中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
编者小注：本专辑专为2022年上海新高考英语二轮总复习及1月春考准备。说说编写思路：版块一：冲刺讲义10讲，注重方法性 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )学习，对于知识的拆解全面到位，选题主要根据上海官方公布的近五年级春秋考真题试题为主，近两年一二模测试及今年最新期中试题为辅。版块二：专练8讲，注重常考题型，高频考点的训练，数十篇选材均选于近两年上海高三四校、八金刚及十三名校之真题版块三：模拟满分卷4套，供大家在完成以上讲练后进行整体测试，满分140分。希望助上海的莘莘学子在求学路上一臂之力。2021-2022学年上海市高三英语二轮复习讲义03 十一选十高频考点词汇梳理及限时训练
学习目标 1、掌握近几年高考真题中的十一选十词汇和兼类词用法；2、掌握十一选十题型的解题步骤和方法；3、通过真题、外刊题练习进行限时训练。
教学内容
进门小练笔练一练——写出划线词汇可能的词性：1.A.counting B.det ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ermined C.distraction D.environmental E.focus F.modifiedG.naturally H.performing I.worsening J.comprehensively K.significant2.A. suspected ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) B. for ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tunately C. invasions D. inevitable E. accustomedF. unreliable G. features H. acknowledged I. inclusion J. transferred K. instantly精讲精练十一选十题型——词性考查规律近三年十一选十题型词性考查规律：1. 主要考查名词，动词，形容词和副词。2. 动词是考査重点，尤其是动词的分词变形为主;动词时语态与非谓语是高中语法学习的重点。3. 名词与形容词为次重点，每年都有考査； ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )对于名词与形容词在句中所起作用与相互修饰，需要学生熟练掌握。需要留意doing作动名词，doing/done作形容词等词类活用以及名词作定语修饰名词的现象。4.副词用于调整题目的难易度与词汇的考査。它在句中的位置灵活，功能强大——可以修饰动词，形容词，副词以及整个句子。一般是二选一。5. 近几年来越来越加大派生词和合成词的考核，要求学生根据单词构成的规律，正确判断词性和词义。知识点一（近三年高三真题十一选十考点汇总）【知识梳理】一词多义一词多性固定搭配acknowledgement n.承认；感谢；确认crack n.裂缝；爆裂声，噼啪声v.破解；破裂；击中；发出爆裂声，噼啪声；log n.原木；日志 v.登录；记录it is an acknowledgement that (我们)必须承认be conscious of有意识的log on 登录acknowledge v.承认；感谢；确认（acknowledged公认的）suspect n.嫌犯 v.怀疑（suspected adj.可疑的）feature n.特征 v.以…为特色;以…为主要组成; 由…主演;起重要作用suspected shoplifters 可疑的扒手grow/be accustomed to 习惯于overlook v.忽视；俯视rebellion n.反叛；叛军reminder n.提醒人的事物;通知单，提示信address n.地址；演说；v.处理；向…说话；寄给impose v.强加；征税（imposing 壮观的）sweep through 横扫commit v.犯罪；保证，承诺superior n.上级；较好的人adj.级别高的，年长的contact n.联系；联系人；接触（者）；隐形眼镜v.联系；接触commit oneself to sth 致力于.evolve v.进化；演变（evolving ad.j不断发展的;进化的）literacy n.读写能力；识字；有文化alert adj.警觉的;警惕的v.向…报警;使警觉;n.警惕;警报challenge n./v.挑战network n.网络；网状系统v.将…连接成网络;建立联系mental shift 心态的转变determined adj.坚定的；确定的，决定的perform v.表演，表现；履行(performing adj.表现的)focus n.焦点 v.集中（on）visual worsening视力恶化modified myopia （改良性）假性近视【例题精讲】例1.2018年春季高考A.address B.fascination C.governed D.imposing E.offensiveF.originally G.overlooking H.rebellion I.reminder J.randomly K.sweptCastles also serv ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed as symbols of power. Built on prominent sites (39)__________ the surrounding areas, castles constantly loomed in the background of many peasants' lives and served as a daily (40)_____reminder_____ of the lord's strength.例2.2019年春季高考Directions: Fil ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. repetitive ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) B. co ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ntinually C. alerts D. pattern E. locateF. mental G. challenge H. network I. evolving J. reversely K. literacyFor example, As ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hoka fellow Andrés Gallardo is a Mexican who lived in a high crime neighborhood. He created an app, called Haus, that allows people to ___34___ with their neighbors. The app has a panic button that __alerts__ everybody in the neighborhood when a crime is happening. It allows neighbors to organize, chat, share crime statistics and work together.【课堂练习】写出原句中的词性词义1. It has （37）___s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )timulated_________ broad global support, including from the likes of the World-Bank. In one of its reports, the Asian Development Bank even stated that mobile data was a key to financial（38） __________, as it could improve customer recording, and, in turn, get an access to credit.（2020黄浦一模）2.It started wi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )th the national anthem. Then came the piano chords, trumpet blasts, violin serenades (小夜曲) and even the clanging of pots and pans--all of it (31) ______ from people’s homes, out of windows and from balconies, and resounding across rooftops.（2020闵行二模）3.“There are some p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )retty astonishing videos of humpbacks (35) _______ killer whales,” he says.（2020徐汇二模）4.It is an open quest ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ion whether shoes have disadvantages, but Sorrentino (40) _______ that the firmness of modern shoes causes our bones to become weaker and more likely to suffer from breaking.（2020长宁二模）5.Parents in searc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )h of more engaging ways to teach children the value of money are turning to allowance-tracking apps, where kids can see their (32) rise and fall in real time.6.Humans are known to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) (36) _ consume__the tiny plastic particles through food and water, but the possible health effects on people and ecosystems have yet to be determined. One study, in Singapore, has found that microplastics can (37) ______ harmful microbes （微生物）.（2020徐汇一模）7.Another th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing technology has(35)_______us is the blurring（难以区分）between work and downtime.While constant connection has made the workday much more flexible, it’s also harder to turn off at the end of the day. （2020闵行一模）8.But his fame wasn’t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )just a(n) （35） result of his research. Hawking, who had a rare disease that made it impossible for him to move or speak, was also a popular public（36）___________ and best-selling author. When he came to scientific conferences，the audience focused their attention on him. （2020崇明一模）9.At the public ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) level, proposals for better administering the city including（38） granting some level of autonomy(自制) to Venice, already enjoyed by some Italian regions like Trentino-Alto-Adige with its German-speaking minority, or offering tax（39） to encourage Venice’s repopulation.（2020奉贤一模）10.The hope ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to have the notebooks in 1,000 stores by the end of the year. Garcia said they are now thinking about （40）____________investors for the first time in order to scale up their operations. They declined to reveal how much the company makes or their annual revenue. （2020松江一模）知识点二（选空词性判断技巧）【知识梳理1】瞻前顾后，词性搭配（特殊） 1.积累常见词性搭配结构：① adj.+n ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ). ② n.+n. ③ adv.+v./adj./句子 ④ be+adj.(后跟名词或名词短语)/doing/done(常常后跟宾语) ⑤ 特殊的形容词：doing/done ⑥prep.+doing/n.2. 巧用并列，注意并列连词前后词性往往相同。【例题精讲】例1.A. support ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) B. effe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ctiveness C. expanding D. escape E. reachedF. questioning G. switched H. control I. recording J. allowed K. inferringPrevious studies ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )suggested the adoption of farming grew up to help cope with (38) ________ societies, although other experts claimed that it was agriculture itself that allowed sedentary (定栖的) communities to expand, and once they (39) ____E. reached____ a certain size, it would have been impossible for groups to return to a hunter-gathering lifestyle, even if they had wanted to. （2020杨浦二模）例2.A. exposed B. interacting C. implement D. deliberately E. vision F. balanceG. essentially H. extreme I. evolution J. engaged K. impactingIf you are on yo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ur phone constantly and not (35)________ with those around you, it can take away from your relationships with your family and friends. （2020嘉定二模）【知识梳理2】上下文意，细节提示（词义） 除了掌握基本的词性搭配，我们还可以通过同语境词，复现词，释义句等上下文给出的提示迅速理解句意，判断词性。同语境词指的是并列情况下，词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )性或词义相近，如competing and conflicting, offensive and defensive等。复现词指的是上下文中出现与选项中相同，相近或者同义的词，这些词汇都是很好的提示词，留心注意。释义句指的是同位语从句，定语从句或者是破折号后面的内容，用以解释说明前面的词汇，做题时候需要翻译完整，避免缺失信息造成错选。【例题精讲】例1.A. backupB. borderlinesC. breathlesslyD. connectivityE. deskboundF. divorcingG. functionsH. interruptingI. presenceJ. reluctantlyK. updateSet ___38___ if yo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )u’re working at home by explaining to family members or children that your work area is off limits, and they should avoid ___39___ unless it’s important. （2020黄浦二模）例2.A. released B. eventually C. delivering D. address E. act F. formerlyG. fascination H. sighting I. inquiring J. undertaken K. misidentifiedPreviously, some MoD files about UFOs had been published online at the U.K. National Archives (国家档案馆) website, The Telegraph reported ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 ). However, all of the agency’s UFO reports will be (32) _______ this year on “a dedicated government web page,” a spokesperson for the British Royal Air Force (RAF) told The Telegraph.（2020松江二模）【知识梳理3】巧用逻辑，因果转折（逻辑）【例题精讲】例1.A. exposed ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) B. interacting C. implement D. deliberately E. vision F. balanceG. essentially H. extreme I. evolution J. engaged K. impacting“In the end, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the question is how you balance using your phone while not negatively (37)________ your health.” Han said.（2020嘉定二模）例2.A. documentaryB. categorizeC. senseD. claimedE. ridF. outlookG. balloonedH. formerI. determinedJ. romanticK. driveFormer World’s Fattest Man Finds LoveFirefighters ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) had to knock down the front wall of his (40)_____ home so they could use a fork lift truck to lift him out and put him into an ambulance when he needed an operation in 2002.知识点三（十一选十解题原则和步骤）十一选十解题原则——先语法后语义利用语法和基本的构词法知识 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，分析选项中派生词和不熟悉词汇的词性词义；然后根据上下文判断设空的词性，最后翻译理解句意去确定选项。即利用词性和词性搭配框定选择范围，再用句意明确最终选项，这会提高做题的效率和正确度。十一选十解题步骤（“四步走”）【步骤1】详读选项，词分类第一步：详读选项，词分类选项中的11个词是考查的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )关键，考生应该详细的理解这11个单词。熟悉的单词标明词性和词义，不 熟悉的单词或者不认识的单词只需标明词性，然后根据名词、动词、形容词、副词四大类按规律排列在试卷上。这样做考生就可以不再是11选1 了，只要根据上下文的逻辑关系或者语法结构，有时候可以是3选 1甚至2选1,缩小了选择的范围，降低了试题的难度。注意:：动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。非谓语动 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词包括：动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。过去分词有两种可能性（形容词和动词的过去分词），无法确定时标问号。不认识的词要看后缀。构词法中，前缀区分意思，后缀区分词性。所以看词尾往往能大致分出词性。词性无法确定的，暂时搁置。做岀相应的标记。在英文中有的单 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词不只有一个词性，比如大家常见的visit, access, approach, challenge, change等就即有名词词性又有动词词性。这时两个都要标岀来。以-ing或-ed结尾的词既可能是动词，也可能是由现在分词或过去分词转变而成的形容词。例如：sleeping "She ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )is sleeping ”中就是动词。而在"sleeping beauty”中就是形容词。建议同学们在供选择的词旁将两种词性都标注上，答题时以动词为首选进行判断。【例题精讲】例1.A. exposed B. inte ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )racting C. implement D. deliberately E. vision F. balanceG. essentially H. extreme I. evolution J. engaged K. impacting“You use your p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hone now to receive emails, to text and chat and to access social media platforms—(32)________ your phone may be your connection to your social life.”（2020嘉定二模）例2.A. combination B. regrettably C. embarrassing ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 ) D. discomfort E. composedF. respectively G. delivered H. typical I. limitations J. accompanied K. evident
A version of her ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) own song Come Alive was (36)_____ by dancers dressed in costumes showing respect to black filmmakers.（2020青浦二模）【步骤2】略读全文，定中心第二步：略读全文，定中心拿到题目以后，由于考查考生 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )对篇章的理解，应该略读整篇文章，确定文章的中心或主要说明的 问题。文章大概在220词--250词左右，用1分钟左右的时间略读即可。要抓住文章首句，迅速找到文章的主题词或主题。和完型填空一样，一般文章第一句不设空格，以便让考生知道本文的相关主题词或主题。在此，建议大家使用略读的方法，以快速掌握文章大意。【例题精讲】例1.A. support B. effec ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tiveness C. expanding D. escape E. reachedF. questioning G. switched H. control I. recording J. allowed K. inferringShifting from hunting to farming made life 50 percent more difficult for humans, a study by Cambridge University ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )suggests. Although farming (31) ____J. allowed____ previously wandering communities to stay put and grow, it came at a huge cost. Researcher Dr. Mark Dyble, lived with 10 Agta groups and found that those who still hunted and searched for their food spent around 20 hours working in the week to live, but those who had (32) ________ to farming needed to work 30 hours for the same amount of food. （2020杨浦区二模）例2.parental B. balan ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ce C. declined D. deposit E. downloadedengaging G. financial H. immediately I. listing J. deliberately K. purchasesSome parents might w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )orry that relying on apps to get kids to do chores only encourages them to be on their phones more. But parents who have chosen this approach argue that they are meeting their kids where they are and that it takes the (40) nagging (唠叨) out of the equation. (2020金山区二模)【步骤3】瞻前顾后，定词性第三步：关注上下文，利用逻辑、词义，确定设空词性。确定空格为名词a/an/the+n., adj.-s-n., vt.+n.,即空格处前面为冠词、形容词或者及物动词的，空格处应填入名词；n.+v.,即空格处后面是动词的，空格处应填入该动词的主语(名词)；prep.+n.,即空格处前面是介词的，空格处充当介词宾语，用填入一个名词或动名词。确定空格为动词n./pron.xT n./pron 即空格前面已有名词/代词作主语，后面又有名词/代词作为动词的宾语，空格处应为 及物动词；n./pron. vi.,即空格处前面是名词/代词，后面没有宾语，空格处应填不及物动词；⑶n./pron. vi. adv./pre ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )p.,即空格处前面是名词/代词，空格处后面是副词/介词，空格处应填入不及物动词， 与副词/介词构成固定搭配；n./pron. link v./be. adj.,即空格处前面是名词/代词，后面是形容词，空格处应填入系动词或be动词；tov.,即空格处前有不定式标志to,空格处应填入动词原形；另一种情况to是介词，后面应填入动名词。确定空格为形容词adj.+n.或n.+adj.，即空格处前面或者后面为名词的，空格处应填入形容词；adv.+adj.,即空格处前面是副词的，空格处应填入形容词；link'be v.+adj.,即空格处前面是系动词或be动词的，空格处应填入形容词作表语。确定空格为副词adv.+v.或v.+adv.,即空格处前面或者后面为动词的，空格处应填入副词；adv.+adj.,即空格姓后面是形容词的，空格处应填入副词。【例题精讲】例1.A. released ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) B. eventually C. delivering D. address E. act F. formerlyG. fascination H. sighting I. inquiring J. undertaken K. misidentifiedFrom the early 1950s u ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ntil 2009, a department in the United Kingdom’s Ministry of Defense (MoD) documented and investigated reports of UFOs. Now, more than a decade after the program ended, many of those (31) _______ classified files about UFO will be made available to the public for the first time.（2020松江区二模）例2.A. documentaryB. categorizeC. senseD. claimedE. ridF. outlookG. balloonedH. formerI. determinedJ. romanticK. driveIt is her personality ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), her (37)_____ and passion that has made me fall for her. （2020崇明二模）【步骤4】结合语义，定结果第四步：复核检查，定结果篇章词汇理解题目类似于完型填空，这需要考 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )生不仅要迅速的确定答案，还要在确定答案之后迅速的复查。检查上下文是否通顺、上下文的逻辑结构是否正确、文章的意思是否出现偏差等等，复查无误后即可确定为最后答案。