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编者小注：本专辑专为2022年上海新高考英语二轮总复习及1月春考准备。说说编写思路：版块一：冲刺讲义10讲， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )注重方法性学习，对于知识的拆解全面到位，选题主要根据上海官方公布的近五年级春秋考真题试题为主，近两年一二模测试及今年最新期中试题为辅。版块二：专练8讲，注重常考题型，高频考点的训练，数十篇选材均选于近两年上海高三四校、八金刚及十三名校之真题版块三：模拟满分卷4套，供大家在完成以上讲练后进行整体测试，满分140分。希望助上海的莘莘学子在求学路上一臂之力。2021-2022学年上海市高三英语二轮复习讲义05阅读理解C篇考点分析及难点突破
学习目标 提高搜集信息的能力，能够准确选出所需选项
教学内容
进门小练笔Wind power’s warming effect is overblownA study has claimed ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) that if the US generated enough electricity from wind to meet its current demand, the surface of the continental states would warm by 0. 24 C. What's more, it goes on to compare this increase with global warming (Joule,doi.org/cvjz)Large-scale US wind ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) power would cause a warming effect that would take roughly a century to offset, "claims the headline on a press release issued alongside the study, implying that the savings in greenhouse gas emission wouldn’t counteract the warming for 100 years. Other climate scientists say this particular claim is misleading.For starters, the s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tudy assumes a scenario where a third of the US is covered in wind turbines, says wind energy researcher Cristina Archer of the University of Delaware."That means y ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ou jump in your car in Ohio and drive all the way to the Rocky Mountains, and all you see at every point is wind turbines(涡轮机), "she says. "It's a crazy scenario that’s never going to happen.What's more, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the study relied on a regional climate model called the WRF. This model has a known flaw that exaggerates the air-mixing effect of. This model has a wind turbines two or times, says Archer.Then there's the c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )omparison with global (风力满轮机) simply redistribute heat that is already warming. The crucial point here is that wind turbines in the air. At night, for instance, the ground cools and so does the layer of air just above it. The turning of turbine blades heats the surface by bringing down warmer air from above-- the overall heat content of the atmosphere does not change and the effect ceases when the turbines stop turning. By contrast, highe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r levels of carbon dioxide trap heat, increasing the total heat content of the atmosphere and ocean. This effect lasts for millennia because extra CO2 persists in the atmosphere for that long.To put this another ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )way, even if this study was right about the magnitude of the effect, and every inch of land in the world was covered with wind turbines, it wouldn't cause any melting of the polar ice caps.The impact of win ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d farms has to be considered in the context of all the other changes we are making to the world. The urban heat island effect can warm cities by as much as 12℃ compared with surrounding areas,but has a negligible effect on global temperatures. Buildings affect wind too.Some of these point ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s are stated in the paper, but they are buried two-thirds of the way through it. They are not made clear in the press release.Asked whether t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he headline of the press release might cause misleading coverage, co-author David Keith of Harvard University replied: "I expect so People will seize on all sorts of stuffs and exaggerate it.Keith is not do ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ubting the need to move away from fossil fuels. "There is no question that wind is better than coal, " he says, but he is concerned about the impact of large-scale wind generation.Archer thinks rese ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )archers should stick to analyzing realistic scenarios for wind power. "It gives such a bad reputation to wind if you start publishing this kind of stuff, "she says. "People don't see that it's a crazy scenario, all they remember is, oh, there's global warming from wind power”. Except there isn’t,of course.1. Which of the f ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ollowing is not stated in the claim of the press release A. Wind power's warming effect can be compared with global warming.B. It will take ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a long time to balance the impact of wind power on our planet.C. The U.S. already ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )has too many wind turbines along the Rocky mountains.D. Extensive use of w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ind power may cause a warming effect on the surface of the continental states.2. The underlined word"assumes"in Paragraph3 probably meansA. takes for granted B. puts cloths omC. makes a pretense of D takes over privately3. Which of the follow ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing statements argues against the claim of the press release A. Its study takes on an ideal scenario.B. Its study is based on an unreliable mod.C. The claim overestimates the effect of global warming.D. The claim doesn't take other factors into account.4. What is Cristina Archers attitude toward wind power A.doubtful B. defensive C. neutral D. concernedWord Box1.overblown ad ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )j. made to seem greater or more impressive than something really is夸张的2.offset e. compensate for or counterbalance抵消,去除3.counteract e ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ). to reduce or prevent the bad effect of something, by doing something that has the opposite effect 抵消4.scenario n. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) a description of how things might happen in the future 情境,设想5. millennia n. a period of 1, 000 years, especially as calculated before or after the birth of Christ 千年纪,千禧年6.magnitude n. the property of relative size or extend 大小, 量级7.coverage n. t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he news as presented by reporters for newspapers or radio or television 新闻报道8.exaggerate e to enlarge beyond bounds or the truth 夸大其词VocabularyI .Write down the Chinese meanings of the following expressions.1. generate enough electricity from wind2. warm by o.24°C3. greenhouse gas emissions4. a regional climate model5. simply redistribute heat6. higher levels of carbon dioxide7. the headline of the press release8. a negligible effectII. Write down ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the expressions in English according to the Chinese meaning.1.满足现有需求2.大规模的风能发电3.这个独特的看法存在误导性4.一个已知的缺陷5.换句话来说6.风电场的影响力7.化石燃料精讲精练三年高考阅读C篇考情分析纵观近三年的高考真题阅读C篇题材 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，不难发现经济类以及科技说明类文章占据很大比重，建议老师在高考最后冲刺阶段C篇阅读的训练内容可以以经济，教育，生活和科技四大类文章为主。考题类型总结
根据命题要求阅读理解考题可分为4类： 细节题；主旨题；推断题；词义猜测题；其中，细节题在阅读A、B篇出现较多，建议引导学生带着问题在文章中寻找解题依据。C篇则是较多地出现主旨题和推断题，侧重对于全文的整体理解。知识点一（细节题）细节题解题技巧细节题的解题要点是一定要对应到语篇中相应的语句，找到问题的出处。“找到即做到”是细节题的解题秘钥。细节题干扰项的设置一般有：1. 范围过大、过小 。2. 偷换概念。3. 正误并存，某个分句是正确的。细节题解题方法 : 原文定位法。 查读法：带着问题寻找答案，把注意力集中在与who, what, when, where问题有关的细节上。 仔细关注到原文每一个细节，尤其注意不要遗漏题干和文章中任何带有限定和修饰性的词，短语或是句子在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节问题常有以下几种命题方式：1）Which of the following statements is true 2）Which of the following is not mentioned in the text 3）The author ( or the passage) states that___.4）According ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to the passage, when ( where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.)___ 【例题精讲】例1.（2017年6月高考）There are classe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s for the mothers of babies, but there’s no helping with your mum and dad growing old. Old people’s wards a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )re hell for old people. Geriatric wards are bedlam and bonkers. A toothless woman screaming when left alone, a cry that reaches the high hospital ceiling. A woman effing and blinding----the polite curtain will not protect her from the indignity of a nappy change. A woman who lives the same moment in repeat, dressed up for going home in a bright red, over the dressing grown, asking for the key to her house, saying over and over: “Am I going home today ” The treatment of the o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ld is compared of that of the refugees in order to .prove they have a lot in commonshow the terrible status of the olddisplay their similarities and differencesindicate that old people have to leave their home【课堂练习】1.(2018秋考)You can also ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) graph the other extreme--all crime novels and no movies. Since crime novels in the example cost $15 and you have $150 available, if you spend all the available money crime novels, you can buy 10.So you put a dot on the horizontal axis at the number 10.65.Assume th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at each movie cost $10 and each crime novel costs $15,you have $150.Which is RIGHT according to this passage A.The maximum number of movies you can see is 10.B.The maximum number of crime novels you can by is 15.C.You can buy 7 crime novels and see 5 movies.D.You can buy 7 crime novels and see 4 movies.2. (2018秋考)Understand the Economic Concept of a Budget LineThe term “budget lin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e” has several related meanings,including a couple that are self-evident and a third that is not.The Budget Line as an Informal Consumer UnderstandingThe budget line is a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n elementary concept that most consumers understand intuitively without a need for graphs and equations—it's the household budget, for example.Taken informally, t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he budget line describes the boundary of affordability for a given budget and specific goods.63.Which sentence about the budget line is NOT TRUE A.It is a limita ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tion of affordability for a given budget and specific goods.B.Most costum ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ers will be confused with this concept because of its complex.C.It is the effectively a map of future expenditures.D.It can be expressed as a mathematical equation. 知识点二（主旨题）【知识梳理】3、主旨题解题技巧： （1）做这类题时常用略读法。快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句。把各个段落的主题句联系起来。 （2）着眼于全文结构安排 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的标题是中心思想最精炼的表达形式，选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文，不能太大也不能太小。命题者在出这类题时，常常利用生活常识编造干扰项，把文中的细节当主旨，利用局部信息编造干扰项，编制超出文章范围的标题或不能涵盖文章中心意义的标题来考查考生的理解程度，考生要特别留意。 干扰项特点： （1）以偏概全：干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息。 （2）断章取义：干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。 （3）主题扩大：干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容。 （4）张冠李戴：命题者有意地把属于 A的特征放在 B 的身上，构成一个干扰项。考生不注意的情况下，会造成错选答案。 （5）无中生有或似是而非：有的干扰项中的关键词语好像在文章中谈到了，但认真分析之后你会发现这类干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。 主旨题常见的命题形式：①The main idea of this text may be…….②This passage is mainly about…….③The author's purpose in writing this text…….④Which of the following is the best title for the passage ⑤ What’s the topic of the text ⑥The passage gives us is…...【例题精讲】例1.（2017年6月高考）And though my mum, b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y the time she was released, knew that her life was charmed compared with the lives of the world’s refugees. It seems to me as if the plight of old people, while not a horrible as the plight of refugees, shares some of the horror. Just as we live in a society that hasn’t caught up with technology, the kind of moral choices it gives people, we also live in a world that hasn’t kept up with its ageing population. We have the advances in medical science and technology that have kept people alive longer, but not the advances in how to treat our ageing population. Society is lagging behind the old, failing and falling. 66.Which of the following is the best title for the passage A.Why Colleges Need Helicopter Parents.B.How to Improve Parent-school Relations.C.Why Overparenting Is in Question.D.How to Communicate More as Parents.例2.【课堂练习】1.(2018秋考)Understand the Economic Concept of a Budget LineThe term “budget line ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )” has several related meanings,including a couple that are self-evident and a third that is not.The Budget Line as an Informal Consumer UnderstandingThe budget li ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ne is an elementary concept that most consumers understand intuitively without a need for graphs and equations—it's the household budget, for example.64.What is the purpose of the passage A.To tell us any concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation.B.To help us figure out the meaning Budget Line.C.To tell us we should budget before we buy goods.D.To give an instruction of drawing a budget Line.知识点三（推断题）【知识梳理】此类题目有一定难度，往往不能直接从文中找到答案，而必须根据上下文及其相互间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层理解后，才能找到答案。有时甚至还得联系作者的态度、观点、意图、语气 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )等弦外之音、文外之意加以推理，这些题目一般都是深层意义的题目，他们没有明示，大多数属于模糊性的，甚至是模棱两可。解答这类题时应特别注意以下特征：①吃透文章的表层意思，是推理的前提和基础；②推理的根据来自于上下文；③不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点；④在提问中常用的词有su ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ggest,mean,infer(推断),from the fact,indicate(暗示) conclusion，probably，likely，reason，because，according to"等。I. 常见的推理判断题的设问方式： 推测作者写作目的或意图的设题形式有： 1) The purpose in writing this text is to __________. 2) The author writes this passage to __________. 3) The author in this passage intends to __________. 推测文章的观点或结论的设题形式有： 1) It can be i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nferred from the passage that __________. 2) What conclusion can be drawn from the passage 3) From the passage we can conclude that __________. 推断文章出处的设题形式有： 1) The passage is most likely to be taken from_________. 2) Where would this passage most probably appear 3) The passage is most likely a part of_________.是非判断题的设题方式：1) which of the following is（not）true or false 2) All of the following statements are wrong except _____. 3) All of t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he following statements are right/true except _____. 4) Which ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) of the following is not mentioned in the passage /text II. 推理判断题的推理原则----在文中有依据，但不能是原句， 即为言外之意！细节类表述非答案。【例题精讲】例1.