中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
编者小注：
本专辑专为2022年上海新高考英语二轮总复习及1月春考准备。
说说编写思路：
版块一：冲刺讲义10讲，注重方法性学习，对 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )于知识的拆解全面到位，选题主要根据上海官方公布的近五年级春秋考真题试题为主，近两年一二模测试及今年最新期中试题为辅。
版块二：专练8讲，注重常考题型，高频考点的训练，数十篇选材均选于近两年上海高三四校、八金刚及十三名校之真题21·cn·jy·com
版块三：模拟满分卷4套，供大家在完成以上讲练后进行整体测试，满分140分。
希望助上海的莘莘学子在求学路上一臂之力。
专练6：概要写作特训30篇（学生版）
学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________
一、概要写作
1．（2021·上海市实验学校高三月考 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
There's more ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) of a connection between food and culture than you may think.
On an individual ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )level, we grow up eating the food of our cultures. Many associate foods from our childhood with warm feelings and fond memories, tying us to our families.On a large scale, food operates as an expression of cultural identity, Traditional cuisine (烹饪法) is passed down from one generation to the next. Immigrants bring the food of their countries where they go, and cooking traditional food is a symbol of pride for their ethnicity (民族特色) as well as a means of coping with homesickness.
Many immigrants open t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )heir own restaurants and serve traditional dishes. However, the food does not remain exactly the same. Some ingredients needed to make traditional dishes may not be readily available, so the taste and flavour can be different from what they would prepare in their home countries. Additionally, immigrants who sell dishes have to alter the original dishes to satisfy a wider range of customers. Alterations to original dishes can create new flavors that still preserve the cultural significance of the dish.
What stays the same is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the extent to which each country or community's unique cuisine reflects its unique history, lifestyle, values, and beliefs. For example, in China, harmony is a vital characteristic in almost every aspect of life. This is reflected in Chinese cuisine, where almost every flavour is used in a balanced way. Throughout history, Chinese people are of the belief that food not only needs to be nutritious but also needs to look appealing, so they put a lot of effort into decorating the dishes，with vibrant red as their traditional colour.
As the world bec ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )omes more globalized, it is easier to access cuisines from different cultures. We should not only accept our traditions through our culture's food but also become more informed about other cultures by trying their foods. It is important to remember that each dish has a special place in the culture to which it belongs, and is special to those who prepare it. Food is a window to culture, and it should be treated as such.
2．（2021·上海杨浦·高三期中）Dire ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ctions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Birdsong and Mental Health
People often turn to n ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ature as a healthy way to cope with stress. People also consider it relaxing to listen to audio recordings of running water, waves or singing birds. Sound can have an extensive effect on our sense of well-being. Accordingly, scientists have long sought to understand the effects of certain sounds on people.
In a recent s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tudy, scientists evaluated the effect that hearing birdsong had on hikers. They monitored a number of hiking trails in a public park with audio recording devices. This helped them create a bird count in the area. They then surveyed visitors to those trails about their impression of bird diversity. They also asked for a report on the visitors' sense of well-being.
The next part of t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he study took place on the same trails. But the scientists used hidden speakers to play recordings of birds singing. That gave the impression that there were more birds in the area. They then surveyed visitors who had heard the recordings.
The results of the st ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )udy indicated that there was a direct relationship between hearing birdsong and an increased sense of well-being. This result builds on prior investigations into the effects of listening to recordings of natural sounds on people. Those studies have shown that recordings of natural sounds can help with stress relief and the ability to focus. However, the reason behind the benefit is not totally clear.
Perhaps listening to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) birdsong is connected to a sense of calm. After all, we encounter birdsong in the peaceful part of the morning or following a storm. Or it might relate to a sense of safety projected by singing birds. They sing when there are no predators nearby. Whatever the reason, listening to birdsong can improve our mental health.
The authors of the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) hiking study had an interesting observation. It was the perception of being in nature with a diversity of singing birds that helped. Therefore, they suggested that park managers encourage visitors to enjoy nature quietly as that provided the greatest benefit.
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3．（2021·上海·模拟预测）Di ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Mulan — A Well-known Tale Gets A New Movie
Disney’s 1998 a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nimated movie Mulan has become a classic. With its fun music, it has something for everyone. But this year the classic story is getting a makeover. Mulan is the latest animated Disney movie to be made into a live-action film.
The movie tells ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the story of a young Chinese woman named Mulan. When China is in danger, the emperor orders one man from every household to join the army. Mulan disguises herself as a man so that she can fight instead of her aging father.
There will be ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) some changes to the characters and the plot in this new movie. In the original Disney movie, Mulan falls in love with her captain, Li Shang. The new movie will give Mulan a new love interest, who is another soldier. Her commander, a separate character, will be a mentor to her. The new film also gives her a sister, which was not the case in the original.
At first the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) new Mulan’s director, Niki Caro, said that there would be no songs in her movie. But after complaints from fans, she said that music would play some role in the movie. Most likely instruments will play some of the more well-known pieces. But the cast probably won’t sing them, and some familiar songs may be missing altogether.
Mulan’s helper, t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he small dragon Mushu, may be missing from the live-action movie as well. There is talk that he is being replaced by the phoenix, another legendary animal that plays a role in Chinese culture. As of now, it is guarded secret!
Since Mulan takes ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) place in China and is a traditional Chinese actress Liu Yifei, and the movie will also feature Donnie Yen and Jet Li.
Fans of origina ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l movie are eagerly waiting to see this new take on a classic story. Hopefully the new movie will meet their expectations.
4．（2021·上海·模拟预测） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Beaver or Polar Bear
Beaver or polar bear ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )This is the question Canadians face as they rethink how they want to present themselves to the rest of the world
It all started wh ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )en a Conservative senator, Nicole Eaton, called for the replacement of the beaver as Canada’s official symbol. The beaver has represented the country since 1975. “A country’s symbols can change over time as long as they show the spirit of the people and the nation,” she told Reuters.
The debate th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at followed “has set fur flying across the country,” according to the BBC．
A stone beaver now sit ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s on top of the entrance to the Canadian Parliament and appears on Canadian coins.
Supporters of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the beaver say the animal is modest and hardworking. Glynnis Hood of the University of Alberta told the Canadian daily newspaper the National Post that beavers are like Canadians, representing “tenacity, intelligence and an ability to survive even the harshest climates.”
Others say the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )beaver played an important part in the history of Canada. In the 18th century, fashionable Europeans wore clothes made of beaver fur. Explorers went into the Canadian wilderness to find the fur. At the same time, they discovered more of their country. One member of Parliament from the province Manitoba told the BBC that removing the beaver would ignore its historical impact.
However, supporters ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of the polar bear believe it is a strong and powerful creature. It represents courage and pride, they say. Polar bears are at the top of the food chain. Beavers, on the other hand, are vegetarians. What is more, they are beaten by birds of prey like the eagle. And which country uses the eagle as its national symbol Canada’s powerful neighbour, the USA．
BBC reporter Lorra ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ine Mallinder called this an issue of “What does being Canadian mean ”
“No wonder so many ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Canadians are turning to the polar bear,” she wrote. “They are fed up with being seen as a weak people nation.”
However, the debate is still under way.
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5．（2021·上海·模 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )拟预测）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Regular exercise c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )an reduce a woman’s risk of cancer, but the benefits may slip away if she gets too little sleep, U.S. researchers said on Monday. The study involving 5,968 women in Maryland confirmed previous findings that people who do regular physical activity are less likely to develop cancer.
But when the researc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hers looked at the women ages 18 to 65 who were in the upper half in terms of the amount of physical exercise they got per week, they found that sleep appeared to play an important role in cancer risk.
Those who slept les ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s than seven hours nightly had a 47 percent higher risk of cancer than those who got more sleep among the physically active women, the researchers reported at a meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research.
“We think it’s quite ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) interesting and intriguing. It’s kind of a first look into this. It isn’t something that has been widely studied,” James McClain of the National Cancer Institute, part of the U.S. government’s National Institutes of Health, said in a telephone interview.
McClain, who ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )led the study, said it is unclear exactly how getting too little sleep may make one more susceptible（易受感染的） to cancer. “Getting adequate sleep has been long associated with health,” McClain said.
The U.S. Centers f ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )or Disease Control and Prevention calls sleep loss an under-recognized public health problem, saying Americans are getting less and less slumber. The CDCP said the percentage of adults reporting sleeping six hours or less a night increased from 1985 to 2006. Sleep experts say chronic sleep loss is associated with obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke, cardiovascular disease, depression, cigarette smoking and excessive drinking.
In addition, resea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rch had shown that people who get regular exercise have a reduced risk of breast, colon and other types of cancer. Experts think the effects of exercise on the body’s hormone levels, immune function and body weight may play an important role.
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6．（2021·上海·模拟预测 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
New Year Resolution
Every time a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) new year rolls around, people set out to better themselves. They promise they will lose weight, find a new job, or maybe even take that vacation they've always talked about. But why do we make these promises to ourselves, and where did this tradition come from Why does this tradition live on when so many people fail to keep the resolutions they make Well, we can start by blaming the ancient Babylonians.
Around 4000 y ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ears ago in Babylon, the earliest recorded celebration honoring the coming of a new year was held. The collective ceremonial lasted 11 days. The Babylonians felt this would help them start the new year off on the right foot. Resolutions continued on with the Romans Julius Caesar decided to make a change. He consulted with the best astronomers and mathematicians of the time and introduced the Julian calendar, which more closely represents the modern calendar we use today. Caesar declared January 1 the first day of the year to mark new beginnings.21世纪教育网版权所有
To this day, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the traditions of the ancient Babylonians and Romans continue on around the world. So much so that Google launched a Resolution Map in 2013 where people could add resolutions and see others adding theirs in real time. The most common new year wishes are Lose Weight, Get organized, Save More Money, Enjoy life, Stay healthy, Learn Something New, Quit Smoking, Help Others Pursue Their goals, and Spend More Quality Time With Their Family Members.
However, how many reso ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lutions finally come true No matter how many people participated in Google’s project, only few can maintain their resolutions. only eight percent of people are successful in sticking them out. If those failed resolutions above look familiar and remind you that the whole concept is a complete failure, or if they inspire you to create your own list of promises for a new year, just remember that this tradition is destined to live on. We have 4000 years worth of history telling us so, and that's a statistic that's hard to argue with.
