专练3：完形填空特训30篇（原卷版＋解析版）--【高考直通车】2021-2022学年高考英语二轮总复习（上海专版）

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
编者小注：
本专辑专为2022年上海新高考英语二轮总复习及1月春考准备。
说说编写思路：
版块一：冲刺讲义10讲，注重 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )方法性学习，对于知识的拆解全面到位，选题主要根据上海官方公布的近五年级春秋考真题试题为主，近两年一二模测试及今年最新期中试题为辅。
版块二：专练8讲，注重常考题型，高频考点的训练，数十篇选材均选于近两年上海高三四校、八金刚及十三名校之真题
版块三：模拟满分卷4套，供大家在完成以上讲练后进行整体测试，满分140分。
希望助上海的莘莘学子在求学路上一臂之力。
专练3：完形填空特训30篇（学生版）
学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________
一、完形填空
（2021·上海·模拟预测） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) When educators think of literacy — the ability to read and write — they often place more importance on a student’s ability to read and fully comprehend a piece of writing. But experts say critical and creative writing skills are equally important. And, they are too often 1 in the classroom.
Compared to read ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing, writing is more 2 . It helps students be independent thinkers, take 3 of their stories and ideas and communicate them clearly to others. Unless we want an education system just focused on making people 4 and not focused on helping them to be producers, this 5 on reading only — which does happen in so many places — is very short-sighted.
Students’ writ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing work now usually 6 on examining a text, instead of presenting a new idea. Writing should be the central thing you’re learning, rather than writing in response to a text on a test or writing to demonstrate you’ve learned what someone has taught you.
Writing improves reading skills
Teaching read ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing together with writing improves both skills, says Rebecca Wallace-Segall, who 7 a New York City writing center, Writopia Lab. She said writing affects a person’s ability to read. More than 90 percent of young people in the Writopia program do not 8 their writing abilities when they start, Wallace-Segall said. But she said they learn to enjoy the writing process and become more effective 9 , too.21*cnjy*com
Employers today s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eek workers all the time who can write well. Digital tools 10 mean that people are interacting with the internet through writing. Young people are 11 writing all the time — through text messages, emails and on social media. Every young person today is a writer if they are connected to the internet.
Working through 12 by writing
Supporters of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) writing-centered teaching add that writing 13 young people. When students own their 14 and tell their stories, they become not only stronger and more confident writers, but also stronger and more confident individuals.
Writing also he ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lps students work through difficulties they face in life. They’re not writing a story about a difficult father or directly about a bully in class, but they are creating a 15 scenario that might feel distant enough for them to explore some of these problems at a deeper level. Thus, teaching students to write well can have an effect on the larger world. Those adults can see that the stories they’re telling themselves about those young people are often wrong and doing a lot of harm in the world.
1．A．emphasized B．overlooked C．concealed D．exhibited
2．A．active B．educative C．possessive D．idealistic
3．A．ownership B．governorship C．readership D．authorship
4．A．purchasers B．customers C．consumers D．inventors
5．A．influence B．emphasis C．concentration D．insistence
6．A．carries B．feeds C．centers D．takes
7．A．hosts B．occupies C．revolves D．heads
8．A．show B．boost C．boast D．trust
9．A．listeners B．writers C．readers D．publishers
10．A．unexpectedly B．increasingly C．intentionally D．surprisingly
11．A．barely B．reluctantly C．skillfully D．already
12．A．efforts B．individuals C．problems D．opinions
13．A．authorizes B．drains C．teaches D．empowers
14．A．voices B．rights C．confidences D．freedoms
15．A．mysterious B．fictional C．dramatic D．realistic
（2021·上海市晋元高级中学 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )高三月考） When I re-entered the full-time workforce a few years ago after a decade of lonely self-employment, there was one thing I was looking forward to the most: the opportunity to have work friends once again. It wasn't until I entered the corporate world that I realized, for me at least, being friends with colleagues didn't emerge as a(n) 16 at all. This is surprising when you consider the prevailing emphasis by scholars and trainers and managers on the importance of cultivating close 17 relationships at work. So much research has explored the way in which collegial（同事的）ties can help overcome a range of workplace issues 18 productivity and the quality of work output such as team-based conflict, jealousy, undermining anger, and more.
Perhaps my expecta ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tions of lunches, water-cooler gossip and caring, deep-and-meaningful conversations were a 19 of the last time I was in that kind of office environment. Whereas now, as I near the end of my fourth decade, I realize work can be fully functional and entirely fulfilling without 20 to be best mates with the people sitting next to you.
In an academic an ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )alysis just published in the profoundly-respected Journal of Management, researchers have looked at the concept of "indifferent relationships", a simple term that summarizes the fact that relationships at work can 21 be non-interpersonal, inconsequential, unimportant and even, dare I say it, disposable or substitutable.
Indifferent re ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lationships are neither positive nor negative. The limited research conducted thus far indicates they're especially 22 among those who value independence over cooperation, and harmony over confrontation. Indifference is also the 23 option among those who are socially lazy. Maintaining relationships over the long term takes effort, which, for some of us, is much too 24 .
As noted above, i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ndifferent relationships may not always be the most 25 approach in resolving some of the issues that pop up at work. But there are nevertheless several apparently proven benefits. One of those is 26 . Less time chatting and socializing means more time working and churning(产出).
The other is 27 . As human beings, we're programmed to compare ourselves to each other in what is an anxiety-causing phenomenon. Apparently, we look down on acquaintances(泛泛之交)more so than friends. Since the former is very common among those 28 to indifferent relationships, their predominance can promote individuals' sense of self-worth.
Ego aside, a t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hird advantage is that the emotional 29 of indifferent relationships has been found to enhance critical evaluation, to strengthen one's focus on task resolution, and to gain greater access to valuable information. None of that might be as 30 as after-work socializing but, hey, I'll take it anyway.
16．A．burden B．priority C．obligation D．coincidence
17．A．short-term B．contractual C．shallow D．interpersonal
18．A．affecting B．enhancing C．measuring D．restoring
19．A．cause B．credit C．consequence D．realization
20．A．tending B．needing C．promising D．hesitating
21．A．peculiarly B．interestingly C．reasonably D．decisively
22．A．dominant B．rare C．constructive D．intense
23．A．preferred B．compulsory C．available D．likely
24．A．engaging B．casual C．demanding D．effortless
25．A．traditional B．cautious C．flexible D．helpful
26．A．image B．efficiency C．profit D．expansion
27．A．self-respect B．self-improvement C．self-evaluation D．self-control
28．A．resistant B．unique C．open D．essential
29．A．feature B．neutrality C．reaction D．conflict
30．A．exhausting B．meaningful C．fun D．popular
（2021·上海黄浦·二模） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) For the longest time, the predominant description about renewable energy featured awkward technologies, high costs, and burdensome allowance. In the 31 of strict and far-reaching policy changes, the chances for mass adoption seemed slim. Electric vehicles (EVs) simply couldn’t go the distance, and LED lights were unattractive and 32 . 【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
But now that these t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )echnologies have come of age, a new story is being written. Around the world, businesses, governments, and households are taking advantage of more cost-effective low-carbon technologies.
33 adv ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ances in information technologies (IT), green solutions can be introduced into business operations successfully. And as public support for these technologies has grown, so have the 34 for scaling up to a fully sustainable energy system.
As in any rapi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d transition, a full understanding of what is happening has 35 events. Many present energy producers find it hard to believe that their world is undergoing a revolutionary change, so they insist that their heavily polluting technologies will remain 36 and necessary for some time to come. Journalists, too, describe the transition with a degree of 37 , because it is their job to be suspicious. And politicians and regulators are cautious to adopt a new perspective, 38 they are already struggling to keep up with the pace of change in the energy industry.
To be sure, 39 doesn’t come without setbacks, as the recent growth in energy-related greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions shows. Yet there is no doubt that the future of energy will be 40 different from the recent past. In fact, the 41 is happening even faster than we think, for example, coal-fired power plants are shutting down faster than ever, and plans for new natural-gas plants are being replaced with more cost-effective wind and solar options. And as the shift toward renewables gains good trends, it will be easier for elected officials to pursue more climate-friendly policies and regulations, thereby creating a(n) 42 circle of change.
As the green trans ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ition comes of age, it will offer solutions to all of humanity’s energy needs, placing a clean, prosperous and secure low-carbon future well within reach. Yet even as we hug 43 , we must not lose sight of the fact that climate change is speeding up. With GHG emissions 44 to rise, the future of humanity hangs in the balance. One hopes that the shift to 45 energy will tip the scale in our favor.
31．A．license B．absence C．application D．promotion
32．A．invisible B．unbelievable C．inevitable D．unaffordable
33．A．Instead of B．Owing to C．In case of D．According to
34．A．resources B．revolutions C．prospects D．priorities
35．A．caught up with B．compared with C．taken place of D．fallen behind
36．A．relevant B．inferior C．synthetic D．experimental
37．A．mixture B．caution C．conflict D．approval
38．A．in case B．so that C．even though D．the moment
39．A．significance B．invention C．happiness D．progress
40．A．dramatically B．economically C．independently D．equivalently
41．A．interaction B．modernization C．motivation D．transformation
42．A．natural B．potential C．positive D．original
43．A．influence B．optimism C．estimation D．extension
44．A．starting B．failing C．emerging D．continuing
45．A．sustainable B．traditional C．available D．industrial
（2021·上海徐汇·二模） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Today we continue our series on ecology and conservation with a look at a particularly endangered member of the black bear family. One in ten black bears is 46 born with a white coat, which is the result of a/an 47 gene that surfaces in a few. Local people have named it ‘the spirit bear’. And according to the legends of these communities, its snowy fur brings with it a special power. Because of this, it has always been highly 48 by them—so much that they do not speak of seeing it to anyone else. It is their way of protecting it when strangers visit the area.