（2017年6月高考）And though my mu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )m, by the time she was released, knew that her life was charmed compared with the lives of the world’s refugees. It seems to me as if the plight of old people, while not a horrible as the plight of refugees, shares some of the horror. Just as we live in a society that hasn’t caught up with technology, the kind of moral choices it gives people, we also live in a world that hasn’t kept up with its ageing population. We have the advances in medical science and technology that have kept people alive longer, but not the advances in how to treat our ageing population. Society is lagging behind the old, failing and falling. What can be inferred from the passage Refugees lead a better life than old male patients. Old people are ill-treated due to their loss of individuality. The author’s mom is capable of teaching and being a socialist. The treatment ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of the ageing population doesn’t develop as science advances. 【课堂练习】（2017年6月高考）There are certain s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mall but piercing similarities between the treatment of the old and the treatment of refugees. The old are often displaced from their homes, moved out against their will;decisions are often made for them that they have no say over. Often, they are treated as fools or halfwits, crowded together in one place, given clothes that don’t belong to them, treated as a fallen tribe, incapable of any individuality. Nobody imagined my mother was a secretary of the Scottish peace movement, a primary teacher, a lifelong socialist, a witty woman. Out of hospital, my 85-year-old mum said:”going into hospital at my age puts years on you. God save from old people’s wards. You never think of yourself as old. You look across the ward and think, am I like that ”The author’s mom felt that life in the hospital . A. made her much olderB. created her a mature womanC. enable her to look back at lifeD. let her full of gratitude to children（2018年6月高考）Understand the Economic Concept of a Budget LineThe term “budget lin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e” has several related meanings,including a couple that are self-evident and a third that is not.The Budget Line as an Informal Consumer UnderstandingThe budget lin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e is an elementary concept that most consumers understand intuitively without a need for graphs and equations—it's the household budget, for example.Lines in a BudgetBefore turni ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng to the economics definition of “budget line”,consider another concept:the line-item budget.This is effectively a map of future expenditures,with all the constituent expenditures individually noted and quantified.There’s nothing very complicated about this;in this usage,a budget line is one of the lines in the budget,with the service or good to be purchased named and the cost quantified.The Budget Line as an Economics ConceptOne of the in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )teresting ways the study of economics relates to human behavior generally is that a lot of economic theory is the formalization of the kind of simple concept outlined above--a consumer's informal understanding of the amount she has to spend and what that amount will buy.A Simple Budget Line GraphTo understand this, th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ink of a graph where the vertical lines quantify how many movie tickets you can buy and where the horizontal lines do the same for crime novels. You like going to the movies and reading crime novels and you have $150 to spend. In the example below, assume that each movie costs $10 and each crime novel costs $15.The more formal economics term for these two items is budget set.66.What is the best title of this passage A.Are we really know the economic concept of a budget line B.The Budget Line as an Economics ConceptC.The Budget Line as an Informal Consumer UnderstandingD.The Complex Concept—Budget Line知识点四（词义猜测）解题技巧： （1）根据因果关系猜测词义。英语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )构词法中，常见的三种构词方法为：合成、派生和词性转化。在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀，在后面加后缀，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但掌握了一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义。 （2）根据因果关系猜测词义。英语的句子和段落 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。常见的表示因果关系的连接词：so, thus, therefore, because, ect.。 （3）根据同义关系猜测词义。当词或短语之间 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )有并列连词 and 或 or 时，其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，由此可推知其大致意思。 （4）根据上下文的指代关系猜测词义。 （5）根据反义猜测词义。英语中的反义关 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )系即表示转折、对比关系，上下句的连接词常用 but, however, otherwise 等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外， 分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。 【例题精讲】例1.（2020一模黄浦区）②Biologists appear to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) have discovered a physical reason that explains why some people are risk-takers. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, a chemical that spreads signals between nerve cells. It is linked to the brains reward system and is the chemical that makes us feel good, and scientists believe it to be linked to risk-taking. Our nerve cells have dopamine receptors(接收器) which control the amount of dopamine that each cell receives. But not all receptors may be active. When a person has few active receptors to control the amount of dopamine that is received, a cell can become flooded resulting in an extreme feeling of happiness.64. The under ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lined phrase “consistent with” is closest to “__________” in meaning.A. contrary to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) B. in agreement with C. at the cost of D. persistent in【课堂练习】Virtual business mod ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )els will jar in the physical world. Tech firms are generally happy to move fast and break things. But you cannot release the beta version (测试版) of a fridge. Apple, a smartphonemaker, provides updates for its phones for only five years or so after their release; users of Android smartphones are lucky to get two. But goods such as washing machines or industrial machinery can have lifespans of a decade or more. Firms will need to work out how to support complicated computerised devices long after their original programmers have moved on. 65. The underli ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ned word jar probably means _____________ in this context.A. boom B. conflict C. vanish D. expand当堂检测（2019年春季高考）(C)Everything about nuc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lear energy seems terrifically big: the cost, construction and decommissioning—and the fears of something going badly wrong.The future, however, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) may well be much smaller. Dozens of companies are working on a new generation of reactors that, they promise, can deliver nuclear power at lower cost and reduced risk.These small-scale ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )plants will on average generate between 50MW and 300MW of power compared with the 1,000MW-plus from a conventional rector. They will draw on modular manufacturing techniques that will reduce construction risk, which has plagued larger-scale projects. Supporters believe these advanced modular reactors(AMRs)—most of which will not be commercial until the 2030s—are critical if atomic power is to compete against the rapidly falling costs of solar and wind.“The physics hasn ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )’t changed. It’s about much cleverer design that offers much-needed flexibility in terms of operation,” said Tim Stone, long-term industry adviser and chairman of Nuclear Risk Insurers, which insures nuclear sites in the UK.Since the Fuku ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )shima meltdown in Japan in 2011,safety fears have threatened nuclear power. But the biggest obstacle today is economic. In western Europe, just three plants are under construction: in the UK at Hinkley Point C in Somerset; at Flamanville in France; and at Olkiluoto in Finland. All involve the European Pressurized Reactor technology of EDF that will be used a t Hinkley Point. All are running years late and over budget. In the US, the first two nuclear projects under way for the past 30 years are also blowing through cost estimates.The UK, whic ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )h opened the world’s first commercial nuclear reactor in 1956,is one of the few western nations committed to renewing its ageing fleet to ensure energy security and meet tough carbon reduction targets. It is seen as a proving ground, by many in the industry, of nuclear power’s ability to restore confidence.However, the cou ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ntry’s agreement with EDF to build two units at Hinkley Point—which together will generate 3.2GW of electricity—has come under severe criticism over its cost. The government is looking at different funding models but said it still sees nuclear power as vital to the country’s future energy mix. Small reactors, it believes, have the potential to generate much-needed power from the 2030s.A nuclear se ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ctor deal, unveiled last month, promised up to 56m in funding for research and development into AMRs and attracted interest of start-ups from around the world. The government hopes the funding will give the UK a lead in the global race to develop these technologies, helping to provide energy security while also creating a multibillion-dollar export market for British engineering companies.63. Which of the f ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ollowing is true about the advanced modular reactors (AMRs) A. AMRs produce more power than traditional reactors.B. AMRs could deliver nuclear at lower costs and reduce risks.C. So far, most AMRs have not been put into use yet.D. Governments prefer energy of solar and wind to that of AMRs.64. In paragraph 4,the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) author mentions the plants in Western Europe and the U.S. to __________.A. prove that nuclear power has been threatened by safety concernB. show the biggest obstacle to nuclear research today is the budgetC. indicate the construction of nuclear plants are slow in speedD. point out th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at most power plants have adopted the latest nuclear technology65. What can be inferred from the passage A. Nuclear power has ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )an important impact on the country’s future energy structure.B. The UK governme ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nt seeks to reduce the negative impact of nuclear power on its economy.C. The plan to bui ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ld two power plants in Hinkley Point has been deserted.D. Costs for ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )small modular reactors would be higher relative to large unclear reactors.66. Which of the fo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )llowing can serve as the best title of this passage A. Britain counts on nuclear energy to keep lights onB. Traditional nuclear plants boom with mini reactorsC. Nuclear ’s share of power generation remain steadyD. Nuclear power looks to shrink its way to success百科知识 核能（或称原子能）是通过核反应从原子核释放的能量，符合阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦的质能方程 E=mc2 ，其中 E=能量，m=质量，c=光速。 分析与点拨 针对自然社科类文章，建议考生通读文章后再将每一段的首句尾句（往往是作者的论点或者观点）串联起来进行二次回顾。第一段：总写人们对于核能的看法：关于核能的一切都是巨大的。 第二、三段：开头转折“however”介绍未来新的反应堆能够以更低的成本和更低的风险提供核能。 第四段：讲发展反应堆的最 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )大障碍是经济问题。重点在第四段开头“Since the Fukushima meltdown in Japan in 2011, safety fears have threatened nuclear power.” 自 2011 日本福岛垮台以来，安全担忧威胁着核能。但今天最大的障碍是经济。 第五、六段：举英国的正面例子来说明因为成本问题关于核电站的投建受阻。 最后一段：总结核能反应堆的研究和投入虽然 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )耗资巨大，但是英国还是大力投入，因为其前景广阔。重点句为最后一句“The government hopes the funding will give the UK a lead in the global race to develop these technologies, helping to provide energy security while also creating a multibillion-dollar export market for British engineering companies. ” 语言知识 重难点词汇 1.terrifically adv. 极其，非常 I was terrifically proud when I received this model as a present. 当我收到这架作为礼物的飞机时，我很自豪。 2.conventional adj. 常规的；按照惯例的 Sometimes th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e equivalent of a conventional printed book, e-books can also be born digital. 有时相当于一本传统的印刷书，电子书也可以诞生数字化。3.flexibility n. 柔韧性；灵活性；弹性 Most people look on the bright side of the flexibility of farmers. 大多数人都看重农民的灵活性。4.obstacle n. 阻碍；障碍 Built-in obstacle avoidance for stress-free flying. 内置避障，无压力飞行。5.unveil v. 揭幕；展开 To unveil the mystery ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), a newspaper reporter interviewed him asking why he was able to be so much more creative than the average person. 为了揭开这个谜团，一位报社记者采访了他，问他为什么能比普通人更有创造力。（2014 闸北二模） 重难点词组 1.small-scale 小规模的 The results of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )small-scale tests and pilot experiments are presented in this paper. 本文对这一新技术的小试和中试研究结果进行了介绍。 2.under construction 正在建设中 There's a big sports center under construction. 有一个大型体育中心正在建设中。3.attract interest of 吸引……的兴趣 These attract big interest of Chinese students. 这些很吸引中国学生的兴趣。 4.at lower cost 低费用 For retail investo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rs, the recent correction has presented an opportunity to increase exposure at lower cost. 对散户投资者而言，最近的回调提供了一个以较低成本增加筹码的机会。 长难句分析 1.They will draw on mo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dular manufacturing techniques that will reduce construction risk, which has plagued larger-scale projects. 此句为复合句，其中包含 that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 引导的定语从句修饰先行词 techniques 和which 引导的非限制性定语从句，对前面句子的宾语作进一步的补充解说。 句意：他们将采用减少工程风险的模块化制造技术，其已经困扰了大型项目。 2.The UK, whic ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )h opened the world’s first commercial nuclear reactor in 1956, is one of the few western nations committed to renewing its ageing fleet to ensure energy security and meet tough carbon reduction targets. 此句为复合句，其中 whic ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )h 引导的非限制性定语从句对句子的主语 UK 进一步补充解释，同时句子中含有 committed to renewing 作 nations 的后置定语，词短语中又有现在分词 ageing 作定语修饰 fleet 以及并列不定式作目的状语。 句意：英国于 1956 年开放了世界 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )上第一个商业核反应堆，是少数几个致力于更新其老化舰队以确保能源安全和实现严格的碳减排目标的西方国家之一。 （2018年春季高考）(C)“Is data the n ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ew oil ”asked proponents of big data back in 2012 in Forbes magazine.By 2016,and the rise of big data’s turbo-powered cousin deep learning,we had become more certain: “Data is the new oil,”stated Fortune.Amazon’s Neil L ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )awrence has a slightly different analogy:Data,he says,is coal.Not coal today,though,but coal in the early days of the 18th century,when Thomas Newcomen invented the steam engine.A Devonian ironmonger,Newcomen built his device to pump water out of the south west’s prolific tin mines.The problem, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )as Lawrence told the Re-Work conference on Deep Learning in London,was that the pump was rather more useful to those who had a lot of coal than those who didn’t:it was good,but not good enough to buy coal in to run it.That was so true that the first of Newcomen’s steam engines wasn’t built in a tin mine,but in coal works near Dudley.So why is data c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oal The problem is similar:there are a lot of Newcomens in the world of deep learning.Startups like London’s Magic Pony and SwiftKey are coming up with revolutionary new ways to train machines to do impressive feats of cognition,from reconstructing facial data from grainy images to learning the writing style of an individual user to better predict which word they are going to type in a sentence.And yet,like Newcomen ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ),their innovations are so much more useful to the people who actuall copious(丰富的) amounts of raw material to work from.And so Magic Pony is acquired by Twitter,SwiftKey is acquired by Microsoft and Lawrence himself gets hired by Amazon from the University of Sheffield,where he was based until three weeks ago.But there is a coda t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o the story:69 years later,James Watt made a nice tweak to the Newcomen steam engine,adding a condenser to the design.That change,Lawrence said, “made the steam engine much more efficient,and that’s what triggered the industrial revolution.”Whether data is oil o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r coal,then,there’s another way the analogy holds up:a lot of work is going into trying to make sure we can do more,with less.It’s not as impressive as teaching a computer to play Go or Pac-Man better than any human alive,but “data efficiency”is a crucial step if deep learning is going to move away from simply gobbling up oodles of data and spitting out the best correlations possible.“If you look at ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) all the areas where deep learning is successful,they’re all areas where there’s lots of data,”points out Lawrence.That’s great if you want to categorize images of cats,but less helpful if you want to use deep learning to diagnose rare illnesses. “It’s generally considered unethical to force people to become sick in order to acquire data.”63.According to the passage,why data is seen as the new coal A.It can drive the steam engine to pump water.B.It can help people make more coals.C.It can help the areas of deep learning.D.It can help cure diagnose rare illnesses.64.According to Lawre ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nce,why big data is less helpful to diagnose rare illnesses A.Because there is no such demand.B.Because it can only use to categorize images of cats.C.Because it ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )’s unethical to acquire data by forcing people to become sick.D.Because it needs too much data.65.Which areas are most likely to be successful in in-depth learning A.Some small start-ups.B.Areas with large amounts of data.C.Coal and Petroleum Development Field.D.Areas for tackling rare diseases.66.According to th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e content of the article,which is NOT TRUE about the big data A.We still have a lot of work to study the big data.B.It requires countless data to be collected.C.The purpose of studying big data is to save parents’ costs.D.“Data efficiency” is a critical step to explore more data.分析与点拨本篇文章是关于数据是否是“新煤"的讨论 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，避免不了讨论到工业革命时期的“煤与蒸汽机"，但是文章讨论过去蒸汽机的目的也是为了类比如今的数据。建议串联每段的开头部分，并着重关注转折词所在的句子。“By 2016, and ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the rise of big data's turbo-powered cousin deep learning, we had bccome more certain:“Data is the new oil," stated Fortune."文章开头我们便得知数据是新的驱动力是随着深度学习兴起的，后面也讨论到深度学习的一些领域和限制条件，这句话的理解对于理解整篇文章都至关重要。“And yet, lik ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e Newcomen, their innovations are so much more useful to the people who actually have copious amounts of raw material to work from. 这句话转折词“yet”表明深度学习的创新受材料多少的限制，深度学习需要大量的数据。“. but less helpfu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l if you want to use deep leaning to diagnose rare illnesses. “It’s generally considered unethical to force people to become sick in order to acquire data."又一个转折词引出-一个利用数据研究深度学习的反例，即研究罕见病例不能为了获取相关数据而强迫人们去生命，这就涉及到了伦理道德的层面。语言知识重难点词| l. proponent n. 倡导者; 支持者Any honest propo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nent of legalization would be wise to assume that drug-taking as a whole would rise.任何诚实的立法支持者都会很明智地假想到药品携带将会作为-一个整体上升。2. analogy n.类比;比拟It is probably ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )easier to make an analogy between the courses of the planets, and two trains travelling in the same direction.将行星的运行比作两列火车朝同一方向行驶可能更容易些。3. ironmonger n.五金商人;五金商店He got his windmil ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l on a system of easy payments that staggered even the ironmonger himself.他买下了风车，付款条件之优惠，连五金商本人都感到惊异。4.prolific adj.多产的;富裕的They are prolific breeders, with many hens laying up to six egg.他们都是多产的饲养员，养的母鸡很多都可以下6个蛋之多。5.copious adj.大量的:丰富的In France a similar ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) hallowed tradition demands a copious flow of red wine at weddings.在法国，在婚礼上需要大量的红酒来举行- -类似的神圣传统。6.condenser n.冷凝器，电容The refriger ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ant, refrigeration oil and an evaporator, condenser and piping in the drying process is very important.对冷媒，冷冻油及蒸发器、冷凝器和配管的干燥处理是极为重要的。7.cognition n.认知;感知;认识In the past, mac ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hines competed with humans mainly in raw physical abilities, while humans still had a great advantage over machines in cognition. ( 2019届杨浦区高考英语二模)过去，机器与人类竞争主要是原始的体力,而人类在认知上仍然比机器有巨大的优势。8. umethical adj. 不道德的While wildernes ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s therapy can be effective, certain methods have come under fire for using unethical, and sometimes abusive techniques to help struggling youth.虽然荒野疗法可以有效,但某些方法因使用不道德、有时是滥用技术来帮助挣扎的青少年而遭到抨击。重难点词组 l. raw material 原料The goods of trade ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) generally came under state inspection and such important raw material as lumber and gunpowder were also subject to state control.贸易货物-般接受国家检查，木材和火药等重要原材料也受到国家管制。(十校高三下学期联考)2.hold up 坚持住:举起The machine cons ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ists of a five-story glass tower that can hold u to 20 cars at a time.这台机器由一座五层高的玻璃塔组成，- - 次可容纳20辆汽车。(2018崇明一模)3. gobble up贪婪地吃;狼吞虎咽Stand up to the rea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )listic choice elusion was equal to choose to is gobble up!勇敢面对现实选择逃避就等于选择了被吞噬!4.spit out 吐出; 愤怒地说Now you've gotten the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) injection. Please wash your mouth and spit out the water into the spittoon.已经注射好了，请漱漱口，吐到痰盂中。长难句分析 1. That was ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )so true that the first of Newcomen’s steam engines wasn’t built in a tin mine, but in coal works near Dudley. 此句为并列复合句，首先是 but 引导并列句，表示转折，然后是 so…that 引导的结果状语从句。 句意：这是真的，第一个新来的蒸汽机不是在锡矿里造的，而是在达德利 附近的煤厂里造的。 2. That’s g ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )reat if you want to categorize images of cats, but less helpful if you want to use deep learning to diagnose rare illnesses.此句为并列复合句，but 连接的两个 if 引导的条件状语从句。 句意：如果你想对猫的图像进行分类，那就太好了，但是如果你想用深度 学习来诊断罕见的疾病，那就没什么帮助了。温故知新 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / ) ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )(2019年秋季高考)(C)Composite image ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) of Europe and North Africa at night,2016.Credit:NASA Earth Observatory images by Joshua Stevens,using Suomi NPP VIIRS data from Miguel Roman,NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.Artificial light is often seen as a sign of progress:the march of civilization shines a light in the dark;it takes back the night;it illuminates.But a chorus of scientists and advocates argues that unnaturally bright nights are bad not just for astronomers but also for nocturnal(夜间活动的) animals and even for human health.Now research sho ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ws the night is getting even brighter.From 2012 to 2016 the earth’s artificially lit area expanded by an estimated 2.2 percent a year (map),according to a study published last November in Science Advances.Even that increase may understate the problem,however.The measurement excludes light from most of the energy0efficient LED lamps that have been replacing sodium-vapor in cities all over the world,says lead study author Christopher Kyba,a postdoctoral researcher at the German Research Center for Geosciences in Potsdam.The new data came fr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )om a NASA satellite instrument called the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS).It can measure long-wavelengths of light,such as those produced by traditional yellow-and-orange by white LEDs.This light has been shown to disrupt human sleep cycles and nocturnal animals’ behavior.Credit:Mapping Special ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ists;Source: “Artifically Lit Surface of Earth at Night Increasing in Radiance and Extent,”by Christopher C.M.Kyba et al.,in Science Advances,Vol.3,No.11,Article No.E1701528;November 22,2017.The team believes the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ongoing switch to LEDs caused already bright countries such as Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and the U.S. to register as having stable levels of illumination in the VIIRS data. In contrast, most nations in South America, Africa and Asia brightened, suggesting increases in the use of traditional lighting. Australia actually appeared to lost lit area—but the researchers say that is because wildfires skewed the data.“The fact th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at VIIRS finds an increase (in many countries),despite its blindness in the part of the spectrum that increased more,is very sad,”says FabioFalchi,a researcher at Italy’s Light Pollution Science and Technology Institute,who did not participate in the study.In 2016 Falchi,along with Kyba and several other members of his research team,published a global atlas of artificial lighting that showed one third of the world’s population currently lives under skies too bright to see the Milky Way at night.The data also cast ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) doubt on the idea that the LED lighting revolution will lead to energy cost savings.Between 2012 and 2015 the median nation pumped out 15 percent more long-wavelength light as its GDP increased by 13 percent.And overall,countries’ total light production correlated with their GDP.In other words,Kyba says, “we buy as much light as we are willing to spend money on.”63.Which is not true about the spread of lit areas A.Lit area expanded by an estimated 2.2 percent a year.B.Artificial light is often seen as a sign of progress.C.The increase in GDP is due to the increase in light.D.It is bad for nocturnal animals and even for human health.64.Which of the follow ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing about VIIRS is NOT true according to the passage A.It is a kind of NASA satellite device.B.It can record and analyzed long-wavelength light.C.The blue light ge ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nerated by white LEDs can disrupt human sleep cycles.D.VIIRS has found an ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )increase of traditional lighting in lots of nations.65.According to the article,what we can know about the LEDs A.Artificial LED lights at nights are harmful to people’s health.B.It is a sign of civilization in modern society.C.The blue light disrupts human and animals’ life cycles.D.Artificially lit surface of Earth increasing because of LEDs.66.The author writes this article to __________.A.show the VIIRS data from NASAB.demonstrate t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he significance of VIIRS for its measurement of wavelengthsC.reveal the relationship between wavelength light and GDPD.arouse people’s awareness of light pollution来源：上海市虹口区2021届高三下学期第二次模拟英语试题(C)“A writer’s j ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ob is to tell the truth,” said Hemingway in 1942. No other writer of our time had so fiercely stated, or so consistently (一贯地) illustrated the writer’s duty to speak truly. His standard of truth-telling remained, moreover, so high and so strict that he was ordinarily unwilling to admit secondary evidence, whether literary evidence or evidence picked up from other sources than his own experience. “I only know what I have seen”, was a statement which came often to his lips and pen. What he had personally done, or what he knew unforgettably by having gone through one version of it, was what he was interested in telling about.The primary intention ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of his writing, from first to last, was to seize and project for the reader what he often called “the way it was”. This is a characteristically simple phrase for a concept of extraordinary complexity, and Hemingway’s concept of its meaning subtly (微妙地) changed several times in the course of his career - always in the direction of greater complexity. At the core of the concept, however, one can invariably recognize the operation of three instruments of beauty appreciation: the sense of place, the sense of fact, and the sense of scene.The first of the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )se, obviously a strong passion with Hemingway, is the sense of place. “Unless you have geography, background,” he once told George Antheil, “you have nothing.” You have, that is to say, a dramatic vacuum. Few writers have been more place-conscious. Few have so carefully charted out the geographical ground work of their novels while managing to keep background so unnoticeable. Few, accordingly, have been able to record more economically and graphically the way it is when you watch the bulls running through the streets of Pamplona, Spain towards the bull-ring.