中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
编者小注：本专辑专为2022年上海新高考英语二轮总复习及1月春考准备。说说编写思路：版块一：冲刺讲义10讲，注 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )重方法性学习，对于知识的拆解全面到位，选题主要根据上海官方公布的近五年级春秋考真题试题为主，近两年一二模测试及今年最新期中试题为辅。版块二：专练8讲，注重常考题型，高频考点的训练，数十篇选材均选于近两年上海高三四校、八金刚及十三名校之真题版块三：模拟满分卷4套，供大家在完成以上讲练后进行整体测试，满分140分。希望助上海的莘莘学子在求学路上一臂之力。2021-2022学年上海市高三英语二轮复习讲义06概要写作说明文做题技巧
学习目标 1．学习说明文类文章的分析与阅读，掌握相应的解题技巧。
教学内容
进门小练笔概括练习 概要写作中的针对全文或者某一段，是需 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )要用一句话来概括全文主旨或者段意。这句话需要将一些具体或细节的信息总结成一个点，用例如抽象名词或者表情感态度的形容词等来进行概括。练习：用一句话概括1. The main drawba ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ck of secondary teaching, according to the report, is the low salary. Earnings in teaching are much lower than in many other jobs, and this means that fewer and fewer young people decide to be teachers. ……It’s not just ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) about the money, however. The survey concluded that another reason why people don’t want to be teachers is that some teenagers behave very badly in school. ……概括： 2. In modern socie ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ty, some value competition highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity (繁荣)．Others say that competition is bad, that it sets one person against another and that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people. 概括： 3. What we oft ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )en see nowadays is that young people juggle (同时做) an ever larger number of electronic devices as they study. …… . In a sense, they are spending a significant amount of time in fruitless efforts as they multitask. Multitasking is e ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ven changing the relationship between family members. As young people give so much attention to their own worlds, they seem to have no time to spend with the other people around them. …….……Educators feel that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )multitasking by children has a serious effect on later development of study skills. …… Similarly, employers feel that young people entering the job market need to be taught all over again, as modern gadgets have made it unnecessary for them to learn special skills.概括： 精讲精练 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )高考概要写作考情分析 近几年概要写作主要考查说明文，和以议论和说明为主要表达方式的论说文。一、判断体裁： 说明类篇章：开头引出问题或现象，随后分析原因，最后提出解决方法或总结说明。说明类篇章：对某一论题提出简介或主张，随后运用论据进行分析，最后对论点进行概括。二、确定篇章结构：说明文：通常会有较为明显的主题句，写概要时 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )找出中心句，抓住关键词，对现象分析型说明文，找出“现象”“造成这种现象的原因”以及“解决这种现象或问题的措施或建议”。议论文：找出论点、论据和结论，其关键是找出主 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )题句或结论句，要明确表述原文作者的观点，如果原文中有不同的两种观点，则都要概括其中，不能遗漏任何一方的观点。评分主要从以下主旨概括几个方面考虑：主旨概括是否客观全面要点呈现是否主次分明语言表达是否言简意赅篇章结构是否紧凑贯通【知识梳理】1概要写作总述1．题型要求：1）概要应包括原文中的主要内容，略去细节；字数控制在60字以内。2）可以用原文的重要词语，但不能照抄。3）应按原文的逻辑顺序和结构进行概括。4）概要必须全面、客观、准确地表达原文的信息，不可随意添加、掺杂个人的观点。2. 要点 （Key points of a summary） 简洁 (Brief)，全面 （Complete），准确（Accurate），连贯 （Coherent），客观 （Objective）。3. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：1) 压缩长的句子。2) 使用词组代替整句或者从句。3) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词4）使用最短的连接词。5) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化4．表达手段：1） 主题和观点的呈现；2） 比例、排位、建议、提醒、有……有关、目的、原因、对比、举例的表达；3） 谓语动词及非谓语，同位语，从句，连词代词介词的使用。5. 通过以下五个方面来核对写好的摘要。(checklist)1） Does the summary include the main points 2） Are words or sentences copied or your own words 3） Are their any ideas outside the passage 4） Are transitional words used to make writing coherent 5） Are all the sentences, spelling, and punctuation marks correct 【知识梳理】2 说明文概要写作段意合并法第一、找出关键词和全文或段落的主题句。文章中有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词，通常是名词、动词或形容词。第二、根据原文的词句(一般 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )指关键词和全文或段落的主题句), 进行改写: 或用相应的同义词，或进行句型转换(如主动句改为被动句等等)。 不要抄写原文的词句。第三、用连词连接各部分，使它连贯；第四、整合中心要点，使用形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语合并、简化句子，使之符合概括短文内容要点的词数。【例题精讲】1（2017年1月高考真题）Directions: ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. ShynessIf you suffer shy ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ness, you are not alone. It is not surprising that social scientists are exploring its environmental causes.The first environment ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )al cause of shyness many be a child’s home and family life. Today’s children are growing up in smaller and smaller families, with fewer and fewer relatives living nearby. Growing up in homes in which both parents work full time, children may not have the socializing experience of frequent visits by neighbors and friends. Because of their lack of social skills, they may begin to feel shy when they start school.A second environme ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ntal cause of shyness in an individual may be one’s culture. In a large study conducted in Japan, 57 percent of participants rated themselves as shy. Researchers Lynne Henderson and Philip Zimbardo say, “One explanation is that in Japan, an individual’s performance success is credited externally to parents, grandparents, teachers, coaches, and others, while failure is entirely blamed on the person.” Therefore, Japanese learn not to take risks in public and rely instead on group-shared decisions.Technology may also ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )pay a role. In the United States, the number of young people who report being shy has risen from 40 percent to 50 percent in recent years. Due to our huge advances in technology, watching television, playing video games, and surfing the Web have replaced recreational activities that involve social interaction for many young people. Adults, too, are becoming isolated as a result of technology. Face to face interaction with bank clerks, gas station attendants are no longer necessary because people can use machines to do their banking, fill their gas tanks, and order goods. In short, they become shy.It appears that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )most people have experienced shyness at some time in their lives. Therefore, if you are shy, you have lots of company.【例题精讲】2（2017年6月高考真题）Directions: Rea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Learning by Rote in the Digital AgeRote learning ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )had become seen as an outdated method of teaching. The dictionary defines learning ‘by rote’ as: ‘from memory, without thought of the meaning; in a mechanical way’. The decline of rote l ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )earning has been quickened by technology. No one needs to memorize friends’ phone numbers or email addresses because such data is conveniently stored and accessible electronically. And why remember when and where World WarⅡbroke out when you can find the answer on the internet in about six seconds But now there are voices for a need to return to rote learning.In fact, memorizi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng key data is essential to learning any skill. Doctoring requires knowledge of medicine and lawyering requires knowledge of cases and laws. Of course, being able to recall things will not further your understanding of those things, but without memorizing these foundation elements, you cannot progress to a deeper understanding of a subject.While the internet a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nd computers have weakened the need for us to remember things, it may well be that mobile learning can help bring this style of learning back to life by making it more convenient and more fun.Drilling yourself ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )——with flashcards or by repetition——is usually hard and boring work, which is why most people need their multiplication tables to be drilled into them by teachers or parents. Rote learning without a willing third party can be a battle of discipline and motivation. But mobile learning can make those flashcards and drills more appropriate to individual study; our digital devices can challenge and inform us at the same time and also keeps motivated, whether through game-like structures or recording our progress.Once you’ve required ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the essentials of a subject by rote learning you will find it easier to go deeper in the application of knowledge which is important.