The white bear’ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s 49 is quite interesting. The bear’s strong relationship with the old-growth rainforest is a complex one. The white bear relies on the huge centuries-old trees in the forest in many ways. 50 , the old-growth trees have extremely long roots that help prevent erosion (腐蚀) of the soil along the banks of the many fish streams. Keeping these banks undamaged is important because these streams are home to salmon, which are the bear’s main food 51 . The bear’s feeding habits nurture the forest 52 . As the bears eat the salmon, they abandon the skin and bones in great amounts on the forest floor, which provide vital nutrients. These produce vegetation that 53 thousands of other types of life forms, from birds to insects and more.
Today, the sp ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )irit bear lives off the coast of the province of British Columbia on a few islands. There is great concern for their survival since it is estimated that less than two hundred of these white bears remain. The best way to protect them is to make every effort to preserve the 54 balance of their forest environment—in other words, their ecosystem.
The greatest 55 to the bear’s existence is the loss of its habitat. Over many years, logging companies have stripped the land by 56 a large number of trees. In addition, they have built roads which have fractured the areas where the bear usually 57 , and many hibernation sites have also been lost. The logging of the trees along the streams has damaged the places where the bears fish. To make matters worse, the number of salmon in those streams is declining because there is no legal 58 on fishing at the moment.
All these 59 have a negative impact on the spirit bear’s very existence, which is made all the more fragile by the fact that reproduction among these bears has always been 60 low. While it is important to maintain the spirit bear’s habitat, there also needs to be more emphasis on its expansion. The move is justified as it will also create space for other bears that are losing their homes.
46．A．originally B．actually C．specially D．cautiously
47．A．external B．scarce C．circular D．special
48．A．justified B．threatened C．regarded D．instructed
49．A．habitat B．behavior C．habit D．data
50．A．Moreover B．For example C．In other words D．In addition
51．A．origin B．issue C．resource D．source
52．A．by the way B．in return C．to some extent D．on the contrary
53．A．stimulates B．owes C．originates D．sustains
54．A．typical B．specific C．delicate D．original
55．A．threat B．symbol C．sign D．effect
56．A．calling in B．cutting down C．pushing around D．wearing out
57．A．feeds B．sleeps C．reveals D．indicates
58．A．possibility B．ambition C．limit D．law
59．A．doubts B．influences C．guarantees D．continues
60．A．optimistically B．reliably C．fundamentally D．disappointingly
（2021·上海市建平中学 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )高三月考） Mice are at their best at night. But a new analysis suggests researchers often test the nightly creatures during the day, which could alter results and create 61 across various studies, if they record time-of-day information 62 . Scientists assume that waking up lab mice in the daytime may twist research. 21*cnjy*com
Of the 200 pape ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rs examined in the new study, more than half cither failed to report the timing of behavioral testing or did so 63 . On the contrary, they found only 20 percent reported 64 testing. The analysis was published in Neuroscience & Bio-behavioral Reviews.
West Virginia Uni ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )versity neuro-scientist Randy Nelson, the study's lead author, says this is likely a matter of human 65 . “It is easier to get students and schools to work during the day than at night,” Nelson says. But that advantage 66 .
“Time of day no ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t only impacts the intensity of many 67 , including mice activity, aggressiveness of their behavior, and hormone levels,” but changes in those factors can only be 68 during certain parts of the daytime cycle, says University of Wyoming behavioral neuro-scientist William D．Todd. This means that “failing to report time of day of data collection and tests makes 69 of results extremely difficult,” adds Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center staff scientist Natalia Machado. Neither Todd nor Machado was involved in the new study.
70 , the s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tudy researchers say it is critical that scientists report the timing of their work and consider the fact that animals' behavioral and physiological responses can 71 with the hour. As a first step, Nelson says, “obviously, taking time-of-day into consideration seems like 72 fruit in terms of line assing behavioral neuroscience research reliability, reproducibility and rigor (严谨性)
University of Cal ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )gary psychologist Michael Antle, who was also not involved in the analysis, says such differences in how studies are run 73 a “reproducibility crisis” in science, with other laboratories unable to 74 study results. “Running a study at the wrong time,” he says, “could lead to us completely 75 a finding altogether.”
61．A．immobility B．originality C．inconsistency D．credibility【版权所有：21教育】
62．A．exclusively B．precisely C．generally D．honestly
63．A．directly B．personally C．reliably D．unclearly
64．A．everyday B．quality C．physical D．nighttime
65．A．security B．convenience C．intelligence D．privacy
66．A．comes a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t a cost B．comes to the point C．comes into being D．comes to an end
67．A．operations B．effects C．subjects D．variables
68．A．indicated B．required C．recorded D．proposed
69．A．interpretation B．expectation C．suspicion D．distribution
70．A．Vice versa B．In comparison C．For example D．Therefore
71．A．occur B．diversify C．improve D．vary
72．A．low-hanging B．high-demanding C．bitter-tasting D．long-standing
73．A．belong to B．contribute to C．result from D．go through
74．A．recreate B．modify C．stimulate D．predict
75．A．presenting B．examining C．missing D．confirming
（2021·上海·曹杨二 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )中模拟预测） Many early approaches to language technology — and particularly translation — get 76 in a conceptual dead end: the rules-based approach. In translation, this meant trying to write rules to analyze the text of a sentence in the language of 77 , breaking it down into a sort of abstract “interlanguage” and rebuilding it according to the rules of the target language. These approaches showed early 78 . But language is full of ambiguities and exceptions, so such systems were hugely complicated and easily 79 when tested on sentences beyond the simple set they had been designed for.
Nearly all la ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nguage technologies began to get a lot better with the application of 80 methods, often called a “brute force” approach. This relies on software scanning vast amounts of data, looking for patterns and learning from precedent. 81 , in parsing language (breaking it down into its grammatical components), the software learns from large bodies of text that have already been parsed by humans. It uses what it has learned to make its best 82 about a previously unseen text. In machine translation, the software scans millions of words that have already been translated by humans, again looking for patterns. In speech reorganization, the software learns from a body of recordings and the transcriptions made by humans.
Thanks to the gr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )owing power of processors, falling prices for data storage and, most crucially, the explosion in available data, this approach eventually 83 . Mathematical techniques that had been known for decades came into their own, and big companies with 84 to enormous amounts of data were ready to benefit.
The final adva ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nce, which began only about five years ago, came with the arrival of deep learning through digital neural networks (DNNS). These are often claimed to have qualities similar to those of the 85 : “neurons” are connected in software, and connections can become stronger or weaker in the process of learning. 86 , Nils Lenke, head of research for a language technology company, explains matter-of-factly that “DNNs are just another kind of mathematical model,” the 87 of which had already been understood for decades. What changed was the hardware being used.
Almost by chan ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ce, DNN researchers discovered that the graphical processing units (GPUs) 88 to produce graphics in applications like video games were also brilliant at handling neural networks. The technique has already produced big leaps in quality for all kinds of deep learning, including decoding handwriting, recognizing faces and classifying images. Now they are helping to improve all manner of language technologies, often bringing enhancements of up to 30%. That has shifted language technologies from being 89 in a pinch to being really rather good. But so far no one has quite 90 what will move it forward from being merely good to reliably great.
76．A．buried B．engaged C．absorbed D．stuck
77．A．essence B．persuasion C．origin D．practice
78．A．consideration B．thought C．promise D．exposure
79．A．laid off B．lagged behind C．broke down D．died out
80．A．experimental B．statistical C．financial D．instructional
81．A．What’s more B．In other words C．For example D．By contrast
82．A．sense B．deal C．effort D．guess
83．A．came into being B．bore fruit C．took effect D．caught up
84．A．permission B．license C．access D．reference
85．A．human brai ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n B．information technology C．computer programming D．artificial intelligence
86．A．Therefore B．However C．Likewise D．Indeed
87．A．meaning B．quality C．purpose D．basis
88．A．adapted B．used C．claimed D．suited
89．A．changeable B．liable C．desirable D．usable
90．A．put out B．worked out C．watched out D．pointed out
（2021·上海市实验学校高三月考 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )） One firm's crisis is another's opportunity. A shortage-of semiconductors has helped pump up the valuations of firms such as Nvidia, whose chips power everything from video-gaming to machine learning and data centres. But boom time for sellers means 91 for buyers. Carmakers, whose products have become computers on wheels, are among the victims. Profits at
Ford, America's ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) second-biggest carmaker by volume, fell by half in the most recent quarter amid a global shortage of chips.Analysts say the industry might build around 5m fewer cars this year, all 92 their tiniest components.
Carmakers ar ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e not the only firms feeling the pinch.Apple and Microsoft have also warned that they will be affected.Politicians are being drawn in, too. Chips will be on the 93 later this month when America's vice-president, Kamala Harris, visits Vietnam, which has a flourishing electronics industry, Angela Merkel, the outgoing German chancellor, has lamented. Europe's small share of global chip production.
The shortage is the re ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sult of a sudden surge in demand.Chipmaking is a 94 business which, between the peaks and troughs, has been enjoying strong growth for decades as computers creep into every comer of society.That trend was 95 by the pandemic. Locked-down consumers shopped online, logged into meetings remotely, and wiled away the hours with video-streaming and video-gaming.The result has been a sharp increase in demand for the semiconductors that power the data centres and gadgets that make such things possible, logging factories with 96 .
The crisis has ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )had three consequences, two 97 and one less so.The first is an investment boom.Big producers such as Intel, Samsung and tsme are planning to spend hundreds of billions of dollars on extra capacity over the next few years. As in many markets, high prices are the best cure for high prices.
The second i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s that the chip industry's customers are adapting, too. When demand 98 early in the pandemic, carmakers cut their orders with chipmakers.The car industry's size and power mean that it is used to ordering suppliers around. But when demand recovered, it found itself at the back of the queue, because of long lead times and competition for capacity from the even bigger and more influential tech industry.