【例题精讲】例1.A. backupB. borderlinesC. breathlesslyD. connectivityE. deskboundF. divorcingG. functionsH. interruptingI. presenceJ. reluctantlyK. updateThe same adv ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ice applies to internet ___35___. Make sure that if the wireless internet in your home office fails, you can still connect continuously through your smartphone, set up as a Wi-Fi hot spot. （2020黄浦二模）例2.A. affordable B. cultural C. driving D. influence E. materialism F. outward-lookingG. resulted H. shaped I. sharing J. shift K. specializedWhile globaliza ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tion is usually talked about in the context of the (36) ____ I. sharing____of trade and capital between countries, we shouldn’t forget that the (37) ________ force behind it all it people.【课堂练习】春考真题集训1.2017年春季高考Section BDirections: Afte ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r reading the passage below,fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box.Each word can be used only once.Note that there is one more word than you need.A. acknowledgeme ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nt B.actually C.commonly D.confirm E.conscious F.crackG.eliminate H.independent I.log J.shortcut K.unimaginativeWhy Your Password May Not Be as Safe as It SeemsDoes “qaz2ws” stri ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ke you as a nice safe password What bout “adgjmptw” An analysis has found them to be among the passwords that are most (31)__________ used,which of course means they are not secure at all.When ten million passw ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ords were leaked on to the internet,they appeared to (32)__________ that attempts by internet security experts to make us improve our password strength had been successful,even if,in the specific case of the leaked passwords,they are also completely pointless.While many of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the passwords were still single words,such as “password”,there was also a clear attempt by many to make them harder to (33)__________.The problem was that people seemed to do so in the same way.“Users are be ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )coming slightly more (34)__________ of what makes a password strong,” explained WP Engine,an internet company that performed the analysis. “For instance,adding a number or two at the end of a text phrase.That makes it better, right ”But (35)__________ no.They found that almost half a million passwords did this—and in 20 percent of those all people did was put the number “1” at the end.Perhaps this is why so ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )me companies are now trying to move gradually beyond passwords.Yahoo is giving users the option to associate their mobile phone with an account,had have a single use-passwords texted to it each time they want to (36)__________ on.Although the servic ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es is voluntary,Dylan Casey,an executive at Yahoo,said that it was “the first step to (37)__________ passwords”.He said it was a(n) (38)__________ that it was increasingly hard for people to remember all the passwords they had. “I don’t think we,as an industry,have done a good enough job of putting ourselves in the shoes of the people using our products,”he said.It would certain ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ly be a more sensible strategy than same people’s improving upon “password” by using “password” or,tran5p053d unmb3r5 f0r 13tt3r5.“We are,for the most ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )part,predictably (39)__________ when it comes to choosing passwords,despite a decade of warnings from password strength checkers during sign-ups,”said WP Engine. “We love taking a(n) (40)__________,and so do password crackers.”2.2018年春季高考Section BDirections: Complete ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A.address B.fascination C.governed D.imposing E.offensiveF.originally G.overlooking H.rebellion I.reminder J.randomly K.sweptPalaces are ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )known for their beauty and splendor, but they offer little protection against attacks. It’s easy to defend a fortress(堡垒),but fortresses are not designed with the comfort of a king or queen in mind. When it comes to structures that are both (31)__________ and well-fortified, the classic Europe castle is the pinnacle(小尖顶) of design. Across the ages castles changed, developed, and eventually fell out of use, but they still command the (32)__________ of our culture.Castles were (3 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )3)__________ built in England by Norman invaders in 1066. As William the Conqueror (34)__________ through England, he fortified key positions to secure the land he had taken. The castles he built allowed the Norman lords to retreat to safety when threatened by English (35)__________. Castles also served as bases of operation for offensive attacks. Troops were summoned to, organized around, and deployed from castles. In this way castles served both (36)__________ and defensive roles in military operations.Not limited to m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ilitary purposes, castles also served as offices from which the lord would administer control over his fiefdom(领地). That is to say, the lord of the land would hold court in his castle. Those that were socially beneath the lord would come to report the affairs of the lands that they (37)__________ and pay tribute to the lord. They would (38)__________ disputes, handle business, feast, and enjoy festivities. In this way castles served as important social centers in medieval England. Castles also served as symbols of power. Built on prominent sites (39)__________ the surrounding areas, castles constantly loomed in the background of many peasants' lives and served as a daily (40)__________ of the lord's strength.3.2019年春季高考Directions: Fill in e ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ach blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. repetitive B. co ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ntinually C. alerts D. pattern E. locateF. mental G. challenge H. network I. evolving J. reversely K. literacyBill Drayton be ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lieves we’re in the middle of a necessary but painful historical transition. For millenniums most people’s lives had a certain ____31____.You went to school to learn a trade or a skill-baking, farming or accounting. Then you could go into the workforce and make a good living repeating the same skill over the course of your career.But these days ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )machines can do pretty much anything that’s ____32____.The new world requires a different sort of person. Drayton calls this new sort of personal changemaker.Changemakers are ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) people who can see the patterns around them, identify the problems in any situation, figure out ways to solve the problems in any situation, figure out ways to solve the problem, organize fluid teams, lead collective action and then ____33____ adapt as situations change.For example, Ashoka ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )fellow Andrés Gallardo is a Mexican who lived in a high crime neighborhood. He created an app, called Haus, that allows people to ___34___ with their neighbors. The app has a panic button that ___35___ everybody in the neighborhood when a crime is happening. It allows neighbors to organize, chat, share crime statistics and work together.To form and lead thi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s community of communities, Gallardo had to possess what Drayton calls “cognitive empathy-based living for the good of all.” Cognitive empathy is the ability to perceive how people are feeling in ____36____ circumstances. “For the good of all” is the capacity to build teams.It doesn’t m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )atter if you are working in the cafeteria or the inspection line of a plant, companies will now only hire people who can ____37____ problems and organize responses.Millions of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )people already live with the mind-set. But a lot of people still inhabit the world of following rules and repetitive skills. They hear society telling them: “We don’t need you. We don’t need your kids, either.” Of course, those people go into reactionary mode and strike back.The central ____38____ of our time, Drayton says, is to make everyone a changemaker. In an earlier era, he says, society realized it needed universal ____39____.Today,schools have to develop the curriculums and assessments to make the changemaking mentality universal. They have to understand this is their criteria for success.Ashoka has studied s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ocial movements to find out how this kind of ____40____ shift can be promoted. It turns out that successful movements take similar steps.当堂检测1.2017年秋季高考Section BDirections: A ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )fter reading the passage below,fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box.Each word can be used only once.Note that there is one more word than you need.A. suspected B. fort ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )unately C. invasions D. inevitable E. accustomedF. unreliable G. features H. acknowledged I. inclusion J. transferred K. instantlyThe iPhone X, App ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )le’s new smartphone, is equipped with facial recognition. 31______, its scanner can unlock the system. It requires no buttons to be pressed, being always ready to read your face. Android users can expect similar 32______ as well.For the millions ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) of people who will soon depend on facial recognition to check their email, send a text or make a call, it will be quick, easy and pretty “cool” to use. However, as we grow 33______to the technology, we cannot become numb to the problems that come with it.Facial recogn ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ition is already used everywhere. In China, police use the technology to identify people who jaywalk (乱穿马路). In the United State, more than half of all adults are in a facial recognition database that can be used for criminal investigation. Governments, however, are not the only users of facial recognition. Retailers use the technology in their stores to identify 34______ shoplifters. One social media app in Russia allows strangers to find out who you are just by taking a photo of you.However, differ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ent users of facial recognition produce different levels of accuracy. Camera distance, lighting, facial pose all affect the accuracy. Officials at the New York Police Department, for example, have 35______ at least five misidentifications by their facial recognition system. If the iPhone’s new system is similarly 36______, no one will consider it to be acceptable security for our personal information. 37______ it probably won’t be. But for many of the systems elsewhere, mistakes and 38______ of privacy might be unavoidable.As the smart ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )phone of choice for many users, the iPhone’s 39______ of facial recognition may encourage consumers to accept the technology elsewhere. However, even as we choose to we explore the convenience facial recognition might offer, we should also be suspicious of the many ways it can be used. Facial recognition may well be 40______. Its risks need not be!2.2018年秋季高考Section BDirections: Compl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. committed ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) B. compared C. contact D. delegation E. destructiveF. humble G. negotiate H. respelled I. similarity J. superiors K. witnessedSome Very “American” Words Come from ChineseMany of the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Chinese words that are now part of English were borrowed long ago. They are most often from Cantonese(粤语) or other Chinese languages rather than Mandarin. Let’s start with them.kowtowThe English word kow ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tow is a verb that means to agree too easily to do what someone else wants you to do, or to obey someone with power in a way that seems (31)__________. It comes from the Cantonese word kau tau, which means "knock your head." It refers to the act of kneeling and lowering one's head as a sign of respect to (32)__________ – such as emperors, elders and leaders. In the case of emperors, the act required the person to touch their head to the ground. Britain's Lord George Macartney refused to "kau tau" to the Qianlong Emperor. Soon after, the English word "kowtow" was born. In 1793, Britain's King George III sent Lord George Macartney and other trade ambassadors to China to (33)__________ a trade agreement. The Chinese asked them to kowtow to the Qianlong Emperor. As the story goes, Lord Macartney refused for his (34)__________ to do more than bend their knees. He said that was all they were required to do for their own king.It is not surp ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rising, then, that Macartney left China without negotiating the trade agreement. After that, critics used the word kowtow when anyone was too submissive to China. Today, the usage has no connection to China, nor any specific political connection.gung-hoAnother borrowed word ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) that came about through (35)__________ between two nations is gung-ho. In English, the word gung-ho is an adjective that means extremely excited about doing something. The Chinese characters "gōng" and "hé" together mean "work together, cooperate." The original term -- gōngyè hézuòshè -- means Chinese Industrial Cooperatives. The organizations were established in the 1930s by Westerners in China to promote industrial and economic development. Lt. Colonel Evans Carlson of the United States Marine Corps observed these cooperatives while he was in China. He was impressed, saying "...all the soldiers (36)__________ themselves to one idea and worked together to put that idea over."He then began using the term gung-ho in the Marine Corps to try to create the same spirit he had (37)__________. In 1942, he used the word as a training slogan for the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion during World War II. The men were often called the "Gung Ho Battalion." From then, the word gung-ho spread as a slogan throughout the Marine Corps. Today, its meaning has no relation to the military.typhoonIn English, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a typhoon is a very powerful and (38)__________ storm that occurs around the China Sea and in the South Pacific. The word history of typhoon had a far less direct path to the English language than gung-ho. And not all historical accounts are the same. But, according to the Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories, the first typhoons reported in the English language were in India and were called "touffons" or "tufans." The word tufan or al-tufan is Arabic and means violent storm or flood. The English came across this word in India and borrowed it as touffon. Later, when English ships encountered violent storms in the China Sea, Englishmen learned the Cantonese word tai fung, which means "great wind." The word's (39)__________ to touffon is only by chance. The modern form of the word – typhoon – was influenced by the Cantonese but (40)__________ to make it appear more Greek.3.2019年秋季高考Section BDirections: After r ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.A.counting B ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ).determined C.distraction D.environmental E.focus F.modifiedG.naturally H.performing I.worsening J.comprehensively K.significantMyopia,or short-sighte ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dness, is a condition in which distant objects appear blurred (模糊的),but closer objects can usually be seen in sharp focus.Its biological basis is an eye that,during childhood,has grown too long for its optical power.The focal plane for images of distant objects ends up in front of the retina,casing out-of-(31)__________ perception.Myopia was o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nce regareded as almost totally genetically (32)__________.But its prevalence(流行) has increased spectacularly in urban mainland China,Hong Kong,Taiwan,Singapore,Japan and South Korea,where 80-90% of those completing high school are now short-sighted.This is up from 20-30% only two generations ago.Since gene pools do not change that fast,these massive changes must be due to (33)__________ change. In 2005,we (34)__________ reviewed the research on myopia and found a correlation with education.