【巩固练习】1（2018年1月上海高考真题）Directions: Re ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ad the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. To Laugh Is HumanMost of us don ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )’t know why we laugh at some jokes and not at others. Scientists know that we are able to laugh at birth. Babies begin to laugh at three to four months of age, well before they produce their first words. What scientists are interested in is why we laugh. Scientists believe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) humans laugh with others primarily because it makes us feel connected with one another, which in turn gives us a sense of trust and comfort. To scientists, laughter is an unconscious reaction; consequently, when we laugh, others can be certain that it is an honest reaction, and honesty is key when building and maintaining friendships. Since laught ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )er is seen as a social signal that we send to others, it can also help explain why it is so infectious. Studies have proven that when people see or hear something funny, they are 20 times more likely to laugh when they are with others than when they are alone. Wanting to be accepted by others is part of human nature. And mirroring other people’s laughter is a way to signal to others that you feel the way they do, which makes us feel more connected with one another. Humans have n ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ot always laughed just so they can feel closer to others, however. Scientists point out that this social function of laughter was born out of an even more fundamental human need. Laughter, they believe, came about because it contributed to our very survival as a species. Scientists assume that sharing laughter ensured our ancestors a higher survival rate because it led to greater cooperation between individuals. Humans learned quickly that greater cooperation led to survival, and the brain in turn realized that laughing with others increased out chances of finding people to cooperate, hunt, eat, live, and eventually, survive with.【巩固练习】2（2018年6月上海高考）Directions: R ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ead the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Becoming an attractive employeeThe 2008 finan ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cial crisis created an unstable job market. Fast forward to the present, and the economy has not fully recovered. Thus, it’s of vital importance for job seekers to carefully strategize their approach to job application. And it is especially important for those new to the workforce. They should look at making themselves as attractive as possible to employers.For young peo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ple, information technology skills will play an increasing role in the future. As the generation to have grown up in the Information Age, they are quite confident when it comes to showing off their interests and skills in the field. This makes them a natural fit for companies seeking expertise in technology marketing and technology. They should emphasize these skills when applying for jobs that require the ability to multitask.Another attracti ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ve quality is experience. It is important that an applicant’s resume list any activities that involved teamwork and goal-driven responsibilities. Membership in a sports or social club and participation as a volunteer are good examples of this. These activities involve goal management and planning, along with the ability to focus while competing on a team. When hiring committee see this, they see a candidate who is capable of working in a variety of environments.Finally, an ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )attractive quality when job-hunting is a great attitude towards a potential job. Young job seekers are known to overconfident because they have been praised for everything they have done. But they must realize that the employment market is about how an employee will be a good fit for a company, not the other way around. In fact, in an interview, an important question to ask is: “What would be expected of me as an employee ”In today’s tough job m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )arket, young job seekers need to provide a potential employer with good reasons to hire them.当堂检测1.（2019年春季高考）IV. Summary WritingDirections: ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Where are the bees Bees are essential t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o the production of food we eat. Bees make honey, but they also pollinate large areas of crops, such as strawberries, apples and onions. About a third of the food we eat is a result of pollination of the bees. Unfortunately, bees have been disappearing at an alarming rate.In 2006, bee ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )keepers started reporting about something called Colony Collapse Disaster(CCD).The main sign of CCD is the loss of adult honey bees from a hive. In October of 2006, some beekeepers reported that they had lost between 30 and 90 percent of their hives.There were man ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y theories for the disappearance of the bees. But the most convincing one has to do with pesticides and lifestyles of bees today. Nowadays, beekeeper get most of their income not from producing honey but from renting bees to pollinate plants. This means that the life of the typical bee now consists of travelling all around the country to pollinate crops as the seasons change. That means a lot of traveling on trucks, which is very stressful to bees. It is not unusual for up to 30% of the hive to die during transport due to stress. In addition, bees that spend most of their time locked up on trucks are not exposed to what they usually live on. Instead, they live on a sweet liquid from corn, usually polluted with pesticides.The exact reason for ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the disappearance of bees is not sure, but losing bees is very costly to the economy. The bee pollination services are worth over $8 billion a year. With no bees, pollination will have to be done by hand, which would have effects on the quality of food and increased food priced. We hear a lot about big environmental disasters almost every day. But one of the biggest may just be the loss of that tiny flying insect.2. （2019年秋季高考）IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.It’s undeniable: ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Being among the first to try out a new piece of technology is cool. There’s the excitement of doing what has never been done before—the feeling that you’re living in the future. And when you’re the sole member of your social circle with the latest hot gadget, people stare in fascination. They ask you questions. They see you as the holder of powerful, secret knowledge—for a little while, until the next big thing comes along. People tend to underestimate the costs of this temporary coolness, which they pay in more ways than one. Don’t fall into the early adopter trap. Don’t join the first wave of consumers who invest in the latest media-hyped hardware; instead, wait and see.To put it frankly, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )early adoption is a bad investment. First, the earliest versions of devices are not only expensive, they are also the most expensive that those devices will ever panies are presumably attempting to recover the cost of production as fast as they can, and they know that there are serious tech-lovers who will pay a great deal to be first. Once the revenues from early adopters’ purchases are safely in their hands, they can cut the price and shift to the next marketing phase: selling the product to everyone else. This is why the cost of the original iPhone dropped about U.S. $200 only eight months after its release. Plus, electronics hardly ever become more expensive because intense competition in the industry puts downward pressure on prices over time. Prices of gadgets will fall shortly after release, and they will likely keep falling. Many new TV models drop significantly in price as little as ten days after hitting the market. Further, electronics rapidly depreciate because they become obsolete(废弃的) so quickly. This means that early adopters pay the maximum price for an item that does not hold onto its value. The resale price of a cell phone or laptop can drop by fifty percent within just a few months.Speaking of bec ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oming obsolete, those who are first to leap into a new technology risk wasting money and time on something that will never catch on. Another good reason to resist the early-adoption temptation is that the first version of a product typically has defects that cost a lot in time and frustration. Such problems are so common with new technology that early adopters are basically unpaid beta testers and trouble shooters. Unless this sounds to you like a fun way to spend your time, don’t be among the first users. If you wait to learn what the problems are with a new electronic gadget, you can look forward to a smoother experience—or choose a less troublesome product.