“When I woke it ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )was the sound of the rocket exploding that announced the release of the bulls. Down below the narrow street was empty. All the balconies were crowded with people. Suddenly a crowd came down the street. They were all running, packed close together. They passed along and up the street toward the bull-ring and behind them came more men running faster, and then some stragglers (落后者) who were really running. Behind them was a little bare space, and then the bulls tossing their heads up and down. It all went out of sight around the corner. One man fell, rolled to the gutter (排水沟), and lay quiet. But the bulls went right on and did not notice him. They were all running together.”63. What’s the main idea of the first two paragraphs A. Hemingway’ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s writing began from reality and then he would let his mind wander.B. Hemingway’s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )primary purpose in writing was to report faithfully reality as he experienced it.C. Hemingway’s w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )riting reflects his preference for a simple story that the reader would thoroughly enjoy.D. Hemingway wo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )uld construct a story that would reflect truths that were not particular to a specific historical period.64. It can be infe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rred from the passage that Hemingway preferred ______ as the sources for his work.A. Stories that he had experienced rather than read about.B. Stories that he had read about in newspapers or other sources.C. Stories that he had heard from friends or chance acquaintances.D. Stories that came to him in periods of deep thinking or in dreams.65. The author calls ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) “the way it was” a “characteristically simple phrase for a concept of extraordinary complexity” because ______.A. it shows how Hemingway understated complex issues in his books.B. it reflects Hemin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )gway’s talent for making ordinary events difficult to understand.C Hemingway’s obsession for geographic details overshadowed the dramatic element of his stories.D. the relatio ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nship between simplicity and complexity reflected the relationship between the style and content of Hemingway’s writing.66. Why does th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e author include an except (节选) from The Sun Also Rises in the last paragraph A. To vividly illustrate how exciting the bull run is.B. To demonstrate that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) all kinds of runners can take part in the bull run.C. To show Hemingway’ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s delicate description of the background of the bull run.D. To place grea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ter emphasis on the importance of geography, economically speaking.来源：上海华东师范大学第二附属中学2022届高三上学期10月阶段测试卷英语试题（C）Why isn’t scie ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nce better Look at career incentive(激励).There are often substantial gaps between the idealized and actual versions of those people whose work involves providing a social good. Government officials are supposed to work for their constituents. Journalists are supposed to provide unbiased reporting and penetrating analysis. And scientists are supposed to relentlessly probe the fabric of reality with the most rigorous and skeptical of methods.All too often, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )however, what should be just isn’t so. In a number of scientific fields, published findings turn out not to replicate(复制), or to have smaller effects than, what was initially claimed. Plenty of science does replicate — meaning the experiments turn out the same way when you repeat them - but the amount that doesn’t is too much for comfort.But there are ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )also ways in which scientists increase their chances of getting it wrong. Running studies with small samples, mining data for correlations and forming hypotheses to fit an experiment’s results after the fact are just some of the ways to increase the number of false discoveries.It’s not like we don ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )'t know how to do better. Scientists who study scientific methods have known about feasible remedies for decades. Unfortunately, their advice often falls on deaf ears. Why Why aren't scientific methods better than they are In a word: incentives. But perhaps not in the way you think.In the 1970s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), psychologists and economists began to point out the danger in relying on quantitative measures for social decision-making. For example, when public schools are evaluated by students’ performance on standardized tests, teachers respond by teaching “to the test”. In turn, the test serves largely as of how well the school can prepare students for the test.We can see this pri ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nciple—often summarized as “when a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure”—playing out in the realm of research. Science is a competitive enterprise. There are far more credentialed (授以证书的) scholars and researchers than there are university professorships or comparably prestigious research positions. Once someone acquires a research position, there is additional competition for tenure grant funding, and support and placement for graduate students. Due to this competition for resources, scientists must be evaluated and compared. How do you tell if someone is a good scientist An oft-used metric i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s the number of publications one has in peer-reviewed journals, as well as the status of those journals. Metrics like these make it straightforward to compare researchers whose work may otherwise be quite different. Unfortunately, this also makes these numbers susceptible to exploitation.If scientists are ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) motivated to publish often and in high-impact journals, we might expect them to actively try to game the system. And certainly, some do—as seen in recent high-profile cases of scientific fraud(欺诈). If malicious fraud is the prime concern, then perhaps the solution is simply heightened alertness.However, most scientis ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ts are, I believe, genuinely interested in learning about the world, and honest. The problem with incentives is that they can shape cultural norms without any intention on the part of individuals.43. Which of the fol ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lowing is TRUE about the general trend in scientific field A. Scientists are persistently devoted to exploration of reality.B. The research findings fail to achieve the expected effect.C. Hypotheses are modified to highlight the experiments' results.D. The amount of science that does replicate is comforting.44. What does deaf ears in the fourth paragraph probably refer to A. The public. B. The incentive initiators. C. The peer researchers. D. The high-impact journal editors.45. Which of the following does the author probably agree with A. Good scientists ex ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cel in seeking resources and securing research positions.B. Competition for r ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )esources inspires researchers to work in a more skeptical way.C. All the creden ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tialed scholars and researchers will not take up university professorships.D. The number of p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ublication reveals how scientists are bitterly exploited.46. According to the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) author, what might be a remedy for the fundamental problem in scientific research A. High-impact jo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )urnals are encouraged to reform the incentives for publication.B. The peer-re ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )view process is supposed to scale up inspection of scientific fraud.C. Researche ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rs are motivated to get actively involved in gaming the current system.D. Career inc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )entives for scientists are expected to consider their personal intention.来源：上海市奉贤区致远高级中学2021-2022学年高三上学期期中教学评估英语试题 (C)Space exploratio ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n has always been the province of dreamers: The human imagination readily soars where human innovation struggles to follow. A Voyage to the Moon, often cited as the first science fiction story, was written by Cyrano de Bergerac in 1649. Cyrano was dead and buried for a good three centuries before the first manned rockets started to fly.In 1961, when Preside ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nt Kennedy declared that America would send a man to the moon by the decade's end, those words, too, had a dreamlike quality. They resonated(共鸣) with optimism and ambition in much the same way as the most famous dream speech of all, delivered by Martin Luther King Jr. two years later. By the end of the decade, both visions had turned out concrete results and transformed American society. And yet in many ways the two dreams ended up conflicting with each other. The fight for racial and economic equality is intensely practical and immediate in its impact. The urge to explore space is just the opposite. It is actually unrealistic in its aims.When the dust settl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed, the space dreamers lost out. There was no grand follow-up to the Apollo missions. The technologically compromised（妥协） space shuttle program has just come to an end, with no successor. The endless argument is that funds are tight, that we have more pressing problems here on Earth. Among the current concerns about the federal deficit (赤字), reaching toward the stars seems an unnecessary luxury---as if saving one-thousandth of a single year's budget would solve our problems.But human innovatio ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n struggles on. NASA is developing a series of robotic devices that will get the most bang from a buck. They will serve as modern Magellans, mapping out the solar system for whatever explorers follow, whether man or machine. On the flip side, companies like Virgin Galactic are designing a bottom-up attack on the space dream by making it a reality to the public. Private spaceflight could lie within reach of rich civilians in a few years. Another decade or two and it could go mainstream.The space dre ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )amers end up benefiting all of us---not just because of the way they expand human knowledge, or because of the technologies they produce, but because the two types of dreams feed on each other. Both Martin Luther King and John Kennedy appealed to the idea that humans can get over what were once considered inborn limitations. Today we face seeming challenges in energy, the environment, healthcare. Tomorrow we will overcome these as well, and the dreamers will deserve a lot of the credit. The more evidence we collect that our species is capable of greatness, the more we will actually achieve it.63. The author menti ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ons Cyrano de Bergerac in order to show that _________.A. imagination is the mother of inventionB. creativity is essential to science fiction writersC. it takes patience for humans to realize their dreamsD. dreamers have always been interested in science fiction64. Concerning the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) dreams of Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr, which of the following statements is NOT true A. They symbolized human beings' confidence in achievements.B. They brought about dramatic changes in American society.C. They are in complete conflict with each other.D. They both sounded very much unrealistic to Americans.65. Which of the following does the author imply in paragraph 3 A. Space shuttle program is too dangerous for Americans to carry on.B. The tight budget is to blame for the unsuccessful space program.C. More problems on Earth call for our immediate attention.D. Space program, nec ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )essary to the national dream, should be continued.66. What does the author think of the problems facing human beings A. They pose a serious challenge to future human existence.B. They can be solved sooner or later with human innovation.C. Their solutions n ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eed joint efforts of the public and private sectors.D. They can only be solved by people who are intelligently superior.
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进门小练笔Wind power’s warming effect is overblownA study has ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )claimed that if the US generated enough electricity from wind to meet its current demand, the surface of the continental states would warm by 0. 24 C. What's more, it goes on to compare this increase with global warming (Joule,doi.org/cvjz)Large-scale US wind ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )power would cause a warming effect that would take roughly a century to offset, "claims the headline on a press release issued alongside the study, implying that the savings in greenhouse gas emission wouldn’t counteract the warming for 100 years. Other climate scientists say this particular claim is misleading.For starters, the s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tudy assumes a scenario where a third of the US is covered in wind turbines, says wind energy researcher Cristina Archer of the University of Delaware."That means you ju ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mp in your car in Ohio and drive all the way to the Rocky Mountains, and all you see at every point is wind turbines(涡轮机), "she says. "It's a crazy scenario that’s never going to happen.What's more, t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he study relied on a regional climate model called the WRF. This model has a known flaw that exaggerates the air-mixing effect of. This model has a wind turbines two or times, says Archer.Then there's ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the comparison with global (风力满轮机) simply redistribute heat that is already warming. The crucial point here is that wind turbines in the air. At night, for instance, the ground cools and so does the layer of air just above it. The turning of turbine blades heats the surface by bringing down warmer air from above-- the overall heat content of the atmosphere does not change and the effect ceases when the turbines stop turning. By contrast, hi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )gher levels of carbon dioxide trap heat, increasing the total heat content of the atmosphere and ocean. This effect lasts for millennia because extra CO2 persists in the atmosphere for that long.To put this ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )another way, even if this study was right about the magnitude of the effect, and every inch of land in the world was covered with wind turbines, it wouldn't cause any melting of the polar ice caps.The impact of wind ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) farms has to be considered in the context of all the other changes we are making to the world. The urban heat island effect can warm cities by as much as 12℃ compared