The unpleasant ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) experience of being the supplicant rather than the boss has prompted carmakers to take tighter control over supplies of vital components.Following in the tyre-treads of Tesla, Volkswagen has announced plans to develop driver-assistance chips in-house.Other firms are forming closer relationships with chipmakers. Toyota, a Japanese firm, has 99 the shortage relatively well, partly because it was slower to cut orders when the pandemic hit. In June Robert Bosch, a big supplier of automotive parts, cut the 100 on a ?1bn($l.2bn) chip factory of its own in Dresden.Redesigned supply chains will be more resilient.
The third, 101 effect has been a surge of techno-nationalism.America is planning to 102 billions of dollars to lure chipmakers back from East Asia.Europe wants to double its share of global production, to 20%, by 2030. Even Britain has declared the fate of a small chip factory in Wales to be a matter of national security.
There is some ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) force in the argument that chips have come to occupy what used to be called the " 103 heights" of an economy, in the way that oil refineries or car factories did in the 20th century. The concentration of production in Taiwan, 104 , is an uncomfortable geopolitical risk. But as last century's governments discovered, subsidies lead to overcapacity and oversupply—and, eventually, to yet more calls for public money to prop up uncompetitive businesses.The chip shortage is mostly a 105 problem.Governments should resist the temptation to see themselves as saviours.
91．A．envy B．annoyance C．misery D．delight
92．A．for want ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) of B．for possession of C．for fear of D．for convenience of
93．A．schedule B．agenda C．calendar D．catalogue
94．A．cynical B．cyclical C．crystal D．clinical
95．A．amplified B．justified C．modified D．diversified
96．A．samples B．goods C．orders D．stocks
97．A．encouraging B．touching C．amazing D．discouraging
98．A．soared B．ballooned C．collapsed D．fluctuated
99．A．suffered B．avoided C．subjected D．weathered
100．A．band B．ribbon C．belt D．string
101．A．popular B．desirable C．unusual D．unwelcome
102．A．tum out B．bring out C．give out D．work out
103．A．commanding B．overwhelming C．demanding D．prevailing
104．A．above all B．in addition C．after all D．in particular
105．A．self-improving ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )B．self-solving C．self-sustaining D．self-reflecting
（2021·上海市进才中学 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )高三月考）Private jets receive ridiculous tax relief that hurt the environment
The blue jeans a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nd T-shirts of the global elite are no more comfortable than those worn by the middle class. They drink the same coffee and carry the same smartphones. But a(n) 106 is growing between the rich and the rest when they fly. Ordinary folk 107 sleeplessly into cheap seats. The elite stretch out Hat, taking naps. This would be no one else’s business but for two things. First, private jets are horribly polluting. Second, they are often and 108 subsidized (补贴).
Private airlines w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ere 109 hard by the global financial crisis, when both companies and individuals sought to reduce expenses. But now private jets are booming again, partly because new booking services and shared-ownership schemes are cutting the cost of going private and 110 busy executives away from first— and business-class seats on regular flights. But the boom is also a result of tax relief, which is even more 111 than those offered to ordinary airlines. America’s rules are 112 still. Its tax reform allowed individuals and companies to avoid paying 100% of the costs of a new or used private jet against their federal taxes, creating extraordinarily cheap jet purchases.
Flying on a priv ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ate jet can help 113 on time for those whose time is extraordinarily valuable. Since companies can avoid paying their corporate-tax bills by presenting how much these flights cost them, in some countries the use of a private jet is a tax-free 114 for executives. But a growing volume of research suggests that flying them 115 is often a waste of money for shareholders. The jets are often used to fly to places where corporate seniors are more likely to have holiday homes than business meetings. 116 , users of such planes are more likely to commit deception: a careless attitude to other people’s money sometimes shades into complete criminality. The environmental effects of corporate jets are awful. The emissions for new supersonic business jets under development will be many times higher. Amazingly, these emissions are largely 117 . Airlines are not covered by the Paris agreement to limit climate change, and most private jets are 118 from CORSIA, a carbon-offsetting (碳补偿) scheme involving most airlines.
All air trav ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )el is bad for the environment. The tax breaks for cooking the planet in this way cannot be 119 . They should all be abandoned. Carbon emissions should be 120 , not subsidised by the sleepless masses and the even less fortunate souls who never fly.
106．A．gap B．dispute C．disapproval D．debate
107．A．fall B．slide C．lean D．squeeze
108．A．reluctantly B．heavily C．moderately D．decently
109．A．hit B．driven C．pushed D．stimulated
110．A．warning B．preventing C．tempting D．forcing
111．A．severe B．generous C．immediate D．efficient
112．A．stricter B．crazier C．mature D．simpler
113．A．economize B．revolutionize C．centralize D．socialize
114．A．investment B．compensation C．inheritance D．bonus
115．A．secretly B．safely C．efficiently D．privately
116．A．Nevertheless B．Conversely C．Moreover D．Therefore
117．A．projected B．tightened C．unregulated D．isolated21教育网
118．A．excluded B．distinguished C．transformed D．assembled
119．A．simplified B．guaranteed C．justified D．eliminated
120．A．ignored B．taxed C．compensated D．reduced
（2021·上海·华师大二附中高三月考）Paying Attention: The Attention Economy
Economics is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the study of how scarce resources are allocated; whether that is housing, food, or money. However, in an era of endless amounts of information at our fingertips, what is the 121 Unlike the first three examples that can be empirically 122 and measured, our intangible yet extremely valuable attention is the limiting factor: we are in the age of the attention economy.
According the Ame ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rican Psychological Association, attention comes in many forms: love, recognition, obedience, and help. Although 123 unquantifiable, many derive attention's value from how much time we focus on a particular thing. We face attention’s scarcity every day; while “paying attention” to one thing we ignore others.
The term “attention ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )economy” was coined by Herbert A．Simon, who noted that “a wealth of information creates a poverty of attention”, suggesting that multitasking is a 124 . Later, Micheal Goldhaber warned that the international economy is 125 from a material-based economy to an attention-based economy: fewer people are involved with manufacturing and emerging careers work with information. Although the “information economy” is a common name for this new state. Goldhaber 126 this. “Information is not scarce, but attention is”.21世纪教育网版权所有
Like money, we all h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ave a thirst for attention to a certain degree. Money is needed for food, water, and shelter. Similarly. attention can be translated to something tangible and necessary fo 127 . As babies, we cry. laugh, make noises, and want the attention on us—otherwise we are not fed. clothed, or alive. However, money and attention are distinct; money follows attention, whereas the reverse is not necessarily I me, As our economy becomes more reliant on attention, the 128 of exchange flows from the holders of the old to the holders of the new.
When we go on the inte ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rnet, we typically have a goal in mind. Once we obtain what we want, we leave the site. However, social media strategically get our attention 129 . Once we see a user we like, we “ 130 ” them on YouTube, “become friend” with them on Facebook, or “follow” them on Instagram. Thereafter, anything they post will appear on our feeds. We can scroll 131 on social media, and upon finishing a video we will always have a new one to auto-play. However, when we keep attention glued to our phones, we forgo other opportunities.
It is difficu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lt to determine the impact attention-grabbing sites can have on the economy and society as a whole. It is necessary to not only consider the direct effects of exposure to social media, out the crowding out of other activities, known as the 132 effect.
Many firths fully u ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nderstand the scarcity of our attention, and are adapting their business models to exploit it. 133 , some technology companies use a psychologic theory that rewards increase one's anticipation. As anticipation increases, such reward-seeking actions that technology companies have capitalized on to capture attention turn to 134 . Feeling uncertain, we Google; feeling lonely, we go to Facebook. Nothing tells us to do these things. The users trigger themselves,
When looking at soc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ial media's societal impact, the experts suggest that it is monumental. As one puts it, behaviour design can seem 135 , because it’s mostly just clicking on screens. But what happens when you magnify that into an entire global economy Then it becomes about power.
121．A．budget B．capital C．scarcity D．treasure
122．A．quantified B．experimented C．proven D．treated
123．A．literally B．theoretically C．intensely D．universally
124．A．myth B．rumor C．cure D．target
125．A．expanded B．varying C．spared D．swinging
126．A．advocates B．dismisses C．justifies D．assumes
127．A．recognition B．contact C．survival D．assurance
128．A．medium B．value C．reserve D．concern
129．A．ensured B．withdrawn C．escaped D．hooked
130．A．try out B．put up C．subscribe to D．keep to
131．A．deliberately B．virtually C．sustainably D．endlessly
132．A．substitution B．dependence C．maximum D．hunger
133．A．In feet B．For instance C．On the whole D．In addition
134．A．profit B．success C．procedure D．instinct
135．A．ready-made B．lightweight C．self-catering D．risk-taking
（2021·上海市七宝中学高三月考）How Do You Know You’re Not in the Matrix
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
At the heart of the ph ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ilosophy of Aristotle (亚里士多德) and St. Thomas Aquinas (阿奎那) is the idea that we come into contact with reality through the senses. But what if our senses are not a(n) 136 source Perhaps our senses are deceiving us, and everything we perceive isn’t real but is an illusion like in the movie The Matrix.
This 137 of s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ense knowledge was part of René Descartes’s (笛卡尔) methodic doubt, which many radical (激进的) skeptics have adopted. Descartes argued: whatever I have up till now accepted as most true I have acquired either from the senses or through the senses. But I have found that the senses may deceive me 138 , and it is sensible never to trust completely those who have deceived us even once. And one example Descartes gives as evidence is the fact that objects at a distance look smaller than what they are.
But this is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )not deception. The sense of sight is reporting 139 what it perceives. As D．Q. McInerny (麦克伦尼) says, “This is the sense of sight functioning just as it should, in order to give me a proper knowledge of 140 ”. Only when one made the judgement that “the man is small and then becomes big” would 141 come in. Truth and falsity do not 142 sensory perception but the act of judging that perception.