温故知新1. 掌握概要写作的特点及评分标准 2. 回顾说明类文章的概括方法 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )来源：上海市奉贤区致远高级中学2021-2022学年高三上学期期中教学评估英语试题71. Directions: ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Life in the ClearTransparent animals le ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feet-as far as most light can reach. Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch. Sonke Johnsen, a scientist in biology, says, “These animals live through their life alone. They never touch anything unless they’re eating it, or unless something is eating them.”And they are as clear ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) as glass. How does an animal become see-through Ifs trickier than you might think.The objects aro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )und you are visible because they interact with light. Light typically travels in a straight line. But some materials slow and scalier(散射) light bouncing it away from its original path. Others absorb light, stopping it dead in its tracks. Both scattering and absorption make a.n object look different from other objects around it, so you can see it easily.But a transpare ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nt object doesn't absorb or scatter light, at least not very much. Light can pass through it without bending or stopping. That means a transparent object doesn't look very different from the surrounding air or water. You don't see it- you see the things behind it.To become transparen ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light. Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments(色素) that absorb specific colors of light. But a transparent animal doesn’t have pigments, so its tissues won’t absorb light. According to Johnsen, avoiding absorption is actually easy. The real challenge is preventing light from scattering.Animals are bu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ilt of many different materials—skin, fat, and more—and light moves through each at a different speed. Every time light moves into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters. Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering. Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat. Without much tissue to scatter light, it is easier to be see-through. Others build a large, clear mass of non-living jelly-like(果冻状的) material and spread themselves over it.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________来源：上海华东师范大学第二附属中学2022届高三上学期10月阶段测试卷英语试题51. Directions: ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Life in the ClearTransparent anima ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ls let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feet-as far as most light can reach. Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch. Sonke Johnsen, a scientist in biology, says, “These animals live through their life alone. They never touch anything unless they’re eating it, or unless something is eating them.”And they are as ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )clear as glass. How does an animal become see-through Ifs trickier than you might think.The objects ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )around you are visible because they interact with light. Light typically travels in a straight line. But some materials slow and scalier(散射) light bouncing it away from its original path. Others absorb light, stopping it dead in its tracks. Both scattering and absorption make a.n object look different from other objects around it, so you can see it easily.But a transpa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rent object doesn't absorb or scatter light, at least not very much. Light can pass through it without bending or stopping. That means a transparent object doesn't look very different from the surrounding air or water. You don't see it- you see the things behind it.To become transparen ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light. Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments(色素) that absorb specific colors of light. But a transparent animal doesn’t have pigments, so its tissues won’t absorb light. According to Johnsen, avoiding absorption is actually easy. The real challenge is preventing light from scattering.Animals are built of m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )any different materials—skin, fat, and more—and light moves through each at a different speed. Every time light moves into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters. Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering. Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat. Without much tissue to scatter light, it is easier to be see-through. Others build a large, clear mass of non-living jelly-like(果冻状的) material and spread themselves over it.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________来源：上海市虹口区2021届高三下学期第二次模拟英语试题71. Directions: R ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ead the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.New Testing Method in Era of Online LearningIn research publis ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hed today in Science of Learning, engineers from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute demonstrate how a testing strategy they call “distanced online testing” can effectively reduce students’ ability to receive help from one another in order to score higher on a test taken at individual homes during social distancing.“Often in remote onlin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e exams, students can talk over the phone or internet to discuss answers,” said Ge Wang, a chair professor of biomedical engineering at Rensselaer and the corresponding author on this paper. “The key idea of our method is to minimize this chance via discrete optimization(离散优化)aided by knowledge of a student’s competencies.”When a distance ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d online test is performed, students receive the same questions, but at varying times depending on their skill level. For instance, students of highest mastery levels receive each question after other groups of students have already answered those questions. This approach, Wang said, reduces the motivator for students to receive help from those who have more mastery of the material. In order to determine the order of each student’s questions, their competence levels are estimated using their grade point averages, SAT scores, or midterm scores, depending on what is available at a specific point in the semester.According to statist ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ical tests and post-exam surveys, this method reduced the points gained through cheating by orders of magnitude (数量级) when compared to conventional exam methods. As an added benefit, Wang said, when students knew collusion would not be possible, they were more motivated to study class material. Wang and his colleagues hope to share this innovation of teaching methods and theory beyond the Rensselaer campus.“We plan to deve ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lop a good platform so that others can easily use this method,” said Wang, a member of the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies at Rensselaer.
