2022届高考英语二轮复习:词根词缀与派生课件(53张ppt)

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名称 2022届高考英语二轮复习:词根词缀与派生课件(53张ppt)
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科目 英语
更新时间 2021-12-16 00:00:00

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(共53张PPT)
英语构词法之前缀
Prefix
一:构词法分类
1派生词: 词根 (或单词) 附加前缀、后缀构成新词叫派生词
rich-enrich home-homeless
2 转换法:把一个词由一种词类转用为另一种词类
back n.背- back v.支持 slow adj.慢的-slow v. 减慢
3合成法:由两个或两个以上单词合成一个单词
blackboard hand-made 手工制作的
语法填空中必有一道题是考查词类转换的。考查不同词性在句中的不同用法:
1. 在句中修饰动词或形容词等作状语, 用副词;
2. 在句中作定语、表语或补语, 一般用形容词;
3. 作主语、及物动词或者介词的宾语, 用名词。
观察下列单词,找出单词的前缀
international
transform
superpower
disadvantage
illegal
nonsmoker
underestimate
international
transform
superpower
disadvantage
illegal
nonsmoker
underestimate
派生 : 是通过在词根上加前缀或者后缀构成一个新词
happy --- unhappy
develop --- development
派生法又叫词缀法,中学英语中以派生法生成的词汇占整个中学词汇总量的25%。
前缀一般只引起意思上的变化而不造成词类的变化,只有少数能引起词类的变化。
mis- 错误的 + understand v. 理解
--- misunderstand v. 误解
en + large adj. 大的 --- enlarge v. 扩大
前缀
一个英语单词可以分为三个部分:前缀(prefix),词根(stem)及后缀(suffix)。
第一类:表示正负(或增减)的,如:un- in- im- il- ir- non- mis- mal- dis- anti- de- under- re- over-等;
常见的前缀有如下几类:
单词中位于词根前面的部分就是前缀。前缀,可以改变单词的意思。
一、常见表示否定的前缀
Dis-
In-
Im-
Il-
Ir-
Un-
Non-
Mis-
Anti-
Counter-
1.dis-主要加在名词、形容词,动词之前
缺点
disadvantage
不光彩的
dishonorable
不同意
disagree
拓展:dislike dishonest disappear
distaste(厌恶)disarm(解除武装) disorder
2. in-常加在形容词,名词之前
拓展:
incapable incomparable invaluable
不正确的
incorrect
无能 无力
inability
不准确的
inaccurate
3. im-加在字母m, b, p之前
拓展:
imbalance,impartial(公正的,不偏袒的),impatient,immobile(不能动的)
不道德的
不可能的
impossible
不礼貌的
impolite
immoral
4. il-主要加在以l开头的单词的前边
拓展:
illimitable(无限的)illegible(难以辨认的)
非法的
illegal
文盲的
illiterate
不合逻辑的
illogical
5. ir-放在以r开头的英语单词前面
拓展:
irrational(无理的)irrelevant(不相关的)
不可抵抗的
irresistible
不规则的
irregular
不负责任的
irresponsible
6. un-主要放于名词,形容词,副词前面
拓展:
uncommon,unexpectedly ,uncertain, unlimited, unreasonable, unluckily, unfortunately, unmarried…
未完成的
unfinished
无疑的
undoubted
失业
unemployment
7. non-加在形容词、名词前
拓展:
nonsense, nonsmoker, nonviolent
不存在
non-existence
不主要的
non-essential
非电的
non-electrical
8. mis-加在动词、名词前
拓展:
misjudge误判, misread
误解
misunderstand
误导
misleading
不幸
misfortune
9. anti-加在名词、形容词前边
anti-drug
anti-Japanese
抗日战争
anti-social
厌恶社会的
禁毒
10.最后一个counter-加在名词、动词前
counteract
抵抗阻碍
counterrevolution
反革命
counterattack
反攻 反击
在以下词汇前添加相应的否定前缀
fortunate, correct, complete, visible,
honest, couraged, kind,
necessary, comfortable, possible,
forgettable, polite, usual, spell,
understand, expected, unknown
在以下词汇前添加相应的否定前缀
unfortunate, incorrect, incomplete, invisible,
dishonest, discouraged, unkind,
unnecessary, uncomfortable, impossible, unforgettable, impolite, unusual, misspell, misunderstand, unexpected, unknown
后缀一般只引起词性上的变化而不造成意思的变化。
care v. 照料 --- careful adj. 细心的
work v. 工作 --- worker n. 工人
二.表示“前before”的前缀
1.pre-
preconception(成见),pre-exsiting(先于……而存在的),preface(前言)
2.Ante-
anteroom(前室,接待室),antecessor(先行者,先驱者)
3.Fore-
forehead(前额),foreground(前景),foresee(预见,先见),foretell(预言)
4.Pro-
programme(计划),prologue(序幕)
5.Ex-
ex-president(前任总统)ex-wife(前妻)