Another 143 with Descartes’s reason for doubting sensory perception is that he relies on only one sensory power. It’s often the case that in order to test whether one sense is deceiving us, we must 144 another sense.【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
To use an examp ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )le that many radical skeptics do to justify their doubt of sense knowledge, I may perceive the stick 145 immersed in water as crooked. How do I determine whether what I perceive is actually the case I pick up the stick. When I do so, I judge the stick is actually 146 . But in order to make a correct judgment about the stick, I use another sensory power -- namely, 147 -- that I must trust in order to make the proper judgment.
With regard to Descart ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es’s example, in order to make a sound judgment about the 148 of the man walking up the street, Descartes would have to make contact with him through the sense of touch and measure him, which requires trust in sense knowledge.
149 , Descart ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es’s recognition of the man’s small stature as unusual presupposes his trust in his previous sensory experience of the man’s tall stature. As Ralph McInerny notes, “Descartes must trust his senses in order to challenge them”.
So, if it’s rea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sonable to trust sense knowledge, and the senses put us into contact with the 150 world, then we can have greater certainty that what we perceive is objectively real.
136．A．external B．primary C．reliable D．alternative
137．A．disbelief B．application C．branch D．command
138．A．in no case B．out of nowhere C．by all means D．now and then
139．A．accurately B．independently C．accidentally D．randomly
140．A．philosophy B．distance C．nature D．life
141．A．analysis B．error C．change D．perception
142．A．lead to B．serve as C．identify with D．reside in2-1-c-n-j-y
143．A．problem B．consideration C．advantage D．perspective
144．A．abandon B．regain C．sharpen D．employ
145．A．barely B．wrongly C．partially D．completely
146．A．hollow B．straight C．thick D．bent
147．A．smell B．sight C．touch D．taste
148．A．size B．height C．age D．weight
149．A．Therefore B．Furthermore C．However D．Whereas
150．A．imaginary B．private C．contemporary D．outside
（2021·上海市建平中学高三月考 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )） Blind boxes originated in Japan. As the name implies, they are boxes that may contain surprise or 151 The buyer has no idea what the contents will be inside because each series has twelve same 152 packing boxes. Blind box collectors usually spend 153 to get the secret toy. The more they buy, the more they want. It is apparent that this cannot be explained by traditional economics--the marginal benefit is 154 --buying an additional unit of product will cause the additional benefit to decrease. However, for consumers of blind boxes, the more they pay, the more they want.
Digging deeper ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )into the issue, you will learn the very marketing of blind boxes is called 155 selling. The possibility to get a secret one is 1/144. Research has shown that blind box is the easiest approach for the shoppers to fall in love and become 156 customers. One of the most popular blind box brands Pop Mart 157 8.18 billion yuan in sales in the first half of 2020. For shoppers, uncertainty about the box content 158 excitement and surprise combined, a potential neural hit in the brain typically experienced by gamblers and thrill-seekers, thus making consumers have the desire to 159 the purchases. Blind boxes are not exactly a(n) 160 , but represent a harmless rush of adrenaline (肾上腺素) for Generation Z, a consumer born in the period from mid-to-late-1990s to early 2010s.
Why are blind boxes so ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) popular among Gen Z Well, these are consumers raised in a relatively good period characterized by abundant 161 , when demand for food and clothing was easily met. 162 , the pursuit of consumption that can pack in special excitement and surprise leads them to products like blind boxes.
Blind boxes can be ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) used as a tool to clearly identify target consumers and their needs. Ever since Pop Mart launched its first store in Beijing in 2010, it has been 163 and upgrading the products to figure out and suit the consumers'' tastes.
While trying to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )stimulate consumption demand with blind boxes, companies should be aware of the hidden risks. They should not hold the surprise tricks as a way to 164 consumers. Consumers may not return for purchases if they feel cheated once. Without 165 products that deliver value, no company can go far. Once the wave of blind boxes subsides, a company without good products may never be able to catch the next wave.
151．A．disappointment B．curiosity C．wonder D．confusion
152．A．fabulous B．external C．visible D．plastic
153．A．wisely B．pleasantly C．heavily D．freely
154．A．below the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )average B．beyond their imagination C．within their reach D．on the decline
155．A．intensive B．panic C．competitive D．probabilistic
156．A．regular B．original C．casual D．satisfied
157．A．chased B．generated C．expected D．reinvested
158．A．demonstrates B．releases C．equals D．expresses
159．A．encourage B．confirm C．transfer D．repeat
160．A．trend B．amusement C．addiction D．trouble
161．A．devices B．supplies C．opportunities D．choices
162．A．As a result B．By contrast C．In other words D．On one hand
163．A．exploring B．utilizing C．maintaining D．transporting
164．A．entertain B．fool C．safeguard D．charge
165．A．fashionable B．solid C．profitable D．native
（2021·上海奉贤区致远高级中学 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )高三期中） The first attempt of even the most talented artists, musicians, and writers is seldom a masterpiece, If you consider your drafts as dress rehearsals (彩排), or tryouts, revising will seem a natural part of the writing 166 . What is the purpose of the dress rehearsals and the out-of-town previews that many Broadway shows go through The answer is adding, deleting, replacing, reordering, 167 revising. Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process. When Lloyd Webber began writing in 1984, he had in mind a funny, exciting production. However, when Phantom opened in London in 1986, the audience saw a moving psychological love story set to music. The musical had 168 several revisions due, in part, to problems with costuming and makeup (戏服和化妆). For instance, Lloyd Webber 169 some of the music because the Phantom's makeup prevented the actor from singing certain sounds. When you revise, you change aspects of your work in 170 to your evolving purpose, or to include 171 ideas or newly discovered information. Revision is not just an afterthought that gets only as much time as you have at the end of an assignment. 172 , it is a major stage of the writing process, and writers revise every step of the way. Even your decision to 173 topics while prewriting is a type of revising. However, don't make the mistake of skipping the revision stage that follows 174 . Always make time to become your own 175 and view your dress rehearsal, so to speak. Reviewing your work in this way can give you 176 new ideas. Revising involves 177 the effectiveness and appropriateness of all aspects of your writing, making your purpose more clearly, and refocusing or developing the facts and ideas you present. When you revise, ask yourself the following questions, keeping in mind the audience for whom you are writing: Is my main idea or purpose 178 throughout my draft Do I ever lose sight of my purpose Have I given my readers all of the 179 , that is, facts, opinions, inferences --- that they need in order to understand my main idea Finally, have I included too many 180 details that may confuse readers
166．A．technique B．style C．career D．process
167．A．in particular B．in other words C．for example D．as a result
168．A．rejected B．skipped C．undergone D．replaced
169．A．released B．rewrote C．recorded D．reserved
170．A．addition B．response C．opposition D．contrast
171．A．fixed B．ambitious C．fresh D．familiar
172．A．However B．Moreover C．Instead D．Therefore
173．A．discuss B．cover C．exhaust D．switch
174．A．drafting B．rearranging C．performing D．training
175．A．director B．audience C．master D．visitor
176．A．personal B．valuable C．basic D．delicate
177．A．mixing B．weakening C．maintaining D．assessing
178．A．amazing B．bright C．unique D．clear
179．A．angles B．evidence C．information D．hints
180．A．unnecessary B．uninteresting C．concrete D．final
（2021·上海市敬业中学高三月 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )考） Bhutan(不丹)is one of the few places in the world where you can experience unbroken Buddhist(佛教徒的)culture. Spirituality is in daily life here. I came because I wanted to witness firsthand what it might mean to devote your life to 181 practice as a Buddhist.
Although this is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the Himalayas(喜马拉雅山)，you don't come here to climb mountains. Mountains are 182 in Bhutan, as are rivers and the earth. The relationship between nature, animals and people is 183 . The population is small (around 750,000) but the 184 of the mountains and nature is enormous. This puts humans in their place; we are not 185 , but a small part of a whole. Respect for nature here is not just lip-service, you see it 186 every day. If you want to build a house, you have to ask permission of the earth, and the government 187 that the country maintain 60% forest coverage. You'll see prayer flags on mountains and on bridges, from where the wind carriers the prayers across the country.
You don't have to ti ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )p your head back to look at the sky; you can stare 188 at it. For me, the finest view in Bhutan is from 3,100 metre Dochu-la. From this mountain pass I can 189 the view, look directly at the sky, and see the stairs to my lama's temple. I especially like the way the stability and peace of the mountains 190 with the clouds moving high above.
Make a 191 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) of meeting monks(僧人) if you go to Bhutan. Visitors tend to emphasize the wow factor of the buildings, and 192 the human element. Real Buddhist culture, and what it means in daily life, is in the 193 .
Make visitors co ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )me in autumn or spring, when the views are best and the weather is dry, but come off 194 for a quieter, more reflective experience. Winter is not depressing and grey; it's all about fresh, clean, sharp air and beautiful blue skies. If you don't like Christmas, consider Bhutan: there 's really no 195 of it.
181．A．spiritual B．widespread C．actual D．legal
182．A．distant B．holy C．wild D．rocky
183．A．different B．complex C．unique D．emotional
184．A．damage B．transformation C．protection D．power
185．A．related B．perfect C．tiny D．dominant
186．A．in appearance B．in advance C．in action D．in order
187．A．ensures B．permits C．warns D．opposes
188．A．blankly B．straight C．hard D．coldly
189．A．confirm B．challenge C．accept D．admire
190．A．lives B．contrasts C．forms D．improves
191．A．list B．check C．point D．difference
192．A．miss B．highlight C．enlarge D．change
193．A．visitors B．people C．religion D．value
194．A．peak B．business C．year D．job
195．A．flavor B．sense C．idea D．trace
（2021·上海市南洋模范中学高三期 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )中） There are Methuselahs（年岁极高的人）among us. These aged wonders of the natural world do not stalk the earth but glide through Arctic waters. Scientists surveying Greenland sharks，previously thought to live up to 200 years，found that they have far 196 lifespans. One specimen was calculated to be 197 400 years old，born more than a century before the U.S.was founded.