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" 21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
编者小注：本专辑专为2022年上海新高考英语二轮总复习及1月春考准备。说说编写思路：版块一：冲刺讲义10讲， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )注重方法性学习，对于知识的拆解全面到位，选题主要根据上海官方公布的近五年级春秋考真题试题为主，近两年一二模测试及今年最新期中试题为辅。版块二：专练8讲，注重常考题型，高频考点的训练，数十篇选材均选于近两年上海高三四校、八金刚及十三名校之真题版块三：模拟满分卷4套，供大家在完成以上讲练后进行整体测试，满分140分。希望助上海的莘莘学子在求学路上一臂之力。2021-2022学年上海市高三英语二轮复习讲义06概要写作说明文做题技巧
学习目标 1．学习说明文类文章的分析与阅读，掌握相应的解题技巧。
教学内容
进门小练笔概括练习 概要写作中的针对全文或者某一段，是需 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )要用一句话来概括全文主旨或者段意。这句话需要将一些具体或细节的信息总结成一个点，用例如抽象名词或者表情感态度的形容词等来进行概括。练习：用一句话概括1. The main drawback o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f secondary teaching, according to the report, is the low salary. Earnings in teaching are much lower than in many other jobs, and this means that fewer and fewer young people decide to be teachers. ……It’s not just a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )bout the money, however. The survey concluded that another reason why people don’t want to be teachers is that some teenagers behave very badly in school. ……概括： 答案：There are two re ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )asons why less people choose to be a teacher in UK.解析：收入低和学生表现顽劣是大家不当老师的理由或原因，或者是老师这个职业相比其他职业的劣势所在。同类抽象名词：reason/ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )argument/ excuse/ advantage/ disadvantage/ merit/ demerit2. In modern soc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )iety, some value competition highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity (繁荣)．Others say that competition is bad, that it sets one person against another and that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people. 概括： 答案：There are two kinds of opinions about competition.解析：原文中围绕“竞争”这个主题，一些人认为……另一些人认为……，所以讲的都是对“竞争”的看法，用一个抽象名词opinion来进行概括。同类抽象名词：opinion/ view/ point/ standpoint/ perspective同类形容词：controversial/ disputable/ debatable3. What we often see ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nowadays is that young people juggle (同时做) an ever larger number of electronic devices as they study. …… . In a sense, they are spending a significant amount of time in fruitless efforts as they multitask. Multitasking i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s even changing the relationship between family members. As young people give so much attention to their own worlds, they seem to have no time to spend with the other people around them. …….……Educators feel th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at multitasking by children has a serious effect on later development of study skills. …… Similarly, employers feel that young people entering the job market need to be taught all over again, as modern gadgets have made it unnecessary for them to learn special skills.概括： 答案：Multitaskin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g has several negative effects on the young’s work and life. / Multitasking results in some bad performance of the young in work and life.解析：原文中围绕“多任务处理”这个 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )主题，指出“多任务处理”使得年轻人减少与周围人的交流，丧失学习能力，这些既可以总结概括为 “多任务处理”对年轻人的影响，也可以理解为“多任务处理”导致的结果。同类抽象名词：effect/ impact/ influence；consequence/ outcome同类价值判断形容词：positive/ negative/ optimistic/ pessimistic精讲精练 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )高考概要写作考情分析 近几年概要写作主要考查说明文，和以议论和说明为主要表达方式的论说文。一、判断体裁： 说明类篇章：开头引出问题或现象，随后分析原因，最后提出解决方法或总结说明。说明类篇章：对某一论题提出简介或主张，随后运用论据进行分析，最后对论点进行概括。二、确定篇章结构：说明文：通常会有较为明显的主题 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )句，写概要时找出中心句，抓住关键词，对现象分析型说明文，找出“现象”“造成这种现象的原因”以及“解决这种现象或问题的措施或建议”。议论文：找出论点、论据和结论 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，其关键是找出主题句或结论句，要明确表述原文作者的观点，如果原文中有不同的两种观点，则都要概括其中，不能遗漏任何一方的观点。评分主要从以下主旨概括几个方面考虑：主旨概括是否客观全面要点呈现是否主次分明语言表达是否言简意赅篇章结构是否紧凑贯通【知识梳理】1概要写作总述1．题型要求：1）概要应包括原文中的主要内容，略去细节；字数控制在60字以内。2）可以用原文的重要词语，但不能照抄。3）应按原文的逻辑顺序和结构进行概括。4）概要必须全面、客观、准确地表达原文的信息，不可随意添加、掺杂个人的观点。2. 要点 （Key points of a summary） 简洁 (Brief)，全面 （Complete），准确（Accurate），连贯 （Coherent），客观 （Objective）。3. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：1) 压缩长的句子。2) 使用词组代替整句或者从句。3) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词4）使用最短的连接词。5) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化4．表达手段：1） 主题和观点的呈现；2） 比例、排位、建议、提醒、有……有关、目的、原因、对比、举例的表达；3） 谓语动词及非谓语，同位语，从句，连词代词介词的使用。5. 通过以下五个方面来核对写好的摘要。(checklist)1） Does the summary include the main points 2） Are words or sentences copied or your own words 3） Are their any ideas outside the passage 4） Are transitional words used to make writing coherent 5） Are all the sentences, spelling, and punctuation marks correct 【知识梳理】2 说明文概要写作段意合并法第一、找出关键词和全文或段落的主题句。文章中有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词，通常是名词、动词或形容词。第二、根据原文的词句(一般指关键词和全文或 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )段落的主题句), 进行改写: 或用相应的同义词，或进行句型转换(如主动句改为被动句等等)。 不要抄写原文的词句。第三、用连词连接各部分，使它连贯；第四、整合中心要点，使用形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语合并、简化句子，使之符合概括短文内容要点的词数。【例题精讲】1（2017年1月高考真题）Directions: Re ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ad the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. ShynessIf you suffer shyness ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), you are not alone. It is not surprising that social scientists are exploring its environmental causes.The first environm ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ental cause of shyness many be a child’s home and family life. Today’s children are growing up in smaller and smaller families, with fewer and fewer relatives living nearby. Growing up in homes in which both parents work full time, children may not have the socializing experience of frequent visits by neighbors and friends. Because of their lack of social skills, they may begin to feel shy when they start school.A second enviro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nmental cause of shyness in an individual may be one’s culture. In a large study conducted in Japan, 57 percent of participants rated themselves as shy. Researchers Lynne Henderson and Philip Zimbardo say, “One explanation is that in Japan, an individual’s performance success is credited externally to parents, grandparents, teachers, coaches, and others, while failure is entirely blamed on the person.” Therefore, Japanese learn not to take risks in public and rely instead on group-shared decisions.Technology may also p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ay a role. In the United States, the number of young people who report being shy has risen from 40 percent to 50 percent in recent years. Due to our huge advances in technology, watching television, playing video games, and surfing the Web have replaced recreational activities that involve social interaction for many young people. Adults, too, are becoming isolated as a result of technology. Face to face interaction with bank clerks, gas station attendants are no longer necessary because people can use machines to do their banking, fill their gas tanks, and order goods. In short, they become shy.It appears tha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t most people have experienced shyness at some time in their lives. Therefore, if you are shy, you have lots of company.【试题分析】1.重难点词汇及词组解析：（1）词汇：socialize（v.）vt. 使社会化; vi. 交际；参与社交explanation（n.）说明，解释；辩解recreational（a.）娱乐的，消遣的；休养的isolated（a.）孤立的；分离的；单独的；[电] 绝缘的（2）词组：is credited to相信；把…归功于is blamed on 归咎于….social interaction 社交play a role 起作用2.