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7．（2021·上海·模拟预测）D ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )irections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
'This is crisis teac ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hing': students with disabilities are neglected as coronavirus shuts schools
Homeschoolin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g your children during the Covid-19 pandemic(流行病) is hard. For parents whose children have a disability, it's a 'herculean(困难的) task'
As her mom tel ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ls it, Sesame Street(儿童节目) is Aubrey's first and only love. Her affection for the program's cast of puppets, for Elmo in particular, is so aggressive and pure that her parents have to restrict her access to it because she gets so peculiar after watching it.
Aubrey, whose real ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) name her parents asked be withheld to protect her privacy, is a 16-year-old student in Los Angeles. As a teenager living with autism(自闭症), routine is the bedrock of her day.
But in the day ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s of a spiraling coronavirus crisis, predicting what comes next is all but impossible. “Think about how we are with uncertainty and multiply it by a million. For her not knowing is almost unbearable,” said her father, Pirouz Kavehpour.21教育名师原创作品
Today, with 124,0 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )00 of the nation's schools closed due to coronavirus, Kavehpour has joined the ranks of millions of parents turned into homeschool teachers overnight – no easy feat for any working parent, but especially challenging for parents whose children have disabilities.
It remains uncl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ear when schools across the country will reopen. California officials already indicated they won't restart this academic year and a handful of other states have closed doors until fall. And as classrooms shift to online learning, many of the services guaranteed to the nation's roughly 7 million children with disabilities have been effectively suspended.
Federal law promises ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to give students educational services that address individual needs. But it's unclear when children with disabilities will get the kind of face-to-face help they had been getting at school before.(Adapted from the Guardian BY Jerry)
8．（2021·上海黄浦·二模）Direc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
How the smartphone affected teens
Some parents might ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )worry about their teens spending so much time on their phones because it represents a complete departure from how they spent their own adolescence. But spending this much time on screens is not just different—in many ways, it’s actually worse.
Spending less time ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )with friends means less time to develop social skills. A 2014 study found that sixth graders who spent just five days at a camp without using screens ended the time better at reading emotions on others’ faces, suggesting that teens’ screen-filled lives might cause their social skills to decline.
In addition, teens ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) using smartphones read books, magazines and newspapers much less than previous generations did as teens: In the annual Monitoring the Future survey, the percentage of high school seniors who read a non-required book or magazine nearly every day dropped from 60 percent in 1980 to only 16 percent in 2015. College teachers tell me that students have more trouble reading longer text passages, and rarely read the required textbooks.
This isn’t to say th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at teens who use smartphones don’t have a lot going for them. They are physically safer and more tolerant than previous generations were. They also seem to have more realistic expectations than their parents did at the same age. But the smartphone threatens to disturb them before they even get started.
To be clear, mo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )derate smartphone use—up to an hour a day—is not linked to mental health issues. However, most teens are on their phones much more than that.
Somewhat to my surpri ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )se, the teens I interviewed said they would rather see their friends in person than communicate with them using their phones. Parents used to worry about their teens spending too much time with their friends—they were a distraction, a bad influence, a waste of time. But it might be just what teens need.
9．（2021·上海市晋元高级中学高三月考） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
American Colle ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ge of Physicians 'stepped out of its lane" by placing gun control in medical education. Stanley Gold-farb, formerly the associate dean of curriculum at the University of Pennsylvania's Perelman School of Medicine, argued that teaching social justice issues and population health comes "at the expense of strict training in medical science" at a time when sub-specialists are in short supply. But many physicians, ourselves included, think social issues should be at the heart of medical education.
Formal medical sc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hool typically takes four years, followed by several years of residency（住院医生实习期）and often a fellowship（研究员职位）, and during that short time students have a wide range of competing requirements. They must learn complex biological and chemical pathways that explain diseases and health. They must be educated on how to read the the scientific literature and apply it to their patients. They must master many therapies and know how to adapt them to patients' varied diseases states. On top of all this, they must learn to communicate effectively and compassionately with patients and colleagues.
Being a good ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )doctor also demands that we understand the reasons behind poor health. Our mission is not simply to diagnose, manage and treat. Physicians should act to prevent the root causes of illness and improve well-being. Physicians are trained to tackle problems at their root. System and structural-level social issues are also drivers of poor health, and it is our duty to address them. Medical training must evolve to produce doctors who are able to not only treat the individual but also understand the larger influencers of health -- of which gun violence is most emphatically one. As medical professors, we would fail our students -- and our patients - if we expected any less.
10．（2021·上海·复旦附中 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )高三月考）Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible.
Wearable Data
The classic nigh ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tmare of suddenly realizing you're naked in public could soon get a futuristic twist: it might involve the horror of losing not just your modesty but also your codes. Scientists recently created magnetic garments that they say can store data, automatically unlock doors or control a nearby smart-phone with gestures.
The concept of i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nteractive ‘smart clothing’ has drawn attention in the past couple of years. For example, Google and Levi's created a touch-sensitive denim jacket that can operate a smart-phone. This and other smart garment are made with conductive thread and usually require an attached electonic device.
To eliminate the need ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )for such attached gear, researchers at the University of Washington recently took advantage of what they say is previously untapped property of conductive thread: its ability to be magnetized. Using magnetic instead of electric properties of the thread ‘may seem like a small difference, but it's what makes this work interesting and exciting,’ says Chris Harrison, a computer scientist at Carnegie Mellon University, who was not part of the research. The new technique allowed the researchers to do something they say is unique among wearables: turn them into storage devices. The Washington team magnetized a patch of fabric embroidered with conductive thread, giving different parts of the cloth a north or south orientation that corresponded to binary 1's or 0's. This step allowed the researchers to store us to 33 million different combinations—such as pass codes for doors—on a shirt cuff. www-2-1-cnjy-com
The graments ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) still stored data after washing, drying and ironing, but they could not escape time's eraser; after about a week, the thread's magnetic fields had weakened by around 30 percent. The researchers suggest that using custom made thread designed to hold stronger magnetic fields might work longer. But for now the clothes may be best suited for storing temporary codes, such as those found on hotel key cards or clothing tags in stores. Harrison says that it is Very unlikely you're ever going to achieve a comparable density to magnetic hard drives with data-storing fabric, however.
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11．（2021·上海市七宝中学高三月考 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )）Direction: Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
The protection prov ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ided by COVID-19 vaccines declines after four to six months, a large United Kingdom study has found. Researchers from health science company ZOE, a spin-out from King’s College London, recently have found that a full course of the Pfizer vaccine was 88 percent effective at preventing infection after one month, and this protection fell to 74 percent after five to six months.
Tim Spector, a pro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )fessor of genetic epidemiology who led the research, said that the data is broadly consistent with various other studies on COVID-19 vaccine efficacy over time, including a recent survey from Oxford University that found protection from the Pfizer and AstraZeneca jabs against the Delta variant weakened within three months.
However, Simon Clark ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e, an associate professor in microbiology at Reading University, who was not involved in the research, said the claim that protection may dip below 50 percent this year “is not based on any strong analysis of data” and seems “more like a finger in the air prediction”.
“Immunity is a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )complex process and we cannot assume people’s immunity will fade at a uniform rate over time,” Clarke said.
Peter English, a for ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mer chairman of the British Medical Association’s Public Health Medicine Committee, who was not involved in the research, said that the data is limited as it did not provide information about vaccine efficacy at preventing severe disease.
“There is a wo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rld of difference between efficacy against, on the one hand, any infection and on the other hand, illness severe enough to require hospitalization, critical care, or to cause death,” English said.
Spector said t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hat, in light of the new research, “we urgently need to make plans for vaccine boosters”, or third shots aimed at combating fading immunity. He told the BBC that these shots should be reserved for certain groups, and that a widespread booster campaign would be a “huge waste” and “ethically dubious”.
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12．（2021·上海宝山·二模） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
What Makes an Ideal Friend
To say what an id ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eal friend is is not the easiest thing to do. Each person has his or her own opinion of what one would be. However, speaking generally, there are certain features that most people consider characteristic of an ideal friend. Loyal, trustworthy, and open to show weakness are common qualities that the majority of people attach to ideal friends.
Loyalty is a us ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ual quality given to ideal friends. According to Psychology Today, “Loyalty is valued early on in all of our relationships, from the time we make our first friendships. We need friends who won’t spill our secrets to others, gossip about us, or allow others to criticize us”. The worst action between friends is not keeping one’s word.
Ideal friends are ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) also usually referred to as being trustworthy. In a statement by Psychology Today, they say that, “Trustworthiness is often the “make or break” element in any interpersonal relationship. Any unfaithful action, regardless of recognized degree, can destroy a relationship. Trustworthiness consists of several elements, including honesty, dependability, and loyalty, and while each is important to successful relationships, honesty and dependability have been identified as the most vital in the area of friendships”. In light of this, a universal complaint of friends is a lack of honesty, and this is at the heart of being trustworthy.
In line with being ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )honest is also the ability to show one’s weaknesses. According to the Book of Life, “The ideal friend doesn’t try to prove how powerful and successful they are; on the contrary, quite often they let us know awkward and potentially embarrassing things about themselves. They show how much they trust us by confessing failings and sorrows which would open them up to possible disgrace from the world beyond. They offer us the gift of their defenselessness”. That openness is treasured, as to be close to an individual, one must be willing to share his or her true feelings and states.【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
13．（2021·上海市南洋模范中学高三 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )期中）Directions：Read the following passage.Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrate.Use your own words as far as possible.
Hacking our senses to boost learning power
Was your school n ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oisy or peaceful？It might not seem important，but a growing body of research suggests that sounds can have an impact on learning，performance and creativity.There is certainly some well-established research to suggest that some noises can have a harmful effect on learning.Numerous studies over the past 15 years have found that children attending schools under the flight paths of large airports lag behind in their exam results.21*cnjy*com
But general n ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oise seems to have an effect too. Bridget Shield，a professor of acoustics at London South Bank University，and Julie Dockrell，now at the Institute of Education，have been conducting studies on the effects of all sorts of noises，such as traffic and sirens，as well as noise generated by the children themselves.When they recreated those particular sounds in an experimental setting while children completed various cognitive tasks，they found a significant negative effect on exam scores.“Everything points to a harmful impact of the noise on children's performance，in numeracy（计算能力），in literacy，and in spelling，”says Shield.The noise seemed to have an especially harmful effect on children with special needs.
