmful .
To inspire young people to take action for the environment，animals and their community，Roots & Shoots was established .This institute was set up in the early 1990s by Dr.Jane Goodall ，a scientist who's the world's best known expert on wild chimpanzees .In addition to her research，she has been whole heartedly committed to environmental protection.The whole purpose of Roots & Shoots is to educate young people，from pre schoolers to university students，so they can help to build a future that is secure and live together in peace with nature.
The organisation is called Roots & Shoots because roots move slowly under the ground to make a firm foundation，and shoots seem small and weak，but they can break open brickwalls to reach the light.The roots and shoots are you，your friends and young people all around the world.Hundreds and thousands of roots and shoots can solve the problems，change the world and make it a better place to live in.
Do you think you help to make the world a better place when you make a sad person smile，when you make a dog wagits tail，and when you water a thirstyplant？One cheered up person，one happy dog，one flowering plant，and you.That's what Roots & Shoots is all about：the value and importance of each individual—human，animal or plant.Dr.Jane Goodall believes that the most important thing is that：“Every individual matters.Every individual has a role to play.Every individual makes a difference.”You get to choose：Do you want to use your life to make the world a better place for people，animals and the environment？Do you want to make Roots & Shoots rooted in everyone's heart？Do you want to be a part of a community for a shared future？You cannot be absent.
译文参考
根和芽
大多数人都患有所谓的“唯我主义”。那是什么？比方说你刷牙的时候让水哗哗地流，外出的时候不关灯，或者掉了一块垃圾却懒得捡起来。你知道所有这些都是错的，但那又怎样？“有什么影响吗？”你对自己说。“世界上有数百万人，我只是我。如果我让一个小水龙头开着，一盏小灯点着，一小块垃圾留在路上，那又有什么关系呢？不管怎样，没人会知道的。”当然，如果世界上只有几个人也没关系。但想想所有数百万人对自己说：“没关系。只有我。而且，无论如何，没人知道。”数百万加仑的水会被浪费掉，数百万盏灯会一直亮着，数百万块垃圾会被丢弃，这一切将是非常有害的。
为了鼓励年轻人对环境、动物及其社区采取行动，建立了“根和芽”组织。这个研究所是由世界上最著名的野生黑猩猩专家、科学家珍·古道尔博士在20世纪90年代初建立的。除了自己的科研，她还全身心地投入环保事业。“根和芽”的全部目的是教育年轻人，从学前儿童到大学生，使他们能够帮助建设一个安全的未来，并与自然和平共处。
这个组织被称为“根和芽”，因为树根在地下缓慢移动以形成坚实的基础，而嫩枝看起来又小又弱，但它们可以打破砖墙，以达到光明。根和芽是你和你的朋友以及全世界的年轻人。成百上千的根和芽可以解决问题，改变世界，使之成为一个更适合居住的地方。
当你让一个悲伤的人微笑时，你认为你有助于使世界变得更美好吗？当你让狗摇尾巴的时候？当你给干渴的植物浇水时？一个振作起来的人，一只快乐的狗，一棵开花的植物，还有你。这就是“根和芽”的全部意义：每个人、动物或植物的价值和重要性。珍·古道尔博士认为，最重要的是：“每个人都很重要。每个人都有自己的角色。每个人都起重要作用。”你可以选择：你想用你的生命让世界变得对人、动物和环境更美好吗？你想让“根和芽”扎根于每个人的心中吗？你想成为分享未来的社会的一分子吗？你不可能缺席。
速读P31教材课文，完成下列任务
Ⅰ.阅读判断
判断下列句子提供的信息是正确，还是错误，还是没有提及。
1．It doesn't matter to drop a piece of litter.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
2．Roots & Shoots was established to inspire people to take measures to protect the environment.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
3．Jane Goodall is a scientist and expert on wild chimpanzees.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
4．According to the passage，roots can break obstacles to reach light.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
5．Roots & Shoots lays stress on the value of each individual.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
[答案] 1－5 BAABA
Ⅱ.补全信息
选择正确选项填入空白处，补全所给句子提供的信息。
A．who's the world's best known expert on wild chimpanzees
B．that is secure and live together in peace with nature
C．what is known as “Just me ism”
D．while you brush your teeth
E．if there were just a few people in the world
1．Most people suffer from ．
2．Well，say you leave the tap running ．
3．It wouldn't matter ．
4．This institute was set up in the early 1990s by Dr.Jane Goodall，a scientist ．
5．The whole purpose of Roots & Shoots is to educate young people，from pre schoolers to university students，so they can help to build a future ．
[答案] 1－5 CDEAB
Ⅲ.表格填空
ROOTS & SHOOTS
Just me ism Leave the tap 1.running while you brush your teeth；Leave a light 2.on when you go out；Drop a piece of 3.litter but do not pick it up.
The establishment of it Jane Goodall，who is the best known expert on wild 4.chimpanzees，set up Roots & Shoots.Its purpose is to educate young people to help to build a 5.future that is secure and live together in peace with nature.
The 6.reason for its name Roots move slowly under the ground to make a firm 7.foundation.Shoots seem small and weak，but they can break open brick walls to reach the 8.light.Hundreds and thousands of roots and shoots can solve the problems, change the world and make it 9.a better place to live in.
What is it about？ The value and importance of each 10.individual—human，animal or plant.
细读P31教材课文，完成下列任务
Ⅰ.主旨匹配
1．Part 1 (Para.1) A．The meaning of its name.
2．Part 2 (Para.2) B．What is“Just me ism”？
3．Part 3 (Paras.3～4) C．The establishment of Roots
& Shoots.
[答案] 1－3 BCA
Ⅱ.单项选择
1．According to the passage，which is not a phenomenon about “Just me ism”？
A．Leaving the tap running while you brush your teeth.
B．Dropping a piece of litter.
C．Suffering from a disease.
D．Leaving a light on when you go out.
2．According to the passage，Jane Goodall did many things except ．
A．founding Roots & Shoots
B．being committed to environmental protection
C．educating young students
D．researching wild chimpanzees
3．What does Jane Goodall mean by saying “Every individual matters.”？
A．Every person can solve difficult matters.
B．Every person can make a difference to make the world a better place.
C．Every person can found his own organisation.
D．Every person can do their own research.
4．What's the purpose of Roots & Shoots
A．To educate old people.
B．To educate young people.
C．To educate middle aged people.
D．To educate children.
[答案] 1－4 CCBB
Ⅲ.读后续写/概要写作微技能
A．阅读课文中含有描述观点态度的语句。
1．It's just me.
2．Every individual has a role to play.
3．Every individual makes a difference.
B．判断下列语句中哪些不是描述观点态度的语句。
1．Most people suffer from what is known as “Just me ism”．
2．How can it matter if I leave one little tap running
3．The roots and shoots are you，your friends...
[答案] 1，3
1．industry n．工业；生产制造→industrial adj.工业的
2．balance n．平衡→balanced adj.平衡的；均衡的
3．bother vt.使(某人)烦恼(或担忧、不安)；给(某人)造成麻烦(或痛苦)；打扰；→bothered adj.担心的；烦恼的
4．firm adj.坚实的；稳固的→firmly adv.坚实地；稳固地
5．involve vt.参与；包含→involved adj.作为一部分；有关联；关注；关系密切
firm adj.坚实的；稳固的；强硬的；牢固的 n．公司；商号v.使强壮；(股票、物价等)稳步上涨
①Bake the cakes until they are firm to the touch.
adj.坚实的；稳固的
②A foreign firm has bought the shares in his company. n.公司
③This product claims to firm your body in six weeks. v.使强壮
④We need to take a firm line on tobacco advertising. adj.强硬的
⑤This book will give your students a firm grasp of English grammar. adj.牢固的
Words and Phrases
balance n．平衡；天平v.保持平衡；权衡
(教材P28) maintaining the balance between human and nature
保持人与自然的平衡
[例1] I struggled to keep my balance on my new skates.
我穿着新溜冰鞋，努力保持平衡。
[例2] How long can you balance on one leg
你单腿能站多久？
[造句] 政府得找到某种方法来平衡这两种需求。
The government has to find some way to balance these two needs.