(This was not a particularly novel insight;such a link was supposed as far back as Kepler in 1604.)We found locations with a high prevalence of myopia were all top performers in surveys of international educational outcomes.Fortunately,not all ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) high-(35)__________ locations, Australia among them,showed a high prevalence of myopia.This shows that high educational outcomes do not necessarily lead to myopia.We also hypothesized that all human population groups had a tendency to develop myopia under particular environmental conditions.Indeed,North America and Europe have seen growing rates of myopia,although they are still nowhere near as high as in East and Southeast Asia.A common cutoff for h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )igh myopia is-5 diopters(屈光度).This means vision is blurred beyond 20cm from the eyes.Such severe or high myopia increases with age and can lead to visual impairment that can’t be corrected.The prevalence of high myopia has now reached 20% in young adults in East and Southeast Asia,which foreshadows major increases in visual (36)__________ and blindness as these young adults age.So prevention of myopia has become crucial,particularly for East and Southeast Asia.Australia has (37) ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )__________ low levels of myopia with a lifestyle that emphasizes outdoors activities. Young children report spending two to three hours a day outside, not (38)__________ time outdoors at school. However, there are formidable barriers to achieving this benchmark in locations where spending time outdoors is seen as a(n) (39)__________ from study. Policy responses must therefore also aim to slow the progression of myopia,the phenomenon in which mild to (40)__________ myopia becomes more severe during childhood.There is currently controversy over whether time outdoors slows progression,but strong seasonal effects on progression suggest that it may.温故知新【要点总结】 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )(一)十一选十高频词选项高频词汇：名词：alteration ，likel ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ihood，shortness，access ，drain,attachment ， partner，shape，advances，commandvictims，achi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )evement ，executive ，infections，harbor，reliance，potential，modernity，misery，patent ， limits；outlook ，breaks，issues，agreement，devotion，withdrawal，result，effort ，figure，respect，conventions；issues ，trials，principle benefits ，alternative，inspiration，string ，currents，instructions，decoration ，benefits；promises ，intake，depression，productions，excitement，sound ，assurances动词：accustomed,advanc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es,command,drain,reduced ,renew,captured ,championed ,publicizing ,reveal ,distributed,consume,harbor,originate,revealed,limits,gifted,exhausting ,increasing,defend,depriving,sharpened ,breaks,endured,granting,activate,tested,advanced,unlock,revealed,drew,allowed,result,transformed,discovered,figure,respect,adapt ,classified,diagnosed ,miss,repeated,emphasizes,helping,energized,increased ,absorbing,benefits,analyzed,approaching,decomposes,involves ,squeezing,mined ,emitted ,contained ,representing ,recovered ,encountered,estimated,benefits,refreshing ,promises ,increased ,launched,responding, sound,assemble,performed,matching形容词：pleasurable, , ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )immediate ,temporary ,weakened ,potential,traditional,unbanked ,accustomed,common ,championed ,executive ,manageable ,memorable,distributed,potential,specific,revealed,passionate ,gifted,favored ,blessed ,exhausting,,sharpened,relevant,tested,advanced,revealed,unimaginable,physical,fundamental,mutual,crucial,intellectual,literary,enormous,helping,energized,active,temperate,approaching,alternative ,recyclable,mined,representing,detailing,scientific，estimated ,refreshing ,capitalistic nationwide,advisable,responding ,realistic,matching,original副词：fortunately ,p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hysically ,subconsciously ,precisely, sustainably, conveniently ,reluctantly , absolutelyrespectively ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), instead, partially,roughly,secretly ,separately,temporarily,primarily ,particularly一词多性：thickening， weaken ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed ，access ，potential ，shape ，accustomed，advances，command,common，drain，championed，executive ，harbor，potential，limits ，gifted，blessed ，exhausting,increasing，breaks，advanced，result，figure，respect，repeated ，helping，energized ，benefits, alternative，mined，estimated ，benefits，refreshing ，promises ，sound一词多义：weakened，atta ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )chment，shape ，championed，increasing，breaks， figure，repeated ，energized，approachingcurrents ，estimated，benefits ，refreshing，increased (二)十一选十高频词选项高频词汇：名词：balance;prese ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nce;anxiety;account;address;combination;deposit;exhibition;fascination;guarantee;label动词：present；alert ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com );act;allow;benefit;breakthrough;convince;charge;claim;compose;check;drive;deliver形容词：delivered/deliver ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing;engaging/engaged;typical;burdened;collective;evident;exposed;financial副词：deliberately；desperately;essentially;typically;breathlessly一词多性：highlight; scale ,prof ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )essional;preventive；function；update；influence；shift；suspects；motive；alerts；charging；label；implement;present; hit；documentary; sense; rid; drive；balance；address;act；support;escape一词多义：exhibit；presence；accounts；bear；engaging来源：2020-2021学年上海市虹口区高三二模真题Section BDirections: Fill ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. mobility ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) B. concerning C. joblessness D. upcoming E. unemployedF. automated G. deliberately H. inequality I. quoted J. assumed K. significantlyWill a Robot Really Take Your Job It is one of the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) most widely quoted data of recent years. No report or conference presentation on the future of work is complete without it. It has been pointed to as evidence of a(n) ___31___ jobs disaster by think-tanks and government agencies. The finding that 47 percent of American jobs are at high risk of being ___32___ by the mid-2030s comes from a paper written by two Oxford academics, Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael Osborne. It has since been ___33___ in more than 4,000 other academic articles. Such misunderstandings reflect the polarized (两极分化的) debate ___34___ the nature of automation and the future of jobs.At one extreme are t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he negativists. They warn of mass technological ___35___ just around the corner. One advocate of this position, Martin Ford, has written two best-selling books on the dangers of unemployment caused by automation. He worries that middle-class jobs will disappear, economic ___36___ will cease, and the richest people in a country could “shut themselves away in gated communities, perhaps guarded by self-directed military robots and drones.” The ___37___ masses will live on a universal basic income.At the positi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ve end of the debate, classical economists argue that in the past, new technology has always ended up creating more jobs than it has destroyed. It was several decades before industrialization led to ___38___ higher wages for British workers in the early 1800s. While automation is likely to increase ___39___ in the short run by pushing some people into lower-paid jobs, it eventually increases the overall size of the economic pie.Frey is often ___40___ to be in the first camp. His paper simply wanted to point out that 47 percent of the current jobs in America were more likely to be affected by automation. It got more attention than they would ever have expected. In part this is because fear sells, particularly when it is stirred up by a misunderstanding.来源：上海华东师范大学第二附属中学2022届高三上学期10月阶段测试卷英语试题Section BDirections: Complete t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. nod B. initia ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ting C. proceeding D unintended E. automatically F. orientsG. bite H. watchful I. jags J. prospective K. potentiallyFacial RecallLarge gatherings such ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )as weddings and conferences can be socially overwhelming. Pressure to learn people’s names only adds to the stress. A new facial-recognition app could come to the rescue-but privacy experts recommend____11____with caution.The app called Social Recall, connects names with faces via smartphone cameras and facial recognition,____12____enminating the need for formal introductions. “It breaks down these social barriers we all have in terms of____13____the policy of politeness to meet somebody,” says Barry Sandrew, whose start-up, also called SocialRecall, created the app and tested it at an event attended by about 1,000 people.After receiving a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n invitation to download SocialRecall from an event organizer, a(n)____14____user is asked to take two selfies and sign in via social media. At the event, the app is active within a previously defined geographical area. When a user points his or her phone camera at an attendee’s face, the app identifies the individual, displays the person’s name, and links to his or her social media profile. To protect privacy, it recognizes only those who have given their____15____And the app's creators say it____16____wipes users’ data after an event.Ann Cavoukian, a priv ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )acy expert who runs the Privacy by Design Center of Excellence at Ryerson University in Toronto, commends the app’s creators for these protective measures. She cautions, however, that when people choose to share their personal information with the app, they should know that “there may be____17____consequences down the road with that information being used in another context that might come back to____18____you.”The start-up ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )has also developed a version of the app for individuals who suffer from prosopagnosia, or “face blindness,” a condition that prevents people from recognizing individuals they have met. To use this app, a person first acquires an image of someone’s face, from either the smartphone’s camera or a photograph, and then____19____it with a name. When the camera spots that same face in real life, the previously entered information is displayed. The collected data are stored only on a user’s phone, according to the team behind the app.Jason Schult ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )z, a professor of clinical law at New York University, who was not involved with the app's creation, remains____20____, “The cost to everyone whom you are surveilling with this app is very, very high, and I don't think it respects the consent politics involved with capturing people's images.”来源：上海市奉贤区致远高级中学2021-2022学年高三上学期期中教学评估英语试题Section BDirections: Comple ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )te the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.How sound and colour influence the taste of foodThe sound people he ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ar while they are eating food can change the way they think it tastes, scientists have discovered. In fact, researchers have also found that changing the colour of a food can influence the flavour ___31___ by consumers. Food manufacturers are now hoping to ___32___ the findings in an attempt to make their foods more appealing.It was ___33___ thought that the sense of taste and smell were the only human senses that played a role in experiencing flavour. Professor Charles Spence, a sensory psychologist at Oxford University, is a leading expert in his field. He believes that it is possible to change the flavor of food simply by exciting people’s sense of hearing. For example, listening to waves hitting the sea shore can make ___34___ detect seafood flavours.Professor Spe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nce has also discovered that ___35___ changing the colour of a food can influence the way it tastes. He found that by changing a drink from yellow to a deep red, it is possible to make it taste up to 12 per cent sweeter than it really is. He said: ‘This colour has strong ___36___ with very ripe fruit.’Flavour is not ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )just as simple as the way something tastes, as all the other senses come into ___37___ and some can dominate the way the brain will ___38___ a food. Ice cream activates a part of the brain which is just behind the eyes and is where emotions are ___39___. By melting, it changes its physical ___40___ and creates contrasts that continually keep your senses interested.So next time you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) are in a restaurant or a supermarket, or just sitting down at home to eat something, think about whether your choices have been influenced by sound or colour. You may be surprised!