The discovery ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，reported last week in the journal Science is a record for vertebrate（脊椎动物）and potentially gives help to those 198 the secrets of longevity. Anti-ageing enthusiasts insist that life is merely the absence of the processes that lead to death，and that human lifespan could be 199 dramatically.Their philosophy is to treat ageing as a disease：treat the disease and life need not end.
Sharks and rays usu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ally 200 their ages through the calcium deposits laid down each year in hard structures such as fins，but Greenland sharks，the largest fish in northern waters，have no such 201 .Instead，researchers，presented with 28 females caught accidentally in fishing nets，looked to sharks' eye lenses.Tissues formed in the lens at birth remain unchanged；its radiocarbon（a radioactive isotope of carbon）content can be 202 to the known levels of radiocarbon in the marine environment stretching back 500 years. In effect，a shark's eye lens contains a radiocarbon time-stamp of its birth.
An international ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) team，led by academics at the University of Copenhagen，showed that the largest sharks--one stretched to 5m--were generally the oldest，with one 203 at about 392 years old.The females are estimated to reach sexual maturity at 156.Their eyes also 204 a sobering window on human history：the lenses of the youngest fishes contained a “bomb pulse”，a distinctive radiocarbon signature 205 nuclear weapons testing.
The study intones，r ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ightly，that we should guard these centenarians（百岁老人）of the deep；their leisurely 206 of maturity and reproduction has obvious consequences for conservation. But it also shows there are potentially many longer-lived species than 207 ，raising questions anew about whether there really is any natural bar to humans living for centuries. After all，life expectancy has been rising for decades 208 we conquer the challenges--malnutrition，disease，war，mishap---that hasten our passing.Three centuries ago，a person would be hard pushed to 209 40；some scientists think those born today stand a fighting 210 of reaching 150.
196．A．shorter B．longer C．smaller D．bigger
197．A．rarely B．barely C．constantly D．nearly
198．A．paying atte ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ntion to B．searching for C．dedicating to D．reaching for
199．A．expanded B．stretched C．extended D．kept
200．A．conceal B．reveal C．exhibit D．illustrate
201．A．structures B．parts C．vessels D．functions
202．A．exposed B．matched C．opposed D．related
203．A．calculated B．valued C．dated D．evaluated
204．A．give B．show C．build D．provide
205．A．resulting from B．resulting in C．leading to D．relying on
206．A．rate B．ratio C．pace D．chance
207．A．humans B．animals C．species D．organisms
208．A．for B．although C．after D．as
209．A．reach B．arrive C．get D．experience
210．A．goal B．dream C．chance D．aim
（2021·上海市徐汇中学高三期中 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )） Faster, cheaper, better---- technology is one field many people rely upon to offer a vision of a brighter future. As we move into the 2020s, however, 211 is in short supply. The new technologies 212 the past decade seem to mess up the things. Social media are better known for invading privacy and spreading fake news. E-commerce is 213 with underpaying workers and increasing inequality. Parents worry that smartphones have turned their children into screen-addicted zombies (僵尸).
214 , the technol ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ogies also seem to be casting a dark shadow. AI may well threaten your job. Internet giants have changed from talent 215 to outcasts (被排斥者). “A mood of pessimism”, the New York Times writes, has 216 “the idea of inevitable progress born in the scientific and industrial revolutions.”
217 that pa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rticular technologies might be doing more harm than good have arisen before. In the 1970s, the gloom was caused by fears of overpopulation and the prospect of nuclear disaster. The 1920s witnessed a boycott(抵制) of cars, which had been seen as a(n) 218 solution to horse-drawn vehicles. Similarly, in the 19th century industrialization was greeted with 219 from socialists.
However, a sen ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )se of techno-pessimism can be (50) 220 . Too often people focus on the drawbacks of a new technology, while taking its benefits for granted. Worries about screen time should be (51) 221 the much more real advantages of instant communication and easy access to information that smartphones make possible. A further danger is what Carl Benedikt Frey, an Oxford academic, calls a “technology trap.” Fears that robots will 222 people of their jobs may motivate politicians to tax them. 223 , countries wishing to maintain level of living as their workforce ages and shrinks will need more robots, not fewer.
It’s the choices ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) people make about technology that 224 the world. As a result, the techlash (技术抵制潮) is a necessary step in the adoption of new technologies. At its best, it helps frame how society gives in to innovations and imposes rules and policies against their 225 potential.
211．A．challenge B．optimism C．imagination D．knowledge21·cn·jy·com
212．A．dominating B．spoiling C．featuring D．justifying
213．A．experimented B．charged C．loaded D．threatened
214．A．Undoubtedly B．Frustratingly C．Fortunately D．Importantly
215．A．trainers B．competitors C．magnets D．reminders
216．A．converted B．mirrored C．replaced D．proved
217．A．Concerns B．Predictions C．Notices D．Exceptions
218．A．unnecessary B．common C．impractical D．marvelous
219．A．competition B．reform C．criticism D．compliment
220．A．adjusted B．valued C．underestimated D．overdone
221．A．combined with B．substituted for C．weighed against D．compared to
222．A．rob B．aid C．guide D．assess
223．A．Likewise B．Moreover C．However D．Therefore
224．A．improve B．destroy C．shape D．create
225．A．suspicious B．disastrous C．commercial D．promising
（2021·上海市吴淞中学高三期中 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )） Is the west falling out of love with the car For environmentalists it seems a(n) 226 dream, but it is happening. While those with young families may carry on using four wheels, a combination of our ageing societies and a new attitude among the young seems to be 227 our 20th-century car addiction. Somewhere along the road, we reached the high point of the car and are now moving down the other side.
That 228 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) takes several forms. Sales of new cars have almost halved in the US, down from nearly 11 million in 1985 to about 5.5 million now. We shouldn't 229 that to a great degree, though. Cars last longer these days, and sales go up and down with the economy. But we have hit peak car ownership, too. And, more to the point, peak per-capita travel (人均出行).
The phenomenon ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )was first 230 in The Road ... Less Traveled, a 2008 report by the Brookings Institution in Washington DC, but had been going on largely unnoticed for years. Japan reached it in the 1990s. They talk there of "demotorisation". The west had its 231 point in 2004. That year the US, UK, Germany, France, Australia and Sweden all saw the start of a decline in the number of kilometres and average person travelled in a car that 232 today.
What could be d ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )riving us 233 Fuel costs and rising insurance premiums (保险费) may be a factor. And urban congestion, combined with an absence of parking places and congestion charging, makes an increasing number of us look on the car as a(n) 234 way to move around in cities where there are public transport alternatives.
Demographics (人口统 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )计数据) are another possible 235 . It is surely no 236 that "peak car" happened first in Japan, which has the world's oldest population. Pensioners do not drive to work, and many don't drive at all. There is also the rise of "virtual commuters" who work from home through the Internet.
Besides thes ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e new 237 pattern, leisure lifestyle are also changing. The biggest 238 in car use in the US is among people under 35. The number of American 17-year-olds with a drivers' licence has fallen from about three-quarters to about half since 1998. Twenty-somethings have recently gone from driving more than the average to driving less.
Social scientis ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ts detect a new "culture of urbanisms". The stylish way to live these days is in inner-city apartments, not the 239 . Richard Florida, an urban studies theorist at the University of Toronto in Canada, points out that the young shop online, telecommute, live in walk-able city neighborhoods near public transport and rely more on social media and less on fact-to-face visiting. Given those changes, they can think of better ways to spend their money than buying a(n) 240 .
226．A．amazing B．impossible C．emerging D．realistic
227．A．admitting B．discovering C．causing D．breaking
228．A．side B．peak C．love D．road
229．A．give r ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ise to B．lose interest in C．take notice of D．keep pace with
230．A．recognized B．underestimated C．neglected D．overrated
231．A．missed B．common C．tipping D．focal
232．A．suffers B．occurs C．pauses D．continues
233．A．into a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) state B．onto the street C．off the road D．off the phenomenon
234．A．dumb B．individual C．wise D．efficient
235．A．tendency B．explanation C．condition D．alternative
236．A．obstacle B．accident C．defense D．evidence
237．A．thought B．behaviour C．progression D．employment
238．A．fall B．growth C．difference D．problem
239．A．downtown B．houses C．suburbs D．mansion
240．A．car B．computer C．apartment D．cellphone
（2021·上海市洋泾中 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )学高三期中） Gossip—all humans take part in some form of it. Whether its workplace chatter, the sharing of family news or group texts between friends, it's 241 that everyone who talks, well, talks about other people. 242 , a 1993 study found that male participants spent 55% and female participants spent 67% of their conversation time on "the discussion of socially relevant topics."
People tend to th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ink of gossip 243 to ill-intended rumors, negative comments or the breathless spread of a tabloid scoop（小报独家新闻）. But researchers often define it more broadly—as "talking about people who aren't 244 ," says Megan Robbins, an assistant professor of psychology at The University of California, Riverside. "It`s something that comes very 245 to us"—it's an essential part of conversation, information sharing and even community building.
In a 2019 study p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ublished in the journal Social Psychological and Personality Science, Robbins and a colleague found that, of the 52 minutes a day, on average, that the 467 subjects spent gossiping, three-quarters of that gossip was actually 246 . One subject, for example, spoke about someone who was watching a lot of movies to keep up with the times.
Just a small ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )portion of the conversations analyzed—around 15%—was considered to be negative gossip. So while it is true that people can spend a significant amount of time talking about their peers, oftentimes that chatter is quite 247 .