[知识拓展]
(1)keep the balance of nature 保持自然界的平衡
a pair of balance 一副天平
be out of balance 失去平衡
lose/keep one's balance 失去/保持平衡
on balance 权衡之后，总的来说
(2)balanced adj. 保持平衡的；显示平衡的
(3)balance sth. against sth. 权衡；斟酌；比较
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①We should keep the balance of nature.
②The key is to develop a balanced(balance) and varied program that is fun as well as progressive.
③On balance，we remain cautious about the prospects for US equities.
④You have to balance the advantages of living in a big city against the disadvantages.
[小片段助记]
On balance, she is one of the best players on the balance beam.To keep her figure, she has a balanced diet in her daily life.At one time, in one competition, she lost her balance and failed in the competition.
bothered adj.担心的；烦恼的
(教材P30) Drop a piece of litter and can't be bothered to pick it up.
丢了垃圾就懒得捡了。
[例1] I just can't be bothered to look after the house.
我就是不想费事照看这所房子。
[例2] I couldn't be bothered to go through the rigmarole of changing clothes.
我不想再费事儿换衣服了。
[造句] 我懒得化妆。
I can't be bothered to make up my face.
[知识拓展]
(1)be bothered to do 费心做某事
(2)bother vt. 打扰；烦扰
n. 麻烦；不便
bother sb.with/about sth. 为某事打扰或麻烦某人
bother about sth. 为某事烦恼
bother to do sth. 特意/特地做某事
have much bother (in) doing sth.
做某事有麻烦/费劲
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I don't want to bother her with/about my problems at the moment.
②Tourists do not need to bother about transportation and lunch.
③I had no bother (in) finding(find) your house.
harmful adj.有害的；可致伤害的
(教材P31) And all of this would be very harmful.
这一切将是非常有害的。
[例1] Many household products are potentially harmful.
很多家用产品有潜在的害处。
[例2] The new drug has proved to have harmful side effects.
这种新药有副作用。
[造句] 凡是损害公共利益的行为，都应该制止。
Any conduct harmful to the public interest must not be permitted.
[知识拓展]
(1)be harmful to... 对……有害
(2)harm n. 损害，伤害
vt. 伤害，损害
do sb.harm＝do harm to sb. 对某人有害
There is no harm in doing sth. 不妨做某事
it does no harm to do sth. 不妨做某事
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①It does no harm to think twice before buying the products advertised by the stars.
②Do you think that work without rest will do harm to your health
③There is no harm in using(use) the environmentally friendly products.
[小片段助记]
Plastic is harmful to the environment.The harm may not be realised by most people, but it does do harm to us everywhere.
be committed to投入；承担；致力于；完全旨在
(教材P31) In addition to her research，she has been whole heartedly committed to environmental protection.
除了自己的科研，她还全身心地投入环保事业。
[例1] All of us，myself included，have been totally committed to the Party.
我们大家，包括我本人在内，一直都对党绝对忠诚。
[例2] The government is committed to protecting the interests of tenants.
政府承诺保护租户们的利益。
[造句] 那位医生致力于实用医学。
The doctor was/is committed to practical medicine.
[知识拓展]
commit vt. 投入，犯(罪)；做(错事等)；
把……委托于，交付
commit sb./oneself to(doing)sth.
承诺某人/自己(做)某事
commit sb./oneself to do sth. 承诺某人/自己做某事
commit to... 忠于……，全身心地投入……
commit a crime 犯罪
commit suicide 自杀
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The President is committed to reforming(reform) health care.
②He committed himself(him) to the study of plants.
[名师点津]
commit oneself to(doing)sth.表示“专心致志于……”，to是介词，后接名词、代词或动名词。
make a difference 起作用；产生重大影响
(教材P31) Every individual makes a difference.
每个人都起重要作用。
[例1] I believed that I can make a difference in this world.
我坚信世界一定会因我而不同。
[例2] Nothing I say is going to make a difference with you.
我说的话对你来说没有什么影响。
[造句] 你的支持肯定对我的事业很有影响。
Your support will certainly make a difference in my cause.
[知识拓展]
make some difference 有一些影响/关系
make no difference 没有影响；无所谓
make any difference 有……区别
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①It will make no difference(different) whether you go or not.
②Whether it rains or not makes no difference to me.
involve vt.参与；包含
(教材P31) It is by acting together，in this exciting way，that we can involve thousands—millions—of people，and this is what is going to change the world.
正是通过共同行动，以这种令人兴奋的方式，我们才能让成千上万的人参与进来，这将改变世界。
[例1] The test will involve answering questions about a photograph.
考试将包括回答一些关于一张照片的问题。
[例2] There was a serious incident involving a group of youths.
有一起涉及一群年轻人的严重事件。
[造句] 父母应当参与孩子的教育。
Parents should involve themselves in their child's education.
[知识拓展]
involve doing sth. 包含/需要做某事
involve sb.in (doing) sth. (使)参加，加入
be/get involved in 参加，参与；专心于
be involved with... 与……关系密切
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Try to involve as many children as possible in the game.
②Painting the room involved moving(move) out the piano.
③If I were you，I wouldn't get involved in their problems.
absent adj.缺席；不在v.缺席
(教材P31) You cannot be absent.
你不可能缺席。
[例1] Love was totally absent from his childhood.
他童年时没有得到丝毫关爱。
[例2] He absented himself from the meeting yesterday.
他昨天没有出席会议。
[造句] 他病了，这是他缺席的原因。
He is ill.That's why he is absent.
[知识拓展]
(1)be absent from... 不参加……；缺席……
(2)in the absence of sb.＝in one's absence
某人不在时
absence of mind 心不在焉
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①It was his absence (absent) of mind during driving that resulted in a terrible accident.
②However，learning English as a foreign language is very difficult in the absence of a native language environment.
③He was absent from the conference yesterday because of his sudden heart disease.
Sentence Patterns
leave...doing...句型
(教材P31)Well，say you leave the tap running while you brush your teeth...
比方说你在刷牙的时候让水哗哗地流……
[句式分析]
本句是一个复合句，句中while引导时间状语从句；running是现在分词，作leave的宾语补足语。
[例1] Don't leave her waiting outside in the rain.
不要让她一直在外面雨里等。
[例2] The news left me wondering what would happen next.
这个消息使我想知道接着会发生什么事情。
[造句] 他们一起出去了，留下我自己坐在那里。
They went off together and left me sitting there.
[知识拓展]
leave sb./sth.doing(sth.) 使某人/物正做(某事)
leave sth.done 让/使某事被做
leave sb./sth.＋n./adj./adv./介词短语
使某人/物成为或止于某种状态
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Accidents left the police running(run) from one place to another.
②They laid down the little hero，leaving his face exposed(expose)．
③His parents died，leaving(leave) him an orphan.
“make＋宾语＋宾补”结构
(教材P31)Hundreds and thousands of roots and shoots can solve the problems，change the world and make it a better place to live in．
成百上千的根和芽可以解决问题，改变世界，使之成为一个更适合居住的地方。
[句式分析]
本句是一个复合句，make it a better place to live in是“make＋宾语＋宾补”结构，此处用名词作宾补；to live in作定语修饰a better place。
[例1] We made him captain of our football team.
我们推选他作我们足球队的队长。
[例2] If you won't do it willingly，I'll make you do it!
你如果不愿意做那件事，我会强迫你去做！
[造句] 我们选他当班长。
We made him our monitor.
[知识拓展]
在“make＋宾语＋宾补”结构中除了形容词可以作宾语补足语外，不定式、过去分词、介词短语、名词或名词短语都可以作宾语补足语。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He tries to make his ideas known(know)．
②Though he had often made his little sister cry，today he was made to cry(cry) by his little sister.
教材 高考
1....you drop a piece of litter and can't be bothered to pick it up. (2020·江苏卷)The question of what we know and do not know constantly bothered me.
2.And all of this would be very harmful. (2020·全国卷Ⅰ) These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.
3.Every individual makes a difference. (2020·浙江卷) ...others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference.
4.It is by acting together, in this exciting way, that we can involve thousands—millions—of people, and this is what is going to change the world. (2020·天津卷) As any younger brother will tell you, having a big brother involves a lot of walking in someone else's shadow...
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Every day I am made to have(have) an egg and some milk.
2．Her remarks left me wondering(wonder) her purpose.
3．First，she told them how the student made a difference to her and the class.
4．He committed himself(him) to the cause of modernizing the country's industry.