三.表示“后-post”的前缀
post-
post-war(战后),post-position(后置词)
四.表示“低”、“下”的前缀
1.Hypo-
Hypocrisy(伪善,虚伪),hypothesis(假设)
2.Sub-
Sub-editor(副编辑),sub-way(地铁),sub-conscious(下意识的),subtitle(副标题)
五.表示“回”、“再次”、“向后”的前缀
1.Re-
Refuel(给…加油),retranslate(再译),reinforce(加强),reconstruct(重建),return(返回)
2.Retro-
Retrograde(倒退的),retrospect(回顾)
六.表示“共同”、“和”的前缀
1.Co-
co-exist(共存),co-operate(合作),co-education(男女同校)
七.表示“相互”、“之间”的前缀
1.Inter-
Interchangeble(可互换的),interdipendent(互相依靠的),international(国际的),inter-national(交往)
八、表示程度、大小的前缀
super- superstar, supermarket, superman, superpower
over- overhead, overeat, overuse
mini- minibus, miniskirt, mini-car
under- underground, under-develop
semi-(半,部分) semicircle, semiskilled
巩固练习,猜测下列单词的意思
illegal
submarine
nonsmoker
underestimate
九.其它的前缀
1.auto-自 automatic(自动的)
2.mal-坏,恶
Malnutrition(营养不良),maltreat(虐待)
3.Micro- Microscope(显微镜)
4.Tele-远
Telegram(电报),telephone(电话),telescope(望
远镜)
7.Bi-,di-二
Biyearly(二年一次的),biweekly(二周一次的),
8.Tri-三 Triangle(三角)
9.Multi-多
multi-colored(颜色多样的),multi-national(多国的)
10.Poly –多
polyatomic(多原子的)
?练习:你知道下列单词的否定形式吗
rational, perfect, logical, fold, certain, convenient, effective, harmony, honest, regular, sincere, responsible, modest, comfortable,
ir
im
il
un
un
in
in
dis
dis
im
ir
ir
un
in
二:派生词
1 常见名词的变化
1) 动词+-er/-or→名词
villager teacher actor operator user performer
2) 动词+–ee→名词( 表示“受动者,行动者”)
interviewee 被采访者 trainee 培训生 payee 收款人
3) -ist 表示“从事……研究者;信 仰……主义者”。如:
pianist钢琴家 scientist科学家 chemist药剂师 artist艺术家
4) -dom 表示“等级,领域,状态”。如:
freedom自由 kingdom王国 wisdom智慧
5)以–ent/ant结尾的形容词→ -ance/ence结尾的名词
confident(confidence) patient(patience)
convenient (convenience) elegant(elegance)
different(difference)
violent(violence) distant(distance)
present(presence) absent(absence)
intelligent(intelligence)智力
competent (competence)能力,胜任,称职
current -currency
fluent -fluency urgent-urgency
frequent-frequency efficient-efficiency
注意:特殊–ent结尾的形容词→ -ency结尾的名词
6) 动词+(a)tion/sion→名词
● express /graduate /impress / devote
-expression/graduation/impression/devotion
● persuade/divide /decide /conclude/expand
persuasion/division/decision/conclusion/expansion
● admit/ permit
admission/permission
observe/consider/ transport /determine/organize/invite
observation/consideration/transportation/organization/invitation
●注意:compete /apply/ solve /intend
compete----competition
apply----application
solve----solution
intend---intention
7)动词+ment→名词
agree-agreement
adjust-adjustment
acknowledge-acknowledgement
arrange-arrangement
argue-argument govern-government
punish-punishment
employ-employment
entertain-entertainment
announce-announcement
appoint-appointment
encourage-encouragement
8)动词/形容词+y →名词
difficult-difficulty modest-modesty
recover-recovery deliver -delivery
injure-injury discover-discovery
honest-honesty
注意:secure- security safe- safety brave-bravery
9) 形容词/动词+th→ 名词
strong-strength wide-width long-length
deep-depth warm-warmth grow-growth
10) 形容词+ ness→名词
kind-kindness happy----happiness
11)动词→al结尾的名词
arrive-arrival survive-survival
approve-approval propose-proposal