with surrounding areas,but has a negligible effect on global temperatures. Buildings affect wind too.Some of these po ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ints are stated in the paper, but they are buried two-thirds of the way through it. They are not made clear in the press release.Asked whether the h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eadline of the press release might cause misleading coverage, co-author David Keith of Harvard University replied: "I expect so People will seize on all sorts of stuffs and exaggerate it.Keith is not doubtin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g the need to move away from fossil fuels. "There is no question that wind is better than coal, " he says, but he is concerned about the impact of large-scale wind generation.Archer thinks resea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rchers should stick to analyzing realistic scenarios for wind power. "It gives such a bad reputation to wind if you start publishing this kind of stuff, "she says. "People don't see that it's a crazy scenario, all they remember is, oh, there's global warming from wind power”. Except there isn’t,of course.1. Which of the foll ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )owing is not stated in the claim of the press release A. Wind power's warming effect can be compared with global warming.B. It will ta ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ke a long time to balance the impact of wind power on our planet.C. The U.S. alrea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dy has too many wind turbines along the Rocky mountains.D. Extensive use o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f wind power may cause a warming effect on the surface of the continental states.2. The underlined word"assumes"in Paragraph3 probably meansA. takes for granted B. puts cloths omC. makes a pretense of D takes over privately3. Which of the follo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )wing statements argues against the claim of the press release A. Its study takes on an ideal scenario.B. Its study is based on an unreliable mod.C. The claim overestimates the effect of global warming.D. The claim doesn't take other factors into account.4. What is Cristina Archers attitude toward wind power A.doubtful B. defensive C. neutral D. concerned【答案】1-4 CABB1. 解析：考查理解文章基本信息的能 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )力。根据文章第一、二段信息可知，新闻发布的信息主要包括：1）美国大规模地使用风能发电会引起温室效应，需要一个世纪才能消除这些温室效应，因此选项B、D包涵在内；2）风能发电引起的气温升高可以和全球变暖相提并论，因此选项A也包涵在内。选项C没有提及，因此本题正确答案为C。2. 解析：考查根据上下文理解词语的能力 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )。该词所在句子的意思是，“首先，该研究假定了一个情景，即美国三分之一的领土都被风力涡轮机覆盖，”由此可推测出该词的意思和“take for granted”意思相近，因此正确答案为A。3. 解析：考查理解文章基本信息的能力。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )根据第五段可知，该研究基于一个有明显缺陷的模型，言下之意就是不可靠的模型，因此正确答案为B。该研究假设了几个不现实的情景，而不是理想的情景（“It’s a crazy scenario that’s never going to happen），因此选项A是错误的；该研究考虑了其他因素，但只是轻描淡写，一笔带过（Some of these points are stated in the paper, but they are buried two-thirds of the way through it. They are not made clear in the press release），因此选项D是错误的；选项C在文中没有提及，因此也是错误的。4. 解析：考查归纳和概括文章主旨大意 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的能力。根据最后一段可知，Cristina Archer认为，新闻发布的信息给风能带来了坏名声，会误导人们以为风能发电会造成全球变暖，由此可判断她是支持和捍卫风能的。因此正确答案为B。Word Box1.overblown adj. mad ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e to seem greater or more impressive than something really is夸张的2.offset e. compensate for or counterbalance抵消,去除3.counteract e. t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o reduce or prevent the bad effect of something, by doing something that has the opposite effect 抵消4.scenario n. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a description of how things might happen in the future 情境,设想5. millennia n. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a period of 1, 000 years, especially as calculated before or after the birth of Christ 千年纪,千禧年6.magnitude n. the property of relative size or extend 大小, 量级7.coverage n. the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) news as presented by reporters for newspapers or radio or television 新闻报道8.exaggerate e to enlarge beyond bounds or the truth 夸大其词VocabularyI .Write down the Chinese meanings of the following expressions.1. generate enough electricity from wind2. warm by o.24°C3. greenhouse gas emissions4. a regional climate model5. simply redistribute heat6. higher levels of carbon dioxide7. the headline of the press release8. a negligible effect答案：1. 用风能产出足够的电能2. 变暖0.24摄氏度3. 温室气体排放4. 一个区域性气候模型5. 仅仅重新分布热量6. 高浓度的二氧化碳7. 新闻发布稿的标题8. 微乎其微的影响II. Write down ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the expressions in English according to the Chinese meaning.1.满足现有需求2.大规模的风能发电3.这个独特的看法存在误导性4.一个已知的缺陷5.换句话来说6.风电场的影响力7.化石燃料答案：1. meet the current demand2. large-scale wind power3. this particular claim is misleading4. a known flaw5. to put this another way6. the impact of wind farms7. fossil fuels精讲精练三年高考阅读C篇考情分析纵观近三年的高考真题阅读C篇题材，不难发现经 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )济类以及科技说明类文章占据很大比重，建议老师在高考最后冲刺阶段C篇阅读的训练内容可以以经济，教育，生活和科技四大类文章为主。考题类型总结
根据命题要求阅读理解考题可分为4类： 细节题；主旨题；推断题；词义猜测题；其中，细节题在阅读A、B篇出现较多，建议引导学生带着问题在文章中寻找解题依据。C篇则是较多地出现主旨题和推断题，侧重对于全文的整体理解。知识点一（细节题）细节题解题技巧细节题的解题要点是一定要对应到语篇中相应的语句，找到问题的出处。“找到即做到”是细节题的解题秘钥。细节题干扰项的设置一般有：1. 范围过大、过小 。2. 偷换概念。3. 正误并存，某个分句是正确的。细节题解题方法 : 原文定位法。 查读法：带着问题寻找答案，把注意力集中在与who, what, when, where问题有关的细节上。 仔细关注到原文每一个细节，尤其注意不要遗漏题干和文章中任何带有限定和修饰性的词，短语或是句子在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节问题常有以下几种命题方式：1）Which of the following statements is true 2）Which of the following is not mentioned in the text 3）The author ( or the passage) states that___.4）According t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o the passage, when ( where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.)___ 【例题精讲】例1.（2017年6月高考）There are classes ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )for the mothers of babies, but there’s no helping with your mum and dad growing old. Old people’s wards ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )are hell for old people. Geriatric wards are bedlam and bonkers. A toothless woman screaming when left alone, a cry that reaches the high hospital ceiling. A woman effing and blinding----the polite curtain will not protect her from the indignity of a nappy change. A woman who lives the same moment in repeat, dressed up for going home in a bright red, over the dressing grown, asking for the key to her house, saying over and over: “Am I going home today ” The treatment ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) of the old is compared of that of the refugees in order to .prove they have a lot in commonshow the terrible status of the olddisplay their similarities and differencesindicate that old people have to leave their home[解析]63. 作者把老人的生活和难民做对 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )比，目的为了烘托出老人糟糕的生活状况，从文本Old people's wards are hell for old people. It seems to me as if the plight of old people, while not a horrible as the plight of refugees,shares some of the horror【课堂练习】1.(2018秋考)You can also grap ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )h the other extreme--all crime novels and no movies. Since crime novels in the example cost $15 and you have $150 available, if you spend all the available money crime novels, you can buy 10.So you put a dot on the horizontal axis at the number 10.65.Assume that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) each movie cost $10 and each crime novel costs $15,you have $150.Which is RIGHT according to this passage A.The maximum number of movies you can see is 10.B.The maximum number of crime novels you can by is 15.C.You can buy 7 crime novels and see 5 movies.D.You can buy 7 crime novels and see 4 movies.【答案】B【解析】考查文章的理解以及逻辑思维能 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )力。由文中对 Budget Line 的公式解释以及 举的例子可知：150 美金能只看 15 部电影，只买 10 本小说，或者买 7 本小说，看 4 场电影。 所有的消费活动需要控制在 150 美金之内。 2. (2018秋考)Understand the Economic Concept of a Budget LineThe term “budget li ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ne” has several related meanings,including a couple that are self-evident and a third that is not.The Budget Line as an Informal Consumer UnderstandingThe budget li ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ne is an elementary concept that most consumers understand intuitively without a need for graphs and equations—it's the household budget, for example.Taken inform ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ally, the budget line describes the boundary of affordability for a given budget and specific goods.63.Which sentence about the budget line is NOT TRUE A.It is a limi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tation of affordability for a given budget and specific goods.B.Most costumer ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s will be confused with this concept because of its complex.C.It is the effectively a map of future expenditures.D.It can be expressed as a mathematical equation.【答案】B【解析】考查细节。由 The bu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dget line is an elementary concept that most consumers understand intuitively without a need for graphs and equations. 预算线是一个基本概念，大多数 消费者直观地理解它，而不需要图表和方程式。可知选 B。 知识点二（主旨题）【知识梳理】3、主旨题解题技巧： （1）做这类题时常用略读法。快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句。把各个段落的主题句联系起来。 （2）着眼于全文结构安排，了解文章的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )重心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的标题是中心思想最精炼的表达形式，选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文，不能太大也不能太小。命题者在出这类题时，常常利用生活常识编造干扰项，把文中的细节当主旨，利用局部信息编造干扰项，编制超出文章范围的标题或不能涵盖文章中心意义的标题来考查考生的理解程度，考生要特别留意。 干扰项特点： （1）以偏概全：干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息。 （2）断章取义：干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。 （3）主题扩大：干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容。 （4）张冠李戴：命题者有意地把属于 A的特征放在 B 的身上，构成一个干扰项。考生不注意的情况下，会造成错选答案。 （5）无中生有或似是而非：有的干扰项中的关键词语好像在文章中谈到了，但认真分析之后你会发现这类干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。 主旨题常见的命题形式：①The main idea of this text may be…….②This passage is mainly about…….③The author's purpose in writing this text…….④Which of the following is the best title for the passage ⑤ What’s the topic of the text ⑥The passage gives us is…...【例题精讲】例1.（2017年6月高考）And though my mum, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) by the time she was released, knew that her life was charmed compared with the lives of the world’s refugees. It seems to me as if the plight of old people, while not a horrible as the plight of refugees, shares some of the horror. Just as we live in a society that hasn’t caught up with technology, the kind of moral choices it gives people, we also live in a world that hasn’t kept up with its ageing population. We have the advances in medical science and technology that have kept people alive longer, but not the advances in how to treat our ageing population. Society is lagging behind the old, failing and falling. 66.Which of the following is the best title for the passage A.Why Colleges Need Helicopter Parents.B.How to Improve Parent-school Relations.C.Why Overparenting Is in Question.D.How to Communicate More as Parents.【答案】C【解析】整篇文章都在讲述令人担忧的老年 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )人的生活。从文中“It seems to me as if the plight of old people, while not a horrible as the plight of refugees, shares some of the horror.” 在 我看来，老年人的困境虽然不像难民的困境那么可怕，但也有一些可怕之处。可知 C 正确。例2.【课堂练习】1.(2018秋考)Understand the Economic Concept of a Budget LineThe term “budget ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) line” has several related meanings,including a couple that are self-evident and a third that is not.The Budget Line as an Informal Consumer UnderstandingThe budget li ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ne is an elementary concept that most consumers understand intuitively without a need for graphs and equations—it's the household budget, for example.64.What is the purpose of the passage A.To tell us any concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation.B.To help us figure out the meaning Budget Line.C.To tell us we should budget before we buy goods.D.To give an instruction of drawing a budget Line.【答案】B【解析】考查全文概括的能力。由 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )第一个标题‘Understand the Economic Concept of a Budget Line’以及‘The term "budget line" has several related meanings’可以整篇文章就是围绕 Budget Line 是什么展开的。故选 B。 知识点三（推断题）【知识梳理】此类题目有一定难度，往往不能直接从文中找到答案，而必须根据上下文及其相互间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层理解后，才能找到答案。有时甚至还得联系作者的态度、观点、意图、语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )气等弦外之音、文外之意加以推理，这些题目一般都是深层意义的题目，他们没有明示，大多数属于模糊性的，甚至是模棱两可。解答这类题时应特别注意以下特征：①吃透文章的表层意思，是推理的前提和基础；②推理的根据来自于上下文；③不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点；④在提问中常用的词有sug ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )gest,mean,infer(推断),from the fact,indicate(暗示) conclusion，probably，likely，reason，because，according to"等。I. 常见的推理判断题的设问方式： 推测作者写作目的或意图的设题形式有： 1) The purpose in writing this text is to __________. 2) The author writes this passage to __________. 3) The author in this passage intends to __________. 推测文章的观点或结论的设题形式有： 1) It can b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e inferred from the passage that __________. 2) What conclusion can be drawn from the passage 3) From the passage we can conclude that __________. 推断文章出处的设题形式有： 1) The passage is most likely to be taken from_________. 2) Where would this passage most probably appear 3) The passage is most likely a part of_________.是非判断题的设题方式：1) which of the following is（not）true or false 2) All of the following statements are wrong except _____. 3) All of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the following statements are right/true except _____. 4) Whic ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )h of the following is not mentioned in the passage /text II. 推理判断题的推理原则----在文中有依据，但不能是原句， 即为言外之意！细节类表述非答案。【例题精讲】例1.（2017年6月高考）And though my mum, b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y the time she was released, knew that her life was charmed compared with the lives of the world’s refugees. It seems to me as if the plight of old people, while not a horrible as the plight of refugees, shares some of the horror. Just as we live in a society that hasn’t caught up with technology, the kind of moral choices it gives people, we also live in a world that hasn’t kept up with its ageing population. We have the advances in medical science and technology that have kept people alive longer, but not the advances in how to treat our ageing population. Society is lagging behind the old, failing and falling. What can be inferred from the passage Refugees lead a better life than old male patients. Old people are ill-treated due to their loss of individuality. The author’s mom is capable of teaching and being a socialist. The treatment of the a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )geing population doesn’t develop as science advances. 