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" 21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
编者小注：本专辑专为2022年上海新高考英语二轮总复习及1月春考准备。说说编写思路：版块一：冲刺讲义10讲，注重方法性 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )学习，对于知识的拆解全面到位，选题主要根据上海官方公布的近五年级春秋考真题试题为主，近两年一二模测试及今年最新期中试题为辅。版块二：专练8讲，注重常考题型，高频考点的训练，数十篇选材均选于近两年上海高三四校、八金刚及十三名校之真题版块三：模拟满分卷4套，供大家在完成以上讲练后进行整体测试，满分140分。希望助上海的莘莘学子在求学路上一臂之力。2021-2022学年上海市高三英语二轮复习讲义03 十一选十高频考点词汇梳理及限时训练
学习目标 1、掌握近几年高考真题中的十一选十词汇和兼类词用法；2、掌握十一选十题型的解题步骤和方法；3、通过真题、外刊题练习进行限时训练。
教学内容
进门小练笔练一练——写出划线词汇可能的词性：1.A.counting B.d ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )etermined C.distraction D.environmental E.focus F.modifiedG.naturally H.performing I.worsening J.comprehensively K.significantKeys:B.determined v.决定 adj.坚定的；确定的，决定的E.focus n.焦点 v.集中（on）H.performing v.表演，表现；履行adj.表现的)I.worsening v.使恶化，加剧 n.恶化2.A. suspected B. fo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rtunately C. invasions D. inevitable E. accustomedF. unreliable G. features H. acknowledged I. inclusion J. transferred K. instantlyKeys:A. suspected n.嫌犯 v.怀疑（suspected adj.可疑的）G. features n.特征 v.以…为特色;以…为主要组成; 由…主演;起重要作用H. acknowledged v.承认；感谢；确认adj.acknowledged公认的精讲精练十一选十题型——词性考查规律近三年十一选十题型词性考查规律：1. 主要考查名词，动词，形容词和副词。2. 动词是考査重点，尤其是动词的分词变形为主;动词时语态与非谓语是高中语法学习的重点。3. 名词与形容词为次重点，每 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )年都有考査；对于名词与形容词在句中所起作用与相互修饰，需要学生熟练掌握。需要留意doing作动名词，doing/done作形容词等词类活用以及名词作定语修饰名词的现象。4.副词用于调整题目的难易度与词汇的考査。它在句中的位置灵活，功能强大——可以修饰动词，形容词，副词以及整个句子。一般是二选一。5. 近几年来越来越加大派生词和合成词的考核，要求学生根据单词构成的规律，正确判断词性和词义。知识点一（近三年高三真题十一选十考点汇总）【知识梳理】一词多义一词多性固定搭配acknowledgement n.承认；感谢；确认crack n.裂缝；爆裂声，噼啪声v.破解；破裂；击中；发出爆裂声，噼啪声；log n.原木；日志 v.登录；记录it is an acknowledgement that (我们)必须承认be conscious of有意识的log on 登录acknowledge v.承认；感谢；确认（acknowledged公认的）suspect n.嫌犯 v.怀疑（suspected adj.可疑的）feature n.特征 v.以…为特色;以…为主要组成; 由…主演;起重要作用suspected shoplifters 可疑的扒手grow/be accustomed to 习惯于overlook v.忽视；俯视rebellion n.反叛；叛军reminder n.提醒人的事物;通知单，提示信address n.地址；演说；v.处理；向…说话；寄给impose v.强加；征税（imposing 壮观的）sweep through 横扫commit v.犯罪；保证，承诺superior n.上级；较好的人adj.级别高的，年长的contact n.联系；联系人；接触（者）；隐形眼镜v.联系；接触commit oneself to sth 致力于.evolve v.进化；演变（evolving ad.j不断发展的;进化的）literacy n.读写能力；识字；有文化alert adj.警觉的;警惕的v.向…报警;使警觉;n.警惕;警报challenge n./v.挑战network n.网络；网状系统v.将…连接成网络;建立联系mental shift 心态的转变determined adj.坚定的；确定的，决定的perform v.表演，表现；履行(performing adj.表现的)focus n.焦点 v.集中（on）visual worsening视力恶化modified myopia （改良性）假性近视【例题精讲】例1.2018年春季高考A.address B.fa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )scination C.governed D.imposing E.offensiveF.originally G.overlooking H.rebellion I.reminder J.randomly K.sweptCastles also ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )served as symbols of power. Built on prominent sites (39)__________ the surrounding areas, castles constantly loomed in the background of many peasants' lives and served as a daily (40)_____reminder_____ of the lord's strength.39. G本题考查动词。根据划线部分 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )前后,此处填非谓语动词作sites的定语，同时又和the surrounding areas 构成动宾结构，所以填现在分词overlooking （俯视），这个词也常考忽视的含义。句意：（城堡）建在可以俯瞰周围地区的显著位置。例2.2019年春季高考Directions: Fil ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. repetitive ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) B. continually C. alerts D. pattern E. locateF. mental G. challenge H. network I. evolving J. reversely K. literacyFor example, Ashoka f ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ellow Andrés Gallardo is a Mexican who lived in a high crime neighborhood. He created an app, called Haus, that allows people to ___34___ with their neighbors. The app has a panic button that __alerts__ everybody in the neighborhood when a crime is happening. It allows neighbors to organize, chat, share crime statistics and work together.34.H。根据上下文理解，可知此处所提及的app可将邻里之间形成网络，network n.网络 v.形成网络（联系），故选H。【课堂练习】写出原句中的词性词义1. It has （37 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )）___stimulated_________ broad global support, including from the likes of the World-Bank. In one of its reports, the Asian Development Bank even stated that mobile data was a key to financial（38） __________, as it could improve customer recording, and, in turn, get an access to credit.（2020黄浦一模）38.attachment 作名词，意为“依恋，爱慕，信念，附属物等”，本句中根据上下文意为“抵押”。2.It started with the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )national anthem. Then came the piano chords, trumpet blasts, violin serenades (小夜曲) and even the clanging of pots and pans--all of it (31) ______ from people’s homes, out of windows and from balconies, and resounding across rooftops.（2020闵行二模）31：bears在这里做一个动词，译为“具有”，还可以表示忍受；承担责任。3.“There are ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )some pretty astonishing videos of humpbacks (35) _______ killer whales,” he says.（2020徐汇二模）35：charge在这里作 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )为一个动词，译为“进攻；突袭”，charge作为动词还可以翻译为“①要价；②控告；③记入账”，charge作为名词可以翻译为“①收费；②指控；③谴责”。4.It is an op ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )en question whether shoes have disadvantages, but Sorrentino (40) _______ that the firmness of modern shoes causes our bones to become weaker and more likely to suffer from breaking.（2020长宁二模）40：suspect在此处 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )作为动词，译为“怀疑”，suspect还可以作名词，也译为“嫌疑犯”，suspected可以做形容词，译为“可疑的”。5.Parents in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) search of more engaging ways to teach children the value of money are turning to allowance-tracking apps, where kids can see their (32) rise and fall in real time.32：balance在这里作名词，译为“余额”，balance作名词还可以表示“平衡”，也可以做动词，译为“使。。。平衡；相互抵消”。6.Humans are known t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o (36) _ consume__the tiny plastic particles through food and water, but the possible health effects on people and ecosystems have yet to be determined. One study, in Singapore, has found that microplastics can (37) ______ harmful microbes （微生物）.（2020徐汇一模）37.harbor这里是动词，庇护；怀有，其名词意思是港口；7.Another thing t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )echnology has(35)_______us is the blurring（难以区分）between work and downtime.While constant connection has made the workday much more flexible, it’s also harder to turn off at the end of the day. （2020闵行一模）35.gift此处是动词，意为“，赠与，白送，白给”，还可以做名词，意为“礼物”8.But his fame wasn’ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t just a(n) （35） result of his research. Hawking, who had a rare disease that made it impossible for him to move or speak, was also a popular public（36）___________ and best-selling author. When he came to scientific conferences，the audience focused their attention on him. （2020崇明一模）36.figure,此处是名词，意为“人物”，还有“数字，算术”，还可以做动词，意为“认为，认定”9.At the pub ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lic level, proposals for better administering the city including（38） granting some level of autonomy(自制) to Venice, already enjoyed by some Italian regions like Trentino-Alto-Adige with its German-speaking minority, or offering tax（39） to encourage Venice’s repopulation.（2020奉贤一模）break此处是名词，tax breaks意为“减税，赋税优惠”，这个词作名词意为“休息”，作动词，意为“打破，摔碎”。10.The hope to ha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ve the notebooks in 1,000 stores by the end of the year. Garcia said they are now thinking about （40）____________investors for the first time in order to scale up their operations. They declined to reveal how much the company makes or their annual revenue. （2020松江一模）解析：approaching此处是动词，意为“走进，与...接洽”，常见的意思为靠近。approach也可以做名词，意为：方式，方法。知识点二（选空词性判断技巧）【知识梳理1】瞻前顾后，词性搭配（特殊） 1.积累常见词性搭配结构 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )：① adj.+n. ② n.+n. ③ adv.+v./adj./句子 ④ be+adj.(后跟名词或名词短语)/doing/done(常常后跟宾语) ⑤ 特殊的形容词：doing/done ⑥prep.+doing/n.2. 巧用并列，注意并列连词前后词性往往相同。【例题精讲】例1.A. support ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) B. effect ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )iveness C. expanding D. escape E. reachedF. questioning G. switched H. control I. recording J. allowed K. inferringPrevious stu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dies suggested the adoption of farming grew up to help cope with (38) ________ societies, although other experts claimed that it was agriculture itself that allowed sedentary (定栖的) communities to expand, and once they (39) ____E. reached____ a certain size, it would have been impossible for groups to return to a hunter-gathering lifestyle, even if they had wanted to. （2020杨浦二模）38.考察动词doing。cope with +doing（介词+doing/n.）。“扩张”。帮助应对不断扩张的社会。例2.A. exposed B. interacting C. implement D. deliberately E. vision F. balanceG. essentially H. extreme I. evolution J. engaged K. impactingIf you are on you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r phone constantly and not (35)________ with those around you, it can take away from your relationships with your family and friends. （2020嘉定二模）该题后的介词with推断此处考查搭配 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，是一个动词，而前文意思是如果不断地看手机就无法使自己置身于周围的事物，因此答案选J. engaged, 考查be engaged with的搭配。【知识梳理2】上下文意，细节提示（词义） 除了掌握基本的词性搭配，我们还可以通过同语境词，复现词，释义句等上下文给出的提示迅速理解句意，判断词性。同语境词指的是并列情况下，词性或词义 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )相近，如competing and conflicting, offensive and defensive等。复现词指的是上下文中出现与选项中相同，相近或者同义的词，这些词汇都是很好的提示词，留心注意。释义句指的是同位语从句，定语从句或者是破折号后面的内容，用以解释说明前面的词汇，做题时候需要翻译完整，避免缺失信息造成错选。【例题精讲】例1.A. backupB. borderlinesC. breathlesslyD. connectivityE. deskboundF. divorcingG. functionsH. interruptingI. presenceJ. reluctantlyK. updateSet ___38___ if you’re working at home by explaining to family members or children that your work area is off limits, and they should avoid ___39___ unless it’s important. （2020黄浦二模）38.Set borde ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rlines的意思是在家办公需要“设置界限”，与下文 explaining to family members or children that your work area is off limit对应。39.根据avoid，填入的空格往往是doing，再根据句意，意思“别人避免来打扰”。例2.A. released B. eventually C. delivering D. address E. act F. formerlyG. fascination H. sighting I. inquiring J. undertaken K. misidentifiedPreviously, some MoD files about UFOs had been published online at the U.K. National Archives (国家档案馆) website, The Telegraph reported ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 ). However, all of the agency’s UFO reports will be (32) _______ this year on “a dedicated government web page,” a spokesperson for the British Royal Air Force (RAF) told The Telegraph.（2020松江二模）32. 考查动词的过去分词。根据句意，之前是发布在some MoD files about UFOs had been published online at the U.K website, The Telegraph reported ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 ). However, all of the agency’s UFO reports will be ___32___ this year on “a dedicated government web page,”和前面的publish相对应，将会被发布。所以选A。【知识梳理3】巧用逻辑，因果转折（逻辑）【例题精讲】例1.A. exposed B. interacting C. implement D. deliberately E. vision F. balanceG. essentially H. extreme I. evolution J. engaged K. impacting“In the end, the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) question is how you balance using your phone while not negatively (37)________ your health.” Han said.（2020嘉定二模）37. 该题从while ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )看出此空应该是与前面的using成对应的一个动名词：B/K；而后文的health使得答案锁定在了K.impacting上，句意：最后，问题是你如何平衡使用手机，然而又不会对你的健康造成负面影响。例2.A. documentaryB. categorizeC. senseD. claimedE. ridF. outlookG. balloonedH. formerI. determinedJ. romanticK. driveFormer World’s Fattest Man Finds LoveFirefighters had ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to knock down the front wall of his (40)_____ home so they could use a fork lift truck to lift him out and put him into an ambulance when he needed an operation in 2002.40. 这里可以利用因果连词so来理 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )解句意。home名词需要adj.来修饰，判断此空为形容词。文章主要讲了World’s Fattest Man找到爱情的故事，结合句意2002年，当他需要动手术时，消防队员不得不推倒他故居的前墙，才能用铲车将他抬出并送上救护车。A此处为former之前的。