So, why do people gossip
Some researche ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rs argue that gossip helped our 248 to survive. Evolutionary psychologist Robin Dunbar first pioneered this idea, comparing gossip to the grooming（清洁皮毛）that monkeys and other primates 249 as a means of forming close relationships. 250 picking fleas and dirt off one another to bond（联系）, we now talk. This is "where gossip comes in, because chit-chat is mostly talking about other people and 251 social information." Says David Ludden, a professor of psychology at Georgia Gwinnet College.
Gossiping, Dunbar's w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ork argues, gives humans the ability to spread 252 information to very large social networks. "We are much more social than our ancestors, so it can be very helpful to get information about people from others when this network is too 253 to observe by ourselves." he explained in a 2003 paper published in the Review of General Psychology.
Some scholars view g ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ossip as evidence of cultural 254 , providing people with examples of what's socially acceptable—and what's not. For example, if there's someone who cheats a lot in a community or social circle and people start to talk about that person in a negative way, says Robbins, the collective criticism should warn others of the consequences of cheating. And as word will almost always travel back to the source of said gossip, it can "serve to keep people in check, 255 speaking," Robbins adds.
241．A．advisable B．embarrassing C．insignificant D．unavoidable
242．A．By Chance B．In comparison C．In fact D．For short
243．A．applicable B．equivalent C．familiar D．resistant
244．A．approachable B．friendly C．present D．reliable
245．A．importantly B．naturally C．rapidly D．secretly
246．A．positive B．independent C．neutral D．unusual
247．A．amusing B．critical C．harmless D．pointless
248．A．ancestors B．associations C．customs D．relatives
249．A．appeal to B．call for C．engage in D．fight against
250．A．Excluding B．Instead of C．In spite of D．In response to
251．A．assessing B．conveying C．requesting D．translating
252．A．detailed B．incredible C．processed D．valuable
253．A．delicate B．extensive C．strong D．supportive
254．A．building B．exchanging C．learning D．understanding
255．A．historically B．legally C．morally D．strictly
（2021·上海市复兴高级中学高三期中）The Healing Power of Sad Songs
Feeling down after a b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )reakup or loss？Slide on your headphones and turn up some sad tunes. Experts say listening to sad songs can help to heal your broken heart. It's no surprise that some of the biggest songs of 2019 were about heartbreak. No post-breakup playlist seemed 256 without Lewis Capaldi's "Someone You Loved." And we can't forget Selena Gomez's "Lose You to Love Me." Yes，almost everybody loves a good breakup song. But what is it exactly about these sad songs that makes us grab a box of 257 and hit repeat, especially when we're already feeling down？
While there's plenty o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f advice out there about how to move on from a difficult breakup or any other kind of loss, playing sad songs may seem like an unlikely 258 . But there's something about listening to blue music that eases heartache. In fact, it s been scientifically proven that music itself can have 259 effects.
In one study, partici ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )pants submerged their hands in ice-cold water. One group listened to their favorite music during the experiment, while another group listened to music chosen for them, and another group sat 260 . The results？Those who listened to their preferred music were able to cope with the pain for a longer amount of time. In another study, functional MRI(磁共振成像)scans of people listening to songs they enjoyed 261 increases in dopamine, one of the chemical messengers in our brains responsible for pleasure.
Researchers say the中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
编者小注：
本专辑专为2022年上海新高考英语二轮总复习及1月春考准备。
说说编写思路：
版块一：冲刺讲义10讲，注重方法性学习， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )对于知识的拆解全面到位，选题主要根据上海官方公布的近五年级春秋考真题试题为主，近两年一二模测试及今年最新期中试题为辅。
版块二：专练8讲，注重常考题型，高频考点的训练，数十篇选材均选于近两年上海高三四校、八金刚及十三名校之真题
版块三：模拟满分卷4套，供大家在完成以上讲练后进行整体测试，满分140分。
希望助上海的莘莘学子在求学路上一臂之力。
专练3：完形填空特训30篇（详解版）
学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________
一、完形填空
（2021·上海·模拟预测） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )When educators think of literacy — the ability to read and write — they often place more importance on a student’s ability to read and fully comprehend a piece of writing. But experts say critical and creative writing skills are equally important. And, they are too often 1 in the classroom.
Compared to r ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eading, writing is more 2 . It helps students be independent thinkers, take 3 of their stories and ideas and communicate them clearly to others. Unless we want an education system just focused on making people 4 and not focused on helping them to be producers, this 5 on reading only — which does happen in so many places — is very short-sighted.【出处：21教育名师】
Students’ writing ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) work now usually 6 on examining a text, instead of presenting a new idea. Writing should be the central thing you’re learning, rather than writing in response to a text on a test or writing to demonstrate you’ve learned what someone has taught you.
Writing improves reading skills
Teaching reading tog ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ether with writing improves both skills, says Rebecca Wallace-Segall, who 7 a New York City writing center, Writopia Lab. She said writing affects a person’s ability to read. More than 90 percent of young people in the Writopia program do not 8 their writing abilities when they start, Wallace-Segall said. But she said they learn to enjoy the writing process and become more effective 9 , too.
Employers today seek w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )orkers all the time who can write well. Digital tools 10 mean that people are interacting with the internet through writing. Young people are 11 writing all the time — through text messages, emails and on social media. Every young person today is a writer if they are connected to the internet.
Working through 12 by writing
Supporters o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f writing-centered teaching add that writing 13 young people. When students own their 14 and tell their stories, they become not only stronger and more confident writers, but also stronger and more confident individuals.
Writing also ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) helps students work through difficulties they face in life. They’re not writing a story about a difficult father or directly about a bully in class, but they are creating a 15 scenario that might feel distant enough for them to explore some of these problems at a deeper level. Thus, teaching students to write well can have an effect on the larger world. Those adults can see that the stories they’re telling themselves about those young people are often wrong and doing a lot of harm in the world.
1．A．emphasized B．overlooked C．concealed D．exhibited
2．A．active B．educative C．possessive D．idealistic
3．A．ownership B．governorship C．readership D．authorship
4．A．purchasers B．customers C．consumers D．inventors
5．A．influence B．emphasis C．concentration D．insistence
6．A．carries B．feeds C．centers D．takes
7．A．hosts B．occupies C．revolves D．heads
8．A．show B．boost C．boast D．trust
9．A．listeners B．writers C．readers D．publishers
10．A．unexpectedly B．increasingly C．intentionally D．surprisingly
11．A．barely B．reluctantly C．skillfully D．already
12．A．efforts B．individuals C．problems D．opinions
13．A．authorizes B．drains C．teaches D．empowers
14．A．voices B．rights C．confidences D．freedoms
15．A．mysterious B．fictional C．dramatic D．realistic
【标准答案】
1．B
2．A
3．A
4．C
5．B
6．C
7．D
8．D
9．C
10．B
11．D
12．C
13．D
14．A
15．B
【思路点拨】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述在教育中应该把写和读放在同样重要的地位，并且列举了重视写作教育带来的好处。
1．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：而且，他们在课堂 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )上经常被忽视。A. emphasized强调，重视；B. overlooked 忽视；C. concealed 隐藏，掩饰；D. exhibited 陈列，展览。根据上文“they often place more importance on a student’s ability to read and fully comprehend a piece of writing. But experts say critical and creative writing skills are equally important. (他们通常更重视学生阅读和全面理解一篇文章的能力。但专家表示，批判性和创造性写作技巧同样重要)”可知，设空所在句中的“they”指代上文的“critical and creative writing skills”；根据此处语境可推断，设空处意为批判性和创造性写作技巧经常在教学中被“忽视”。故选B项。
2．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：与阅读 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )相比，写作更活跃。A. active 活跃的；B. educative 教育的，教育性的；C. possessive 占有的；D. idealistic 理想主义的。根据下文“It helps students be independent thinkers, take ____3____ of their stories and ideas and communicate them clearly to others. (它帮助学生成为独立的思考者，掌握自己的故事和想法，并将其清晰地传达给他人)”可知，此处意为，与阅读相比，写作更能激发人的主观能动性，即写作更“活跃”。故选A项。