【答案】D【解析】根据文本We have ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the advances in medical science and technology that have kept people alive longer, but not the advances in how to treat our ageing population. Society is lagging behind the old, failing and falling.可知尽管科技进步了，但是老人的遭遇并没有改善。【课堂练习】（2017年6月高考）There are certain ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )small but piercing similarities between the treatment of the old and the treatment of refugees. The old are often displaced from their homes, moved out against their will;decisions are often made for them that they have no say over. Often, they are treated as fools or halfwits, crowded together in one place, given clothes that don’t belong to them, treated as a fallen tribe, incapable of any individuality. Nobody imagined my mother was a secretary of the Scottish peace movement, a primary teacher, a lifelong socialist, a witty woman. Out of hospital, my 85-year-old mum said:”going into hospital at my age puts years on you. God save from old people’s wards. You never think of yourself as old. You look across the ward and think, am I like that ”The author’s mom felt that life in the hospital . A. made her much olderB. created her a mature womanC. enable her to look back at lifeD. let her full of gratitude to children【答案】A【解析】根据文中 Out of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hospital, my 85-year-old mum said: “going into hospital at my age puts years on you. God save from old people’s wards. You never think of yourself as old. You look across the ward and think, am I like that ”我 85 岁的妈妈出院后说：“在我这个年纪上医院 会让你多活几年。上帝拯救老人的病房。你从不认为自己老了。你看着病房的另一边想，我 是这样的吗？故选 A。 （2018年6月高考）Understand the Economic Concept of a Budget LineThe term “budge ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t line” has several related meanings,including a couple that are self-evident and a third that is not.The Budget Line as an Informal Consumer UnderstandingThe budget line is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )an elementary concept that most consumers understand intuitively without a need for graphs and equations—it's the household budget, for example.Lines in a BudgetBefore turning ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to the economics definition of “budget line”,consider another concept:the line-item budget.This is effectively a map of future expenditures,with all the constituent expenditures individually noted and quantified.There’s nothing very complicated about this;in this usage,a budget line is one of the lines in the budget,with the service or good to be purchased named and the cost quantified.The Budget Line as an Economics ConceptOne of the inte ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )resting ways the study of economics relates to human behavior generally is that a lot of economic theory is the formalization of the kind of simple concept outlined above--a consumer's informal understanding of the amount she has to spend and what that amount will buy.A Simple Budget Line GraphTo understan ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d this, think of a graph where the vertical lines quantify how many movie tickets you can buy and where the horizontal lines do the same for crime novels. You like going to the movies and reading crime novels and you have $150 to spend. In the example below, assume that each movie costs $10 and each crime novel costs $15.The more formal economics term for these two items is budget set.66.What is the best title of this passage A.Are we really know the economic concept of a budget line B.The Budget Line as an Economics ConceptC.The Budget Line as an Informal Consumer UnderstandingD.The Complex Concept—Budget Line【答案】A【解析】考查全文概括能力。由第 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )一个标题 Understand the Economic Concept of a Budget Line 以及后续对 Budget Line 的解释可知选项 A 最合适，其他选项以偏概全。知识点四（词义猜测）解题技巧： （1）根据因果关系猜测词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )义。英语构词法中，常见的三种构词方法为：合成、派生和词性转化。在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀，在后面加后缀，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但掌握了一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义。 （2）根据因果关系猜测词义。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )英语的句子和段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。常见的表示因果关系的连接词：so, thus, therefore, because, ect.。 （3）根据同义关系猜测词义 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )。当词或短语之间有并列连词 and 或 or 时，其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，由此可推知其大致意思。 （4）根据上下文的指代关系猜测词义。 （5）根据反义猜测词义。英语中 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的反义关系即表示转折、对比关系，上下句的连接词常用 but, however, otherwise 等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外， 分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。 【例题精讲】例1.（2020一模黄浦区）②Biologists appe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ar to have discovered a physical reason that explains why some people are risk-takers. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, a chemical that spreads signals between nerve cells. It is linked to the brains reward system and is the chemical that makes us feel good, and scientists believe it to be linked to risk-taking. Our nerve cells have dopamine receptors(接收器) which control the amount of dopamine that each cell receives. But not all receptors may be active. When a person has few active receptors to control the amount of dopamine that is received, a cell can become flooded resulting in an extreme feeling of happiness.64. The underli ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ned phrase “consistent with” is closest to “__________” in meaning.A. contrary to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) B. in agreement with C. at the cost of D. persistent in【答案】B【解析】词义推断题。根据前面的短语The r ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )esults of the research和短语后面的形容词similar和the same可知，研究的结果与在老鼠身上所做的研究结果是相似的。因此，本题选B【课堂练习】Virtual busine ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ss models will jar in the physical world. Tech firms are generally happy to move fast and break things. But you cannot release the beta version (测试版) of a fridge. Apple, a smartphonemaker, provides updates for its phones for only five years or so after their release; users of Android smartphones are lucky to get two. But goods such as washing machines or industrial machinery can have lifespans of a decade or more. Firms will need to work out how to support complicated computerised devices long after their original programmers have moved on. 65. The unde ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rlined word jar probably means _____________ in this context.A. boom B. conflict C. vanish D. expand【答案】B【解析】65. B根据这一段后面的内容证明 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )虚拟的商业模式在现实世界中是不合适的，所以应该是个反义类的词，所以应该选B，有冲突的意思，vanish消失。当堂检测（2019年春季高考）(C)Everything abou ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t nuclear energy seems terrifically big: the cost, construction and decommissioning—and the fears of something going badly wrong.The future, howev ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )er, may well be much smaller. Dozens of companies are working on a new generation of reactors that, they promise, can deliver nuclear power at lower cost and reduced risk.These small-scale plan ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ts will on average generate between 50MW and 300MW of power compared with the 1,000MW-plus from a conventional rector. They will draw on modular manufacturing techniques that will reduce construction risk, which has plagued larger-scale projects. Supporters believe these advanced modular reactors(AMRs)—most of which will not be commercial until the 2030s—are critical if atomic power is to compete against the rapidly falling costs of solar and wind.“The physics ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hasn’t changed. It’s about much cleverer design that offers much-needed flexibility in terms of operation,” said Tim Stone, long-term industry adviser and chairman of Nuclear Risk Insurers, which insures nuclear sites in the UK.Since the Fuku ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )shima meltdown in Japan in 2011,safety fears have threatened nuclear power. But the biggest obstacle today is economic. In western Europe, just three plants are under construction: in the UK at Hinkley Point C in Somerset; at Flamanville in France; and at Olkiluoto in Finland. All involve the European Pressurized Reactor technology of EDF that will be used a t Hinkley Point. All are running years late and over budget. In the US, the first two nuclear projects under way for the past 30 years are also blowing through cost estimates.The UK, which opene ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d the world’s first commercial nuclear reactor in 1956,is one of the few western nations committed to renewing its ageing fleet to ensure energy security and meet tough carbon reduction targets. It is seen as a proving ground, by many in the industry, of nuclear power’s ability to restore confidence.However, the country’s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) agreement with EDF to build two units at Hinkley Point—which together will generate 3.2GW of electricity—has come under severe criticism over its cost. The government is looking at different funding models but said it still sees nuclear power as vital to the country’s future energy mix. Small reactors, it believes, have the potential to generate much-needed power from the 2030s.A nuclear sector de ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )al, unveiled last month, promised up to 56m in funding for research and development into AMRs and attracted interest of start-ups from around the world. The government hopes the funding will give the UK a lead in the global race to develop these technologies, helping to provide energy security while also creating a multibillion-dollar export market for British engineering companies.63. Which of the fol ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lowing is true about the advanced modular reactors (AMRs) A. AMRs produce more power than traditional reactors.B. AMRs could deliver nuclear at lower costs and reduce risks.C. So far, most AMRs have not been put into use yet.D. Governments prefer energy of solar and wind to that of AMRs.64. In paragr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )aph 4,the author mentions the plants in Western Europe and the U.S. to __________.A. prove that nuclear power has been threatened by safety concernB. show the biggest obstacle to nuclear research today is the budgetC. indicate the construction of nuclear plants are slow in speedD. point out tha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t most power plants have adopted the latest nuclear technology65. What can be inferred from the passage A. Nuclear pow ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )er has an important impact on the country’s future energy structure.B. The UK govern ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ment seeks to reduce the negative impact of nuclear power on its economy.C. The plan to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) build two power plants in Hinkley Point has been deserted.D. Costs for ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) small modular reactors would be higher relative to large unclear reactors.66. Which of the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) following can serve as the best title of this passage A. Britain counts on nuclear energy to keep lights onB. Traditional nuclear plants boom with mini reactorsC. Nuclear ’s share of power generation remain steadyD. Nuclear power looks to shrink its way to success【答案】 63-66 BBAB【解析】63.【解析】根据文章第二段中 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )“Dozens of companies are working on a new generation of reactors that, they promise, can deliver nuclear power at lower cost and reduced risk. ”以及 “Supporters believe these advanced modular reactors (AMRs)—most of which will not be commercial until the 2030s—are critical if atomic power is to compete against the rapidly falling costs of solar and wind”可知，关于先进的模块化核反应堆，其规模小，且安全性有所提升， 故选 B64. B。根据第四段“Sin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ce the Fukushima meltdown in Japan in 2011, safety fears have threatened nuclear power. But the biggest obstacle today is economic.”可知过去对核能的安全是第一位考虑的，但是如今研究核能的最大障碍是预算。后面列举各国例子也是在说明预算问题是推进研究的障碍，故选 B。 65. A。根据文章中 “The gov ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ernment is looking at different funding models but said it still sees nuclear power as vital to the country’s future energy mix.”可知核能对国家未来的能源 结构至关重要。故选 A。 66.B考查对中心主旨的把握。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )通读文章后再将每一段的首句尾句（往往是作者的论点或者观点）串联起来进行二次回顾，由开头转折“however”介绍未来新的反应堆能够以更低的成本和更低的风险提供核能以及“The government hopes the funding will give the UK a lead in the global race to develop these technologies, helping to provide energy security while also creating a multibillion-dollar export market for British engineering companies”可知，作者对待 核能的态度是积极的正面的，并且对于小型反应堆的也持乐观态度。故选 B。C、D 选项对 核能的看法为消极态度，A 选项以偏概全。 百科知识 核能（或称原子能）是通过核反应从原子核释放的能量，符合阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦的质能方程 E=mc2 ，其中 E=能量，m=质量，c=光速。 分析与点拨 针对自然社科类文章，建议考生通读文章后再将每一段的首句尾句（往往是作者的论点或者观点）串联起来进行二次回顾。第一段：总写人们对于核能的看法：关于核能的一切都是巨大的。 第二、三段：开头转折“however”介绍未来新的反应堆能够以更低的成本和更低的风险提供核能。 第四段：讲发展反应堆的最大障碍是经济问题 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )。重点在第四段开头“Since the Fukushima meltdown in Japan in 2011, safety fears have threatened nuclear power.” 自 2011 日本福岛垮台以来，安全担忧威胁着核能。但今天最大的障碍是经济。 第五、六段：举英国的正面例子来说明因为成本问题关于核电站的投建受阻。 最后一段：总结核能反应堆的研究 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )和投入虽然耗资巨大，但是英国还是大力投入，因为其前景广阔。重点句为最后一句“The government hopes the funding will give the UK a lead in the global race to develop these technologies, helping to provide energy security while also creating a multibillion-dollar export market for British engineering companies. ” 语言知识 重难点词汇 1.terrifically adv. 极其，非常 I was terrifically proud when I received this model as a present. 当我收到这架作为礼物的飞机时，我很自豪。 2.conventional adj. 常规的；按照惯例的 Sometimes the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) equivalent of a conventional printed book, e-books can also be born digital. 有时相当于一本传统的印刷书，电子书也可以诞生数字化。3.flexibility n. 柔韧性；灵活性；弹性 Most people look on the bright side of the flexibility of farmers. 大多数人都看重农民的灵活性。4.obstacle n. 阻碍；障碍 Built-in obstacle avoidance for stress-free flying. 内置避障，无压力飞行。5.unveil v. 揭幕；展开 To unveil the m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ystery, a newspaper reporter interviewed him asking why he was able to be so much more creative than the average person. 为了揭开这个谜团，一位报社记者采访了他，问他为什么能比普通人更有创造力。（2014 闸北二模） 重难点词组 1.small-scale 小规模的 The results of small ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )-scale tests and pilot experiments are presented in this paper. 本文对这一新技术的小试和中试研究结果进行了介绍。 2.under construction 正在建设中 There's a big sports center under construction. 有一个大型体育中心正在建设中。3.attract interest of 吸引……的兴趣 These attract big interest of Chinese students. 