知识点三（十一选十解题原则和步骤）十一选十解题原则——先语法后语义利用语法和基本的构词法知识，分析 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )选项中派生词和不熟悉词汇的词性词义；然后根据上下文判断设空的词性，最后翻译理解句意去确定选项。即利用词性和词性搭配框定选择范围，再用句意明确最终选项，这会提高做题的效率和正确度。十一选十解题步骤（“四步走”）【步骤1】详读选项，词分类第一步：详读选项，词分类选项中的11个词是考查的关键，考生应该 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )详细的理解这11个单词。熟悉的单词标明词性和词义，不 熟悉的单词或者不认识的单词只需标明词性，然后根据名词、动词、形容词、副词四大类按规律排列在试卷上。这样做考生就可以不再是11选1 了，只要根据上下文的逻辑关系或者语法结构，有时候可以是3选 1甚至2选1,缩小了选择的范围，降低了试题的难度。注意:：动词分为谓语动词和非谓语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )动词。非谓语动词包括：动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。过去分词有两种可能性（形容词和动词的过去分词），无法确定时标问号。不认识的词要看后缀。构词法中，前缀区分意思，后缀区分词性。所以看词尾往往能大致分出词性。词性无法确定的，暂时搁置。做岀相应的标记。在英文中有的单 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词不只有一个词性，比如大家常见的visit, access, approach, challenge, change等就即有名词词性又有动词词性。这时两个都要标岀来。以-ing或-ed结尾的词既可能是动词，也可能是由现在分词或过去分词转变而成的形容词。例如：sleeping "Sh ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e is sleeping ”中就是动词。而在"sleeping beauty”中就是形容词。建议同学们在供选择的词旁将两种词性都标注上，答题时以动词为首选进行判断。【例题精讲】例1.A. exposed B. int ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eracting C. implement D. deliberately E. vision F. balanceG. essentially H. extreme I. evolution J. engaged K. impacting“You use your phone no ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )w to receive emails, to text and chat and to access social media platforms—(32)________ your phone may be your connection to your social life.”（2020嘉定二模）32. 该题后是完整的一 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )个句子，因此判定此句不缺少主谓宾成分，而空格谓语句首，只能考虑副词，从句意推导出只能选G. Essentially.例2.A. combination ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) B. regrettably C. embarrassing ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 ) D. discomfort E. composedF. respectively G. delivered H. typical I. limitations J. accompanied K. evidentA version of her own ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) song Come Alive was (36)_____ by dancers dressed in costumes showing respect to black filmmakers.（2020青浦二模）36.be+done+by ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), 通过分析句子结构可知，此处缺动词的过去分词形式，根据上文的 Come Alive这首歌曲以及下文介词by后面的dancers可知此曲是由dancer来伴舞的。【步骤2】略读全文，定中心第二步：略读全文，定中心拿到题目以后，由于考查考生对篇章的理解 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，应该略读整篇文章，确定文章的中心或主要说明的 问题。文章大概在220词--250词左右，用1分钟左右的时间略读即可。要抓住文章首句，迅速找到文章的主题词或主题。和完型填空一样，一般文章第一句不设空格，以便让考生知道本文的相关主题词或主题。在此，建议大家使用略读的方法，以快速掌握文章大意。【例题精讲】例1.A. support ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) B. ef ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )fectiveness C. expanding D. escape E. reachedF. questioning G. switched H. control I. recording J. allowed K. inferringShifting from hunting to farming made life 50 percent more difficult for humans, a study by Cambridge University ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )suggests. Although farming (31) ____J. allowed____ previously wandering communities to stay put and grow, it came at a huge cost. Researcher Dr. Mark Dyble, lived with 10 Agta groups and found that those who still hunted and searched for their food spent around 20 hours working in the week to live, but those who had (32) ________ to farming needed to work 30 hours for the same amount of food. （2020杨浦区二模）32.先分析缺空词性，由词性搭配和句子 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )结构可知，是一个过去分词：E/G/J。然后可以根据段落大意迅速判断，句首Shifting from hunting to farming ，shift和这里G.switched同为转变的意思。整句话句意：那些仍旧通过打猎和采集的人需要20个小时来获取食物以谋生，但是那些转向耕作的人需要工作30个小时才能获得同样数量的食物。故选G。例2.parental B. balance C. declined D. deposit E. downloadedengaging G. financial H. immediately I. listing J. deliberately K. purchasesSome parents ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) might worry that relying on apps to get kids to do chores only encourages them to be on their phones more. But parents who have chosen this approach argue that they are meeting their kids where they are and that it takes the (40) nagging (唠叨) out of the equation. (2020金山区二模)40. 考查形容词，作定语修饰nag ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ging，再结合语境“一些父母可能会担心，依靠应用程序让孩子做家务只会鼓励他们更多地使用手机。但是，选择这种方法的父母认为，他们是在与孩子在一起的地方相遇，这消除了______的唠叨”，所以A选项“父母的”符合语境。【步骤3】瞻前顾后，定词性第三步：关注上下文，利用逻辑、词义，确定设空词性。确定空格为名词a/an/the+n., adj.-s-n., vt.+n.,即空格处前面为冠词、形容词或者及物动词的，空格处应填入名词；n.+v.,即空格处后面是动词的，空格处应填入该动词的主语(名词)；prep.+n.,即空格处前面是介词的，空格处充当介词宾语，用填入一个名词或动名词。确定空格为动词n./pron.xT n./pron 即空格前面已有名词/代词作主语，后面又有名词/代词作为动词的宾语，空格处应为 及物动词；n./pron. vi.,即空格处前面是名词/代词，后面没有宾语，空格处应填不及物动词；⑶n./pron. vi. adv./prep.,即空格处前面是名词/代词，空格处后面是副词/介词，空格处应填入不及物动词， 与副词/介词构成固定搭配；n./pron. link v./be. adj.,即空格处前面是名词/代词，后面是形容词，空格处应填入系动词或be动词；tov.,即空格处前有不定式标志to,空格处应填入动词原形；另一种情况to是介词，后面应填入动名词。确定空格为形容词adj.+n.或n.+adj.，即空格处前面或者后面为名词的，空格处应填入形容词；adv.+adj.,即空格处前面是副词的，空格处应填入形容词；link'be v.+adj.,即空格处前面是系动词或be动词的，空格处应填入形容词作表语。确定空格为副词adv.+v.或v.+adv.,即空格处前面或者后面为动词的，空格处应填入副词；adv.+adj.,即空格姓后面是形容词的，空格处应填入副词。【例题精讲】例1.A. released B. eventually C. delivering D. address E. act F. formerlyG. fascination H. sighting I. inquiring J. undertaken K. misidentifiedFrom the earl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y 1950s until 2009, a department in the United Kingdom’s Ministry of Defense (MoD) documented and investigated reports of UFOs. Now, more than a decade after the program ended, many of those (31) _______ classified files about UFO will be made available to the public for the first time.（2020松江区二模）31. 考查副词。修饰形容词classifi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed。classified 分类的；机密的。根据后文will be made available to the public for the first time 可以看出用formerly 从前地。所以选F。例2.A. documentaryB. categorizeC. senseD. claimedE. ridF. outlookG. balloonedH. formerI. determinedJ. romanticK. driveIt is her person ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ality, her (37)_____ and passion that has made me fall for her. （2020崇明二模）37. 根据前后文“her pe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rsonality, her (37) and passion”后面应该填一个n. A/C/E/F/K,另外要个passion(热情）含义相近，此处为drive的一词多义，drive作为n.时为冲劲，干劲，她的个性，冲劲和热情使他爱上了她。【步骤4】结合语义，定结果第四步：复核检查，定结果篇章词汇理解题目类似于完型填空，这 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )需要考生不仅要迅速的确定答案，还要在确定答案之后迅速的复查。检查上下文是否通顺、上下文的逻辑结构是否正确、文章的意思是否出现偏差等等，复查无误后即可确定为最后答案。【例题精讲】例1.A. backupB. borderlinesC. breathlesslyD. connectivityE. deskboundF. divorcingG. functionsH. interruptingI. presenceJ. reluctantlyK. updateThe same advice ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )applies to internet ___35___. Make sure that if the wireless internet in your home office fails, you can still connect continuously through your smartphone, set up as a Wi-Fi hot spot. （2020黄浦二模）根据句意，填入connectivit ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y，internet connectivity意思是网络的连接。 internet名词做定语修饰connectivity.。例2.A. affordable B. cultural C. driving D. influence E. materialism F. outward-lookingG. resulted H. shaped I. sharing J. shift K. specializedWhile globalization i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s usually talked about in the context of the (36) ____ I. sharing____of trade and capital between countries, we shouldn’t forget that the (37) ________ force behind it all it people.37. C考查动名词 定冠词the限 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )定修饰，语意为驱动力。根据这两句的句意”译为“虽然通常在国家间贸易和资本共享的背景下谈论全球化，但是我们不应该忘记驱动力是所有人民背后的力量。”【课堂练习】春考真题集训1.2017年春季高考Section BDirections: Aft ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )er reading the passage below,fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box.Each word can be used only once.Note that there is one more word than you need.A. acknowledgeme ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nt B.actually C.commonly D.confirm E.conscious F.crackG.eliminate H.independent I.log J.shortcut K.unimaginativeWhy Your Password May Not Be as Safe as It SeemsDoes “qaz2ws” strike ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) you as a nice safe password What bout “adgjmptw” An analysis has found them to be among the passwords that are most (31)__________ used,which of course means they are not secure at all.When ten million ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )passwords were leaked on to the internet,they appeared to (32)__________ that attempts by internet security experts to make us improve our password strength had been successful,even if,in the specific case of the leaked passwords,they are also completely pointless.While many of t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he passwords were still single words,such as “password”,there was also a clear attempt by many to make them harder to (33)__________.The problem was that people seemed to do so in the same way.“Users are b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ecoming slightly more (34)__________ of what makes a password strong,” explained WP Engine,an internet company that performed the analysis. “For instance,adding a number or two at the end of a text phrase.That makes it better, right ”But (35)__________ no.They found that almost half a million passwords did this—and in 20 percent of those all people did was put the number “1” at the end.Perhaps this is w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hy some companies are now trying to move gradually beyond passwords.Yahoo is giving users the option to associate their mobile phone with an account,had have a single use-passwords texted to it each time they want to (36)__________ on.Although the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) services is voluntary,Dylan Casey,an executive at Yahoo,said that it was “the first step to (37)__________ passwords”.He said it was a(n) (38)__________ that it was increasingly hard for people to remember all the passwords they had. “I don’t think we,as an industry,have done a good enough job of putting ourselves in the shoes of the people using our products,”he said.It would certai ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nly be a more sensible strategy than same people’s improving upon “password” by using “password” or,tran5p053d unmb3r5 f0r 13tt3r5.“We are,for the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) most part,predictably (39)__________ when it comes to choosing passwords,despite a decade of warnings from password strength checkers during sign-ups,”said WP Engine. “We love taking a(n) (40)__________,and so do password crackers.”【答案】31-35 CDFEBA 36-40 IGAKJ【解析】31.C。commonly 副词修饰 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )形容词 An analysis has found them to be among the passwords that are most commonly used，which of course means they are not secure a all 句意∶分析发现他们是最常使用的密码之一，这意味着它们根本不安全。32 D。confirm 证实When ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ten million passwords were leaked on to internet they appeared to confirm that attempts by internet security experts to make us improve our password strength had been successful, even if in the specific case of the leaked passwords they are also completely pointless. 当一千万个密码被泄露到互联网上时，他们似乎证实了网络安全专家试图让我们提高密码强度的尝试是成功的，即使在泄露密码的具体情况下，它们也是完全没有意义的。33.F。crack使破裂，打开。W ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hile many of the passwords were single word，such as "password"，there was also a clear attempt by many to make them harder to crack虽然许多密码仍然是单一的词，例如"密码"，但许多密码也有一个明确的让他们更难以破解的企图。34.E。be cons ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cious of有意识的。"Users are becoming slightly more conscious of what makes a password strong,"explained WP Engine, an internet company that performed the analysis."用户越来越意识到什么使密码变得强大，"解释了一个进行分析的互联网公司的WP 引擎。35.B. actually事实上 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )But actually no.They found that almost half a million passwords did this-and in 20percentof those all people did was put the number "I"at the end.但实际上没有。他们发现将近一半的密码做到了这一切，20%心的人都把数字"I"放在了最后。