5．Doctors cannot be bothered to explain(explain) what they do.
6．I believe you know that smoking is harmful(harm) to health.
7．Their missiles are viewed as a defensive and deterrent force.
8．The programme presented a balanced(balance) view of the two sides of the conflict.
9．They were more concerned with how the other women had dressed than in what the speaker was saying.
10．Some people tried to stop the fight but I didn't want to get involved(involve)．
Ⅱ.短语填空
not be bothered to do；take action；all around the world；make a difference；be committed to
1．The sea air has made a difference to her health.
2．I am making new friends with beautiful souls all around the world．
3．The group was committed to achieving its aims through peaceful means.
4．The firemen took action immediately to stop the forest fire spreading.
5．The grass needs cutting but I am not bothered to do it today.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
Most people suffer from “Just me ism”．You leave the tap 1.running(run) while you brush your teeth，leave a light on when you go out and drop a piece of litter 2.but not pick it up，which is 3.harmful(harm) to our world.Jane Goodall，4.who is best known for wild chimpanzees，set up Roots & Shoots.Its purpose is 5.to educate(educate) young people to help to build a future that is secure and
live together in peace 6.with nature.Roots move 7.slowly(slow) under the ground to make a firm foundation，and shoots seem small and weak，but they can break open brick walls to reach the light.Hundreds and thousands of roots and shoots can solve the problems，change the world and make it a better place 8.to live(live) in.Roots & Shoots is all about：the value and 9.importance(important) of each individual—human，animal or plant.Jane Goodall believes that every individual has a role to play and every individual makes a 10.difference(different)．
v． ing和v. ed作定语、状语和补足语
[观察例句]
1．The experience gained will be of great value and importance for all of us.
2．The young sitting between my sister and my brother is my cousin Jack.
3．Looking out of the window，I saw a woman walking in the street.
4．Asked why he was late，he cried.
5．We saw them walking across the road.
6．I found my hometown almost completely rebuilt.
[归纳用法]
一、分词和分词短语作定语
分词作定语时，如果分词只是一个单词，那么，该分词通常位于其所修饰的名词之前；有时单个的分词用作定语也可以放在所修饰的名词之后，这多半是因为该名词或代词不适合作前置定语，或者为了动作的暂时性。如果是分词短语，那么，该短语就位于其所修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
分词作定语时，被分词所修饰的名词就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所表示的动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
We didn't reach any agreement on the problem discussed.
This is really an exhausting day to all of us!
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries.
He likes to drink cold boiled water.
The man sitting in the corner is my brother.(＝The man who is sitting in the corner is my brother.)
[即学即练1] 单句语法填空
①We can see the part of the moon lighted(light) by sunlight.
②Most of the people invited(invite) to the party did not come.
③The people working(work) with me treat me like their friend.
④Do you know the teacher talking(talk) with the students
二、分词和分词短语作状语
分词作状语表时间、原因、方式和伴随状况。
Heated，the metal expands.(＝When it is heated，the metal expands.)
Being a teacher，I must work hard.
She stood there，waiting for a bus.
He came in，followed by a group of students.
[名师点津]
generally/frankly/strictly speaking，considering，judging by/from，supposing，taking everything into account，concerning，compared to/with等作独立成分，用来解释整句话，当固定短语用。
Generally speaking，houses in America are bigger than houses in this country.
Judging from your accent，you must be from Scotland.
Supposing we lose，what shall we do
They had a heated discussion concerning certain problems.
Compared to you，I'm old.
Considering his age，he is unfit for the job.
[即学即练2] 单句语法填空
①Accompanied(accompany) by his friend，he went to the railway station.
②Given(give) better attention，the plants could grow better.
③We often provide our children with toys，footballs or basketballs，thinking(think) that all children like these things.
④Hearing(hear) the news，tears came into his eyes.
三、分词和分词短语作宾补
当宾语与作宾补的动词在逻辑上是主动关系时，用现在分词(正在进行或一直处于某种状态)；当宾语与作宾补的动词在逻辑上是被动关系时，用过去分词。
We saw him talking to her.(正在进行)
She kept us waiting here for an hour.(一直处于某种状态)
感官动词feel，listen to，hear，see，look at，watch，notice等后面的宾语与作宾补的非谓语动词在逻辑上是主动关系时，用现在分词；是被动关系时，用过去分词作宾补。
I saw him beaten by Tom.(him与beaten是被动关系)
We heard them singing downstairs.(them与singing是主动关系)
变为被动语态时，除主语和宾语互换位置外，分词不动。
They were seen walking across the road.
The children were heard singing songs.
[即学即练3] 单句语法填空
①They shut the door and left the fire burning(burn)．
②He watched the balloon blown(blow) away.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Back from his two year medical service in Africa，Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother taken(take) good care of at home.
2．Annie Salmon，disabled，is attended throughout her school days by a nurse appointed(appoint) to guard her.
3．When I was little，my mother used to sit by my bed，telling(tell) me stories till I was asleep.
4．When we got a call saying(say)she was short listed，we thought it was a joke.
5．The sports meet held(hold) last week is of great importance.
6．He raised his voice in order to make himself heard(hear)．
Ⅱ.短文语法填空
A cook was caught 1.smoking(smoke) red handed and the owner of the restaurant made him hit on road immediately.With so many staff 2.looking (look) at him，he felt very embarrassed.His colleagues found it right for him 3.to be punished(punish)，because the 4.lighted(light) cigarette ends could cause the whole restaurant to catch fire.The cook begged the owner to give him the last chance.The owner eventually had him apologize and got him 5.fined(fine)．The cook was allowed to remain.Now，he is seen 6.mopping(mop) the floors hard and I notice many customers 7.passing(pass) him.He reminded them to mind the sign，8.reading(read) “NO SMOKING ！” I hear a voice in my heart 9.saying(say) “respect yourself and you will feel 10.valued(value)”．
PAGE
19Section Ⅱ Lesson 2 & Lesson 3
Ⅰ.匹配词义
A．单词匹配
( )1.profit A．adj.普通的；平常的
( )2.contented B．n.提议，建议
( )3.occur C．vt.克服(困难)；控制(感情)
( )4.region D．n.盈利，利润
( )5.overcome E．vi.发生
( )6.former F．adv.因此；由此
( )7.current G．n.地区，区域
( )8.ordinary H．adj.满意的；满足的
( )9.therefore I．adj.当前的，现时的
( )10.proposal J．adj.以前的，从前的
[答案] 1－5 DHEGC 6－10 JIAFB
B．短语匹配
( )1.stand for A．想出，想到
( )2.thanks to B．调整(情绪)
( )3.come up with C．(使)某人梦想成真
( )4.make sb.'s dream come true
D．代表；容忍
( )5.work through E．幸亏；由于
[答案] 1－5 DEACB
Ⅱ.默写单词
1．poster n． 海报
2．slim adj. 微小的；苗条的；薄的
3．rate n. 比率，率
4．quote n. 引文，引用(的话)
5．founder n. 创办人，创始人
6．parking n. (车辆等的)停放
7．path n. 小径，小道
8．tracking n. 跟踪
9．destination n. 目的地；终点
10．disappear v. 消失，不见
Ⅰ.语境填词
occur；therefore；rate；profit；parking；destination；region；ordinary；slim；overcome
1．This year the airline will be hard pressed to make a profit．
2．How do you manage to stay so slim
3．The needs and opinions of ordinary working people were ignored.
4．Our luggage was checked all the way through to our final destination．
5．The two parties managed to overcome their differences on the issue.
6．We are strongly opposed to the presence of America in this region．
7．He's only 17 and therefore not eligible to vote.
8．There is no parking here between 9：00 a．m.and 6：00 p．m.
9．Such events occur only when the external conditions are favorable.
10．The number of reported crimes is increasing at an alarming rate．
Ⅱ.语法填空之派生词
1．He was one of the founders(found) of the university's medical faculty.
2．Curiously，apart from the event organiser(organise)，no one offered themselves to be filmed by the company.
3．China has always been classed as an agricultural(agriculture) country.
4．Then，they should produce a free proposal(propose) for your client.
5．If cancers are spotted early there's a high chance of survival(survive)．
6．He fought the illness with courage and determination(determine)．
7．His disappearance(disappear) was connected with the robbery.
1．Amsterdam is a good city for cycling because it's flat and therefore convenient for bikes.