refuse-refusal
2.常见形容词的后缀
1)名词+-ful/-less(意思与原词相反) →形容词
care careful careless
power powerful powerless
hope hopeful hopeless
pain painful painless
use useful useless
2) 名词+y →形容词
dust- /dirt- /salt-/wind-/ fog-/water-/rain- /sun-/cloud-/taste-
fog-foggy sun-sunny taste-tasty
health-/wealth-
3) 名词/动词 +- able /-ible → 形容词
rely-reliable terror-terrible value-valuable
belief-believable forgive-forgivable
change-changable consider-considerable
comfort-comfortable
4)名词+al→形容词
nature—natural person---personal
nation---national education---educational
5)名词+ly→形容词
love-lovely live-lively friend-friendly
dead-deadly week-weekly
6) 动词的2个形容词
frighten (frightening/frightened)
terrify (terrifying/terrified)
amaze (amazing/amazed)
astonish (astonishing/astonished)
shock (shocking/shocked)
surprise (surprising/surprised)
puzzle (puzzling/puzzled)
disappoint (disappointing/disappointed)
excite(exciting/excited)
interest(interesting/interested)
3常见副词的后缀
1)-ly表示方式或程度。
personal→ personally 个人地
entire-entirely(注意true- truly)
angry→ angrily生气地
terrible →terribly可怕地
flexible- flexibly possible-possibly
simple- simply probable-probably
2) -ward(s)朝……,向……
back→ backwards 向后 up→ upwards 向上 out→ outwards 向外
3) –wide 用于名词之后表范围。
nation→ nationwide 全国性地 world → worldwide 全世界地
4常见动词的后缀
1)-(e)n使成为,引起,使有
某些形容词后-(e)n weak →weaken(使)虚弱,减弱 short→ shorten缩短 sharp→ sharpen(使)变锋利,明朗
2) –ize/-ise 做成,变成,……化
real→ realize意识到 
organ→ organize组织 apology →apologize道歉
modern→ modernize使现代化
normal→ normalize 使正常化
civil-civilize 使文明
3)某些名词后-(e)n 
fright→ frighten(使)惊吓 length→ lengthen加长   strength → strengthen加强
-en放在某些形容词前 rich-enrich large-enlarge
4) –(i)fy 使……化,使成
beauty→ beautify美化  pure→ purify提纯 
simple →simplify使简 class →classify.分类
quality→ qualify取得资格(或学历)
1. It is your ________ (free) to do what you want in your future.
2. He devoted much money to building schools in a lot of ____________(mountain) areas.
3. Unfortunately, my car broke down on a _______ (mud) road.
4. To make myself _________, I would do some _________exercise after work. (relax)
5. His teacher took a deep breath, smiled _________ (warm), and thanked his student for the sweet candy.
6.They drank together and talked ________ (merry) till far into the night.
freedom
mountainous
muddy
relaxed
relaxing
warmly
merrily
练习
练习2:根据划线词在句中所作句子成分, 判断其词性及其意义。
Finally, I accepted the offer of an old woman who lived alone in a little house.
offer 名词 提议
They finally freed themselves from slavery.
动词 使自由
That's why your mommy and I have named you Simon.
name 及物动词 命名
I love this feeling of protecting you and dreaming of all I have in store for you.
store 名词 贮藏, 贮存
This site gives you instant access to a wide range of information on studying and living in the UK.
access 名词 接近的机会/方法, 捷径 range 名词 范围
Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your self-image and your whole world.
名词 关键
They marked the hours on candles and trees to keep times.
mark 动词 记录, 做标记,标明
Homework
1. Preparing for your presentation.
2. Review what we learnt today.
Thank you~