这些很吸引中国学生的兴趣。 4.at lower cost 低费用 For retail in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )vestors, the recent correction has presented an opportunity to increase exposure at lower cost. 对散户投资者而言，最近的回调提供了一个以较低成本增加筹码的机会。 长难句分析 1.They will draw ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) on modular manufacturing techniques that will reduce construction risk, which has plagued larger-scale projects. 此句为复合句，其中包含 th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at 引导的定语从句修饰先行词 techniques 和which 引导的非限制性定语从句，对前面句子的宾语作进一步的补充解说。 句意：他们将采用减少工程风险的模块化制造技术，其已经困扰了大型项目。 2.The UK, which ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) opened the world’s first commercial nuclear reactor in 1956, is one of the few western nations committed to renewing its ageing fleet to ensure energy security and meet tough carbon reduction targets. 此句为复合句，其中 which 引导的非 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )限制性定语从句对句子的主语 UK 进一步补充解释，同时句子中含有 committed to renewing 作 nations 的后置定语，词短语中又有现在分词 ageing 作定语修饰 fleet 以及并列不定式作目的状语。 句意：英国于 1956 年开放了世 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )界上第一个商业核反应堆，是少数几个致力于更新其老化舰队以确保能源安全和实现严格的碳减排目标的西方国家之一。 （2018年春季高考）(C)“Is data the new oil ” ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )asked proponents of big data back in 2012 in Forbes magazine.By 2016,and the rise of big data’s turbo-powered cousin deep learning,we had become more certain: “Data is the new oil,”stated Fortune.Amazon’s Neil ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Lawrence has a slightly different analogy:Data,he says,is coal.Not coal today,though,but coal in the early days of the 18th century,when Thomas Newcomen invented the steam engine.A Devonian ironmonger,Newcomen built his device to pump water out of the south west’s prolific tin mines.The problem,as Lawren ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ce told the Re-Work conference on Deep Learning in London,was that the pump was rather more useful to those who had a lot of coal than those who didn’t:it was good,but not good enough to buy coal in to run it.That was so true that the first of Newcomen’s steam engines wasn’t built in a tin mine,but in coal works near Dudley.So why is data coal ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) The problem is similar:there are a lot of Newcomens in the world of deep learning.Startups like London’s Magic Pony and SwiftKey are coming up with revolutionary new ways to train machines to do impressive feats of cognition,from reconstructing facial data from grainy images to learning the writing style of an individual user to better predict which word they are going to type in a sentence.And yet,like Newcome ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n,their innovations are so much more useful to the people who actuall copious(丰富的) amounts of raw material to work from.And so Magic Pony is acquired by Twitter,SwiftKey is acquired by Microsoft and Lawrence himself gets hired by Amazon from the University of Sheffield,where he was based until three weeks ago.But there is a coda to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the story:69 years later,James Watt made a nice tweak to the Newcomen steam engine,adding a condenser to the design.That change,Lawrence said, “made the steam engine much more efficient,and that’s what triggered the industrial revolution.”Whether data is oil ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) or coal,then,there’s another way the analogy holds up:a lot of work is going into trying to make sure we can do more,with less.It’s not as impressive as teaching a computer to play Go or Pac-Man better than any human alive,but “data efficiency”is a crucial step if deep learning is going to move away from simply gobbling up oodles of data and spitting out the best correlations possible.“If you look at all ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the areas where deep learning is successful,they’re all areas where there’s lots of data,”points out Lawrence.That’s great if you want to categorize images of cats,but less helpful if you want to use deep learning to diagnose rare illnesses. “It’s generally considered unethical to force people to become sick in order to acquire data.”63.According to the passage,why data is seen as the new coal A.It can drive the steam engine to pump water.B.It can help people make more coals.C.It can help the areas of deep learning.D.It can help cure diagnose rare illnesses.64.According ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to Lawrence,why big data is less helpful to diagnose rare illnesses A.Because there is no such demand.B.Because it can only use to categorize images of cats.C.Because it’s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )unethical to acquire data by forcing people to become sick.D.Because it needs too much data.65.Which areas are most likely to be successful in in-depth learning A.Some small start-ups.B.Areas with large amounts of data.C.Coal and Petroleum Development Field.D.Areas for tackling rare diseases.66.According t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o the content of the article,which is NOT TRUE about the big data A.We still have a lot of work to study the big data.B.It requires countless data to be collected.C.The purpose of studying big data is to save parents’ costs.D.“Data efficiency” is a critical step to explore more data.【答案】 63-66 CCBC 【解析】63.C.考查细节理解。由文章中an ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d the rise of big data's tutbo-powered cousin deep learning, we had become more certain:“Data is the new oil," stated Fortume.《财富》 杂志称，随着大数据涡轮驱动的表亲深入学习的兴起，我们变得更加确定:“数据是新的石油"。可知选C.64. C. 考查细节理解。 由文中I ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t's generally considered unethical to force people to become sick in order to acquire data"“强迫人们生病以获取数据通常被认为是不道德的。可知Lawrence 认为研究疾病需要大量数据，而我们不能强迫人们生病而去做研究。故选C.65. B. 考查细节理解 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )。根据文章中I you look at all the areas where deep learning is successful, they're all are as where there's lots of data,"可知，在在数据量大的领域，深度学习比较成功，故选B.66.C.考查细节理解。[解析]由文中.. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ).a lot of work is going into trying to make sure we can do more, with less. .. 我们需要做大量的工作来确保我们能用更少的钱做更多的事情以及but“data efficiency" is a crucial step数据效率是第-步。可知作者想要表达的是研究大数据要提高数据效率，并不是说研究大数据是为了节省成本。故选C.分析与点拨本篇文章是关于数据是否是“新煤 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )"的讨论，避免不了讨论到工业革命时期的“煤与蒸汽机"，但是文章讨论过去蒸汽机的目的也是为了类比如今的数据。建议串联每段的开头部分，并着重关注转折词所在的句子。“By 2016, an ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d the rise of big data's turbo-powered cousin deep learning, we had bccome more certain:“Data is the new oil," stated Fortune."文章开头我们便得知数据是新的驱动力是随着深度学习兴起的，后面也讨论到深度学习的一些领域和限制条件，这句话的理解对于理解整篇文章都至关重要。“And yet, like Newcom ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )en, their innovations are so much more useful to the people who actually have copious amounts of raw material to work from. 这句话转折词“yet”表明深度学习的创新受材料多少的限制，深度学习需要大量的数据。“. but less help ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ful if you want to use deep leaning to diagnose rare illnesses. “It’s generally considered unethical to force people to become sick in order to acquire data."又一个转折词引出-一个利用数据研究深度学习的反例，即研究罕见病例不能为了获取相关数据而强迫人们去生命，这就涉及到了伦理道德的层面。语言知识重难点词| l. proponent n. 倡导者; 支持者Any honest proponent ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) of legalization would be wise to assume that drug-taking as a whole would rise.任何诚实的立法支持者都会很明智地假想到药品携带将会作为-一个整体上升。2. analogy n.类比;比拟It is probably easi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )er to make an analogy between the courses of the planets, and two trains travelling in the same direction.将行星的运行比作两列火车朝同一方向行驶可能更容易些。3. ironmonger n.五金商人;五金商店He got his windmill on ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) a system of easy payments that staggered even the ironmonger himself.他买下了风车，付款条件之优惠，连五金商本人都感到惊异。4.prolific adj.多产的;富裕的They are prolific breeders, with many hens laying up to six egg.他们都是多产的饲养员，养的母鸡很多都可以下6个蛋之多。5.copious adj.大量的:丰富的In France a s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )imilar hallowed tradition demands a copious flow of red wine at weddings.在法国，在婚礼上需要大量的红酒来举行- -类似的神圣传统。6.condenser n.冷凝器，电容The refrigerant ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), refrigeration oil and an evaporator, condenser and piping in the drying process is very important.对冷媒，冷冻油及蒸发器、冷凝器和配管的干燥处理是极为重要的。7.cognition n.认知;感知;认识In the past, machines ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )competed with humans mainly in raw physical abilities, while humans still had a great advantage over machines in cognition. ( 2019届杨浦区高考英语二模)过去，机器与人类竞争主要是原始的体力,而人类在认知上仍然比机器有巨大的优势。8. umethical adj. 不道德的While wilderness ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) therapy can be effective, certain methods have come under fire for using unethical, and sometimes abusive techniques to help struggling youth.虽然荒野疗法可以有效,但某些方法因使用不道德、有时是滥用技术来帮助挣扎的青少年而遭到抨击。重难点词组 l. raw material 原料The goods of trade ge ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nerally came under state inspection and such important raw material as lumber and gunpowder were also subject to state control.贸易货物-般接受国家检查，木材和火药等重要原材料也受到国家管制。(十校高三下学期联考)2.hold up 坚持住:举起The machine consis ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ts of a five-story glass tower that can hold u to 20 cars at a time.这台机器由一座五层高的玻璃塔组成，- - 次可容纳20辆汽车。(2018崇明一模)3. gobble up贪婪地吃;狼吞虎咽Stand up to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the realistic choice elusion was equal to choose to is gobble up!勇敢面对现实选择逃避就等于选择了被吞噬!4.spit out 吐出; 愤怒地说Now you've gott ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )en the injection. Please wash your mouth and spit out the water into the spittoon.已经注射好了，请漱漱口，吐到痰盂中。长难句分析 1. That was so t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rue that the first of Newcomen’s steam engines wasn’t built in a tin mine, but in coal works near Dudley. 此句为并列复合句，首先是 but 引导并列句，表示转折，然后是 so…that 引导的结果状语从句。 句意：这是真的，第一个新来的蒸汽机不是在锡矿里造的，而是在达德利 附近的煤厂里造的。 2. That’s great if ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )you want to categorize images of cats, but less helpful if you want to use deep learning to diagnose rare illnesses.此句为并列复合句，but 连接的两个 if 引导的条件状语从句。 句意：如果你想对猫的图像进行分类，那就太好了，但是如果你想用深度 学习来诊断罕见的疾病，那就没什么帮助了。温故知新 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / ) ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )(2019年秋季高考)(C)Composite image o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f Europe and North Africa at night,2016.Credit:NASA Earth Observatory images by Joshua Stevens,using Suomi NPP VIIRS data from Miguel Roman,NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.Artificial light is often seen as a sign of progress:the march of civilization shines a light in the dark;it takes back the night;it illuminates.But a chorus of scientists and advocates argues that unnaturally bright nights are bad not just for astronomers but also for nocturnal(夜间活动的) animals and even for human health.Now research ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) shows the night is getting even brighter.From 2012 to 2016 the earth’s artificially lit area expanded by an estimated 2.2 percent a year (map),according to a study published last November in Science Advances.Even that increase may understate the problem,however.The measurement excludes light from most of the energy0efficient LED lamps that have been replacing sodium-vapor in cities all over the world,says lead study author Christopher Kyba,a postdoctoral researcher at the German Research Center for Geosciences in Potsdam.The new data c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ame from a NASA satellite instrument called the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS).It can measure long-wavelengths of light,such as those produced by traditional yellow-and-orange by white LEDs.This light has been shown to disrupt human sleep cycles and nocturnal animals’ behavior.Credit:Mapping Specia ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lists;Source: “Artifically Lit Surface of Earth at Night Increasing in Radiance and Extent,”by Christopher C.M.Kyba et al.,in Science Advances,Vol.3,No.11,Article No.E1701528;November 22,2017.The team bel ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ieves the ongoing switch to LEDs caused already bright countries such as Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and the U.S. to register as having stable levels of illumination in the VIIRS data. In contrast, most nations in South America, Africa and Asia brightened, suggesting increases in the use of traditional lighting. Australia actually appeared to lost lit area—but the researchers say that is because wildfires skewed the data.“The fact that VIIRS ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) finds an increase (in many countries),despite its blindness in the part of the spectrum that increased more,is very sad,”says FabioFalchi,a researcher at Italy’s Light Pollution Science and Technology Institute,who did not participate in the study.In 2016 Falchi,along with Kyba and several other members of his research team,published a global atlas of artificial lighting that showed one third of the world’s population currently lives under skies too bright to see the Milky Way at night.The data also cast ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )doubt on the idea that the LED lighting revolution will lead to energy cost savings.Between 2012 and 2015 the median nation pumped out 15 percent more long-wavelength light as its GDP increased by 13 percent.And overall,countries’ total light production correlated with their GDP.In other words,Kyba says, “we buy as much light as we are willing to spend money on.”63.Which is not true about the spread of lit areas A.Lit area expanded by an estimated 2.2 percent a year.B.Artificial light is often seen as a sign of progress.C.The increase in GDP is due to the increase in light.D.It is bad for nocturnal animals and even for human health.64.Which of the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) following about VIIRS is NOT true according to the passage A.It is a kind of NASA satellite device.B.It can record and analyzed long-wavelength light.C.The blue lig ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ht generated by white LEDs can disrupt human sleep cycles.D.VIIRS has found ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )an increase of traditional lighting in lots of nations.65.According to the article,what we can know about the LEDs A.Artificial LED lights at nights are harmful to people’s health.B.It is a sign of civilization in modern society.C.The blue light disrupts human and animals’ life cycles.D.Artificially lit surface of Earth increasing because of LEDs.66.The author writes this article to __________.A.show the VIIRS data from NASAB.demonstrate ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the significance of VIIRS for its measurement of wavelengthsC.reveal the relationship between wavelength light and GDPD.arouse people’s awareness of light pollution【答案】CBAD【解析】63.C。