阿姆斯特丹是一个骑自行车的好城市，因为它很平坦，因此对骑自行车的人来说很方便。
2．They believed that it would be better for everybody if cars weren't allowed in the city centre and only bicycles were.
他们认为如果市中心不允许汽车进入，只允许自行车进入，对每个人都有好处。
3．People would leave the bike in the place where they finished their journey，so that someone else could then take it and use it from there.
人们会把自行车放在他们结束旅程的地方，这样其他人就可以从那里把它带走并使用它。
4．Thus people who wanted to use them had to take them to another special parking place near their destination and leave them there.
因此，想要使用它们的人必须把它们带到目的地附近的另一个特殊停车场，然后把它们留在那里。
5．Thanks to the ideas and efforts of many people，like the cycling fans of the 1960s and those who enabled the return of “white bikes”，you can now enjoy clean air and easy transport in central Amsterdam.
由于这个提议以及众多人的努力，如20世纪60年代的骑行爱好者和那些让“白色自行车”回归的人，你现在可以在阿姆斯特丹市中心享受干净的空气和便捷的交通。
名师圈点
①benefit n．利益；好处
v．使收益；得益于
②flat adj.平坦的；平滑的
③convenient adj.方便的；便利的
convenience n．方便；便利
④parking n．(车辆等的)停放
⑤amazing adj.令人大为惊奇的；(尤指)令人惊喜(或惊羡、惊叹)的
⑥in the 1960s二十世纪六十年代
⑦come up with想出；想到
⑧hopeful adj.有希望的
⑨transport n．交通工具；交通车辆
⑩come up突然发生；出现
tracking n．跟踪
put in插入
actually adv.实际上；事实上
thus adv.因此
destination n．目的地；终点
thanks to幸亏；由于
effort n．努力
enable vt.使能够
issue n．重要的议题；问题
原文呈现
“WHITE BIKES”ON THE ROAD
People in Amsterdam have been enjoying the benefits①of cycling for years.The idea began about 50 years ago，and was first known as “while bikes”．Amsterdam is a good city for cycling because it's flat②and therefore convenient③ for bikes.There are also plenty of places for bicycle parking④and most streets in the city centre have a bicycle path.Because of its convenience for bicycles，Amsterdam has become very popular with cyclists—an amazing⑤38% of all trips are made by bike.Some people even call Amsterdam “the City of Bicycles”．
Where did the idea of “white bikes” come from？In the 1960s⑥，a group of cycling fans came up with⑦an idea.They believed that it would be better for everybody if cars weren't allowed in the city centre and only bicycles were.They were hopeful⑧that this would help to save energy，reduce pollution and provide free public transport⑨.The group painted hundreds of bicycles white and placed them in many areas around Amsterdam for people to use.Anyone was allowed to take them and use them for short journeys.People would leave the bike in the place where they finished their journey，so that someone else could then take it and use it from there. Soon after，however，problems came up⑩and the “white bikes” all disappeared—thieves stole them all in a matter of weeks!
where引导定语从句修饰先行词the place；so that引导目的状语从句。
In 1999，the “white bikes” returned to Amsterdam—this time with a computer tracking system to record their every move! To take a bicycle，you had to put in a special card.The new “white bikes” were not actually white but painted in bright colours.The bikes were parked at special parking places.Thus people who wanted to use them had to take them to another special parking place near their destination and leave them there.
Thanks to the ideas and efforts of many people，like the cycling fans of the 1960s and those who enabled the return of “white bikes”，you can now enjoy clean air and easy transport in central Amsterdam.
Nowadays，the idea of “white bikes” has pedalled its way around the world and there has been a global increase in bike sharing.
In China，more and more cities have their own “white bike” programmes.Both the locals and tourists like to use shared bikes because bike sharing is a cheap and easy way to save energy，reduce air and noise pollution，and enjoy the benefits of exercise in cities.However，problems can also develop，like the theft of bikes and parking issues .Fortunately，people are trying different ways of solving those problems.Where will bike sharing go in China？You decide.
译文参考
“白色自行车”在路上
阿姆斯特丹的人们多年来一直在享受骑自行车的好处。该理念始于50年前，最初称之为“白色自行车”。阿姆斯特丹是一个骑自行车的好城市，因为它很平坦，因此对骑自行车的人来说很方便。还有很多自行车停车的地方，市中心的大多数街道都有自行车停车场。由于骑自行车很方便，阿姆斯特丹非常受骑自行车的人的欢迎，38%的旅行都是骑自行车。有些人甚至把阿姆斯特丹称为“自行车之城”。
“白色自行车”的理念从何而来？20世纪60年代一群骑行爱好者提出了一个想法。他们认为如果市中心不允许汽车进入，只允许自行车进入，对每个人都有好处。他们希望这将有助于节约能源、减少污染和提供免费公共交通。该组织将数百辆自行车涂成白色，并将它们放置在阿姆斯特丹周边的许多地区供人们使用。任何人都可以骑着它们短途旅行。人们会把自行车放在他们结束旅程的地方，这样其他人就可以从那里把它带走并使用它。然而，不久之后，问题来了，所有的“白色自行车”都消失了——小偷几个星期内把它们全部都偷走了！
1999年，“白色自行车”又回到阿姆斯特丹，这次用电脑跟踪系统记录下它的一举一动！要骑自行车，你得放张特别的卡片。新的“白色自行车”实际上不是白色的，而是用鲜艳的颜色粉刷的。自行车停在专门的停车场。因此，想要使用它们的人必须把它们带到目的地附近的另一个特殊停车场，然后把它们留在那里。
由于这个提议以及众多人的努力，如20世纪60年代的骑行爱好者和那些让“白色自行车”回归的人，你现在可以在阿姆斯特丹市中心享受干净的空气和便捷的交通。
如今，“白色自行车”的理念已经“骑行”全世界，自行车共享也在全球范围内不断增加。
在中国，越来越多的城市有自己的“白色自行车”计划。当地人和游客都喜欢使用共享单车，因为共享单车是一种既便宜又方便的节能方式，可以减少空气和噪音污染，还可以享受到在城市锻炼的好处。然而问题也会发展，比如偷自行车和停车问题。幸运的是人们正试图用不同的方法来解决这些问题。共享单车在中国将何去何从？你自己决定。
速读P36－37教材课文，完成下列任务
Ⅰ.阅读判断
判断下列句子提供的信息是正确，还是错误，还是没有提及。
1．It is convenient to cycle a bike in Amsterdam.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
2．The government came up with the idea of “white bikes”．
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
3．The programme of “white bikes” got along well in Amsterdam.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
4．In 1999，you can park the bike anywhere after you finish your journey.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
5．There are no problems about bike sharing in China.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
[答案] 1－5 ABBBB
Ⅱ.补全信息
选择正确选项填入空白处，补全所给句子提供的信息。
A．who enabled the return of “white bikes”
B．who wanted to use the bicycles
C．where they finished their journey
D．that it would be better for everybody
E．because bike sharing is a cheap and easy way to save energy
1．Cycling fans believed if cars weren't allowed in the city centre.
2．People would leave the bike in the place in the 1960s.
3．People had to take them to another special parking place near their destination.
4．Thanks to the ideas and efforts of many people，like those ，you can now enjoy clean air and easy transport in central Amsterdam.
5．In China，both locals and tourists like to use shared bikes ．
[答案] 1－5 DCBAE
Ⅲ.表格填空
Time Facts about “white bikes” in Amsterdam
In the 1960s A group of cycling fans believed that it would be better for everybody if cars weren't allowed 1.in the city centre and only bicycles were.They 2.painted hundreds of bicycles white and placed them in many areas for people to use.Soon after, the“white bikes” all 3.disappeared.
In 1999 The “white bikes” 4.returned to Amsterdam.And a computer 5.tracking system was used to record their every move.The new “white bikes” were not actually white but painted in 6.bright colours and were parked at 7.special parking places.
Now The idea of “white bikes” has 8.spread around the world and there has been 9.a global increase in bike sharing.In China, more and more cities have their own “white bike” programmes.However, problems also develop and people are trying different ways of 10.solving those problems.
细读P36－37教材课文，完成下列任务
Ⅰ.主旨匹配
1．Para.1 A．Its return.
2．Para.2 B．Its origin.
3．Para.3 C．Its future.