语篇整体分析：考点：概要写作分析：本篇文章主要讨论了害羞有着多方 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )面的环境因素。社交圈的缩小，更少的家庭成员间的交流，将失败归因于个人的文化背景，以及科技对于人们交流方式的影响都使得人们更加害羞。【参考答案】Shyness ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )is common and it has environmental causes, including home and family life, culture and technology. Firstly, with smaller families and working parents, children lack social interactions. Secondly, blaming failure on individuals causes people in some culture to be shy in public. Finally, with the development of technology, people have fewer opportunities to socialize in person.(55words)【例题精讲】2（2017年6月高考真题）Directions: Read ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Learning by Rote in the Digital AgeRote learning had bec ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ome seen as an outdated method of teaching. The dictionary defines learning ‘by rote’ as: ‘from memory, without thought of the meaning; in a mechanical way’. The decline of rote ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) learning has been quickened by technology. No one needs to memorize friends’ phone numbers or email addresses because such data is conveniently stored and accessible electronically. And why remember when and where World WarⅡbroke out when you can find the answer on the internet in about six seconds But now there are voices for a need to return to rote learning.In fact, memori ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )zing key data is essential to learning any skill. Doctoring requires knowledge of medicine and lawyering requires knowledge of cases and laws. Of course, being able to recall things will not further your understanding of those things, but without memorizing these foundation elements, you cannot progress to a deeper understanding of a subject.While the intern ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )et and computers have weakened the need for us to remember things, it may well be that mobile learning can help bring this style of learning back to life by making it more convenient and more fun.Drilling yoursel ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f——with flashcards or by repetition——is usually hard and boring work, which is why most people need their multiplication tables to be drilled into them by teachers or parents. Rote learning without a willing third party can be a battle of discipline and motivation. But mobile learning can make those flashcards and drills more appropriate to individual study; our digital devices can challenge and inform us at the same time and also keeps motivated, whether through game-like structures or recording our progress.Once you’ve required t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he essentials of a subject by rote learning you will find it easier to go deeper in the application of knowledge which is important.【试题分析】1.重难点词汇及词组解析：（1）词汇：rote（n.）死记硬背；生搬硬套decline（n.& v.）n. 下降；衰退；斜面;vi. 下降；衰落；谢绝; vt. 谢绝；婉拒voice（n.& v.）n. 声音；嗓音；发言权；愿望; vt. 表达；吐露drill（n.& v.）n. 训练；钻孔机；钻子；播种机；演习; vi. 钻孔；训练; vt. 钻孔；训练multiplication（n.） [数] 乘法；增加discipline（n.& v.）n. 学科；纪律；训练；惩罚; vt. 训练，训导；惩戒（2）词组：in a mechanical way以一种机械式的方式quicken the decline of rote learning 加速死记硬背式学习的衰弱weaken the need 削弱需求a willing third party自愿的第三方2.语篇整体分析：考点：概要写作分析：本篇文章主要讨论了死记硬背这种记忆模式，在新的信息技术时代有可能给我们带来新的惊喜。通过增加趣味和更加个性化的方式来帮助深入理解。【参考答案】Rote l ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )earning means mechanical memorization. Although technology makes it less needed, its value is being rediscovered. Rote learning helps people acquire basic knowledge, laying a foundation for further understanding. In fact, technology makes mobile learning possible, which motivates learners in rote learning and makes memorization more interesting and individualized.(49words)【巩固练习】1（2018年1月上海高考真题）Directions: Read the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. To Laugh Is HumanMost of us d ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )on’t know why we laugh at some jokes and not at others. Scientists know that we are able to laugh at birth. Babies begin to laugh at three to four months of age, well before they produce their first words. What scientists are interested in is why we laugh. Scientists believ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e humans laugh with others primarily because it makes us feel connected with one another, which in turn gives us a sense of trust and comfort. To scientists, laughter is an unconscious reaction; consequently, when we laugh, others can be certain that it is an honest reaction, and honesty is key when building and maintaining friendships. Since laughter is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )seen as a social signal that we send to others, it can also help explain why it is so infectious. Studies have proven that when people see or hear something funny, they are 20 times more likely to laugh when they are with others than when they are alone. Wanting to be accepted by others is part of human nature. And mirroring other people’s laughter is a way to signal to others that you feel the way they do, which makes us feel more connected with one another. Humans have not alwa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ys laughed just so they can feel closer to others, however. Scientists point out that this social function of laughter was born out of an even more fundamental human need. Laughter, they believe, came about because it contributed to our very survival as a species. Scientists assume that sharing laughter ensured our ancestors a higher survival rate because it led to greater cooperation between individuals. Humans learned quickly that greater cooperation led to survival, and the brain in turn realized that laughing with others increased out chances of finding people to cooperate, hunt, eat, live, and eventually, survive with.【试题分析】1.重难点词汇及词组解析：（1）词汇：primarily（ad.）首先；主要地，根本上unconscious（a.）无意识的；失去知觉的；不省人事的；未发觉的infectious（a.）传染的；传染性的；易传染的mirror（n.& v.）n. 镜子；真实的写照；榜样; vt. 反射；反映fundamental（a.& n.）adj. 基本的，根本的; n. 基本原理；基本原则（2）词组：a sense of trust and comfort 信任感和安慰感contribute to有助于；捐献；带来，促成social function 社会功能survival rate存活率2.语篇整体分析：考点：概要写作分析：本篇文章主要讨论了科学家对于我们 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )为什么笑的原因进行了探索。他们认为笑是一种社交信号可以使彼此感觉更加亲近。更重要的是，笑起到了更加基础的作用那就是帮助人类在历史的长河中幸存并发展。【参考答案】Scientists ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )think humans are born with the ability to laugh, but why do we laugh We laugh to feel closer to one another. Laughter helps us to be recognized so we laugh more in groups than when alone. Laughter also evolved from a more basic need to survive as it promoted cooperation, enabling humans to survive better. (59words)【巩固练习】2（2018年6月上海高考）Directions: ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Becoming an attractive employeeThe 2008 financial cri ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sis created an unstable job market. Fast forward to the present, and the economy has not fully recovered. Thus, it’s of vital importance for job seekers to carefully strategize their approach to job application. And it is especially important for those new to the workforce. They should look at making themselves as attractive as possible to employers.For young people, i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nformation technology skills will play an increasing role in the future. As the generation to have grown up in the Information Age, they are quite confident when it comes to showing off their interests and skills