Shield says t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he sound of"babble"---the chatter of other children，is particularly distracting in the classroom.“People are very distracted by speech---particularly if it's understandable，but you're not involved in it."This phenomenon is also known as the irrelevant speech effect，she says，adding that“it's a very common finding in open-plan offices as well."
Whether backgro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )und sounds are beneficial or not seems to depend on what kind of noise it is and the volume. In a series of studies published last year，Ravi Mehta from the College of Business at Illinois and colleagues tested people's creativity while exposed to a soundtrack made up of background noises---such as coffee-shop chatter and construction-site drilling---at different volumes.They found that people were more creative when the background noises were played at a medium level than when volume was low. Loud background noise，however，damaged their creativity.
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14．（2021·上海市徐汇中学 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )高三期中）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Hosting the Olympics
Today, the Oly ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mpic Games are one of the most popular and most watched events on earth. Every four years, many countries bid for the Games. Why do they do this What are the advantages of hosting such an event
A world-class eve ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nt demands world-class facilities from the host city, and any which do not already exist will have to be built. These will remain for the local population to enjoy after the Games are over. An example of this is the accommodation which will have to be built, not only for the athletes in their Olympic village, but also for visitors. Later this can be transformed into permanent accommodation for tourists and students. The transport system must also be taken into consideration. Hosting the Olympics means having an effective wide-reaching system, which is essential to carry people safely and efficiently to their destinations. Such a transport system is a great advantage for any city and will be in service for the years to come.
Funding any great e ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )vent is a costly business, but many companies fiercely compete to become sponsors of such global events as it is an ideal platform for advertising. This means that advertising profits can easily cover a large proportion of the cost involved. In addition, the broadcasting rights can be a source of finance. For example, the national American TV company NBC paid $3.5 billion to broadcast the Olympic Games between 2000 and 2008.
Another consideration ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )is employment. High-tech video cameras are already common in most of our big cities today, and increasing the manpower necessary to guarantee the safety of all concerned provides valuable employment opportunities. Indeed, the organization of such an event gives rise to a large number of jobs in a variety of sectors including security, catering and hospitality.
It’s universally a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )greed that the host city gains overall in terms of improvements in facilities and infrastructure. But this is not all. Not only do the improved facilities remain after the Games have gone, but the city also becomes a significant place in its own right.
15．（2021·上海市洋泾中学高三期中 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )）Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s）of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Is Sensitivity Always Beneficial
Sensitivity is, for ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the most part, seen as an overall positive-human characteristic. But it's not necessarily always beneficial to an individual. While there are certainly times that being sensitive can be advantageous, there are other times in which being overly sensitive can absolutely influence a person. 2-1-c-n-j-y
Sensitive people a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )re able to see from a variety of perspectives. They almost live vicariously(间接感受到地)through other people's emotions, especially when dealing with people they truly care about. This leads to deeper human connections, as their loved ones will see how much the sensitive person really cares by how they react in a given situation. The encouragement a sensitive person gives a loved one just by their response makes it clear that the person truly enjoys seeing others happy.
When things ar ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )en't going so well for your friends, you'll feel the weight of the world on your shoulders. Obviously, you just want everyone around you to be happy—but that won't always be the case. While it's obviously reasonable to be upset when your friend is feeling down and you're doing your best to help them out of the sadness, overly sensitive people are unable to separate themselves from the situation and realize the sadness of their loved ones is not their sadness. 21*cnjy*com
Sensitive people ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) pick up on the overall mood of a place or event immediately and instantly find themselves in that same mood, regardless of how they felt when they walked in. This allows them to fit into a variety of social situations, as they understand the appropriate way to act wherever they find themselves.
But sometimes, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) this is not a good thing. Sensitive people are incredibly in tune with minor fluctuations(波动)in an environment, so something as simple as a change in volume or brightness in area can have a negative effect on a sensitive person. When a sensitive person experiences pain, it's almost impossible for him/her to let it fall away. 2·1·c·n·j·y
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16．（2021·上海·华 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )东师范大学第一附属中学高三期中）Directions：Read the following passage.Summarize the main idea and the main point（s）of the passage in no more than 60words.Use your own words as far as possible.
Would you be ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lieve that your diet can make a big difference in keeping a youthful appearance？It seems strange to think that the food we take in could result in fewer wrinkles.Wouldn't it be better to put things on our skin rather than in our mouths？
Well，accordin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g to one scientific theory，our body starts aging because of oxidation.This means the certain oxygen containing molecules in our cells，called free radicals，have the capability to attach to and damage parts of our cells，including our DNA．Our bodies can repair this damage，but as we get older，these repair mechanisms start to break down，resulting in the signs of aging. Free radicals are actually reduced by our bodies，but their numbers can also increase because of the food we eat.
Besides avoiding ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )foods which could potentially produce more free radicals，eating foods which contain certain vitamins and micro nutrients can also contribute to keeping us looking young.These vitamins help produce molecules called antioxidants，which actually help reduce the production of free radicals. Even better，foods containing antioxidants are not mon antioxidants like vitamins A and E can be found in many dark-colored vegetables，For example，carrots，seaweed，spinach，and broccoli are excellent sources of these helpful vitamins，Also，you can eat orange-colored fruits like apricots and peaches.Vitamins A and E are particularly good for helping your skin remain young-looking. These nutrients strengthen your skin and make it soft.However，if you really want to stock up quickly on nutrients that benefit your skin，you should eat cow's liver.One small piece of cooked cow's liver contains twice as much vitamin A as half a cup of cooked carrots.
More recently，green ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tea has also been tentatively added to the list of youth promoting substances.Although research about green tea's effects on our bodies is.at an early stage，scientists certainly believe that it is good for us. Scientists，however，are still cautious about predicting its capability to keep us looking youthful.But from recent experiments，its antioxidant properties seem to be able to repair cell damage already sustained as well as prevent damage in the future. In fact，green tea works even better if you apply it directly to your skin as an ingredient in facial cream.
You are what you eat. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )This old proverb certainly seems to be true，the more we find out about how our body works.Think about that the next time you sit down at the table.
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17．（2021·上海市延安 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )中学高三期中）Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s）of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
How Come Scientists Draw Opposite Conclusions
One of the biggest c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oncerns is science is bias-that scientist themselves, consciously or unconsciously, may put their thumbs on the scales and influence the outcomes of experiments. But gathering the data and running an experiment is not the only part of the process that can go awry. The methods chosen to analyse the data can also influence results even if being based on the same data-set.
A new paper, head ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed by Martin Schweinsberg, a psychologist at the European School of Management and Technology, in Berlin, helps shed some light on why. Dr Schweinsberg gathered 49 different researchers with each handed a copy of a data-set consisting of nearly 8,000 comments made on an online forum for chatty intellectuals. Dr Schweinsberg asked his guinea pigs to explore a seemingly straightforward hypothesis(假设)that a woman’s tendency to participate would rise as the number of other women in a conversation increased. Crucially, the researchers were asked to describe their analysis in detail by posting their methods and workflows, which allowed Dr Schweinsberg to see exactly what they were up to.
As it turned out, n ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o two analysts employed exactly the same methods, and none got the same results. Some 29% of analysts reported that women do indeed participate more, if plenty of other women are present. But 21% concluded that the opposite was true. (The remainder found no significant difference).
The problem was n ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ot that any of the analyses were “wrong” in any objective sense. The differences arose because researchers chose different definitions of what they were studying, and applied different techniques. When it came to defining how much women spoke, some analysts plumped for the number of words in each woman’s comment. Others chose the number of characters. Still others defined it by the number of conversations that a woman participated in, irrespective of how much she actually said. The statistical techniques chosen also had an impact, though less than the choice of definitions. Some researchers chose linear-regression analysis: others went for logistic regression or a Kendall correlation.
Truth, in other words, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) can be a slippery customer, even for simple-sounding questions. What to do One conclusion is that experimental design is critically important. It is recommended that scientists specify exactly how they chose to perform their analysis, allowing those decisions to be reviewed by others. It is probably not practical, he concedes, to check and re-check every result. But if many different analytical approaches point in the same direction, then scientists can be confident that their conclusion is the right one.
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18．（2021·上海市 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )晋元高级中学高三期中）Directions：Read the following passage.Summarize the main idea and the main point（s）of the passage in no more than 60 words.Use your own words as far as possible.
Read the world in 193 books
I used to think of m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )yself as a person learned in books，but my bookshelves told a different story. Apart from a few Indian novels and an Australian book，my literature collection only consisted of British and American titles. Worse still，I hardly ever read anything in translation. My reading is limited to stories by English-speaking authors.21cnjy.com
So，at the start of 20 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )20，I set myself the challenge of trying to read a book from every country of all 193 UN-recognized states in a year. I created a blog called A Year of Reading the World and put out an appeal for suggestions of titles that I could read in English. The response was amazing. Before I knew it，people all over the planet were getting in touch with ideas and offers of help. Some posted me books from their home countries.Others did hours of research on my behalf. In addition，several writers，like Turkmenistan's AkWelsapar and Panama's Juan David Morgan，sent me unpublished translations of their novels，giving me a rare opportunity to read works unavailable in Britain. Even with such an extraordinary team behind me，however，sourcing books was no easy task.
But the effort was wo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rth it. As I made my way through the planet's literary landscapes，extraordinary things started to happen. Far from simply armchair travelling，I found I was inhabiting the mental space of the storytellers. I discovered，book packing offered something that a physical traveler could hope to experience only rarely: it took me inside the thoughts of individuals living far away and showed me the world through their eyes. More powerful than a thousand news reports，these stories not only opened my mind to basic information of life in other places，but opened my heart to the way people there might feel. And that in turn changed my thinking.
One by one, the bo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oks from the countries on the list that had begun as an intellectual exercise filled my heart with laughter，love，anger，hope and fear. Lands that had once seemed exotic and remote became close and familiar to me. At its best，I learned, fiction makes the world real.
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19．（2021·上海市复兴 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )高级中学高三期中）Directions：Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
A Shift From Classroom to Career
For all the years ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) spent in school preparing to enter the workplace, many recent graduates say that they struggle with the shift from classroom to career world and have difficulty adjusting to life on the job.
Writer and editor Jose ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ph Lewis believes that most of our school experiences are fairly predictable, while life in the working world is far more uncertain. In school, for example, the pattern stays more or less the same from year to year. In the workplace, however, constant change is the norm, and one has to adapt quickly.