4．Paras.4～5 D．The city of bikes.
5．Para.6 E．Its spread.
[答案] 1－5 DBAEC
Ⅱ.单项选择
1．Nowadays some people call Amsterdam “the City of Bicycles” because ．
A．there are more bicycles there than in other places
B．it is convenient for bikes there
C．all the people there like riding bicycles
D．it produces many bicycles every year
2．From the text we know that the first “white bikes” plan failed because ．
A．the government disagreed with the idea
B．riding bikes was too dangerous
C．thieves stole all the bikes
D．this idea was too difficult to carry out
3．The “white bikes” have the following effects except ．
A．saving energy
B．reducing pollution
C．making the city more crowded
D．providing free public transport
4．How does the “white bikes” plan work thirty years later
A．All the bikes are parked at special parking places.
B．All the bikes should be kept properly by special people.
C．Enough room is left for keeping bicycles.
D．By using both computer and special parking places.
5．What do people use if they want to take a “white bike” in the city
A．A white key. B．A special card.
C．A special computer. D．A common chip.
[答案] 1－5 BCCDB
Ⅲ.读后续写/概要写作微技能
A．阅读课文中含有条件许可的语句。
1．They believed that it would be better for everybody if cars weren't allowed in the city centre and only bicycles were.
2．Anyone was allowed to take them and use them for short journeys.
3．To take a bicycle，you had to put in a special card.
B．判断下列语句中哪些不是表示条件许可的语句。
1．It's a good city for cycling because it's flat and therefore convenient for bikes.
2．People who wanted to use them had to take them to another special parking place.
3．You can now enjoy clean air and easy transport in central Amsterdam.
[答案] 3
1．found vt.创建；创办→founder n．创办人，创始者
2．organise vt.组织；安排→organiser n．组织者，安排者→organisation n．组织；安排
3．agriculture n．农业→agricultural adj.农业的
4．propose v．提议；建议；打算→proposal n．建议，提议
5．survive v．继续存在；幸存；幸免于难；艰难度过；比……活(或存在)的时间长→survivor n．幸存者；幸免者→survival n．继续生存，幸存
6．determine v．决定→determined adj.坚决的；坚定的→determination n．决心；毅力
7．disappear vi.消失，不见→disappearance n．消失；不见
overcome vt. 克服(困难)；控制(感情)；战胜；受到……极大影响
①She overcame injury to win the Olympic gold medal. 克服
②Her parents were overcome with grief at the funeral.
受到……极大影响
③Molly had fought and overcome her fear of flying. 战胜
Words and Phrases
stand for代表；容忍
(教材P34) What does NPO stand for
NPO代表什么？
[例1] The party is trying to give the impression that it alone stands for democracy.
该党正试图让大家觉得只有它才是民主的代表。
[例2] I'm not standing for it any longer.
这种事我再也不能容忍了。
[造句] VOA代表《美国之音》。
VOA stands for the Voice of America.
[知识拓展]
stand against 抵抗，反抗，靠在……上，经受住
stand back 退后，靠后站
stand by 袖手旁观，站在一起，帮助，维持
stand out 突出，出色，显著
stand up for sb./sth. 支持、维护某人/某物
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①That fence can not stand against the wind.
②The police ordered the crowd to stand back．
③So just how do you stand out from the competition
come up with想出；想到
(教材P36) In the 1960s，a group of cycling fans came up with an idea.
20世纪60年代一群骑行爱好者提出了一个想法。
[例1] Several of the members have come up with suggestions of their own.
有几位成员提出了自己的建议。
[例2] He can come up with a convincing explanation.
他能说出令人信服的解释。
[造句] 我们希望你能想出一个比这更好的计划。
We hope you can come up with a plan better than this.
[知识拓展]
come up to 走近
come up 发生；被提及(无被动式)
come out 出来；出版；开花
come across (偶然)遇见；碰到
come about 发生
come at 扑向
come to 达到；总计
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He is coming up to Peking University next term.
②When will the matter come up for discussion
③This book is about to come out in Britain，and later in France and in Spain.
④They didn't know how the change had come about．
[小片段助记]
The other day when I was walking in the street，I came across Wang Lei，an old friend of mine.She told me a story of her brother's.He once saw a dog come at a boy，which made the boy die of a disease related to a dog disease.At that time，he came up with the idea to learn medicine and find a cure for the disease.Last month，his experiment for the drug came out very successful and it was predicted that the number of people who can benefit from his research will come to 1 million a year.
(教材P106) Ms Yi had a contented life until a terrible event occurred which changed her life.
易女士一直过着知足的生活，直到一件可怕的事情的发生改变了她的生活。
(1)contented adj.满意的；满足的
[例1] Whenever he returns to this place he is happy and contented.
每次回到这个地方，他都十分快乐，心满意足。
[例2] His face relaxes into a contented smile.
他面部肌肉放松下来，露出了满意的微笑。
[造句] 年轻人往往对自己的工作不很满意。
Young people are usually less contented with their work.
[知识拓展]
content n． 内容
vt. 使满意，使满足
adj. 满意的，满足的
be content to do sth.＝be willing/ready to do sth.
乐意做某事；满足于做某事
be content with sth.＝be satisfied/pleased with sth.
对某事满意/满足
content oneself with sth. 满足于……；对……感到满意
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①That rich man is tired of city life，so he is content to live(live) in the country.
②To be honest，I'm very content with my life at present.
③We should never content ourselves (us)with book knowledge only.
[小片段助记]
Though he isn't content with his present salary，he is content to remain where he is now. As a matter of fact，a beer every meal is enough to content him.
(2)occur vi.发生，出现；被想到(起)
[例1] When exactly did the incident occur
这一事件究竟是什么时候发生的？
[例2] The crash occurred when the crew shut down the wrong engine.
机务人员关错了引擎，随即飞机坠毁。
[造句] 伊丽莎白也想到了这个主意。
The same idea had occurred to Elizabeth.
[知识拓展]
(1)sth.occurs to sb. 某人突然想到某事
it occurs/occurred to sb.to do sth.
某人突然想到要做某事
it occurs/occurred to sb.that... ……的念头/想法出现在某人的头脑里
(2)occurrence 发生的事情；存在的事物
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
① Now it occurred to him that his farm had much potential.
② Didn't it occur to you to phone(phone) them about it
[名师点津]
表示 “某人想起……”的短语还有： sth. strikes/hits sb., es to sb.等。
proposal n．建议，提议
(教材P106－107) The local government agreed with her proposal to plant one million trees in the region over ten years.
当地政府同意她的提议，在10年内在该地区种植100万棵树。
[例1] His proposal that the system should be changed was rejected.
他提的关于修改制度的建议被拒绝了。
[例2] The proposal has not yet passed the discussion stage.
这个提案还没有通过讨论阶段。
[造句] 新建一条高速铁路的提议遭到了强烈反对。
The proposal for a new high speed railway met with strong opposition.
[知识拓展]
propose vt. 提议，建议；打算；提名
propose sth./doing sth. 建议做某事
propose to do sth./doing sth. 打算做某事
propose sth.to sb. 向某人提议某事/求婚
propose that...(should) do sth. 建议(某人)做某事
propose sb.for sth./propose sb.as sth.
推荐某人担任
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①She proposed that the book (should) be banned(ban)．
②And where do you propose building/to build(build) such a huge thing
③I would like to propose a vote of thanks to our host.
survival n．继续生存，幸存
(教材P107) Now the trees have a survival rate of 85%.
现在这些树的成活率是85%。
[例1] His only chance of survival was a heart transplant.
只有进行心脏移植，他才有望活下去。
[例2] All living beings are endowed with an instinct for survival.
生物都有求生存的本能。
[造句] 必须有出口，才能维持我们的经济。
Exporting is necessary for our economic survival.
[知识拓展]
(1)survive vi. 幸存；生存下来
vt. 幸免于；从……中生还
survive sth. 在……中幸免于难，挺过……
survive (from sth.) (从……中)存活下来/留存下来
survive(on sth.) (靠……)存活
survive as sth. 作为……继续存在
survive sb.by...years 比某人多活了……年
(2)survivor n. 幸存者
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Harry survived his wife by three months.
②A plane crashed yesterday，and there were no survivors (survive)．
③I wonder how they can survive on such poor income.