in the field. This makes them a natural fit for companies seeking expertise in technology marketing and technology. They should emphasize these skills when applying for jobs that require the ability to multitask.Another attractive qua ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lity is experience. It is important that an applicant’s resume list any activities that involved teamwork and goal-driven responsibilities. Membership in a sports or social club and participation as a volunteer are good examples of this. These activities involve goal management and planning, along with the ability to focus while competing on a team. When hiring committee see this, they see a candidate who is capable of working in a variety of environments.Finally, an ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )attractive quality when job-hunting is a great attitude towards a potential job. Young job seekers are known to overconfident because they have been praised for everything they have done. But they must realize that the employment market is about how an employee will be a good fit for a company, not the other way around. In fact, in an interview, an important question to ask is: “What would be expected of me as an employee ”In today’s tough jo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )b market, young job seekers need to provide a potential employer with good reasons to hire them.【试题分析】1.重难点词汇及词组解析：（1）词汇：unstable（a.）不稳定的；动荡的；易变的strategize（v.）vt. 为…制订战略; vi. 制订战略multitask（n.& v.）vt. 使多任务化; n. [计] 多任务expertise（n.）专门知识；专门技术；专家的意见overconfident（a.）过于自信的；自负的potential（a.& n.）n. 潜能；可能性; adj. 潜在的；可能的；势的（2）词组：play an increasing role in扮演越来越重要的角色when it comes to当提到；就……而论a natural fit for天生适合the other way around倒过来；从相反方向2.语篇整体分析：考点：概要写作分析：本篇文章主要讨论了在经 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )济情况不理想的情况下，如何成为一名有吸引力的应聘者。包括用科技技术武装自己，展现自己在不同活动中展现出来的团队合作，目标导向等品质以及拥有正确的心态对待应聘的工作。【参考答案】 How can yo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ung people attract their future employers First, they need to demonstrate their knowledge and skills in information technology. Second, they should include in their resumes the experiences that reflect they are cooperative and goal-oriented. Finally, they need to adopt a proper attitude, that is, taking future employers' expectations into consideration.（52words）当堂检测1.（2019年春季高考）IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Where are the bees Bees are essential ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to the production of food we eat. Bees make honey, but they also pollinate large areas of crops, such as strawberries, apples and onions. About a third of the food we eat is a result of pollination of the bees. Unfortunately, bees have been disappearing at an alarming rate.In 2006, bee keepers s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tarted reporting about something called Colony Collapse Disaster(CCD).The main sign of CCD is the loss of adult honey bees from a hive. In October of 2006, some beekeepers reported that they had lost between 30 and 90 percent of their hives.There were many theo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ries for the disappearance of the bees. But the most convincing one has to do with pesticides and lifestyles of bees today. Nowadays, beekeeper get most of their income not from producing honey but from renting bees to pollinate plants. This means that the life of the typical bee now consists of travelling all around the country to pollinate crops as the seasons change. That means a lot of traveling on trucks, which is very stressful to bees. It is not unusual for up to 30% of the hive to die during transport due to stress. In addition, bees that spend most of their time locked up on trucks are not exposed to what they usually live on. Instead, they live on a sweet liquid from corn, usually polluted with pesticides.The exact reas ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )on for the disappearance of bees is not sure, but losing bees is very costly to the economy. The bee pollination services are worth over $8 billion a year. With no bees, pollination will have to be done by hand, which would have effects on the quality of food and increased food priced. We hear a lot about big environmental disasters almost every day. But one of the biggest may just be the loss of that tiny flying insect.参考答案：71.Bees are neces ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sary for people because one third of the food we eat is pollinated by bees, but bees are disappearing because of too much pressure on beehives in trucks or being killed by pesticides, which may influence the quality of food and increased food prices, and cause great losses to economic development.2. （2019年秋季高考）IV. Summary WritingDirections: Rea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.It’s undenia ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ble: Being among the first to try out a new piece of technology is cool. There’s the excitement of doing what has never been done before—the feeling that you’re living in the future. And when you’re the sole member of your social circle with the latest hot gadget, people stare in fascination. They ask you questions. They see you as the holder of powerful, secret knowledge—for a little while, until the next big thing comes along. People tend to underestimate the costs of this temporary coolness, which they pay in more ways than one. Don’t fall into the early adopter trap. Don’t join the first wave of consumers who invest in the latest media-hyped hardware; instead, wait and see.To put it frank ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ly, early adoption is a bad investment. First, the earliest versions of devices are not only expensive, they are also the most expensive that those devices will ever panies are presumably attempting to recover the cost of production as fast as they can, and they know that there are serious tech-lovers who will pay a great deal to be first. Once the revenues from early adopters’ purchases are safely in their hands, they can cut the price and shift to the next marketing phase: selling the product to everyone else. This is why the cost of the original iPhone dropped about U.S. $200 only eight months after its release. Plus, electronics hardly ever become more expensive because intense competition in the industry puts downward pressure on prices over time. Prices of gadgets will fall shortly after release, and they will likely keep falling. Many new TV models drop significantly in price as little as ten days after hitting the market. Further, electronics rapidly depreciate because they become obsolete(废弃的) so quickly. This means that early adopters pay the maximum price for an item that does not hold onto its value. The resale price of a cell phone or laptop can drop by fifty percent within just a few months.Speaking of becomi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng obsolete, those who are first to leap into a new technology risk wasting money and time on something that will never catch on. Another good reason to resist the early-adoption temptation is that the first version of a product typically has defects that cost a lot in time and frustration. Such problems are so common with new technology that early adopters are basically unpaid beta testers and trouble shooters. Unless this sounds to you like a fun way to spend your time, don’t be among the first users. If you wait to learn what the problems are with a new electronic gadget, you can look forward to a smoother experience—or choose a less troublesome product.