Another probl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )em is that in school, many students spend a lot of time memorizing facts and repeating what they "learned" on tests. But in the workplace employees “are often expected to think critically and make decisions about their work, not just follow a supervisor's instructions." Less time needs to be spent in school on testing, says one recent report, and more on helping students to analyze information, solve problems, and communicate their ideas effectively.【出处：21教育名师】
Finally, in the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )workplace, employees must regularly interact with others and are often dependent on their co-workers for their success. In other words, if an employee has to work with others to complete a given project, that employee's success not only depends on his hard work and expertise, but also on how well his colleagues perform.
How can we better prep ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )are young adults for the workplace It is suggested that students should do an internship while they are in school. Volunteering part time at a company, hospital or government organization, for example, can help them gain experience and learn skills. Doing these will help prepare students for the realities of the workplace and make the transition from school to career world less stressful.
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20．（2021·上海大学附属中学 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )高三期中）Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Back in January, th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e Chinese tech giant Huawei grabbed the world's attention at the Consumer Electronics Show 2017 in Las Vegas. Richard Yu, the chief of the company's consumer division, said that Huawei shipped 139 million smartphones in 2016, an amazing number, although still far less than Samsung and Apple. More than half of Huawei's revenues come from outside China, making it one of only a few Chinese companies to have made the transition from a local business to a global brand.
What makes Huawei so ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) successful As with many great companies, part of the solution to this puzzle lies in the values that define the culture of the Chinese giant.
Many companies t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ake customer-focused attitudes, but few of them truly live by it. Huawei distinguishes itself from its competitors in this regard. In an interview, Ren Zhengfei, founder and president of Huawei, mentioned an early episode in the company's history. In rural areas in China, rats often bit the telecom wires, destroying customers' connections. Multinational telecommunications companies providing service at that time did not consider this to be their problem, but rather that of the customers. Huawei, by contrast, thought it was their responsibility to solve the problem. In doing so, they developed chew-proof equipment and materials. Later on, the experience helped it gain several big orders in the Middle East, where similar problems exist.
Huawei emphasizes that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the only way to obtain opportunities is through hard work. In the early years of the company, every new employee was given a blanket and a mattress. Many of them would work late into the night and then sleep in their offices. As one Huawei employee said, "The pads were to us a representation of hard work in the old days. This idea has now evolved into the spirit of trying to be the best in anything we do."
Ren and his company a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )re also known for what they call "the power of thinking." Efforts are made to ensure regular intellectual exchanges. Executives are urged to read books outside their areas of expertise. Feedback is always invited across the company to improve ideas that will ultimately feed the vision of Huawei's future.
21．（2021·上海市实验学校高三月考）D ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )irections: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s） of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Ann Grand: a visual thinker
Ann Grand is a visua ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l thinker. When somebody speaks to her, the words are instantly translated into pictures. like a video in her head. Unlike most people, her thoughts move from ideo-like images to generalizations and concepts. Furthermore, her memories usually appear in her imagination in order of time. and the image visualized are always specific. For example. if she thinks about a chimney, she sees detailed pictures. like the one in her old house. and then those in her hometown. That one word can turn into a full-length video in her head. Grand's mind works like the Internet search engine which produces dozens of images of an object a user is searching for.
Visual thinkin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g has enabled Grand to build entire systems in her imagination, which works similarly to a computer program because it can produce three-dimensional design simulations. This was important to her as an equipment designer for the livestock industry. Before she started construction on her designs, she would test-run the equipment in her mind. She formed mental pictures of her designs in every possible situation, with different sizes and breeds of cattle and in different weather conditions. This process made it possible for her to correct mistakes before construction started.
Grand's mind is a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lso sensitive to details, which was important in her work with cattle. Her sharp awareness of the visual world led to noteworthy observations about animals. She noticed many little things that most people would not consider that scared the cattle. For example, a coat on a fence or a pipe on the floor would frighten them away. Grand's visualization abilities have also helped her understand the animals she has worked with. This led her to create designs ranging from sweeping, curved fences intended to reduce the stress experienced by animals that were going to be killed to systems for handling sick cattle and pigs.
22．（2021·上海徐汇·二模）Dire ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ctions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
A new study sugg ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ests many Americans have not visited the most popular places of interest around the country or even in their hometown.
The study found that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 25 percent of Americans have yet to visit "iconic landmarks" in their own cities. Twenty-three percent said they had not visited any of the nation’s natural wonders, famous buildings or historic battlefields.
The study was a projec ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t of the research service OnePoll and Zipcar, a car-sharing company.
Researchers ques ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tioned 2,000 Americans. Only 33 percent of them said they had been to Niagara Falls and just 28 percent had been to Arizona’s Grand Canyon. The study showed that only 30 percent had been to New York’s Empire State Building. Only 22 percent had ever visited the National Mall in Washington, D．C．
Many Americans say ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) they would like to travel more. More than half of those questioned said they would like to get out more. Forty-nine percent reported being "creatures of habit." By that, they mean they generally do the same things in the same way. That would leave little time to visit local or national landmarks.
The researchers found ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )that the main reasons keeping Americans from exploring their cities or the country were money, lack of time and a lack of good transportation.【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
On social media, one ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Twitter user reacting to the study named a few reasons for not visiting famous places. The writer noted that “most of us don’t get paid days off, get punished for taking a day off, or simply can’t afford to visit anything or go anywhere anymore."
The Twitter u ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ser added, "Childcare costs more than College, College Loans costs more than a mortgage payment, and jobs don’t even pay for one of those things.”
The study found th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at three of the places Americans wanted to visit were Grand Canyon National Park, Yellowstone National Park and the Statue of Liberty.
The researchers ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )also found that, on average, Americans go to a new coffee shop every five months, and a new restaurant every four months. They also spent time at a lake or near the ocean once every six months, and go to a park every five months.
23．（2021·上海市 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )行知中学高三月考）Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
A metaphor is a poeti ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )c device that deals with comparison. It compares similar qualities of two dissimilar objects. With a simple metaphor, one object becomes the other: Love is a rose. Although this does not sound like a particularly rich image, a metaphor can communicate so much about a particular image that poets use them more than any other type of figurative language. The reason for this is that poets compose their poetry to express what they are experiencing emotionally at that moment. Consequently, what the poet imagines love to be may or may not be our understanding of love. Therefore, the poet’s job is to enable us to experience it, to feel it the same way as the poet does.21·世纪*教育网
Let’s analyz ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e this remarkably simple metaphor concerning love and the rose to see what it offers. Because the poet uses a comparison with a rose, first we must examine the characteristics of that flower. A rose is impressive in its beauty, its petals (花瓣) are nicely soft, and its smell is pleasing. It’s possible to say that a rose is actually a feast to the senses of sight, touch, and smell. The rose’s appearance seems to border on perfection, each petal seemingly equal in form. Isn’t this the way one’s love should be A loved one should be a delight to one’s senses and seem perfect.
However, there ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )is another dimension added to the comparison by using a rose. Roses have thorns. The poet wants to covey the idea that roses can be tricky. So can love the metaphor tells us. When one reaches out with absolute trust to touch the object of his or her affection, ouch, a thorn can cause great harm! “Be careful,” the metaphor warns, “Love is a feast to the senses, but it can overwhelm us, and it can also hurt us and cause acute suffering.” This is the poet’s understanding of love—an admonition (劝诫). What is the point？Just this: It took almost 14 sentences to clarify what a simple metaphor communicates in only four words! That is the artistry and the joy of the simple metaphor.
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24．（2021·上海市建平中学高三月 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )考）Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Absent-mindedness
“Most events of abse ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nt-mindedness—forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room—are caused by a simple lack of attention,” says Dr. Daniel Schacter, a distinguished psychologist and memory scientist. “You’re supposed to remember something, but you haven’t encoded it deeply.”
“Encoding,” Schac ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ter explains, “is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a ma中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
编者小注：
本专辑专为2022年上海新高考英语二轮总复习及1月春考准备。
说说编写思路：
版块一：冲刺讲义10讲，注重方法性学习，对 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )于知识的拆解全面到位，选题主要根据上海官方公布的近五年级春秋考真题试题为主，近两年一二模测试及今年最新期中试题为辅。
版块二：专练8讲，注重常考题型，高频考点的训练，数十篇选材均选于近两年上海高三四校、八金刚及十三名校之真题
版块三：模拟满分卷4套，供大家在完成以上讲练后进行整体测试，满分140分。
希望助上海的莘莘学子在求学路上一臂之力。
专练6：概要写作特训30篇（详解版）
学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________
一、概要写作
1．（2021·上海市实验学校高三月考） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
There's more of a con ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nection between food and culture than you may think.2-1-c-n-j-y
On an individual l ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )evel, we grow up eating the food of our cultures. Many associate foods from our childhood with warm feelings and fond memories, tying us to our families.On a large scale, food operates as an expression of cultural identity, Traditional cuisine (烹饪法) is passed down from one generation to the next. Immigrants bring the food of their countries where they go, and cooking traditional food is a symbol of pride for their ethnicity (民族特色) as well as a means of coping with homesickness.
Many immigrants ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )open their own restaurants and serve traditional dishes. However, the food does not remain exactly the same. Some ingredients needed to make traditional dishes may not be readily available, so the taste and flavour can be different from what they would prepare in their home countries. Additionally, immigrants who sell dishes have to alter the original dishes to satisfy a wider range of customers. Alterations to original dishes can create new flavors that still preserve the cultural significance of the dish.
What stays th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e same is the extent to which each country or community's unique cuisine reflects its unique history, lifestyle, values, and beliefs. For example, in China, harmony is a vital characteristic in almost every aspect of life. This is reflected in Chinese cuisine, where almost every flavour is used in a balanced way. Throughout history, Chinese people are of the belief that food not only needs to be nutritious but also needs to look appealing, so they put a lot of effort into decorating the dishes，with vibrant red as their traditional colour.
As the world become ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s more globalized, it is easier to access cuisines from different cultures. We should not only accept our traditions through our culture's food but also become more informed about other cultures by trying their foods. It is important to remember that each dish has a special place in the culture to which it belongs, and is special to those who prepare it. Food is a window to culture, and it should be treated as such.