[小片段助记]
The little girl was the only survivor who survived the strong earthquake.She told the reporter that she had to survive on little food during the days when she was buried.I think her survival was a real wonder.
Sentence Patterns
年代表达法
(教材P36) In the 1960s，a group of cycling fans came up with an idea.
20世纪60年代一群骑行爱好者提出了一个想法。
[句式分析]
句中的“In the 1960s”表示“在20世纪60年代”。 表示在某个世纪的几十年代，用“in the＋年份(尾数为0)＋s/'s”。有时年份前还可加修饰词early/middle/late，表示在“某世纪某年代的早期/中期/后期”。
[例1] In the 1980s，American exports crowded out European films.
20世纪80年代美国出口影片把欧洲影片挤出了市场。
[例2] Finally，in the 1940s a significant breakthrough was made.
终于，在20世纪40年代，一个重要的突破性的进展产生了。
[造句] 我与他初次相识是在20世纪60年代早期。
I first made his acquaintance in the early 1960s.
[知识拓展]
“in one's＋逢十的基数词的复数”意为“在某人几十岁的时候”。
in his teens 在他十几岁时
in her twenties 在她20多岁时
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①She became a household name in the early 1960s.
②My daughter preferred to dance when she was in her twenties(twenty)．
not...but...不是……，而是……
(教材P37) The new “white bikes” were not actually white but painted in bright colours.
新的“白色自行车”实际上不是白色的，而是用鲜艳的颜色粉刷的。
[句式分析]
句中的not...but...表示“不是……，而是……”，连接两个并列的句子成分，当连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词必须与靠近的主语的人称和数保持一致。
[例1] Reading is fun，not because the writer is telling you something，but because it makes your mind work.
读书之所以有趣，不是由于作者告诉了你什么，而是由于书本促使你思考。
[例2] I did it not because I liked it but because I had to do it.
我做这事不是因为我喜欢它，而是因为我必须做。
[造句] 不是他说的话而是他做的事令人难忘。
It is not the words he says but the things he does are unforgetable.
[知识拓展]
除了not...but...应用就近原则，常见的用就近原则的词组还有：either...or...；neither...not...；not only...but also...等。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Either I or Mary decides(decide) to take part in the competition.
②Not only his friends but also Tom wants(want) to go to the cinema.
教材 高考
1.In the 1960s, a group of cycling fans came up with an idea. (2020·全国卷Ⅱ)She's trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco friendly.
2.Ms Yi had a contented life until a terrible event occurred which changed her life. (2020·全国卷Ⅲ) We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago.
3.The local government agreed with her proposal to plant one million trees in the region over ten years. (2019·天津卷)Submit a topic proposal to your history teacher.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．What makes his parents worry is not his grades but that he hasn't any interest in learning.
2．She recalled a man in his thirties(thirty) who came knocking on her door.
3．Police are investigating the disappearance(disappear) of a young woman.
4．It didn't occur to her to ask for help.
5．He stood out in terms of competence from all his fellows.
6．She is quite content to live(live) at home with her parents.
7．The proposal that safety standards should be raised(raise) was pooh poohed by the committee.
8．The main place of human survival(survive) and the development is community.
9．The subject came up during a pre dinner drink with our guests.
10．In the 1890s，the city hosted China's first public film show as part of a teahouse variety bill.
Ⅱ.短语填空
stand for；come up with；make sb.'s dream come true；thanks to；work through
1．We are working through the negative feelings generated during the day.
2．I believe in myself，I'm sure I can make my dream come true．
3．It's outrageous，and we won't stand for it any more.
4．Thanks to your help，we accomplished the task ahead of schedule.
5．She came up with a new suggestion to solve the problem.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
Amsterdam is a city where people enjoy 1.cycling (cycle) because it's flat.Cycling fans in Amsterdam first had the idea of “white bikes” in the 1960s.They painted hundreds of bikes white and left them around the city centre for anybody 2.to use (use) because they were 3.hopeful (hope) that this would help to save energy, reduce pollution and provide free public transport.4.Unfortunately (fortunate), in a matter of weeks, the “white bikes” all 5.disappeared (disappear)．In 1999，the“white bikes” returned to Amsterdam—this time with some high tech security measures, for example a computer tracking system.Now bike sharing programmes 6.like “white bikes” have become popular all around the world, 7.including(include) China, 8.where more and more people use shared bikes in cities.9.But problems do sometimes develop, like the theft of bikes and parking issues.However, people are trying different ways of 10.solving (solve) those problems.
动词和名词
[观察例句]
1．Climate change is a terrible problem...
2．Every individual matters.
3....you can now enjoy clean air and easy transport in central Amsterdam.
4．Leave a light on when you go out.
5．What is “Just me ism”？
6．In the 1960s，a group of cycling fans came up with an idea.
[归纳用法]
一、动词的种类
动词的种类包括实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词。
(一)实义动词
实义动词是能独立作谓语的动词。按其句法功能可分为及物动词和不及物动词。
1．及物动词
及物动词本身意义不完整，需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。
(1)动词＋宾语
I like this book very much.
我非常喜欢这本书。
(2)动词＋宾语＋宾补
We call the bird Polly.
我们叫这只鸟波莉。
I saw the children play in the park yesterday.
昨天我看见孩子们在公园玩。
[名师点津]
用省略to的不定式或现在分词作宾补的动词有：have，see，watch，notice，hear等。
(3)动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
Please pass me the salt.
请把盐递给我。
常见的带双宾语的动词有：give，bring，buy，get，leave，lend，make，offer，pass，teach，tell等。
2．不及物动词
不及物动词自身意思完整，无需接宾语。
Horses run fast.
马跑得很快。
(1)有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。
We study English.
我们学习英语。(及物动词)
We study hard.
我们努力学习。(不及物动词)
(2)有些不及物动词与一些别的词搭配在一起构成动词短语，它的作用相当于一个及物动词。
①动词＋介词
Listen to the teacher carefully.
仔细听老师讲。
[名师点津]
此类动词短语后面的宾语无论是名词还是代词，都只能放在介词后面，不能放在动词和介词之间。
②动词＋副词＋介词
Let's go on with our work!
让我们继续我们的工作吧！
He gets along well with his classmates.
他与同学们相处得很好。
实义动词按其持续性可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。
1．延续性动词
延续性动词表示动作是可以持续的，和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：live，study，work，keep，teach等。
We have lived in Suzhou since 2001.
自2001年以来，我们一直住在苏州。
You can keep this book for two weeks.
这本书你可以借两周。
2．非延续性动词
非延续性动词表示瞬间动作，动作一旦发生立即结束，如：buy，lend，borrow，die，begin，stop，finish，arrive，join，go，come，catch等，非延续性动词不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。如果和表示一段时间的状语连用，就要用其他的词代替。
The old man has been dead for two years.
那个老人已经去世两年了。(这里不能用has died)
He arrived here five days ago.
他五天前到这儿的。
[即学即练1] 单句语法填空
①Betty will ring me up when she arrives(arrive)in Beijing.
②The population of the world is still increasing(increase) now.
③The country music often reminds(remind) me of my parents and friends.
(二)系动词
系动词本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语，用于说明主语的状态、性质、特征或身份。
1．表示状态
常见的有：be“是”；stay“保持”；keep“保持”；remain“保持”等。
It remains a secret.它现在还是个秘密。
2．表示感官、表象
常见的有：look“看起来”；feel“摸起来”；smell“闻起来”；sound“听起来”；taste“尝起来”等。
The flowers smell sweet.花闻起来很香。
3．表示转变和结果
常见的有：become“变成”；get/turn/grow“变得”等。
Her face turns red.她的脸红了。
[即学即练2] 单句语法填空
①Physics is(be) more difficult than Chinese.Do you think so
②When spring comes，the weather gets(get) warm.