考查细节理解。定位到原文中 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Between 2012 and 2016 the median nation pumped out 15 percent more long-wavelength light as its GDP increased by 13 percent. And overall, countries' total light production correlated with their GDP. 2012 年至 2016 年期间，随着国内生 产总值（GDP）增长 13%，中值国家的长波光输出量增加了 15%。总的来说，各国的光生产 总量与其国内生产总值相关。可知光的生产总量与 GDP 有关，但不是选项中的因果关系， 故选 C。 64. B。考查细节理解。根据文中“But ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) VIIRS cannot see the short-wavelength blue light produced by white LEDs. This light has been shown to disrupt human sleep cycles and nocturnal animals' behavior.” 但 VIIRS 无法看到白色 LED 产生的短波蓝光。这种光已经被证明扰乱了 人类的睡眠周期和夜间活动的动物的行为。可知 B 正确。其他选项表述错误。 65. A。考查细节理解。根据文中第 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )一段“But a chorus of scientists…are bad not just for.. even for human health”可知夜间非自然 LED 灯光会对人的身体健康产生危害，故选 A。 66. D。考查主旨概括。全文都在讨论 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )全球照明水平的提高可能威胁动物生态和人类 健康。由文中 The data also cast doubt on the idea that the LED lighting revolution will lead to energy cost savings. 这些数据也使人们对 LED 照明革命将导致能源成本节约的想法产生了 怀疑。也可知作者是对照明革命保持怀疑态度的。故选 D。来源：上海市虹口区2021届高三下学期第二次模拟英语试题(C)“A writer’s job ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )is to tell the truth,” said Hemingway in 1942. No other writer of our time had so fiercely stated, or so consistently (一贯地) illustrated the writer’s duty to speak truly. His standard of truth-telling remained, moreover, so high and so strict that he was ordinarily unwilling to admit secondary evidence, whether literary evidence or evidence picked up from other sources than his own experience. “I only know what I have seen”, was a statement which came often to his lips and pen. What he had personally done, or what he knew unforgettably by having gone through one version of it, was what he was interested in telling about.The primary intentio ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n of his writing, from first to last, was to seize and project for the reader what he often called “the way it was”. This is a characteristically simple phrase for a concept of extraordinary complexity, and Hemingway’s concept of its meaning subtly (微妙地) changed several times in the course of his career - always in the direction of greater complexity. At the core of the concept, however, one can invariably recognize the operation of three instruments of beauty appreciation: the sense of place, the sense of fact, and the sense of scene.The first of the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )se, obviously a strong passion with Hemingway, is the sense of place. “Unless you have geography, background,” he once told George Antheil, “you have nothing.” You have, that is to say, a dramatic vacuum. Few writers have been more place-conscious. Few have so carefully charted out the geographical ground work of their novels while managing to keep background so unnoticeable. Few, accordingly, have been able to record more economically and graphically the way it is when you watch the bulls running through the streets of Pamplona, Spain towards the bull-ring.“When I woke it ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )was the sound of the rocket exploding that announced the release of the bulls. Down below the narrow street was empty. All the balconies were crowded with people. Suddenly a crowd came down the street. They were all running, packed close together. They passed along and up the street toward the bull-ring and behind them came more men running faster, and then some stragglers (落后者) who were really running. Behind them was a little bare space, and then the bulls tossing their heads up and down. It all went out of sight around the corner. One man fell, rolled to the gutter (排水沟), and lay quiet. But the bulls went right on and did not notice him. They were all running together.”63. What’s the main idea of the first two paragraphs A. Hemingway’s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) writing began from reality and then he would let his mind wander.B. Hemingway’s prim ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ary purpose in writing was to report faithfully reality as he experienced it.C. Hemingway’s wr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )iting reflects his preference for a simple story that the reader would thoroughly enjoy.D. Hemingway ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )would construct a story that would reflect truths that were not particular to a specific historical period.64. It can be ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) inferred from the passage that Hemingway preferred ______ as the sources for his work.A. Stories that he had experienced rather than read about.B. Stories that he had read about in newspapers or other sources.C. Stories that he had heard from friends or chance acquaintances.D. Stories that came to him in periods of deep thinking or in dreams.65. The author c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )alls “the way it was” a “characteristically simple phrase for a concept of extraordinary complexity” because ______.A. it shows how Hemingway understated complex issues in his books.B. it reflect ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s Hemingway’s talent for making ordinary events difficult to understand.C Hemingway’s obsession for geographic details overshadowed the dramatic element of his stories.D. the relation ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ship between simplicity and complexity reflected the relationship between the style and content of Hemingway’s writing.66. Why does t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he author include an except (节选) from The Sun Also Rises in the last paragraph A. To vividly illustrate how exciting the bull run is.B. To demonstr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ate that all kinds of runners can take part in the bull run.C. To show Hemingway’s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) delicate description of the background of the bull run.D. To place greater ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) emphasis on the importance of geography, economically speaking.【答案】63. B 64. A 65. D 66. C【教师】【分析】本文属于说明文，海明威一直坚持使用自己的经历作写作素材，坚持说真话，坚持简明的语言风格，但是能够很好地表达复杂的概念。【63题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段“ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )His standard of truth-telling remained, moreover, so high and so strict that he was ordinarily unwilling to admit secondary evidence, whether literary evidence or evidence picked up from other sources than his own experience.”以及第二段“The primary intention of his writing, from first to last, was to seize and project for the reader what he often called “the way it was”.”可知，而且，他讲真话的标准仍然很高，也很严格，所以他通常不愿意承认次要证据，无论是文学证据还是从他自己的经历以外的其他来源获得的证据。他至始至终写作的目的是坚持为读者呈现原原本本的信息，故可知，前两段主要关于海明威写作的主要目的是如实地写他所经历的现实，故选B。【64题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“H ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )is standard of truth-telling remained, moreover, so high and so strict that he was ordinarily unwilling to admit secondary evidence, whether literary evidence or evidence picked up from other sources than his own experience. “I only know what I have seen”, was a statement which came often to his lips and pen.”可知，而且，他讲真话的标准仍然很高，也很严格，所以他通常不愿意承认次要证据，无论是文学证据还是从他自己的经历以外的其他来源获得的证据，可知海明威坚持根据自己的经历来写作，故选A。【65题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段“This is a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) characteristically simple phrase for a concept of extraordinary complexity, and Hemingway’s concept of its meaning subtly (微妙地) changed several times in the course of his career - always in the direction of greater complexity.”可知，“the way it was”是一个典型的简单的词组但是表达了非常复杂的概念，而他的这个含义的概念在他写作生涯改变了好几次，但是都是朝着更复杂的方向前进。海明威崇尚的是简明的写作风格，事实上，他的简约背后隐藏深意，反映了海明威简明写作风格和复杂内容之间的关系，故选D。【66题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Few writ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ers have been more place-conscious. Few have so carefully charted out the geographical ground work of their novels while managing to keep background so unnoticeable.”可知，只有少数的作家能够有场所的意识，很少的作家都能在让背景信息不明显的同时，又能够仔细地标注出小说的场所基础信息，所以最后一段引用《太阳照常升起》段落是为了帮助阐明这一观念，即坚持简洁的语言，但是很生动形象地把背景描述出来，所以最后一段引用《太阳照常升起》是为了来展示海明威对奔牛节背景的精致描述。故选C。来源：上海华东师范大学第二附属中学2022届高三上学期10月阶段测试卷英语试题（C）Why isn’t sc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ience better Look at career incentive(激励).There are often substantial gaps between the idealized and actual versions of those people whose work involves providing a social good. Government officials are supposed to work for their constituents. Journalists are supposed to provide unbiased reporting and penetrating analysis. And scientists are supposed to relentlessly probe the fabric of reality with the most rigorous and skeptical of methods.All too often, h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )owever, what should be just isn’t so. In a number of scientific fields, published findings turn out not to replicate(复制), or to have smaller effects than, what was initially claimed. Plenty of science does replicate — meaning the experiments turn out the same way when you repeat them - but the amount that doesn’t is too much for comfort.But there are also w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ays in which scientists increase their chances of getting it wrong. Running studies with small samples, mining data for correlations and forming hypotheses to fit an experiment’s results after the fact are just some of the ways to increase the number of false discoveries.It’s not like we d ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )on't know how to do better. Scientists who study scientific methods have known about feasible remedies for decades. Unfortunately, their advice often falls on deaf ears. Why Why aren't scientific methods better than they are In a word: incentives. But perhaps not in the way you think.In the 1970s, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) psychologists and economists began to point out the danger in relying on quantitative measures for social decision-making. For example, when public schools are evaluated by students’ performance on standardized tests, teachers respond by teaching “to the test”. In turn, the test serves largely as of how well the school can prepare students for the test.We can see this princi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ple—often summarized as “when a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure”—playing out in the realm of research. Science is a competitive enterprise. There are far more credentialed (授以证书的) scholars and researchers than there are university professorships or comparably prestigious research positions. Once someone acquires a research position, there is additional competition for tenure grant funding, and support and placement for graduate students. Due to this competition for resources, scientists must be evaluated and compared. How do you tell if someone is a good scientist An oft-used m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )etric is the number of publications one has in peer-reviewed journals, as well as the status of those journals. Metrics like these make it straightforward to compare researchers whose work may otherwise be quite different. Unfortunately, this also makes these numbers susceptible to exploitation.If scientists are mot ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ivated to publish often and in high-impact journals, we might expect them to actively try to game the system. And certainly, some do—as seen in recent high-profile cases of scientific fraud(欺诈). If malicious fraud is the prime concern, then perhaps the solution is simply heightened alertness.However, most ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )scientists are, I believe, genuinely interested in learning about the world, and honest. The problem with incentives is that they can shape cultural norms without any intention on the part of individuals.43. Which of the fo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )llowing is TRUE about the general trend in scientific field A. Scientists are persistently devoted to exploration of reality.B. The research findings fail to achieve the expected effect.C. Hypotheses are modified to highlight the experiments' results.D. The amount of science that does replicate is comforting.44. What does deaf ears in the fourth paragraph probably refer to A. The public. B. The incentive initiators. C. The peer researchers. D. The high-impact journal editors.45. Which of the following does the author probably agree with A. Good scientists exc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )el in seeking resources and securing research positions.B. Competition for ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )resources inspires researchers to work in a more skeptical way.C. All the crede ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ntialed scholars and researchers will not take up university professorships.D. The number o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f publication reveals how scientists are bitterly exploited.46. According to t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he author, what might be a remedy for the fundamental problem in scientific research A. High-impac ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t journals are encouraged to reform the incentives for publication.B. The peer-review ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) process is supposed to scale up inspection of scientific fraud.C. Researchers are mo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tivated to get actively involved in gaming the current system.D. Career ince ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ntives for scientists are expected to consider their personal intention.【答案】43. A 44. A 45. B 46. D【教师】【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要介 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )绍了科学家们应该用最严格和最怀疑的方法，无情地探索现实的结构。作者认为但是科学未能发展的更好的原因在于激励。大多数科学家对了解世界真的很感兴趣，而且是诚实的。激励的问题在于，它们可以在个人没有任何意图的情况下塑造文化规范。【43题详解】细节理解他。根据第一段最后一句“ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )And scientists are supposed to relentlessly probe the fabric of reality with the most rigorous and skeptical of methods.（科学家们应该用最严格和最怀疑的方法，无情地探索现实的结构）”以及最后一段第一句“However, most scientists are, I believe, genuinely interested in learning about the world, and honest.（然而，我相信大多数科学家对了解世界是真正感兴趣的，也是诚实的）”可知，在作者看来总体上来说，科学家们一直致力于对现实的探索。故选A项。【44题详解】词义猜测题。根据第四段第二、第三句“It' ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s not like we don't know how to do better. Scientists who study scientific methods have known about feasible remedies for decades. Unfortunately, their advice often falls on deaf ears.（并不是说我们不知道如何做得更好。研究科学方法的科学家已经知道可行的补救方法几十年了。不幸的是，他们的建议经常被置若罔闻）”可推知，deaf ears指的是