【标准答案】Food and ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) culture are associated in many different aspects. Food often reminds us of warm feelings and fond memories and displays our cultural identity. Although the flavours may vary, the unique history and values food reflects stay the same. With the globalization, we should learn to be open to other cultures and foods as well as accepting our own tradition and foods equally.21·cn·jy·com
【思路点拨】
本文是一篇说明文。食物和文化在 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )许多不同方面都有联系。食物常常让我们想起温暖的感觉和美好的回忆，并展示我们的文化身份。虽然味道可能不同，但食物所反映的独特历史和价值保持不变。随着全球化，我们应该学会对其他文化和食物开放，同时平等地接受我们自己的传统和食物。21*cnjy*com
【精准解析】
要点摘录
1.There's more of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a connection between food and culture than you may think.
2.Many associate foo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ds from our childhood with warm feelings and fond memories, tying us to our families.
3.What stays the same ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) is the extent to which each country or community's unique cuisine reflects its unique history, lifestyle, values, and beliefs.
4. As the world ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) becomes more globalized, it is easier to access cuisines from different cultures. We should not only accept our traditions through our culture's food but also become more informed about other cultures by trying their foods. It is important to remember that each dish has a special place in the culture to which it belongs, and is special to those who prepare it. Food is a window to culture, and it should be treated as such.
2.缜密构思将第1，2，3，4要点分别进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Food and culture are ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) associated in many different aspects. Food often reminds us of warm feelings and fond memories and displays our cultural identity. Although the flavours may vary, the unique history and values food reflects stay the same. With the globalization, we should learn to be open to other cultures and foods as well as accepting our own tradition and foods equally.
【名师指导】
[高分句1] Although the fl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )avours may vary, the unique history and values food reflects stay the same.运用although引导的状语从句
[高分句型2] With the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )globalization, we should learn to be open to other cultures and foods as well as accepting our own tradition and foods equally.运用了动名词作宾语。
2．（2021·上海杨浦·高 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )三期中）Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Birdsong and Mental Health
People often turn to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nature as a healthy way to cope with stress. People also consider it relaxing to listen to audio recordings of running water, waves or singing birds. Sound can have an extensive effect on our sense of well-being. Accordingly, scientists have long sought to understand the effects of certain sounds on people.
In a recent s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tudy, scientists evaluated the effect that hearing birdsong had on hikers. They monitored a number of hiking trails in a public park with audio recording devices. This helped them create a bird count in the area. They then surveyed visitors to those trails about their impression of bird diversity. They also asked for a report on the visitors' sense of well-being.
The next part of the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) study took place on the same trails. But the scientists used hidden speakers to play recordings of birds singing. That gave the impression that there were more birds in the area. They then surveyed visitors who had heard the recordings.
The results of the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )study indicated that there was a direct relationship between hearing birdsong and an increased sense of well-being. This result builds on prior investigations into the effects of listening to recordings of natural sounds on people. Those studies have shown that recordings of natural sounds can help with stress relief and the ability to focus. However, the reason behind the benefit is not totally clear.
Perhaps listening ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to birdsong is connected to a sense of calm. After all, we encounter birdsong in the peaceful part of the morning or following a storm. Or it might relate to a sense of safety projected by singing birds. They sing when there are no predators nearby. Whatever the reason, listening to birdsong can improve our mental health.
The authors of the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hiking study had an interesting observation. It was the perception of being in nature with a diversity of singing birds that helped. Therefore, they suggested that park managers encourage visitors to enjoy nature quietly as that provided the greatest benefit.
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【标准答案】Version 1
Scientists lately ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) conducted a study on the effect of birdsong on mental health. They asked people how they felt after hearing birds singing. They concluded that hearing birdsong could improve mental health, probably because birdsong leads to a sense of calm and safety. Anyway, scientists suggested people get closer to nature for it is beneficial to our sense of well-being.
Version 2
A study has found that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) hearing birdsong improves people's sense of well-being after surveying people exposed to recordings of birds' singing. The reasons may be that listening to birds singing helps us feel calm or safe. Anyway, the suggestion is that we should enjoy nature quietly for the sake of mental health.
【思路点拨】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说鸟鸣可以提升人的幸福感。
【精准解析】
1 要点摘录
①In a recent ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )study, scientists evaluated the effect that hearing birdsong had on hikers.
②The results o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f the study indicated that there was a direct relationship between hearing birdsong and an increased sense of well-being.
③Perhaps listening to birdsong is connected to a sense of calm.
④Or it might relate to a sense of safety projected by singing birds.
⑤Therefore, they s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )uggested that park managers encourage visitors to enjoy nature quietly as that provided the greatest benefit.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
A study has found tha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t hearing birdsong improves people's sense of well-being after surveying people exposed to recordings of birds’ singing.
The reasons may be tha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t listening to birds singing helps us feel calm or safe.
Anyway, the sug ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )gestion is that we should enjoy nature quietly for the sake of mental health.
【名师指导】
[高分句型1] A study h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )as found that hearing birdsong improves people's sense of well-being after surveying people exposed to recordings of birds’ singing.（that引导的宾语从句）
[高分句型2]The reasons ma ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y be that listening to birds singing helps us feel calm or safe.（that引导的表语从句）
3．（2021·上海·模拟预测）Direct ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Mulan — A Well-known Tale Gets A New Movie
Disney’s 1998 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )animated movie Mulan has become a classic. With its fun music, it has something for everyone. But this year the classic story is getting a makeover. Mulan is the latest animated Disney movie to be made into a live-action film.
The movie tells t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he story of a young Chinese woman named Mulan. When China is in danger, the emperor orders one man from every household to join the army. Mulan disguises herself as a man so that she can fight instead of her aging father.
There will b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e some changes to the characters and the plot in this new movie. In the original Disney movie, Mulan falls in love with her captain, Li Shang. The new movie will give Mulan a new love interest, who is another soldier. Her commander, a separate character, will be a mentor to her. The new film also gives her a sister, which was not the case in the original.
At first the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )new Mulan’s director, Niki Caro, said that there would be no songs in her movie. But after complaints from fans, she said that music would play some role in the movie. Most likely instruments will play some of the more well-known pieces. But the cast probably won’t sing them, and some familiar songs may be missing altogether.
Mulan’s helpe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r, the small dragon Mushu, may be missing from the live-action movie as well. There is talk that he is being replaced by the phoenix, another legendary animal that plays a role in Chinese culture. As of now, it is guarded secret!
Since Mulan takes pl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ace in China and is a traditional Chinese actress Liu Yifei, and the movie will also feature Donnie Yen and Jet Li.
Fans of original ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )movie are eagerly waiting to see this new take on a classic story. Hopefully the new movie will meet their expectations.
【标准答案】A new live- ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )action movie based on Disney’s Mulan follows a woman who joins the army to protect her father. It differs from the original both in characters and plot. Either familiar songs or the dragon Mushu which was took place by a phoenix will disappear. Happening in China, the main characters are all Chinese. Fans expect it very much.
【思路点拨】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，根 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )据迪士尼电影《花木兰》改编的一部最新真人电影讲述了一名女子为了保护父亲而从军的故事。它在人物和情节上都不同于原著。无论是熟悉的歌曲，还是由凤凰所产生的龙木须，都会消失。故事发生在中国，主角都是中国人。对此，粉丝们都很期待。
【精准解析】
1.要点摘录
①The movie tel ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ls the story of a young Chinese woman named Mulan. When China is in danger, the emperor orders one man from every household to join the army. Mulan disguises herself as a man so that she can fight instead of her aging father.
②There will be some ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) changes to the characters and the plot in this new movie.
③But after complain ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ts from fans, she said that music would play some role in the movie. Mulan’s helper, the small dragon Mushu, may be missing from the live-action movie as well. There is talk that he is being replaced by the phoenix, another legendary animal that plays a role in Chinese culture.
④Since Mulan takes ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) place in China and is a traditional Chinese actress Liu Yifei, and the movie will also feature Donnie Yen and Jet Li. Fans of original movie are eagerly waiting to see this new take on a classic story.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
A new live-act ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ion movie based on Disney’s Mulan follows a woman who joins the army to protect her father.
It differs from the original both in characters and plot.
Either familiar songs ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )or the dragon Mushu which was took place by a phoenix will disappear.
Happening in China, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the main characters are all Chinese. Fans expect it very much.
【名师指导】
[高分句型1] A new live- ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )action movie based on Disney’s Mulan follows a woman who joins the army to protect her father.运用who引导定语从句对原文第二段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Either fami ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )liar songs or the dragon Mushu which was took place by a phoenix will disappear.用which引导定语从句对第五段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
4．（2021·上海·模拟预测）Direct ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Beaver or Polar Bear
Beaver or polar b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ear This is the question Canadians face as they rethink how they want to present themselves to the rest of the world
It all started when a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Conservative senator, Nicole Eaton, called for the replacement of the beaver as Canada’s official symbol. The beaver has represented the country since 1975. “A country’s symbols can change over time as long as they show the spirit of the people and the nation,” she told Reuters.
The debate that fol ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lowed “has set fur flying across the country,” according to the BBC．
A stone beave ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r now sits on top of the entrance to the Canadian Parliament and appears on Canadian coins.
Supporters of t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he beaver say the animal is modest and hardworking. Glynnis Hood of the University of Alberta told the Canadian daily newspaper the National Post that beavers are like Canadians, representing “tenacity, intelligence and an ability to survive even the harshest climates.”
Others say the beaver ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) played an important part in the history of Canada. In the 18th century, fashionable Europeans wore clothes made of beaver fur. Explorers went into the Canadian wilderness to find the fur. At the same time, they discovered more of their country. One member of Parliament from the province Manitoba told the BBC that removing the beaver would ignore its historical impact.
However, sup ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )porters of the polar bear believe it is a strong and powerful creature. It represents courage and pride, they say. Polar bears are at the top of the food chain. Beavers, on the other hand, are vegetarians. What is more, they are beaten by birds of prey like the eagle. And which country uses the eagle as its national symbol Canada’s powerful neighbour, the USA．
BBC reporter L ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )orraine Mallinder called this an issue of “What does being Canadian mean ”
“No wonder so many ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Canadians are turning to the polar bear,” she wrote. “They are fed up with being seen as a weak people nation.”
However, the debate is still under way.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【标准答案】There is a he ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ated discussion across Canada about whether the beaver or the polar bear better represents Canada. The “beaver” supporters stress the animal’s historical role and its associations with wisdom and perseverance. The “polar bear” advocates hold that it stands for greater strength and nobility. So far, no conclusion has been reached yet.