36.I. log on 登 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )录 Yahoo!is giving users the option to associate their mobile phone with an account，had have a single use-passwords texted to it each time they want to log on雅虎可以让客户选择将手机和账户链接到一起，并且每次登录时都会发短信给用户一个单独的密码。37.G。eliminate ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )消除 Although the services is voluntary，Dylan Casey an executive at Yahoo!，said that it was"the first step to eliminate passwords".虽然服务是自愿的，但是雅虎的高管Dylan Casey说那是消除密码的第一步。38.A. acknowledgem ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ent承认 He said it was a(n) acknowledgement that it was increasingly hard for people to remember all the passwords they had他说这是对人们越来越难以记住答案的承认。39. K。unimaginati ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ve无法想象的"We are，for the most part，predictably unimaginative when it comes to choosing passwords, despite a decade of warnings from password strength checkers during sign-ups，"said WP Engine.WP引擎说∶"尽管在注册过程中密码强度检查器发出了10年的警告，但在选择密码时，但我们大多数在选择密码方面是不可想象的。"40.J. shortcut捷径 "We ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) love taking a(n) shortcut，and so do password crackers.我们喜欢采取快捷的方式，所以在密码破解的也是一样。2.2018年春季高考Section BDirections: Comp ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A.address B.fascination C.governed D.imposing E.offensiveF.originally G.overlooking H.rebellion I.reminder J.randomly K.sweptPalaces are know ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n for their beauty and splendor, but they offer little protection against attacks. It’s easy to defend a fortress(堡垒),but fortresses are not designed with the comfort of a king or queen in mind. When it comes to structures that are both (31)__________ and well-fortified, the classic Europe castle is the pinnacle(小尖顶) of design. Across the ages castles changed, developed, and eventually fell out of use, but they still command the (32)__________ of our culture.Castles were (33)__________ built in England by Norman invaders in 1066. As William the Conqueror (34)__________ through England, he fortified key positions to secure the land he had taken. The castles he built allowed the Norman lords to retreat to safety when threatened by English (35)__________. Castles also served as bases of operation for offensive attacks. Troops were summoned to, organized around, and deployed from castles. In this way castles served both (36)__________ and defensive roles in military operations.Not limited to milit ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ary purposes, castles also served as offices from which the lord would administer control over his fiefdom(领地). That is to say, the lord of the land would hold court in his castle. Those that were socially beneath the lord would come to report the affairs of the lands that they (37)__________ and pay tribute to the lord. They would (38)__________ disputes, handle business, feast, and enjoy festivities. In this way castles served as important social centers in medieval England. Castles also served as symbols of power. Built on prominent sites (39)__________ the surrounding areas, castles constantly loomed in the background of many peasants' lives and served as a daily (40)__________ of the lord's strength.【答案】31-35 DBFKH 36-40 ECAGI【解析】31.D本题考查形容词。根据划线部分前后， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )此处需要一个形容词和well-fortified （a.坚固的）构成并列结 构修饰前面的structure （n.建筑物），imposing是壮观的意思，不是impose （v.强加）的分词结构。32.B本题考查名词。根据划线部分前后，此处需要一个名词，根据语义“城堡仍然统治着我们文化的魅力”。33.F本题考査副词。根据划线部分前后 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )结构完整，所以此处需要一个副词，备选的答案有originally （adv.起 初）和randomly （adv.随机地），根据语义“城堡起初建立在英格兰”，可知答案。34.K本题考查动词词组。根据划线部分前 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )后，此处需要一个一般过去时的谓语动词，同时和血through构成 搭配，结合语义“当征服者威廉横扫英格兰”，可知答案。35.H本题考查名词。根据划线部分前后此处填名词，根据语义''城堡受到英国叛军的威胁”，可知答案。36. E本题考查形容词。根据划线部分前后， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )此处需要一个形容词和defensive （a.防守的）构成并列结构修饰城堡的作用，可知填offensive （a.攻击的）。37. C本题考查动词。根据划线部分前后,此处需要一个谓语动词在定语从句中修饰先行词lands,根据语义 “他们所管理的土地”，可知答案。38. A本题考查动词。根据划线部分前后,此处填动词原形和disputes （纠纷）构成搭配，故填address,这里是解决的意义。39. G本题考查动词。根据划线部分前 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )后,此处填非谓语动词作sites的定语，同时又和the surrounding areas 构成动宾结构，所以填现在分词overlooking （俯视），这个词也常考忽视的意义。40.1本题考查名词。根据划线部分前后，此处填可数名词单词，可知答案reminder （n.提醒物）3.2019年春季高考Directions: Fill ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. repetitive B. continually C. alerts D. pattern E. locateF. mental G. challenge H. network I. evolving J. reversely K. literacyBill Drayton believes ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) we’re in the middle of a necessary but painful historical transition. For millenniums most people’s lives had a certain ____31____.You went to school to learn a trade or a skill-baking, farming or accounting. Then you could go into the workforce and make a good living repeating the same skill over the course of your career.But these days machin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es can do pretty much anything that’s ____32____.The new world requires a different sort of person. Drayton calls this new sort of personal changemaker.Changemakers are ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) people who can see the patterns around them, identify the problems in any situation, figure out ways to solve the problems in any situation, figure out ways to solve the problem, organize fluid teams, lead collective action and then ____33____ adapt as situations change.For example, As ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hoka fellow Andrés Gallardo is a Mexican who lived in a high crime neighborhood. He created an app, called Haus, that allows people to ___34___ with their neighbors. The app has a panic button that ___35___ everybody in the neighborhood when a crime is happening. It allows neighbors to organize, chat, share crime statistics and work together.To form and lea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d this community of communities, Gallardo had to possess what Drayton calls “cognitive empathy-based living for the good of all.” Cognitive empathy is the ability to perceive how people are feeling in ____36____ circumstances. “For the good of all” is the capacity to build teams.It doesn’t m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )atter if you are working in the cafeteria or the inspection line of a plant, companies will now only hire people who can ____37____ problems and organize responses.Millions of people ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )already live with the mind-set. But a lot of people still inhabit the world of following rules and repetitive skills. They hear society telling them: “We don’t need you. We don’t need your kids, either.” Of course, those people go into reactionary mode and strike back.The central ____38____ of our time, Drayton says, is to make everyone a changemaker. In an earlier era, he says, society realized it needed universal ____39____.Today,schools have to develop the curriculums and assessments to make the changemaking mentality universal. They have to understand this is their criteria for success.Ashoka has st ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )udied social movements to find out how this kind of ____40____ shift can be promoted. It turns out that successful movements take similar steps.【答案】31-35 DABHC 36-40 IEGKF【解析】31.D. 根据句子结构可知，此处填入名词，又由句意"几千年来大多数人的生活都有某种模式"，pattern n.模式，故选D。32.A. 根据句子结构分析可知，此 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )处填入形容词，又由句意"但是现在机器几乎可以做任何重复的事情。repetitive adj.重复的，故选A。33.B. 根据分析可知，此处用副词修饰动词，由句意为"不断地随着情况的变化做出调整。"continually adv.不断地，故选B。34.H。根据上下文理解，可知此处所提及的app可将邻里之间形成网络，network n.网络 v.形成网络（联系），故选H。35.C. 根据句子结构分析， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )此句缺少谓语动词，又根据句意这款应用有一个紧急按钮，当罪案发生时，它会提醒附近的每个人。"alerts v.警报，故选C。36. I。根据上下文理解可推测此处句意 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )为"认知移情是一种在不断变化的环境中感知人们的感觉的能力"，evolving adj.进化的，故选1。37.E。根据句子结构分析，此处缺少动 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词，也根据and之后的organize responses，可推测此处为找出问题，locate v.找到，故选E。38.G. 根据上下文意思理解，可知此处要表达的意思为∶这个时代的核心挑战，challenge v.挑战，故选G.39.K。根据下文所提到 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的学校所开展的课程，可知上句意思为"他说，在更早的时代，社会意识到需要普及识字"，literacy n.读写能力，识字，故选K。40F。该段为本文章的中心段，故推测句意为要改变人们的心态，mental adj.心灵上的，心态的，故选F。当堂检测1.2017年秋季高考Section BDirections: After rea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ding the passage below,fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box.Each word can be used only once.Note that there is one more word than you need.A. suspected ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )B. for ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tunately C. invasions D. inevitable E. accustomedF. unreliable G. features H. acknowledged I. inclusion J. transferred K. instantlyThe iPhone X, Apple’ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s new smartphone, is equipped with facial recognition. 31______, its scanner can unlock the system. It requires no buttons to be pressed, being always ready to read your face. Android users can expect similar 32______ as well.For the milli ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ons of people who will soon depend on facial recognition to check their email, send a text or make a call, it will be quick, easy and pretty “cool” to use. However, as we grow 33______to the technology, we cannot become numb to the problems that come with it.Facial recogni ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tion is already used everywhere. In China, police use the technology to identify people who jaywalk (乱穿马路). In the United State, more than half of all adults are in a facial recognition database that can be used for criminal investigation. Governments, however, are not the only users of facial recognition. Retailers use the technology in their stores to identify 34______ shoplifters. One social media app in Russia allows strangers to find out who you are just by taking a photo of you.However, dif ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ferent users of facial recognition produce different levels of accuracy. Camera distance, lighting, facial pose all affect the accuracy. Officials at the New York Police Department, for example, have 35______ at least five misidentifications by their facial recognition system. If the iPhone’s new system is similarly 36______, no one will consider it to be acceptable security for our personal information. 37______ it probably won’t be. But for many of the systems elsewhere, mistakes and 38______ of privacy might be unavoidable.As the smartpho ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ne of choice for many users, the iPhone’s 39______ of facial recognition may encourage consumers to accept the technology elsewhere. However, even as we choose to we explore the convenience facial recognition might offer, we should also be suspicious of the many ways it can be used. Facial recognition may well be 40______. Its risks need not be!【答案】31-35 KGEAH 36-40 FBCID【解析】31.K.instantly 立即，马 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )上，立刻instantly，is scanner can unlock the system.它的扫描器可以立即解锁系统。32.G。features特征，特点A ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ndroid users can expect similar features as well.安卓用户也可以期待类似的功能。33.E. accust ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )omed习惯的However, as we grow accustomed to the technology，we cannot become numb to the problems that come with it然而，随着我们对技术的习惯，我们不能对随之而来的问题麻木。34.A。suspected猜疑（是 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )）（suspect的过去式和过去分词）Retailers use the technology in their stores to identify suspected shoplifters.零售商在他们的商店里使用这种技术来识别可疑的商店盗贼。35H。acknowledged公认的O ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )fficials at the New York Police Department，for example, have acknowledged at least five misidentifications by their facial recognition system.