参考答案：Don’t be the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) first users of the new electronic equipment. The reasons are as following: firstly, the earliest versions of devices are not only expensive. Secondly, electronics will be out of date rapidly. Thirdly, the first version of a product are with some defects generally. Therefore, don’t be the first to try out the new products.温故知新1. 掌握概要写作的特点及评分标准 2. 回顾说明类文章的概括方法 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )来源：上海市奉贤区致远高级中学2021-2022学年高三上学期期中教学评估英语试题71. Directio ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ns: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Life in the ClearTransparent animals l ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )et light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feet-as far as most light can reach. Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch. Sonke Johnsen, a scientist in biology, says, “These animals live through their life alone. They never touch anything unless they’re eating it, or unless something is eating them.”And they are as ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) clear as glass. How does an animal become see-through Ifs trickier than you might think.The objects aroun ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d you are visible because they interact with light. Light typically travels in a straight line. But some materials slow and scalier(散射) light bouncing it away from its original path. Others absorb light, stopping it dead in its tracks. Both scattering and absorption make a.n object look different from other objects around it, so you can see it easily.But a transparent o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )bject doesn't absorb or scatter light, at least not very much. Light can pass through it without bending or stopping. That means a transparent object doesn't look very different from the surrounding air or water. You don't see it- you see the things behind it.To become transparent ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light. Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments(色素) that absorb specific colors of light. But a transparent animal doesn’t have pigments, so its tissues won’t absorb light. According to Johnsen, avoiding absorption is actually easy. The real challenge is preventing light from scattering.Animals are ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )built of many different materials—skin, fat, and more—and light moves through each at a different speed. Every time light moves into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters. Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering. Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat. Without much tissue to scatter light, it is easier to be see-through. Others build a large, clear mass of non-living jelly-like(果冻状的) material and spread themselves over it.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】Transpare ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nt animals, which typically live in the ocean, let light pass through their bodies. How does an animal become see-through It doesn’t absorb or scatter light that can pass through it without bending or stopping and it doesn’t have pigments, so its tissues won’t absorb light. Without much tissue to scatter light, it is easier to be see-through.【教师】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了透明动物是怎样变得透明的。【详解】1 要点摘录①Transparent animal ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feet-as far as most light can reach. ②How does an animal become see-through ③But a transparen ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t object doesn’t absorb or scatter light, at least not very much. Light can pass through it without bending or stopping.④But a transpar ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ent animal doesn’t have pigments, so its tissues won’ t absorb light.⑤Without much tissue to scatter light it is easier to be see-through.2.缜密构思:将第1个要点高度概括，将第2个要点直接表述，将第3、4、两个要点进行整合概括，将第5个要点直接表述。3.遣词造句 Transparen ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t animals, which typically live in the ocean, let light pass through their bodies. How does an animal become see-through It doesn’t absorb or scatter light that can pass through it without bending or stopping and it doesn’t have pigments, so its tissues won’t absorb light.【点睛】[高分句型1] Transpare ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nt animals, which typically live in the ocean, let light pass through their bodies.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段中第一句和第二句高度概括。其中which引导的非限制性定语从句表达高级。[高分句型2]：It doesn ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )’t absorb or scatter light that can pass through it without bending or stopping and it doesn’t have pigments, so its tissues won’t absorb light.用并列句将第四段和第五段进行并列概括，运用了that引导的限制性定语从句。来源：上海华东师范大学第二附属中学2022届高三上学期10月阶段测试卷英语试题51. Directions: Read t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Life in the ClearTransparent animal ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feet-as far as most light can reach. Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch. Sonke Johnsen, a scientist in biology, says, “These animals live through their life alone. They never touch anything unless they’re eating it, or unless something is eating them.”And they are as clear ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )as glass. How does an animal become see-through Ifs trickier than you might think.The objects ar ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ound you are visible because they interact with light. Light typically travels in a straight line. But some materials slow and scalier(散射) light bouncing it away from its original path. Others absorb light, stopping it dead in its tracks. Both scattering and absorption make a.n object look different from other objects around it, so you can see it easily.But a transpare ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nt object doesn't absorb or scatter light, at least not very much. Light can pass through it without bending or stopping. That means a transparent object doesn't look very different from the surrounding air or water. You don't see it- you see the things behind it.To become trans ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )parent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light. Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments(色素) that absorb specific colors of light. But a transparent animal doesn’t have pigments, so its tissues won’t absorb light. According to Johnsen, avoiding absorption is actually easy. The real challenge is preventing light from scattering.Animals are built ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) of many different materials—skin, fat, and more—and light moves through each at a different speed. Every time light moves into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters. Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering. Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat. Without much tissue to scatter light, it is easier to be see-through. Others build a large, clear mass of non-living jelly-like(果冻状的) material and spread themselves over it.