【思路点拨】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，在加拿大，海 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )狸和北极熊哪个更能代表加拿大，引起了热烈的讨论。“海狸”的支持者强调这种动物的历史角色以及它与智慧和毅力的联系。“北极熊”的拥护者认为它代表着更大的力量和高贵。到目前为止，还没有得出结论。
【精准解析】
1.要点摘录
①Beaver or pola ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r bear This is the question Canadians face as they rethink how they want to present themselves to the rest of the world
②The beaver has repres ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ented the country since 1975. “A country’s symbols can change over time as long as they show the spirit of the people and the nation,” she told Reuters. Supporters of the beaver say the animal is modest and hardworking. Glynnis Hood of the University of Alberta told the Canadian daily newspaper the National Post that beavers are like Canadians, representing “tenacity, intelligence and an ability to survive even the harshest climates.”
③However, supporters ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of the polar bear believe it is a strong and powerful creature. It represents courage and pride, they say.
④However, the debate is still under way.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
There is a heated ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )discussion across Canada about whether the beaver or the polar bear better represents Canada.
The “beaver” supporte ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rs stress the animal’s historical role and its associations with wisdom and perseverance.
The “polar bear” ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )advocates hold that it stands for greater strength and nobility.
So far, no conclusion has been reached yet.
【名师指导】
[高分句型1] There is a h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eated discussion across Canada about whether the beaver or the polar bear better represents Canada.运用whether引导宾语从句对原文第一段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] The “polar ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) bear” advocates hold that it stands for greater strength and nobility.用that引导宾语从句对倒数第四段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
5．（2021·上海·模拟预测）Direct ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Regular exercise ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )can reduce a woman’s risk of cancer, but the benefits may slip away if she gets too little sleep, U.S. researchers said on Monday. The study involving 5,968 women in Maryland confirmed previous findings that people who do regular physical activity are less likely to develop cancer.
But when the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )researchers looked at the women ages 18 to 65 who were in the upper half in terms of the amount of physical exercise they got per week, they found that sleep appeared to play an important role in cancer risk.
Those who slept less ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) than seven hours nightly had a 47 percent higher risk of cancer than those who got more sleep among the physically active women, the researchers reported at a meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research.
“We think it’s qui ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )te interesting and intriguing. It’s kind of a first look into this. It isn’t something that has been widely studied,” James McClain of the National Cancer Institute, part of the U.S. government’s National Institutes of Health, said in a telephone interview.
McClain, who led the s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tudy, said it is unclear exactly how getting too little sleep may make one more susceptible（易受感染的） to cancer. “Getting adequate sleep has been long associated with health,” McClain said.
The U.S. Center ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s for Disease Control and Prevention calls sleep loss an under-recognized public health problem, saying Americans are getting less and less slumber. The CDCP said the percentage of adults reporting sleeping six hours or less a night increased from 1985 to 2006. Sleep experts say chronic sleep loss is associated with obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke, cardiovascular disease, depression, cigarette smoking and excessive drinking.
In addition, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )research had shown that people who get regular exercise have a reduced risk of breast, colon and other types of cancer. Experts think the effects of exercise on the body’s hormone levels, immune function and body weight may play an important role.
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【标准答案】One possible version:
US researcher ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s have found that regular exercises may have an active effect on the body’s hormone levels, immune function and body weight which thus may reduce the risk of cancer. But the benefits may slip away if she gets too little sleep, especially less than seven hours nightly which may cause such health problems as obesity, depression and so on. However, it is still unclear exactly how sleeping little may make people more susceptible to cancer.
【思路点拨】
本文是一篇说明文。 文章介绍 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )美国研究人员发现，定期锻炼可能对身体激素水平、免疫功能和体重产生积极影响，从而降低患癌症的风险。但是，如果睡眠太少，尤其是每晚睡眠不足7小时，可能会导致肥胖、抑郁等健康问题，那么这些好处可能会溜走。然而，目前还不清楚睡眠不足究竟是如何使人们更容易患癌症的。
【精准解析】
1 要点摘录①Regular exercis ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e can reduce a woman’s risk of cancer, but the benefits may slip away if she gets too little sleep, U.S. researchers said on Monday.
②Those who sle ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )pt less than seven hours nightly had a 47 percent higher risk of cancer than those who got more sleep among the physically active women.
③it is unclea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r exactly how getting too little sleep may make one more susceptible（易受感染的） to cancer.
④Sleep experts say chr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )onic sleep loss is associated with obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke, cardiovascular disease, depression, cigarette smoking and excessive drinking.
⑤Experts think the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) effects of exercise on the body’s hormone levels, immune function and body weight may play an important role.
2.缜密构思将第1、5两个要点进行重组，将第2、4两个要点进行整合。将第3个要点用自己的话进行简要表述。
3.遣词造句US researchers h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ave found that regular exercises may have an active effect on the body’s hormone levels, immune function and body weight which thus may reduce the risk of cancer.
But the benefits may ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )slip away if she gets too little sleep, especially less than seven hours nightly which may cause such health problems as obesity, depression and so on.
However, it is stil ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l unclear exactly how sleeping little may make people more susceptible to cancer.
【名师指导】
[高分句型1] US res ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )earchers have found that regular exercises may have an active effect on the body’s hormone levels, immune function and body weight which thus may reduce the risk of cancer.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段和最后一段进行了概括。其中that引导的宾语从句、短语have an effect on，which引导的定语从句等表达高级。
[高分句型2]：However, it ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )is still unclear exactly how sleeping little may make people more susceptible to cancer. 用how引导主语从句对第五段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
6．（2021·上海·模拟预测）Direc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
New Year Resolution
Every time a new y ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ear rolls around, people set out to better themselves. They promise they will lose weight, find a new job, or maybe even take that vacation they've always talked about. But why do we make these promises to ourselves, and where did this tradition come from Why does this tradition live on when so many people fail to keep the resolutions they make Well, we can start by blaming the ancient Babylonians.
Around 4000 years ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) ago in Babylon, the earliest recorded celebration honoring the coming of a new year was held. The collective ceremonial lasted 11 days. The Babylonians felt this would help them start the new year off on the right foot. Resolutions continued on with the Romans Julius Caesar decided to make a change. He consulted with the best astronomers and mathematicians of the time and introduced the Julian calendar, which more closely represents the modern calendar we use today. Caesar declared January 1 the first day of the year to mark new beginnings.
To this day, the tr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )aditions of the ancient Babylonians and Romans continue on around the world. So much so that Google launched a Resolution Map in 2013 where people could add resolutions and see others adding theirs in real time. The most common new year wishes are Lose Weight, Get organized, Save More Money, Enjoy life, Stay healthy, Learn Something New, Quit Smoking, Help Others Pursue Their goals, and Spend More Quality Time With Their Family Members.
However, how ma ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ny resolutions finally come true No matter how many people participated in Google’s project, only few can maintain their resolutions. only eight percent of people are successful in sticking them out. If those failed resolutions above look familiar and remind you that the whole concept is a complete failure, or if they inspire you to create your own list of promises for a new year, just remember that this tradition is destined to live on. We have 4000 years worth of history telling us so, and that's a statistic that's hard to argue with.
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【标准答案】The tradition t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hat people promise to better themselves every time a new year rolls around dates back to the ancient Babylonians and Romans. The new year wishes are various, and Lose Weight was placed first in 2013. Though only few people can maintain their resolutions, this tradition is destined to live on.
【思路点拨】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )绍说，每当新的一年到来时，人们都会承诺改善自己，这一传统可以追溯到古巴比伦人和罗马人。新年愿望是多种多样的，而减肥被放在了2013年的第一位。虽然只有少数人能够保持他们的决议，但这一传统注定要延续下去。
【精准解析】
1.要点摘录
①Every time a new ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )year rolls around, people set out to better themselves. Around 4000 years ago in Babylon, the earliest recorded celebration honoring the coming of a new year was held. Resolutions continued on with the Romans Julius Caesar decided to make a change.
②So much so ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )that Google launched a Resolution Map in 2013 where people could add resolutions and see others adding theirs in real time. The most common new year wishes are Lose Weight, Get organized, Save More Money, Enjoy life, Stay healthy, Learn Something New, Quit Smoking, Help Others Pursue Their goals, and Spend More Quality Time With Their Family Members.【出处：21教育名师】
③No matter how ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) many people participated in Google’s project, only few can maintain their resolutions. only eight percent of people are successful in sticking them out. If those failed resolutions above look familiar and remind you that the whole concept is a complete failure, or if they inspire you to create your own list of promises for a new year, just remember that this tradition is destined to live on. We have 4000 years worth of history telling us so, and that's a statistic that's hard to argue with.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
The tradition that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )people promise to better themselves every time a new year rolls around dates back to the ancient Babylonians and Romans.
The new year wish ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es are various, and Lose Weight was placed first in 2013.
Though only few peop ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )le can maintain their resolutions, this tradition is destined to live on.
【名师指导】
[高分句型1] The tradi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tion that people promise to better themselves every time a new year rolls around dates back to the ancient Babylonians and Romans.运用that引导同位语从句对原文第一段和第二段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Though only ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )few people can maintain their resolutions, this tradition is destined to live on.用though引导让步状语从句对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
7．（2021·上海·模 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )拟预测）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
'This is crisis teach ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing': students with disabilities are neglected as coronavirus shuts schools
Homeschooling ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) your children during the Covid-19 pandemic(流行病) is hard. For parents whose children have a disability, it's a 'herculean(困难的) task'
As her mom tells ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )it, Sesame Street(儿童节目) is Aubrey's first and only love. Her affection for the program's cast of puppets, for Elmo in particular, is so aggressive and pure that her parents have to restrict her access to it because she gets so peculiar after watching it.
Aubrey, whose real ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) name her parents asked be withheld to protect her privacy, is a 16-year-old student in Los Angeles. As a teenager living with autism(自闭症), routine is the bedrock of her day.
But in the days o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f a spiraling coronavirus crisis, predicting what comes next is all but impossible. “Think about how we are with uncertainty and multiply it by a million. For her not knowing is almost unbearable,” said her father, Pirouz Kavehpour.
Today, with 124,000 of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the nation's schools closed due to coronavirus, Kavehpour has joined the ranks of millions of parents turned into homeschool teachers overnight – no easy feat for any working parent, but especially challenging for parents whose children have disabilities.