例如，纽约警察局的官员承认，他们的面部识别系统至少有5处错误识别。36F。unreliable不可靠的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，靠不住的If the iPhone's new system is similarly unreliable，no one will consider it to be acceptable security for our personal information.如果 iPhone的新系统同样不可靠，任何人都不会认为它是我们个人信息的可接受的安全性。37. B。Fortunately幸运地 Fortunately，it probably won't be幸运地是，可能不会这样.38.C invasion ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s入侵，侵犯But for many of the systems elsewhere mistakes and invasions of privacy might be unavoidable.但对于其他地方的许多系统来说，错误和侵犯隐私可能是不可避免的。39. I。inclus ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ion包含As the smartphone of choice for many users，the iPhone's inclusion of facial recognition may encourage consumers to accept the technology elsewhere 作为许多用户选择的智能手机，iPhone的面部识别功能可能会鼓励消费者在其他地方接受这一技术。40.D。inevitable不可避免的F ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )acial recognition may will be inevitable面部识别很可能是不可避免的。2.2018年秋季高考Section BDirections: Co ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mplete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. committed ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) B. compared C. contact D. delegation E. destructiveF. humble G. negotiate H. respelled I. similarity J. superiors K. witnessedSome Very “American” Words Come from ChineseMany of the Chinese ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )words that are now part of English were borrowed long ago. They are most often from Cantonese(粤语) or other Chinese languages rather than Mandarin. Let’s start with them.kowtowThe English word kowto ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )w is a verb that means to agree too easily to do what someone else wants you to do, or to obey someone with power in a way that seems (31)__________. It comes from the Cantonese word kau tau, which means "knock your head." It refers to the act of kneeling and lowering one's head as a sign of respect to (32)__________ – such as emperors, elders and leaders. In the case of emperors, the act required the person to touch their head to the ground. Britain's Lord George Macartney refused to "kau tau" to the Qianlong Emperor. Soon after, the English word "kowtow" was born. In 1793, Britain's King George III sent Lord George Macartney and other trade ambassadors to China to (33)__________ a trade agreement. The Chinese asked them to kowtow to the Qianlong Emperor. As the story goes, Lord Macartney refused for his (34)__________ to do more than bend their knees. He said that was all they were required to do for their own king.It is not surprisi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng, then, that Macartney left China without negotiating the trade agreement. After that, critics used the word kowtow when anyone was too submissive to China. Today, the usage has no connection to China, nor any specific political connection.gung-hoAnother borrowed wo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rd that came about through (35)__________ between two nations is gung-ho. In English, the word gung-ho is an adjective that means extremely excited about doing something. The Chinese characters "gōng" and "hé" together mean "work together, cooperate." The original term -- gōngyè hézuòshè -- means Chinese Industrial Cooperatives. The organizations were established in the 1930s by Westerners in China to promote industrial and economic development. Lt. Colonel Evans Carlson of the United States Marine Corps observed these cooperatives while he was in China. He was impressed, saying "...all the soldiers (36)__________ themselves to one idea and worked together to put that idea over."He then began using the term gung-ho in the Marine Corps to try to create the same spirit he had (37)__________. In 1942, he used the word as a training slogan for the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion during World War II. The men were often called the "Gung Ho Battalion." From then, the word gung-ho spread as a slogan throughout the Marine Corps. Today, its meaning has no relation to the military.typhoonIn English, a typh ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oon is a very powerful and (38)__________ storm that occurs around the China Sea and in the South Pacific. The word history of typhoon had a far less direct path to the English language than gung-ho. And not all historical accounts are the same. But, according to the Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories, the first typhoons reported in the English language were in India and were called "touffons" or "tufans." The word tufan or al-tufan is Arabic and means violent storm or flood. The English came across this word in India and borrowed it as touffon. Later, when English ships encountered violent storms in the China Sea, Englishmen learned the Cantonese word tai fung, which means "great wind." The word's (39)__________ to touffon is only by chance. The modern form of the word – typhoon – was influenced by the Cantonese but (40)__________ to make it appear more Greek.【答案】31-35 FJGDC 36-40 AKEIH【解析】31.F本题考查形容词。根据划线部分前后，此处和seem构成系表结构，根据语义“通过谦卑的方式遵守掌权的人”，可知答案。32.J本题考查名词。根据划线部分前后，此处填不可数名词或者可数名词复数。根据语义“磕头和下跪的 行为是表示对上级的尊重”，可知答案。33.G本题考查动词。根据划线部分前后，此处填动词原形，根据语义“英国国王乔治三世派人去中国洽谈 一份贸易协议”，可知答案。34.D本题考查名词。根据划线 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )部分前后，此处需要填不可数名词或者可数名词复数。根据语义“Macartney 爵士拒绝他的代表团做除了下跪以外的事情。35.C本题考查名词。根据划 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )线部分前后，此处需要填不可数名词或者可数名词复数。根据上下文gung-ho 这个借来词是合作的意思，所以横线处填contact（n.联系），这个词也有动词的用法。36.A本题考查动词短语。根据划线部分前后， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )此处需要构成…sb. to sth.的结构，可知只有committed符合，coimnit sb. to sth.（致力2位于）。37.K本题考查动词。根据划线部分前后，此处需要填过去分词，根据语义“他们所目睹的精神七可知答 案。38.E本题考查形容词。根据划线部分前后，此处需要一个形容词和powerful构成并列结构修饰后面的风暴，可知答案。39.1本题考查名词。根据划线部分前后，此处需要一个名词和to构成搭配，根据语义“这个单词与touffon 的相似性纯属偶然”，可知答案。H本题考査动词。根据划线部分前后，此处需 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )要一个动词和前面的influence构成并列关系，结合语义 “typhoon这个单词收广东诂的影响，但是又经过重新拼写使它看上去更像希腊语”，可知答案。3.2019年秋季高考Section BDirections: Afte ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.A.counting B.det ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ermined C.distraction D.environmental E.focus F.modifiedG.naturally H.performing I.worsening J.comprehensively K.significantMyopia,or short- ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sightedness, is a condition in which distant objects appear blurred (模糊的),but closer objects can usually be seen in sharp focus.Its biological basis is an eye that,during childhood,has grown too long for its optical power.The focal plane for images of distant objects ends up in front of the retina,casing out-of-(31)__________ perception.Myopia was once ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) regareded as almost totally genetically (32)__________.But its prevalence(流行) has increased spectacularly in urban mainland China,Hong Kong,Taiwan,Singapore,Japan and South Korea,where 80-90% of those completing high school are now short-sighted.This is up from 20-30% only two generations ago.Since gene pools do not change that fast,these massive changes must be due to (33)__________ change. In 2005,we (34)__________ reviewed the research on myopia and found a correlation with education.(This was not a particularly novel insight;such a link was supposed as far back as Kepler in 1604.)We found locations with a high prevalence of myopia were all top performers in surveys of international educational outcomes.Fortunately,not a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ll high-(35)__________ locations, Australia among them,showed a high prevalence of myopia.This shows that high educational outcomes do not necessarily lead to myopia.We also hypothesized that all human population groups had a tendency to develop myopia under particular environmental conditions.Indeed,North America and Europe have seen growing rates of myopia,although they are still nowhere near as high as in East and Southeast Asia.A common cutoff fo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r high myopia is-5 diopters(屈光度).This means vision is blurred beyond 20cm from the eyes.Such severe or high myopia increases with age and can lead to visual impairment that can’t be corrected.The prevalence of high myopia has now reached 20% in young adults in East and Southeast Asia,which foreshadows major increases in visual (36)__________ and blindness as these young adults age.So prevention of myopia has become crucial,particularly for East and Southeast Asia.Australia has (37)__________ low levels of myopia with a lifestyle that emphasizes outdoors activities. Young children report spending two to three hours a day outside, not (38)__________ time outdoors at school. However, there are formidable barriers to achieving this benchmark in locations where spending time outdoors is seen as a(n) (39)__________ from study. Policy responses must therefore also aim to slow the progression of myopia,the phenomenon in which mild to (40)__________ myopia becomes more severe during childhood.There is currently controversy over whether time outdoors slows progression,but strong seasonal effects on progression suggest that it may.【答案】31-35 EBDJH 36-40 IGACF【解析】31.E。根据句子结构以 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )及句意"引起不集中的知觉"，此处应该填入名词 focus n.焦点，这样构成 out-of-focus的形容词性短语修饰名词perception。故选E。32.B。根据句子结构，此处用副词修饰动词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的过去分词，句意∶近视一度几乎被认为是完全遗传是确定的。故此处填入determined adj决定的，故选B。33.D。根据句子结构分析，此处为形容词修 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )饰名词，句意∶这些巨大的变化一定是环境变化造成的。此处用形容词environmental adj 环境的，故选D。34.J。根据句子结构分 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )析，此处用副词修饰动词 reviewed，句意∶我们对近视眼的研究进行了全面的回顾，发现近视与教育相关。此处用副 comprehensively ad.全面的，故选J。35.H。根据句子结构可知，此处 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )用形容词修饰后面的名词locations，句意∶并非所有表现优秀的地方，此处用形容词performing adj表现的，故选H。36.I。and前后连接两个意思相近的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词根据 and后blindness失明，可知前面空内填入 worsening，visual worsening视力恶化，故选I。37.G。根据句子结构可知，此处用副 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词修饰形容词，句意∶澳大利亚的近视率自然较低，而且他们的生活方式强调户外活动。此处用副词naturally adv.自然地，故选G。38.A。根据句子结构分析，句意∶" ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )据报道，孩子们每天花两到三个小时在户外，这还不算在学校的时间。"可知此处用counting 数，故选A。39.C。根据句子结构，此处 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )填入名词，句意∶然而, 在那些把时间花在户外被视为分散注意力的研究领域，要达到这个基准，存在着巨大的障碍，故此处用名词distraction n. 分散，故选C.40.F。根据句意∶"因此，政策 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )反应还必须着眼于减缓近视的发展，在儿童时期，轻度到变性近视变得更加严重的现象，"故此处填入modified v.修正，故选F。