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】Transpar ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ent animals, which typically live in the ocean, let light pass through their bodies. How does an animal become see-through It doesn’t absorb or scatter light that can pass through it without bending or stopping and it doesn’t have pigments, so its tissues won’t absorb light. Without much tissue to scatter light, it is easier to be see-through.【教师】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了透明动物是怎样变得透明的。【详解】1 要点摘录①Transparent animal ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feet-as far as most light can reach. ②How does an animal become see-through ③But a transp ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )arent object doesn’t absorb or scatter light, at least not very much. Light can pass through it without bending or stopping.④But a transparen ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t animal doesn’t have pigments, so its tissues won’ t absorb light.⑤Without much tissue ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to scatter light, it is easier to be see-through.2.缜密构思:将第1个要点高度概括，将第2个要点直接表述，将第3、4、两个要点进行整合概括，将第5个要点直接表述。3.遣词造句 Transparent ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )animals, which typically live in the ocean, let light pass through their bodies. How does an animal become see-through It doesn’t absorb or scatter light that can pass through it without bending or stopping and it doesn’t have pigments, so its tissues won’t absorb light.【点睛】[高分句型1] Transpa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rent animals, which typically live in the ocean, let light pass through their bodies.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段中第一句和第二句高度概括。其中which引导的非限制性定语从句表达高级。[高分句型2]：It does ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n’t absorb or scatter light that can pass through it without bending or stopping and it doesn’t have pigments, so its tissues won’t absorb light.用并列句将第四段和第五段进行并列概括，运用了that引导的限制性定语从句。来源：上海市虹口区2021届高三下学期第二次模拟英语试题71. Directions: Rea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.New Testing Method in Era of Online LearningIn research ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )published today in Science of Learning, engineers from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute demonstrate how a testing strategy they call “distanced online testing” can effectively reduce students’ ability to receive help from one another in order to score higher on a test taken at individual homes during social distancing.“Often in re ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mote online exams, students can talk over the phone or internet to discuss answers,” said Ge Wang, a chair professor of biomedical engineering at Rensselaer and the corresponding author on this paper. “The key idea of our method is to minimize this chance via discrete optimization(离散优化)aided by knowledge of a student’s competencies.”When a dista ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nced online test is performed, students receive the same questions, but at varying times depending on their skill level. For instance, students of highest mastery levels receive each question after other groups of students have already answered those questions. This approach, Wang said, reduces the motivator for students to receive help from those who have more mastery of the material. In order to determine the order of each student’s questions, their competence levels are estimated using their grade point averages, SAT scores, or midterm scores, depending on what is available at a specific point in the semester.According to statist ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ical tests and post-exam surveys, this method reduced the points gained through cheating by orders of magnitude (数量级) when compared to conventional exam methods. As an added benefit, Wang said, when students knew collusion would not be possible, they were more motivated to study class material. Wang and his colleagues hope to share this innovation of teaching methods and theory beyond the Rensselaer campus.“We plan to develop a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )good platform so that others can easily use this method,” said Wang, a member of the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies at Rensselaer.【答案】To reduce cheati ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng in remote online tests, distanced online testing is introduced in today’s Science of Learning. It minimizes online cheating through discrete optimization based on students’ abilities. Namely, students at various levels get the same paper, but at different times. It reduced cheating and encouraged learning, so researchers expect to build a platform to share it.【教师】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )远程在线测试”的测试策略，它是基于学生能力的基础上通过离散优化的方法最小化网络作弊。不同层次的学生拿到的是相同的试卷，但时间不同，它减少了作弊，鼓励学习，研究人员希望建立一个平台来分享使用这种方法。【详解】1.要点摘录①In research publish ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed today in Science of Learning, engineers from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute demonstrate how a testing strategy they call “distanced online testing” can effectively reduce students’ ability to receive help from one another in order to score higher on a test taken at individual homes during social distancing.②Often in remote ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )online exams, students can talk over the phone or internet to discuss answers。③The key idea of our ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) method is to minimize this chance via discrete optimization(离散优化)aided by knowledge of a student’s competencies.④ When a distanced onl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ine test is performed, students receive the same questions, but at varying times depending on their skill level.⑤ According to s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tatistical tests and post-exam surveys, this method reduced the points gained through cheating by orders of magnitude (数量级) when compared to conventional exam methods.⑥ when students ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) knew collusion would not be possible, they were more motivated to study class material.⑦ Wang and his col ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )leagues hope to share this innovation of teaching methods and theory beyond the Rensselaer campus.2.缜密构思将第①、②两个要点进行重组；将第③、④两个要点进行压缩；将第⑤、⑥、⑦三个要点进行整合。3.遣词造句To reduce cheating ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )in remote online tests, distanced online testing is introduced in today’s Science of Learning.It minimizes onl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ine cheating through discrete optimization based on students’ abilities. Students at variou ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s levels get the same paper, but at different times. It reduced cheati ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng and encouraged learning, so researchers expect to build a platform to share it.【点睛】[高分句型1]： ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )To reduce cheating in remote online tests, distanced online testing is introduced in today’s Science of Learning.运用了不定式作目的状语并对原文第一段和第二段第一句进行了概括。其中不定式作目的状语表达高级。[高分句型2]：It minimizes o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nline cheating through discrete optimization based on students’ abilities. 用过去分词短语作后置定语对第二段第二句进行了概括，表达非常高级。
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