It remains unclea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r when schools across the country will reopen. California officials already indicated they won't restart this academic year and a handful of other states have closed doors until fall. And as classrooms shift to online learning, many of the services guaranteed to the nation's roughly 7 million children with disabilities have been effectively suspended.
Federal law promis ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es to give students educational services that address individual needs. But it's unclear when children with disabilities will get the kind of face-to-face help they had been getting at school before.(Adapted from the Guardian BY Jerry)
【标准答案】The widespread ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of Covid-19 makes homeschooling an issue for parents who have disabled children. Like Aubrey, a girl with autism who spends her life in boredom, those children with disabilities seem to have been deprived of in-person help in a time when there is no hope for schools to reopen. (50 words)
【思路点拨】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，2 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )019冠状病毒病的广泛传播使家庭教育成为残疾儿童父母的一个问题。就像患有自闭症、生活无聊的奥布里一样，这些残疾儿童在学校没有希望重新开学的时候，似乎被剥夺了面对面的帮助。
【精准解析】
1 要点摘录
①Homeschooli ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng your children during the Covid-19 pandemic is hard. For parents whose children have a disability, it's a 'herculean task'.
②Aubrey, whose re ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )al name her parents asked be withheld to protect her privacy, is a 16-year-old student in Los Angeles.
③It remains unclear when schools across the country will reopen.
④But it's unclear wh ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )en children with disabilities will get the kind of face-to-face help they had been getting at school before.
2.缜密构思
将第1要点进行重组，将第2、3、4三个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
The widespread of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Covid-19 makes homeschooling an issue for parents who have disabled children.
Like Aubrey, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) a girl with autism who spends her life in boredom, those children with disabilities seem to have been deprived of in-person help in a time when there is no hope for schools to reopen.
【名师指导】
[高分句型1] The widespr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ead of Covid-19 makes homeschooling an issue for parents who have disabled children. 这句话运用了who引导的定语从句,对第一段内容进行总结，表达高级。
[高分句型2] Like Aubre ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y, a girl with autism who spends her life in boredom, those children with disabilities seem to have been deprived of in-person help in a time when there is no hope for schools to reopen.这句话运用了who引导的的定语从句，对2，3，4要点的内容进行作结，表达高级。
8．（2021·上海黄浦·二模）D ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )irections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
How the smartphone affected teens
Some parents ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )might worry about their teens spending so much time on their phones because it represents a complete departure from how they spent their own adolescence. But spending this much time on screens is not just different—in many ways, it’s actually worse.
Spending less time wi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )th friends means less time to develop social skills. A 2014 study found that sixth graders who spent just five days at a camp without using screens ended the time better at reading emotions on others’ faces, suggesting that teens’ screen-filled lives might cause their social skills to decline.
In addition, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )teens using smartphones read books, magazines and newspapers much less than previous generations did as teens: In the annual Monitoring the Future survey, the percentage of high school seniors who read a non-required book or magazine nearly every day dropped from 60 percent in 1980 to only 16 percent in 2015. College teachers tell me that students have more trouble reading longer text passages, and rarely read the required textbooks.
This isn’t to say th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at teens who use smartphones don’t have a lot going for them. They are physically safer and more tolerant than previous generations were. They also seem to have more realistic expectations than their parents did at the same age. But the smartphone threatens to disturb them before they even get started.
To be clear, moderate ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) smartphone use—up to an hour a day—is not linked to mental health issues. However, most teens are on their phones much more than that.
Somewhat to my su ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rprise, the teens I interviewed said they would rather see their friends in person than communicate with them using their phones. Parents used to worry about their teens spending too much time with their friends—they were a distraction, a bad influence, a waste of time. But it might be just what teens need.
【标准答案】Teens’ spending ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) too much time on smartphones affected their development and caused parents' worry. Studies found using smartphones might prevent teens developing social skills and reading abilities. But teens using smartphones properly are physically safer, more tolerant and realistic, and moderate smartphone use has no connection with mental health problems. Actually, teens prefer face-to-face communication with their friends. (58 words)
【思路点拨】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )绍说，青少年花太多时间在智能手机上影响了他们的发展，引起了父母的担心。研究发现使用智能手机可能会阻碍青少年发展社交技能和阅读能力。但正确使用智能手机的青少年在身体上更安全，更宽容，更现实，适度使用智能手机与心理健康问题没有关系。实际上，青少年更喜欢与朋友面对面的交流。
【精准解析】
1 要点摘录
①Some parents might ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) worry about their teens spending so much time on their phones because it represents a complete departure from how they spent their own adolescence.
②A 2014 study f ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ound that sixth graders who spent just five days at a camp without using screens ended the time better at reading emotions on others’ faces, suggesting that teens’ screen-filled lives might cause their social skills to decline.
③They are physi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cally safer and more tolerant than previous generations were. They also seem to have more realistic expectations than their parents did at the same age.
④To be clear, mode ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rate smartphone use—up to an hour a day—is not linked to mental health issues.
⑤Somewhat to m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y surprise, the teens I interviewed said they would rather see their friends in person than communicate with them using their phones.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2、5三个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句Teens’ spendi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng too much time on smartphones affected their development and caused parents' worry.
Studies found using ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )smartphones might prevent teens developing social skills and reading abilities.
But teens usi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng smartphones properly are physically safer, more tolerant and realistic, and moderate smartphone use has no connection with mental health problems.
Actually, teens prefer face-to-face communication with their friends.
【名师指导】
[高分句型1] Teens’ spendin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g too much time on smartphones affected their development and caused parents' worry.运用主语部分的复合结构将第一段中青少年玩手机的现象表达了出来，结合谓语affect和宾语development，以及并列句中谓语cause和宾语parents' worry完整地概括出第一段内容。其中动名词的复合结构和并列谓语表达高级。
[高分句型2]：But teens ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) using smartphones properly are physically safer, more tolerant and realistic, and moderate smartphone use has no connection with mental health problems. 用并列连词and连接两个句子对第四、五段进行了概括，言简意赅。
9．（2021·上海市晋元高级中学高三月 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )考）Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
American College ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of Physicians 'stepped out of its lane" by placing gun control in medical education. Stanley Gold-farb, formerly the associate dean of curriculum at the University of Pennsylvania's Perelman School of Medicine, argued that teaching social justice issues and population health comes "at the expense of strict training in medical science" at a time when sub-specialists are in short supply. But many physicians, ourselves included, think social issues should be at the heart of medical education.
Formal medical schoo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l typically takes four years, followed by several years of residency（住院医生实习期）and often a fellowship（研究员职位）, and during that short time students have a wide range of competing requirements. They must learn complex biological and chemical pathways that explain diseases and health. They must be educated on how to read the the scientific literature and apply it to their patients. They must master many therapies and know how to adapt them to patients' varied diseases states. On top of all this, they must learn to communicate effectively and compassionately with patients and colleagues.
Being a good doc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tor also demands that we understand the reasons behind poor health. Our mission is not simply to diagnose, manage and treat. Physicians should act to prevent the root causes of illness and improve well-being. Physicians are trained to tackle problems at their root. System and structural-level social issues are also drivers of poor health, and it is our duty to address them. Medical training must evolve to produce doctors who are able to not only treat the individual but also understand the larger influencers of health -- of which gun violence is most emphatically one. As medical professors, we would fail our students -- and our patients - if we expected any less.
【标准答案】 Social issues are vital in medical education.
Firstly, medical s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tudents must learn effective and compassionate communication with others
Besides, it is nece ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ssary for good doctors to know what's behind poor health and prevent it. Social issues cause poor health, so we need to handle hem. Without such issues taken into account,medical education would be incomplete. (56 words)
【思路点拨】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，在医学教育中 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，社会问题是至关重要的。首先，医学生必须学会与他人进行有效的、富有同情心的沟通。社会问题导致健康状况不佳，因此我们需要处理好这些问题。如果不考虑这些问题，医学教育就不完整了。
【精准解析】
1 要点摘录
①But many physicians ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), ourselves included, think social issues should be at the heart of medical education.
②On top of all this, t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hey must learn to communicate effectively and compassionately with patients and colleagues.
Being a good doc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tor also demands that we understand the reasons behind poor health.
④System and structu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ral-level social issues are also drivers of poor health, and it is our duty to address them.
As medical professor ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s, we would fail our students -- and our patients - if we expected any less.
2.缜密构思
将第1点简化重组，作为总起句；将第2点作为第一个分说句；将3和4两个要点进行重组，作为第二个分说句；将第5个要点表述转换，作为总结句。
3.遣词造句
Social issues are vital in medical education.
Firstly, med ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ical students must learn effective and compassionate communication with others.
Besides, it is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) necessary for good doctors to know what's behind poor health and prevent it. Social issues cause poor health, so we need to handle them. Without such issues taken into account, medical education would be incomplete.
【名师指导】
[高分句型1] Besi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )des, it is necessary for good doctors to know what's behind poor health and prevent it.(运用了it作形式主语，真正的主语是to引导的不定式。其中不定式动词后还跟有what引导的宾语从句，对第三段前半句进行了概括)
[高分句型2]：Social issues ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) cause poor health, so we need to handle them.( 运用了so连接两个并列句，对第三段后半部分进行了概括。)
10．（2021·上海·复旦附中高三月考）D ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )irections: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible.
Wearable Data
The classic nightmare ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of suddenly realizing you're naked in public could soon get a futuristic twist: it might involve the horror of losing not just your modesty but also your codes. Scientists recently created magnetic garments that they say can store data, automatically unlock doors or control a nearby smart-phone with gestures.
The concept of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) interactive ‘smart clothing’ has drawn attention in the past couple of years. For example, Google and Levi's created a touch-sensitive denim jacket that can operate a smart-phone. This and other smart garment are made with conductive thread and usually require an attached electonic device.
To eliminate the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) need for such attached gear, researchers at the University of Washington recently took advantage of what they say is previously untapped property of conductive thread: its ability to be magnetized. Using magnetic instead of electric properties of the thread ‘may seem like a small difference, but it's what makes this work interesting and exciting,’ says Chris Harrison, a computer scientist at Carnegie Mellon University, who was not part of the research. The new technique allowed the researchers to do something they say is unique among wearables: turn them into storage devices. The Washington team magnetized a patch of fabric embroidered with conductive thread, giving different parts of the cloth a north or south orientation that corresponded to binary 1's or 0's. This step allowed the researchers to store us to 33 million different combinations—such as pass codes for doors—on a shirt cuff.