温故知新【要点总结】 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )(一)十一选十高频词选项高频词汇：名词：alteration ，l ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ikelihood，shortness，access ，drain,attachment ， partner，shape，advances，commandvictims，achievemen ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t ，executive ，infections，harbor，reliance，potential，modernity，misery，patent ， limits；outlook ，breaks，issues，agreement，devotion，withdrawal，result，effort ，figure，respect，conventions；issues ，trials，principle benefits ，alternative，inspiration，string ，currents，instructions，decoration ，benefits；promises ，intake，depression，productions，excitement，sound ，assurances动词：accustomed,advanc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es,command,drain,reduced ,renew,captured ,championed ,publicizing ,reveal ,distributed,consume,harbor,originate,revealed,limits,gifted,exhausting ,increasing,defend,depriving,sharpened ,breaks,endured,granting,activate,tested,advanced,unlock,revealed,drew,allowed,result,transformed,discovered,figure,respect,adapt ,classified,diagnosed ,miss,repeated,emphasizes,helping,energized,increased ,absorbing,benefits,analyzed,approaching,decomposes,involves ,squeezing,mined ,emitted ,contained ,representing ,recovered ,encountered,estimated,benefits,refreshing ,promises ,increased ,launched,responding, sound,assemble,performed,matching形容词：pleasurable, ,immedi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ate ,temporary ,weakened ,potential,traditional,unbanked ,accustomed,common ,championed ,executive ,manageable ,memorable,distributed,potential,specific,revealed,passionate ,gifted,favored ,blessed ,exhausting,,sharpened,relevant,tested,advanced,revealed,unimaginable,physical,fundamental,mutual,crucial,intellectual,literary,enormous,helping,energized,active,temperate,approaching,alternative ,recyclable,mined,representing,detailing,scientific，estimated ,refreshing ,capitalistic nationwide,advisable,responding ,realistic,matching,original副词：fortunately ,physica ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lly ,subconsciously ,precisely, sustainably, conveniently ,reluctantly , absolutelyrespectively, in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )stead, partially,roughly,secretly ,separately,temporarily,primarily ,particularly一词多性：thickening， weake ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ned ，access ，potential ，shape ，accustomed，advances，command,common，drain，championed，executive ，harbor，potential，limits ，gifted，blessed ，exhausting,increasing，breaks，advanced，result，figure，respect，repeated ，helping，energized ，benefits, alternative，mined，estimated ，benefits，refreshing ，promises ，sound一词多义：weakened，attac ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hment，shape ，championed，increasing，breaks， figure，repeated ，energized，approachingcurrents ，estimated，benefits ，refreshing，increased (二)十一选十高频词选项高频词汇：名词：balance;presence; ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )anxiety;account;address;combination;deposit;exhibition;fascination;guarantee;label动词：present；aler ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t;act;allow;benefit;breakthrough;convince;charge;claim;compose;check;drive;deliver形容词：delivered/deliver ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing;engaging/engaged;typical;burdened;collective;evident;exposed;financial副词：deliberately；desperately;essentially;typically;breathlessly一词多性：highlight; s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cale ,professional;preventive；function；update；influence；shift；suspects；motive；alerts；charging；label；implement;present; hit；documentary; sense; rid; drive；balance；address;act；support;escape一词多义：exhibit；presence；accounts；bear；engaging来源：2020-2021学年上海市虹口区高三二模真题Section BDirections: ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. mobility ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) B. concerning C. joblessness D. upcoming E. unemployedF. automated G. deliberately H. inequality I. quoted J. assumed K. significantlyWill a Robot Really Take Your Job It is one of the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) most widely quoted data of recent years. No report or conference presentation on the future of work is complete without it. It has been pointed to as evidence of a(n) ___31___ jobs disaster by think-tanks and government agencies. The finding that 47 percent of American jobs are at high risk of being ___32___ by the mid-2030s comes from a paper written by two Oxford academics, Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael Osborne. It has since been ___33___ in more than 4,000 other academic articles. Such misunderstandings reflect the polarized (两极分化的) debate ___34___ the nature of automation and the future of jobs.At one extreme ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )are the negativists. They warn of mass technological ___35___ just around the corner. One advocate of this position, Martin Ford, has written two best-selling books on the dangers of unemployment caused by automation. He worries that middle-class jobs will disappear, economic ___36___ will cease, and the richest people in a country could “shut themselves away in gated communities, perhaps guarded by self-directed military robots and drones.” The ___37___ masses will live on a universal basic income.At the positive ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )end of the debate, classical economists argue that in the past, new technology has always ended up creating more jobs than it has destroyed. It was several decades before industrialization led to ___38___ higher wages for British workers in the early 1800s. While automation is likely to increase ___39___ in the short run by pushing some people into lower-paid jobs, it eventually increases the overall size of the economic pie.Frey is often ___40___ to be in the first camp. His paper simply wanted to point out that 47 percent of the current jobs in America were more likely to be affected by automation. It got more attention than they would ever have expected. In part this is because fear sells, particularly when it is stirred up by a misunderstanding.【答案】31. D 32. F 33. I 34. B 35. C 36. A 37. E 38. K 39. H 40. J【教师】这是一篇说明文。近年来人们对“机器人真的会抢走你的工作吗”这一问题进行了讨论，文章介绍了消极主义者和积极主义者的观点进行了介绍。【31题详解】考查形容词。句意：它被智 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )囊团和政府机构指出是即将到来的就业灾难的证据。根据“No report or conference presentation on the future of work is complete without it.”（没有它，任何关于未来工作的报告或会议报告都是不完整的。）可知，此处是指未来的就业状况。形容词upcoming意为“即将到来的”符合句意。故选D。【32题详解】考查动词和被动语态。句意：牛津大学(Oxfo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rd)两位学者卡尔·贝内迪克特·弗雷(Carl Benedikt Frey)和迈克尔·奥斯本(Michael Osborne)在一篇论文中指出，到本世纪30年代中期，47%的美国工作将面临被自动化的高风险。根据后文“the nature of automation and the future of jobs”（自动化的本质和工作的未来）可知，此处是指47%的美国工作将面临被自动化的高风险。动词automate意为“使自动化”，和jobs构成被动关系。故选F。【33题详解】考查动词和被动语态。句意：此 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )后，这篇文章被4000多篇其他学术文章引用。根据“in more than 4,000 other academic articles”可知，此处是指这篇文章被引用。动词quote意为“引用”，和it构成被动关系。故选I。【34题详解】考查介词。句意：这些误解反映了有关自动化本 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )质和就业前景的两极化辩论。根据“the nature of automation and the future of jobs”可知，此处是指有关自动化本质和就业前景的辩论。介词concerning意为“关于”。故选B。【35题详解】考查名词。句意：他们警告说 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，大规模的技术性失业即将到来。根据“At one extreme are the negativists.”（一个极端是消极主义者。）可知，他们警告说大规模的技术性失业即将到来。名词joblessness意为“失业”符合句意。故选C。【36题详解】考查名词。句意：他担心中产 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )阶级的工作岗位将会消失，经济流动性将会停止，而一个国家最富有的人可能会“把自己关在封闭的社区里，也许会由自主的军事机器人和无人机守护。”根据“will cease”可知，此处是指经济流动性将会停止。名词mobility意为“流动性”符合句意。故选A。【37题详解】考查形容词。句意：失业群众将靠 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )全民基本收入生活。根据“live on a universal basic income”可知，此处是指失业群众。形容词unemployed意为“失业的”，修饰masses作定语。故选E。【38题详解】考查副词。句意：直到19世纪早期，工业化才 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )使英国工人的工资显著提高。根据industrialization可知，此处是指工业化使英国工人的工资显著提高。副词significantly意为“显著地”，修饰形容词higher作状语。故选K。【39题详解】考查名词。句意：虽然在短期内，自动化可能会迫使一些人从事报酬较低的工作，从而加剧不平等，但它最终会扩大经济蛋糕的整体规模。根据“by pushing some people into lower-paid jobs”可知，一些人从事报酬较低的工作，这会加剧不平等。名词inequality意为“不平等”符合句意。故选H。【40题详解】考查动词和被动语态。句意：弗雷通 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )常被认为属于第一阵营。根据“His paper simply wanted to point out that 47 percent of the current jobs in America were more likely to be affected by automation. ”（他的论文只是想指出，美国目前47%的工作更有可能受到自动化的影响。）可知，弗雷属于第一阵营，即消极主义者，所以此处是指弗雷通常被认为属于第一阵营。动词assume意为“认为”，和Frey构成被动关系。故选J。来源：上海华东师范大学第二附属中学2022届高三上学期10月阶段测试卷英语试题Section BDirections: C ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )omplete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. nod B. ini ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tiating C. proceeding D unintended E. automatically F. orientsG. bite H. watchful I. jags J. prospective K. potentiallyFacial RecallLarge gatherings ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) such as weddings and conferences can be socially overwhelming. Pressure to learn people’s names only adds to the stress. A new facial-recognition app could come to the rescue-but privacy experts recommend____11____with caution.The app called Social Recall, connects names with faces via smartphone cameras and facial recognition,____12____enminating the need for formal introductions. “It breaks down these social barriers we all have in terms of____13____the policy of politeness to meet somebody,” says Barry Sandrew, whose start-up, also called SocialRecall, created the app and tested it at an event attended by about 1,000 people.After receiving ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )an invitation to download SocialRecall from an event organizer, a(n)____14____user is asked to take two selfies and sign in via social media. At the event, the app is active within a previously defined geographical area. When a user points his or her phone camera at an attendee’s face, the app identifies the individual, displays the person’s name, and links to his or her social media profile. To protect privacy, it recognizes only those who have given their____15____And the app's creators say it____16____wipes users’ data after an event.Ann Cavoukian ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), a privacy expert who runs the Privacy by Design Center of Excellence at Ryerson University in Toronto, commends the app’s creators for these protective measures. She cautions, however, that when people choose to share their personal information with the app, they should know that “there may be____17____consequences down the road with that information being used in another context that might come back to____18____you.”The start-up has a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lso developed a version of the app for individuals who suffer from prosopagnosia, or “face blindness,” a condition that prevents people from recognizing individuals they have met. To use this app, a person first acquires an image of someone’s face, from either the smartphone’s camera or a photograph, and then____19____it with a name. When the camera spots that same face in real life, the previously entered information is displayed. The collected data are stored only on a user’s phone, according to the team behind the app.Jason Schultz, a p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rofessor of clinical law at New York University, who was not involved with the app's creation, remains____20____, “The cost to everyone whom you are surveilling with this app is very, very high, and I don't think it respects the consent politics involved with capturing people's images.”【答案】11. C 12. K 13. B 14. J 15. A 16. E 17. D 18. G 19. I 20. H【教师】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍一款新的应用程序帮助人们识别面孔，但也有可能泄露隐私。【11题详解】考查动词。句意：一款新的面部 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )识别应用程序可能会帮上忙，但隐私专家建议要谨慎行事。proceed with caution表示“谨慎行事”， recommend doing。用proceeding “进行”，故选C。【12题详解】考查副词。句意：这款名为Social Re ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )call的应用通过智能手机摄像头和面部识别将名字与人脸连接起来，可能消除了正式介绍的需要。根据“connects names with faces via smartphone cameras and facial recognition”可知连接名字和人脸，就不用正式介绍了。potentially“可能地”，故选K。【13题详解】考查动词。句意：它打破了我 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )们在与人见面时所面临的礼貌政策方面的社会障碍。根据“cautions”得知，介词后用动名词。 initiate“发起”，故选B。【14题详解】考查形容词。句意：在收到活动组织者发出的下载 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )SocialRecall的邀请后，潜在用户会被要求自拍两张，并通过社交媒体登录。形容词修饰名词，prospective “预期的；可能的”。故选J。【15题详解】考查名词。句意：为了保护隐 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )私，它只认可那些提供了他们点头的人。根据“it recognizes ”得知，谁给指令，听谁的。nod“点头”。故选A。【16题详解】考查副词。句意：该应用程序的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )开发者表示，它会在事件发生后自动删除用户数据。 根据“cautions”得知，automatically “自动地”。故选E。【17题详解】考查动词。句意：然而，她警告说，当人们选择 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )在这款应用上分享个人信息时，他们应该知道，这些信息在另一种情况下使用，可能会带来意想不到的后果，最终可能会反过来伤害到你。根据“cautions”得知，警告有意外的后果，unintended “