3．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：它帮 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )助学生成为独立的思考者，掌握自己的故事和想法，并将其清晰地传达给他人。take与选项搭配含义A. take ownership 掌握，掌控；B. take governorship担任州长；C. take readership 无此短语搭配；D. take authorship 获得授权。根据上文“It helps students be independent thinkers, (它帮助学生成为独立的思考者)”及下文“communicate them clearly to others.(将其清晰地传达给他人)”可知，此处意为学生“掌握”自己所构思的故事和想法，这样才能清晰地传达给他人。故选A项。
4．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：除非我们想要一个只注 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )重让人们成为消费者而不注重帮助他们成为生产者的教育体系，否则这种只注重阅读的做法——在很多地方确实发生过——是非常短视的。A. purchasers 买方，购买者；B. customers 客户，顾客；C. consumers 消费者；D. inventors 发明家。根据下文“not focused on helping them to be producers, (而不注重帮助他们成为生产者)”中的“producers (生产者)”可知，此处应用“消费者（consumers）”，两者构成对比，形成平行结构。故选C项。
5．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：除 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )非我们想要一个只注重让人们成为消费者而不注重帮助他们成为生产者的教育体系，否则这种只强调阅读的做法——在很多地方确实发生过——是非常短视的。A. influence 影响；B. emphasis 强调；C. concentration 全神贯注，专注；D. insistence 坚持。根据上文“they often place more importance on a student’s ability to read and fully comprehend a piece of writing. (们通常更重视学生阅读和全面理解一篇文章的能力)”以及“Unless we want an education system just focused on making people ____4____ and not focused on helping them to be producers, (除非我们想要一个只注重让人们成为消费者而不注重帮助他们成为生产者的教育体系)”，以及下文的“which does happen in so many places — is very short-sighted.(在很多地方确实发生过——是非常短视的)”可知，此处意为“强调或注重”阅读。故选B项。
6．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：学生的写 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )作工作现在通常集中在对课文的检测上，而不是提出新的想法。选项与介词on搭配含义：A. carries on 经营，继续进行；B. feeds on 以……为食；C. centers on 以……为中心，集中在……上；D. takes on 承担；呈现。根据下文“instead of presenting a new idea.(而不是提出一个新的想法)”可推断，学生的写作现在通常“集中在”对课文的检测上。故选C项。
7．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：纽约 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )市写作中心Writopia实验室的负责人Rebecca Wallace Segall说，边读边写可以提高这两种技能。A. hosts 主办活动，主持；B. occupies 居住，占用，占领；C. revolves 旋转，围绕；D. heads 主管，负责。根据下文“She said writing affects a person’s ability to read. More than 90 percent of young people in the Writopia program do not ____8____ their writing abilities when they start, Wallace-Segall said. But she said they learn to enjoy the writing process and become more effective ____9____, too.(她说写作会影响一个人的阅读能力。Wallace Segall说，在Writopia项目中，超过90%的年轻人一开始不相信自己的写作能力。但她说，他们学会了享受写作过程，也成为了更有效的读者)”可知，Rebecca Wallace多次代表Writopia实验室发言，由此可推断，她是该实验室的负责人，即她“负责”这个实验室。故选D项。
8．
考查动词词义辨析。句意： ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Wallace Segall说，在Writopia项目中，超过90%的年轻人一开始不相信自己的写作能力。A. show 表明，展示；B. boost 推动，增强；C. boast 吹嘘，自夸；D. trust 相信。根据下文“But she said they learn to enjoy the writing process and become more effective ____9____, too.( 但她说，他们学会了享受写作过程，也成为了更有效的读者)”中的“they learn to enjoy the writing process”，可推断，他们一开始是不太“相信”自己的写作能力的。故选D项。
9．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：但她说，他 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )们学会了享受写作过程，也成为了更有效的读者。A. listeners 听众，倾听者；B. writers 作家，作者；C. readers 读者；D. publishers 出版者，出版商。根据上文“Teaching reading together with writing improves both skills,(阅读与写作相结合可以提高这两种技能)”可知，他们在学习并提高写作技能的同时，阅读能力也随之提高，即成为了更有效的“读者”。故选C项。
10．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：数字工具越来越多地意 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )味着人们通过写作与互联网互动。A. unexpectedly 未料到地，意外地；B. increasingly 不断增加地，越来越多地；C. intentionally 有意地，故意地；D. surprisingly 惊人地，出人意外地。根据上文“Employers today seek workers all the time who can write well. (现在的雇主一直在寻找写得好的雇员)”，及下文“Young people are ____11____ writing all the time — through text messages, emails and on social media. Every young person today is a writer if they are connected to the internet.(年轻人已经一直在写作——通过短信、电子邮件和社交媒体。今天的每个年轻人如果和互联网联系起来，都是作家)”可推断，此处意为数字工具“越来越多地”意味着人们通过写作与互联网互动。故选B项。
11．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：年轻人已经 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )一直在写作——通过短信、电子邮件和社交媒体。A. barely 勉强，几乎不；B. reluctantly 不情愿地，勉强地；C. skillfully 巧妙地，精巧地；D. already 已经，早已。根据下文“through text messages, emails and on social media. Every young person today is a writer if they are connected to the internet.(通过短信、电子邮件和社交媒体。今天的每个年轻人如果和互联网联系起来，都是作家)”，以及目前互联网在年轻人中的普及程度的现状，此处意为年轻人“已经”一直在通过互联网写作了。故选D项。
12．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：通过写作处理问题。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )A. efforts 努力；B. individuals 个人；C. problems 问题；D. opinions 观点。根据下文“Writing also helps students work through difficulties they face in life.(写作还能帮助学生克服生活中遇到的困难)”可知，此处意为通过写作处理“问题”。故选C项。
13．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：以 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )写作为中心的教学的支持者补充说，写作赋予年轻人力量。A. authorizes 授权，批准，委托；B. drains 排出，使……耗尽；C. teaches 教；D. empowers 授权，给予、赋予……力量。根据下文“When students own their ____14____ and tell their stories, they become not only stronger and more confident writers, but also stronger and more confident individuals.( 当学生拥有自己的声音和讲述自己的故事时，他们不仅成为更强大、更自信的作家，而且成为更强大、更自信的个人)”可知，此处意为，写作“赋予”年轻人力量。故选D项。
14．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：当学生拥有自己的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )声音和讲述自己的故事时，他们不仅成为更强大、更自信的作家，而且成为更强大、更自信的个人。A. voices 嗓音；B. rights 权利；C. confidences 信赖，自信；D. freedoms 自由。根据下文“tell their stories,(讲述自己的故事)”可推断，此处应用“嗓音”。故选A项。
15．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )们不是在写一个关于难相处的父亲的故事，也不是在直接写一个关于班上欺凌弱小者的故事，而是在创造一个虚构的场景，让他们觉得距离足够远，可以更深入地探讨其中的一些问题。A. mysterious 神秘的，难以解释的；B. fictional 虚构的，小说（中）的；C. dramatic 戏剧性的；D. realistic 现实的，实际的。根据上文的“create(创造)创造）”，以及下文的“that might feel distant enough for them to explore some of these problems at a deeper level. (让他们觉得距离足够远，可以更深入地探讨其中的一些问题)”可知，此处意为“虚构的”。故选B项。
（2021·上海市晋元高级中学 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )高三月考） When I re-entered the full-time workforce a few years ago after a decade of lonely self-employment, there was one thing I was looking forward to the most: the opportunity to have work friends once again. It wasn't until I entered the corporate world that I realized, for me at least, being friends with colleagues didn't emerge as a(n) 16 at all. This is surprising when you consider the prevailing emphasis by scholars and trainers and managers on the importance of cultivating close 17 relationships at work. So much research has explored the way in which collegial（同事的）ties can help overcome a range of workplace issues 18 productivity and the quality of work output such as team-based conflict, jealousy, undermining anger, and more.
Perhaps my expectati ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ons of lunches, water-cooler gossip and caring, deep-and-meaningful conversations were a 19 of the last time I was in that kind of office environment. Whereas now, as I near the end of my fourth decade, I realize work can be fully functional and entirely fulfilling without 20 to be best mates with the people sitting next to you.
In an academic a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nalysis just published in the profoundly-respected Journal of Management, researchers have looked at the concept of "indifferent relationships", a simple term that summarizes the fact that relationships at work can 21 be non-interpersonal, inconsequential, unimportant and even, dare I say it, disposable or substitutable.
Indifferent relationsh ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ips are neither positive nor negative. The limited research conducted thus far indicates they're especially 22 among those who value independence over cooperation, and harmony over confrontation. Indifference is also the 23 option among those who are socially lazy. Maintaining relationships over the long term takes effort, which, for some of us, is much too 24 .
As noted above, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )indifferent relationships may not always be the most 25 approach in resolving some of the issues that pop up at work. But there are nevertheless several apparently proven benefits. One of those is 26 . Less time chatting and socializing means more time working and churning(产出).
The other is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 27 . As human beings, we're programmed to compare ourselves to each other in what is an anxiety-causing phenomenon. Apparently, we look down on acquaintances(泛泛之交)more so than friends. Since the former is very common among those 28 to indifferent relationships, their predominance can promote individuals' sense of self-worth.
Ego aside, a third a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dvantage is that the emotional 29 of indifferent relationships has been found to enhance critical evaluation, to strengthen one's focus on task resolution, and to gain greater access to valuable information. None of that might be as 30 as after-work socializing but, hey, I'll take it anyway.