(三)助动词
助动词本身没有意义，它只是帮助实义动词或系动词构成谓语，表示疑问、否定、时态、语态等。有些单词并不是固定的助动词，如动词be、have、do等在句子中与实义动词或系动词一起构成各种时态、语态、否定句、疑问句时，才能担当起助动词的作用。常见的助动词还有will，shall，would，should等。
(四)情态动词
情态动词本身有一定的词义，不表示动作或状态，而仅仅表示说话人的态度。不能独立作谓语，只能和动词原形一起构成谓语。
情态动词 用法 否定式 疑问式与简答
can 能力(体力，智力，技能)；允许或许可(口语中常用)；可能性(表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中) can not /can't do Can...do...？Yes，...can.No，...can't.
couldn't do
could
may 可以(问句中表示请求)；可能，或许(表推测)；祝愿(用于倒装句中) may not do May...do...？Yes，...may.No，...mustn't/can't.
might 可能 might not do Might...do...？Yes，...might.No，...might not.
must 必须，应该(表主观要求)；肯定，想必(肯定句中表推测) must not/ mustn't do Must...do...？Yes，...must.No，...needn't/don't have to.
have to 只好，不得不(客观的必须，有时态、人称变化) don't have to do Do...have to do...？Yes，...do.No，...don't.
ought to 应当(表示义务、责任，口语中多用should) ought not to/oughtn't to do Ought...to o...？Yes，...ought.No，...oughtn't.
shall 将要，会(用于一、三人称征求对方意见；用于二、三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等) shall not/ han't do Shall...do...？Yes，...shall.No，...shan't.
should 应当，应该(表义务、责任)；本该(含有责备意味) should not/ shouldn't do Should...do...？
will 意愿，决心，请求，建议(用在问句中would比较委婉) will not/won't do Will...do...？Yes，...will.No，...won't.
would would not/ wouldn't do
dare 敢(常用于否定句和疑问句中) dare not/ daren't do Dare...do...？Yes，...dare.No，...daren't.
need 需要，必须(常用于否定句和疑问句中) need not/ needn't do Need...do...？Yes，...must.No，...needn't.
used to 过去常常(现在已不再) used not/ use(d)n't/to dodidn't useto do Used...todo...？Yes，...used.No，...use(d)n't.Did...useto do...？Yes，...did.No，...didn't.
[即学即练3] 用适当的情态动词填空
①In Britain，you must be 18 if you want to drive a car.
②—Is that Mr.Li in the classroom
—No，it can't be him.He's in the office now.
③—Must I finish the work today，Mum
—No，you needn't．You can finish it tomorrow.
二、名词
(一)名词的分类
名词是表示人或事物名称的词，它分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词包括个体名词和集体名词，有单数和复数之分；不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词，没有复数形式。
词条 用法 例词
普通名词 可数名词 个体名词 表示个体的人或事物的词 book，desk，table，bike，plane
集体名词 表示一群人或一些事物的词 family，class，police，team，group
不可数名词 物质名词 表示构成各种物体的物质或材料的词 glass，water，air，paper，wood
抽象名词 表示状态、品质、行为、感情等抽象概念的词 danger，health，love，success，interest
专有名词 表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等名称的词 Alice，Canada，the Great Wall
(二)名词的语法作用
1．作主语
名词在句中可作多种成分，作主语是其最常见的用法。
The sun is rising.
太阳升起来了。
2．作宾语
名词在句中常作动词或介词的宾语。
I bought an MP3 for my son last week.
上周我给儿子买了个MP3。
You must look after your sister.
你必须照看好你的妹妹。
3．作表语
Lucy is my cousin.
露西是我的表妹。
4．作宾语补足语
We chose Jack our monitor.
我们选杰克当我们的班长。
5．作定语
(1)名词作定语一般用单数形式。
There is an apple tree in our yard.
在我们的院子里有一棵苹果树。
(2)man，woman用于名词前作定语时，其形式与所修饰的名词一致，即man，woman后用单数名词，men，women后用复数名词。
They are all men teachers.
他们都是男教师。
A woman doctor is sitting in the room.
有位女医生正坐在房间里。
(3)个别名词用复数形式作定语。
Our sports meeting was put off because of the heavy rain.
因为大雨我们的运动会被推迟了。
[即学即练4] 单句语法填空
①There are three apple trees(tree) in front of the small house.
②The hospital needs two men(man) doctors.
③Three days is(be) really a short time.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The club provides a wide variety of activities(activity) including tennis，swimming and cycling.
2．Her teeth(tooth) are false，but they look very natural.
3．Chinese arts have won the appreciation(appreciate) of a lot of people outside China.
4．Usually a child's behavior is a reflection(reflect) of his family environment.
5．Can I have a word with you？It won't take long.
6．The children dressed the rabbit up and planned(plan) to take her to the head.
7．The number of the students in our school was(be) about 1，000，but now 1，300.
8．I believe you will make(make) a famous singer some day.
9．What great fun it sounds like buying(buy) my cousin a toy lorry!
10．Look! Max's legs are so long，but they each fit(fit) well under his desk.
Ⅱ.短文语法填空
English is now the first language of about 400 million people，the mother language of 12 1.countries(country) and the official language of one fifth of the land area of the world，which 2.means(mean) one in every seven people in the world speaks English.
More and more people have found it important 3.to learn(learn) English well in recent years.In Italy，for example，English is a must for many technical 4.jobs(job)．In China，English is the most important foreign language that is learned at school.
The English language has never stopped 5.changing(change)．It always borrows words and phrases from other cultures to enlarge its vocabulary.6.Actually(actual)，modern English is quite different from what 7.was used(use) hundreds of years ago.
English is so widely used that it has become the standard language for communicating internationally.About 75% of the world's mail 8.is(be) in English.About 60% of the world's telephone calls are made in English and about 60% of the world's radio programs are 9.broadcast(broadcast) in English.What's more，over half of the world's books and 10.magazines(magazine) are written in English.In a word，English is now the world's first language.
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23Section Ⅲ Reading & Writing
阅读教材P40中的材料，选出最佳选项。
1．What percentage of the population have tried to recycle waste
A．96. B．4.
C．70. D．90.
2．What percentage of the population have taken measures to save water
A．51. B．40.
C．38. D．70.
[答案] 1－2 DC
Words and Phrases
cut back on削减，缩减
(教材P40) ...and more than two thirds(70%) had tried to cut back on the use of disposable packaging...
……超过三分之二(70%)的人试图减少一次性包装的使用……
[例1] The Government has cut back on defence spending.
政府已经削减了国防开支。
[例2] They haven't had to cut back on schools and educational spending.
他们还没有削减对学校和教育的开支。
[造句] 如果我们的销量不会更好的话，我们将减少产量。
If we cannot sell more，we will have to cut back on production.
[知识拓展]
cut across/through 抄近路穿过
cut in 插嘴，打断(谈话)
cut off 切断(供应)，中断(电话通话等)；断绝
cut down 砍倒，削减，裁小
cut up 切碎
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①It is impolite of children to cut in when their seniors are talking.
②The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers are repairing one of the main pipes.
majority n．大多数
(教材P40) Also，the majority of residents have cycled or walked.
此外，大多数居民骑自行车或步行。
[例1] The majority of people interviewed prefer TV to radio.
大多数接受采访的人都喜欢看电视多于听收音机。
[例2] The bill was approved by a large majority.
这项法案得到了绝大多数人的支持。
[造句] 大多数在这里工作的外国人都有工作许可证。
The majority of foreign nationals working here have work permits.
[知识拓展]
(1)in a/the majority 占大多数
by/with a majority 以……的多数
(2)major adj. 主要的
n. 主修科目；专业；某专业的学生
v. 主修
major in 主修……科目
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The majority of doctors believe smoking is harmful to health.
②The majority was/were(be) in favour of banning smoking.
③In the nursing profession，women are in a/the majority.
[名师点津]
the majority作主语时，谓语动词用单复数形式均可；the/a majority of＋名词作主语时，谓语动词的数与该名词的数一致。
sum vt.概括，总结 n．总数，款项
(教材P40) To sum up，it seems that almost all who took part understood the need to help take care of the environment.
综上所述，几乎所有参加的人都明白有必要帮助保护环境。
[例1] You will be fined the sum of ￡200.
你将被罚款200英镑。
[例2] Will you please sum up the main idea of this article
请把这篇文章的大意归纳一下。
[造句] 他正积蓄一笔钱以便买一幢住宅供全家居住。
He is saving a sum of money to buy a home for his family.
[知识拓展]
sum up 总结，概括；总达
in sum 简言之；总而言之
to sum up 总之；概括地说
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①To sum up，the proposals fall into nine categories.
②In sum，the two countries are now true economic partners.
indicate vt.表明；显示
(教材P40) This indicates that the residents needed to pay more attention to these two activities.