The graments stil ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l stored data after washing, drying and ironing, but they could not escape time's eraser; after about a week, the thread's magnetic fields had weakened by around 30 percent. The researchers suggest that using custom made thread designed to hold stronger magnetic fields might work longer. But for now the clothes may be best suited for storing temporary codes, such as those found on hotel key cards or clothing tags in stores. Harrison says that it is Very unlikely you're ever going to achieve a comparable density to magnetic hard drives with data-storing fabric, however.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【标准答案】Scientists r ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ecently created magnetic garments that they say can store data, automatically unlock doors or control a nearby smart-phone with gestures, which are made with conductive thread and usually require an attached electonic device. To eliminate the need for such attached gear, researchers took advantage of untapped property of conductive thread: its ability to be magnetized. But for now the clothes may be best suited for storing temporary codes.
【思路点拨】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )科学家们最近发明了一种磁性衣服，他们说这种衣服可以存储数据、自动开门或用手势控制附近的智能手机，这种衣服由导电线制成，通常需要一个附加的电子设备。为了消除这种附加设备的需要，研究人员利用了导电线的未开发特性：它的磁化能力。但就目前而言，这些衣服可能最适合储存临时密码。
【精准解析】
1 要点摘录
①Scientists recentl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y created magnetic garments that they say can store data, automatically unlock doors or control a nearby smart-phone with gestures. This and other smart garment are made with conductive thread and usually require an attached electonic device.
②To eliminate the nee ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d for such attached gear, researchers at the University of Washington recently took advantage of what they say is previously untapped property of conductive thread: its ability to be magnetized.
③But for now the c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lothes may be best suited for storing temporary codes, such as those found on hotel key cards or clothing tags in stores.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Scientists recen ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tly created magnetic garments that they say can store data, automatically unlock doors or control a nearby smart-phone with gestures, which are made with conductive thread and usually require an attached electonic device.
To eliminate the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )need for such attached gear, researchers took advantage of untapped property of conductive thread: its ability to be magnetized.
But for now t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he clothes may be best suited for storing temporary codes.
【名师指导】
[高分句型1] Scientists ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )recently created magnetic garments that they say can store data, automatically unlock doors or control a nearby smart-phone with gestures, which are made with conductive thread and usually require an attached electonic device.运用which引导非限制性定语从句对原文第一段和第二段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] To elim ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )inate the need for such attached gear, researchers took advantage of untapped property of conductive thread: its ability to be magnetized.用不定式作目的状语从句对第三段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
11．（2021·上海市七宝中学高 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )三月考）Direction: Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
The protection provide ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d by COVID-19 vaccines declines after four to six months, a large United Kingdom study has found. Researchers from health science company ZOE, a spin-out from King’s College London, recently have found that a full course of the Pfizer vaccine was 88 percent effective at preventing infection after one month, and this protection fell to 74 percent after five to six months.
Tim Spector, a pro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )fessor of genetic epidemiology who led the research, said that the data is broadly consistent with various other studies on COVID-19 vaccine efficacy over time, including a recent survey from Oxford University that found protection from the Pfizer and AstraZeneca jabs against the Delta variant weakened within three months.
However, Simon ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Clarke, an associate professor in microbiology at Reading University, who was not involved in the research, said the claim that protection may dip below 50 percent this year “is not based on any strong analysis of data” and seems “more like a finger in the air prediction”.
“Immunity is a comple ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )x process and we cannot assume people’s immunity will fade at a uniform rate over time,” Clarke said.
Peter English, a form ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )er chairman of the British Medical Association’s Public Health Medicine Committee, who was not involved in the research, said that the data is limited as it did not provide information about vaccine efficacy at preventing severe disease.
“There is a world of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) difference between efficacy against, on the one hand, any infection and on the other hand, illness severe enough to require hospitalization, critical care, or to cause death,” English said.
Spector said that, in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )light of the new research, “we urgently need to make plans for vaccine boosters”, or third shots aimed at combating fading immunity. He told the BBC that these shots should be reserved for certain groups, and that a widespread booster campaign would be a “huge waste” and “ethically dubious”.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【标准答案】A new study has ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )found the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines will decline as time goes by. The finding is backed by other studies. However, the unscientific analysis of data and limitation for lack of information regarding vaccine efficacy at severe disease prevention have cast doubt on this finding. Despite these, it is recommended to boost vaccine injections among certain groups.
【思路点拨】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )一项新的研究发现，随着时间的推移，COVID-19疫苗的效力将会下降。 这一发现得到了其他研究的支持。然而，数据的不科学分析和疫苗在严重疾病预防中的功效信息的缺乏，使这一发现受到质疑。尽管如此，还是建议在某些群体中增加疫苗注射。
【精准解析】
1 要点摘录
①The protectio ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n provided by COVID-19 vaccines declines after four to six months, a large United Kingdom study has found.
②Tim Spector, a prof ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )essor of genetic epidemiology who led the research, said that the data is broadly consistent with various other studies on COVID-19 vaccine efficacy over time, including a recent survey from Oxford University that found protection from the Pfizer and AstraZeneca jabs against the Delta variant weakened within three months.
③However, Simon Clark ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e, an associate professor in microbiology at Reading University, who was not involved in the research, said the claim that protection may dip below 50 percent this year “is not based on any strong analysis of data” and seems “more like a finger in the air prediction”. Peter English, a former chairman of the British Medical Association’s Public Health Medicine Committee, who was not involved in the research, said that the data is limited as it did not provide information about vaccine efficacy at preventing severe disease.
④Spector said t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hat, in light of the new research, “we urgently need to make plans for vaccine boosters”, or third shots aimed at combating fading immunity. He told the BBC that these shots should be reserved for certain groups, and that a widespread booster campaign would be a “huge waste” and “ethically dubious”.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
A new study has foun ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines will decline as time goes by.
The finding is backed by other studies.
However, the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )unscientific analysis of data and limitation for lack of information regarding vaccine efficacy at severe disease prevention have cast doubt on this finding.
Despite these, it ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) is recommended to boost vaccine injections among certain groups.
【名师指导】
[高分句型1] A new study h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )as found the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines will decline as time goes by.运用了省略that的宾语从句对原文第一段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Despite the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )se, it is recommended to boost vaccine injections among certain groups.用it作形式主语对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
12．（2021·上海宝山· ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )二模）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
What Makes an Ideal Friend
To say what an id ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eal friend is is not the easiest thing to do. Each person has his or her own opinion of what one would be. However, speaking generally, there are certain features that most people consider characteristic of an ideal friend. Loyal, trustworthy, and open to show weakness are common qualities that the majority of people attach to ideal friends.
Loyalty is a usual qu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ality given to ideal friends. According to Psychology Today, “Loyalty is valued early on in all of our relationships, from the time we make our first friendships. We need friends who won’t spill our secrets to others, gossip about us, or allow others to criticize us”. The worst action between friends is not keeping one’s word.
Ideal friend ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s are also usually referred to as being trustworthy. In a statement by Psychology Today, they say that, “Trustworthiness is often the “make or break” element in any interpersonal relationship. Any unfaithful action, regardless of recognized degree, can destroy a relationship. Trustworthiness consists of several elements, including honesty, dependability, and loyalty, and while each is important to successful relationships, honesty and dependability have been identified as the most vital in the area of friendships”. In light of this, a universal complaint of friends is a lack of honesty, and this is at the heart of being trustworthy.
In line with being hon ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )est is also the ability to show one’s weaknesses. According to the Book of Life, “The ideal friend doesn’t try to prove how powerful and successful they are; on the contrary, quite often they let us know awkward and potentially embarrassing things about themselves. They show how much they trust us by confessing failings and sorrows which would open them up to possible disgrace from the world beyond. They offer us the gift of their defenselessness”. That openness is treasured, as to be close to an individual, one must be willing to share his or her true feelings and states.
【标准答案】Being loyal, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) trustworthy, and open to show weakness are generally considered as shared qualities of an ideal friend. Exactly speaking, an ideal friend should remain faithful first. Secondly, honest and dependable. Finally, he/she is open to share unpleasant and tricky things with friends. 43 words
【思路点拨】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明怎样才能成为一个理想的朋友，以及朋友应该具备的品质。
【精准解析】
1 要点摘录 ①Loyal, tru ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )stworthy, and open to show weakness are common qualities that the majority of people attach to ideal friends.
②Loyalty is a usual quality given to ideal friends.
③Ideal friends are also usually referred to as being trustworthy.
④In line with ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) being honest is also the ability to show one’s weaknesses.
2.缜密构思
将第1、3两个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Being loyal, tr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ustworthy, and open to show weakness are generally considered as shared qualities of an ideal friend.
Exactly speaking, an ideal friend should remain faithful first.
Secondly, honest and dependable.
Finally, he/she is o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )pen to share unpleasant and tricky things with friends.
【名师指导】
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Hacking our senses to boost learning power
Was your school nois ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y or peaceful？It might not seem important，but a growing body of research suggests that sounds can have an impact on learning，performance and creativity.There is certainly some well-established research to suggest that some noises can have a harmful effect on learning.Numerous studies over the past 15 years have found that children attending schools under the flight paths of large airports lag behind in their exam results.
But general ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )noise seems to have an effect too. Bridget Shield，a professor of acoustics at London South Bank University，and Julie Dockrell，now at the Institute of Education，have been conducting studies on the effects of all sorts of noises，such as traffic and sirens，as well as noise generated by the children themselves.When they recreated those particular sounds in an experimental setting while children completed various cognitive tasks，they found a significant negative effect on exam scores.“Everything points to a harmful impact of the noise on children's performance，in numeracy（计算能力），in literacy，and in spelling，”says Shield.The noise seemed to have an especially harmful effect on children with special needs.
Shield says the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sound of"babble"---the chatter of other children，is particularly distracting in the classroom.“People are very distracted by speech---particularly if it's understandable，but you're not involved in it."This phenomenon is also known as the irrelevant speech effect，she says，adding that“it's a very common finding in open-plan offices as well."
Whether backg ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )round sounds are beneficial or not seems to depend on what kind of noise it is and the volume. In a series of studies published last year，Ravi Mehta from the College of Business at Illinois and colleagues tested people's creativity while exposed to a soundtrack made up of background noises---such as coffee-shop chatter and construction-site drilling---at different volumes.They found that people were more creative when the background noises were played at