这说明居民需要更加关注这两项活动。
[例1] Research indicates that eating habits are changing fast.
研究显示，饮食习惯正迅速改变。
[例2] A red sky at night often indicates fine weather next day.
夜空呈红色往往预兆第二天天气晴朗。
[造句] 早期的结果预示这个政府将重新执政。
Early results indicate that the government will be returned to power.
[知识拓展]
(1)indicate to sb. 向某人示意
indicate sth.(to sb.) (向某人)指示；指出
indicate that... 表示……；示意……
(2)indication n. 暗示；表示；预兆
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He indicated to me that we could never be good friends again.
②He raised his glass and indicated that I should do the same.
③There are clear indications(indicate) that the economy is improving.
预测推断类
预测推断类题一般是预测接下来的内容或者事情的结局。需要我们把握全文线索，尤其是最后一段内容的主题。
[例文]
Still，I was more concerned about my husband's emotional state than our financial situation.David's sense of identity was tied to his job.He called his parents to tell them about losing his job，but didn't say a word to anyone else for weeks.He told me that he felt like “a failure”．
It was tough for me to watch David struggle with unemployment.One night a couple of weeks after he lost his job，David woke me just before midnight，sweating，pacing the bedroom floor and saying he felt funny.We spent the night in the emergency room waiting to see if he had a heart attack.Thankfully，it was just a serious anxiety attack.It was then that I knew I needed to do more to understand what my husband was going through.Here is what I learned from my own experience—and from talking to experts—on how to support your spouse through a job loss.
◆What will be talked about in the next part of the passage
A．What the writer did to help get some income.
B．How David suffered from the heart attack and the treatment.
C．How the writer supported David to get through the jobless period.
D．Why the insurance company fired David.
C [推理判断题。根据文章最后一句“这里是我从自己的经历以及专家的交谈中学习到的关于如何帮助自己的丈夫度过失业期”可知，选C。]
[即学即练] 请快速确定下面这段文字后面会接着叙述的内容。
In addition，positive affirmations (肯定) can certainly change your self talk from negative to positive.Now，why not begin working positive affirmations into your life in some creative ways
◆What will probably be talked about in the following paragraph
A．How negative self talk influences a person.
B．How positive self talk reduces stress in one's life.
C．Some great ways of making great friends.
D．Some creative ways of practicing positive affirmations.
[答案] D
调查报告
写调查报告要写明调查的原因、调查过程、调查结果以及你得出的结论。
[基本框架]
1．开头(beginning)——调查的原因
2．主体(body)——过程和结果
3．结尾(ending)——你的观点
[常用词块]
1．attach great importance to重视；强调
2．be engaged in忙于……
3．cater one's need满足某人的需要
4．count on依靠；依赖
5．be abundant in 富有……
6．be desperate for渴望得到……
[常用语句]
★精彩开头
1．I have recently made a survey among 300 boys and 300 girls in my school about their purposes of surfing the Internet.
最近我对我校的300名男生和300名女生进行了调查，看他们上网做什么。
2．Last week，we did/conducted/carried out a survey among all the students in our school on the time they spent in sleeping every day.
上周，我们就每天的睡眠时间对全校学生进行了调查。
3．Recently，in our school we made a survey which shows that more and more students have become near sighted.
近期，我们学校做的一项调查表明越来越多的学生变得近视。
★正文佳句
1．From the above table，we can conclude (that) over 20% of the teenagers are addicted to smoking.
根据上表，我们可以得出如下结论：超过20%的青少年吸烟上了瘾。
2．As is shown in the above table，Senior Three students spend the least time in sleeping.
如上表所示，高三学生睡眠时间最少。
3．As can be seen from the table above，more than 70% of the students have formed a very good habit of studying.
从上表可以看出，70%以上的学生已经形成了良好的学习习惯。
★余味结尾
1．As far as I am concerned，effective measures should be instantly taken to help students to spend more time on sleep.
在我看来，应该立即采取有效措施来帮助学生获得更多的休息时间。
2．From my own perspective，we should take action to help students to make good use of their study time.
在我看来，我们应当采取措施帮助学生好好利用学习时间。
3．In a word，people are now having a more convenient life.
总之，现在人们正过着更加便利的生活。
下面图表是对我省某校高三学生选择高考志愿时所考虑因素的调查结果。请根据图表，用英语写一篇简要的报告，并说说你自己的观点。
注意：1.词数80左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3.文章的开头已写好，不计入总词数。
Some senior middle school graduates have different opinions on how to choose their majors and universities.
[学生习作]
Some senior middle school graduates have different opinions on how to choose their majors and universities.35% students think they should make the choice based on their interest.They think interest is important for them to succeed.About 45% students think the need of the society is more important.There are also about 20% students who find it difficult to make a choice.In my view, interest is the most significant of all.Only with interest can you study well. 名师点评：1．该篇习作内容完整，能够涵盖图表的内容，能够阐明自己的观点，符合写作要求。2．能够使用非谓语动词、定语从句、倒装句、形式宾语等句式写作，显示出扎实的基本功。3．能够使用一些高级词汇写作，如：significant, in one's view等。
[升格作文]
Some senior middle school graduates have different opinions on how to choose their majors and universities.
About 35% of the students insist that the choice should be based on their own interest.They say interest is the way leading to success.About 45% of the students, consider it is the need of the society that matters a lot.Interestingly, there are about 20% of the students who find it difficult to make a choice.
In my opinion, interest is the most important of all.Without interest you can't study the subject very well and may have more difficulties with your career.
假设你是李华，你在9月6日给当地环保局写了一份报告，报告你们家乡的北湖(North Lake)的现状，内容包括：
1．北湖曾经是旅游景点，水清鱼多；
2．现在由于工农业污染和当地渔民的过度捕捞，湖水受到污染，鱼类资源几近枯竭；
3．你的建议……
注意：1.介绍上述所有内容，并适当发挥；
2.词数80左右。
参考词汇：环保局The Bureau of Environmental Protection
【参考范文】
To：The Bureau of Environmental Protection
From：Li Hua
Date：6th September
Subject：The Situation of North Lake
North Lake used to be a place of interest，whose water was very clear，and there were various fish in it.Every year many visitors come to North Lake.But now the situation is becoming worse.Due to the industrial and agricultural waste，the water has been polluted.The fish are becoming fewer and fewer because of the pollution and over fishing.
In conclusion，a certain department needs to do something to handle the problem，or the fish in it will altogether disappear.I think it should improve the local people's awareness of environmental protection.
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7UNIT 8 GREEN LIVING
Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets.
—Xi Jinping
绿水青山就是金山银山。
——习近平
Not a clean environment，then the living conditions favourable meaningless.
—Qu Geping
没有一个清洁的环境，再优裕的生活条件也无意义。
——曲格平
It is usually their own surroundings as a form of free merchandise，I do not know any way to cherish and spoil.
—Gan Harman
我们常把环境看作免费商品而不知珍惜。
——甘哈曼
Low carbon everyday living means that men and women really should try their best to cut down resource consumption (资源消耗) to decrease discharge (排放) of carbon dioxide in order to lessen pollution to atmosphere and relieve deterioration (恶化) of eco environment.
We all know that humans are damaging the environment，but what can we do about it？Some peopleare trying to do their bit to try to be more environmentally friendly.
Local councils in Britain encourage certain aspects of green living，such as recycling paper，tin，plastic and glass.They want to reduce the amount of rubbish going into landfill sites，because they are running out of places to dump rubbish.
Another way of reducing the amount of rubbish you create is to use reusable products instead of disposable ones.
More people are becoming interested in reducing their carbon footprint—the amount of carbon they use up.They try to reduce their carbon emissions by cycling，using public transport or an electric car，rather than driving gas guzzling vehicles.Some people choose not to fly to go on holiday because aeroplanes are the biggest producers of carbon emissions.
You can make “green” choices when buying food too.It's best to buy food which was locally grown or produced so that it hasn't been imported by air，or transported long distances by road.
Houses can be environmentally friendly too.It takes less energy to heat a house if it has good insulation and double glazing.You can also create your own energy if you have solar panels or a wind turbine fitted though these can be expensive.
[探索发现]
1．Find out how many ways to be more environmentally friendly mentioned in the passage
Five.
2．Find out how can you reduce your carbon footprint
By cycling，using public transport or an electric car.
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