16．A．burden B．priority C．obligation D．coincidence
17．A．short-term B．contractual C．shallow D．interpersonal
18．A．affecting B．enhancing C．measuring D．restoring
19．A．cause B．credit C．consequence D．realization
20．A．tending B．needing C．promising D．hesitating
21．A．peculiarly B．interestingly C．reasonably D．decisively21cnjy.com
22．A．dominant B．rare C．constructive D．intense
23．A．preferred B．compulsory C．available D．likely
24．A．engaging B．casual C．demanding D．effortless
25．A．traditional B．cautious C．flexible D．helpful
26．A．image B．efficiency C．profit D．expansion
27．A．self-respect B．self-improvement C．self-evaluation D．self-control
28．A．resistant B．unique C．open D．essential
29．A．feature B．neutrality C．reaction D．conflict
30．A．exhausting B．meaningful C．fun D．popular
【标准答案】
16．B
17．D
18．A
19．C
20．B
21．C
22．A
23．A
24．C
25．D
26．B
27．A
28．C
29．B
30．C
【思路点拨】
本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过作者重返工作岗位的经历和体会，介绍了在工作中保持冷漠关系的好处。
16．
考查名词词义辨析。句意： ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )直到我进入公司，我才意识到，至少对我来说，和同事做朋友根本不是优先考虑的事情。A. burden负担；B. priority优先考虑的事情，特权；C. obligation义务；D. coincidence巧合。根据前文“there was one thing I was looking forward to the most: the opportunity to have work friends once again”中的looking forward to the most可知，作者曾经把和同事做朋友看作最重要的事，现在却不认为这件事是要优先考虑的了。故选B项。
17．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当你考虑到 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )学者、培训者和管理者普遍强调在工作中培养密切的人际关系的重要性时，这是令人惊讶的。A. short-term短期的；B. contractual和同性的；C. shallow浅显的；D. interpersonal人际的。根据空前的close以及空后的relationship可推出，空处应使用interpersonal，表达“人际关系”之意。故选D项。
18．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：如此多 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的研究已经探索了同事关系如何帮助克服一系列影响生产力和工作产出质量的工作场所问题，例如团队冲突、嫉妒、破坏愤怒等等。A. affecting影响；B. enhancing增强；C. measuring测量；D. restoring重建，恢复。根据空后“such as team-based conflict, jealousy, undermining anger, and more”可推出，这些问题是影响（affect）生产力和工作质量的。故选A项。
19．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：也许 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )我对午餐、饮水机旁的闲谈、关心、深入和有意义的谈话的期待，是我上次在那种办公环境中的结果。A. cause起因；B. credit信用；C. consequence后果，结果；D. realization认识，实现。a consequence of为固定搭配，意为“......的结果”，此处指上一份工作带来的结果。故选C项。
20．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而现在，当我即将步 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )入第四个十年的末尾时，我意识到工作可以完全发挥作用，完全令人满足，而不需要成为坐在你旁边的人的最佳伴侣。A. tending趋向；B. needing需要；C. promising承诺；D. hesitating犹豫。根据前文“I realize work can be fully functional and entirely fulfilling”可推出，作者不再需要(need)同事间的最佳伴侣关系。故选B项。
21．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：这是一个简 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )单的术语，概括了这样一个事实，即工作中的关系可以合理地变成非人际关系、无关紧要、不重要，甚至可以任意处置或替代的。A. peculiarly特殊地；B. interestingly感兴趣地；C. reasonably合理地；D. decisively决断地。根据下文的“non-interpersonal, inconsequential, unimportant and even, dare I say it, disposable or substitutable.”可知，我们可以把工作中的关系合理地按需处理。故选C项。
22．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )：迄今为止进行的有限的研究表明，在那些重视独立而不是合作，重视和谐而不是对抗的人群中，它们（冷漠关系）尤其占主导地位。A. dominant主导的；B. rare罕见的；C. constructive建设性的；D. intense集中的。根据“who value independence over cooperation, and harmony over confrontation.”可知，在这种情况下冷漠关系占主导地位。故选A项。
23．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对于那些社交 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )懒惰的人来说，漠不关心也是他们的首选。A. preferred偏爱的；B. compulsory强制的，义务的；C. available可利用的，可得到的；D. likely有可能的。结合语境可知，上文提到了冷漠关系占主导地位，由空前的also可推知，此处应选preferred，表达“偏爱”之意。故选A项。
24．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：维持长期 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的关系需要付出努力，对于我们中的一些人来说，这要求太高了。A. engaging令人愉快的；B. casual随便的，日常的；C. demanding要求高的；D. effortless不费力的。根据前文“Indifference is also the ___8___ option among those who are socially lazy. Maintaining relationships over the long term takes effort,”中的lazy以及takes effort可知，保持长期关系，对某些人来说，要求太高了。故选C项。
25．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )上所述，在解决工作中突然出现的一些问题时，冷漠的关系可能并不总是最有帮助的方法。A. traditional传统的；B. cautious谨慎的；C. flexible灵活的；D. helpful有帮助的。根据后文“But there are nevertheless several apparently proven benefits.”中的but及benefits可知，此处讨论冷漠关系并不总是有用的（helpful）。但是，也有明显地好处。故选D项。
26．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：其中之一就是效率。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )A. image图像；B. efficiency效率；C. profit利益，好处；D. expansion扩张。根据后文“Less time chatting and socializing means more time working and churning（产出）.”中的more time working and churning可知，此处讨论冷漠关系的好处之一是：效率。故选B项。
27．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：另一个是自尊。A. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) self-respect自尊；B. self-improvement 自我提升；C. self-evaluation自我评价；D. self-control自制。根据后文“their predominance can promote individuals' sense of self-worth.”中的self-worth可推知，冷漠关系的另一个好处是：自尊。故选A项。
28．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：由于前 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )者在那些对冷漠关系持开放态度的人群中非常普遍，它们的主导地位可以促进个体的自我价值感。A. resistant抵抗的；B. unique独一无二的；C. open开放的；D. essential本质的，重要的。前文“Apparently, we look down on acquaintances（泛泛之交）more so than friends. Since the former is very common among those”中的former指的是acquaintances（泛泛之交）。而泛泛之交应该对冷漠关系持开放（open）态度。故选C项。
29．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：撇开自我不谈， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )第三个好处是，人们已经发现，冷漠关系中的情感中立可以提高批判性评价，加强人们对任务解决的关注，并获得更多有价值的信息。A. feature特点；B. neutrality中立；C. reaction反应；D. conflict矛盾。根据语境和常识，冷漠关系的人是情感保持中立（neutrality）的人。故选B项。
30．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )些可能都不如下班后的社交活动有趣，但是，嘿，我还是选择它。A. exhausting精疲力竭的；B. meaningful有意义的；C. fun有趣的；D. popular受欢迎的。根据常识，after-work socializing应该是“有趣的”。故选C项。
（2021·上海黄浦·二模） For ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the longest time, the predominant description about renewable energy featured awkward technologies, high costs, and burdensome allowance. In the 31 of strict and far-reaching policy changes, the chances for mass adoption seemed slim. Electric vehicles (EVs) simply couldn’t go the distance, and LED lights were unattractive and 32 .
But now that t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hese technologies have come of age, a new story is being written. Around the world, businesses, governments, and households are taking advantage of more cost-effective low-carbon technologies.
33 advances in i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nformation technologies (IT), green solutions can be introduced into business operations successfully. And as public support for these technologies has grown, so have the 34 for scaling up to a fully sustainable energy system.
As in any rapid t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ransition, a full understanding of what is happening has 35 events. Many present energy producers find it hard to believe that their world is undergoing a revolutionary change, so they insist that their heavily polluting technologies will remain 36 and necessary for some time to come. Journalists, too, describe the transition with a degree of 37 , because it is their job to be suspicious. And politicians and regulators are cautious to adopt a new perspective, 38 they are already struggling to keep up with the pace of change in the energy industry.
To be sure, 39 doesn’t come without setbacks, as the recent growth in energy-related greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions shows. Yet there is no doubt that the future of energy will be 40 different from the recent past. In fact, the 41 is happening even faster than we think, for example, coal-fired power plants are shutting down faster than ever, and plans for new natural-gas plants are being replaced with more cost-effective wind and solar options. And as the shift toward renewables gains good trends, it will be easier for elected officials to pursue more climate-friendly policies and regulations, thereby creating a(n) 42 circle of change.
As the green transit ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ion comes of age, it will offer solutions to all of humanity’s energy needs, placing a clean, prosperous and secure low-carbon future well within reach. Yet even as we hug 43 , we must not lose sight of the fact that climate change is speeding up. With GHG emissions 44 to rise, the future of humanity hangs in the balance. One hopes that the shift to 45 energy will tip the scale in our favor.
31．A．license B．absence C．application D．promotion
32．A．invisible B．unbelievable C．inevitable D．unaffordable
33．A．Instead of B．Owing to C．In case of D．According to
34．A．resources B．revolutions C．prospects D．priorities
35．A．caught up with B．compared with C．taken place of D．fallen behind
36．A．relevant B．inferior C．synthetic D．experimental
37．A．mixture B．caution C．conflict D．approval
38．A．in case B．so that C．even though D．the moment
39．A．significance B．invention C．happiness D．progress
40．A．dramatically B．economically C．independently D．equivalently
41．A．interaction B．modernization C．motivation D．transformation
42．A．natural B．potential C．positive D．original
43．A．influence B．optimism C．estimation D．extension
44．A．starting B．failing C．emerging D．continuing
45．A．sustainable B．traditional C．available D．industrialwww-2-1-cnjy-com
【标准答案】
31．B
32．D
33．B
34．C
35．D
36．A
37．B
38．C
39．D
40．A
41．D
42．C
43．B
44．D
45．A
【思路点拨】
这是一篇议论文。主要论述了在当今气候变暖加剧的情况下，发展可持续能源的意义十分重大。
31．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在没有严格和深 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )远的政策变化的情况下，大规模采用可再生能源的机会似乎很渺茫。A. license许可证、执照；B. absence缺席、不在场；C. application应用；D. promotion升职、促销。根据后文中“the chances for mass adoption seemed slim”结合句意，因为缺少严格的和深远的政策变化，大众采用可再生能源的机会也变得渺茫。故选B项。【版权所有：21教育】
32．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：电动汽车 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )根本无法走远，而LED灯则没有吸引力，大家也负担不起。A. invisible不可见的；B. unbelievable不值得相信的；C. inevitable不可避免的；D. unaffordable支付不起的。根据unattractive需要选用贬义的词汇，结合第二段中“taking advantage of more cost-effective low-carbon technologies”可知这里表示负担不起。故选D项。
33．
考查介词短语辨析。句意：由于信息 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )技术的进步，绿色解决方案可以被成功地引入到商业运作中。A. Instead of而不是；B. Owing to由于、因为；C. In case of鉴于；D. According to根据。通过翻译语境可知，由于信息技术的进步，绿色的解决措施得以成功地被引进商业操作中。故选B项。
34．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：随着公众对 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )这些技术的支持增加，扩大到一个完全可持续的能源系统的前景也在增加。A. resources资源；B. revolutions决心、措施；C. prospects前景；D. priorities优先权、重点。通过语境翻译可知，随着公众对于这些科技的支持上升，科技的前景规模可以上升到一个充分可持续性发展的境地。故选C项。
35．
考查动词短语辨析。句意：正如任何快速转型一样 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，对正在发生的事情的充分理解已经落后于正在发生的事实的。A. caught up with赶上；B. compared with相对比；C. taken place of取代、代替；D. fallen behind落后。根据后句中“Many present energy producers find it hard to believe that their world is undergoing a revolutionary change”可知，很多人不相信我们的世界正在经历一个变革性的变化，说明 “对正在发生的事情的充分理解”落后于正在发生的事实的。故选D项。
36．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：许 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )多目前的能源生产者发现很难相信他们的世界正在经历一场革命性的变化，所以他们坚持认为他们的重度污染技术在未来一段时间内仍然具有相关性和必要性。A. relevant相关的、切题的；B. inferior低人一等的；C. synthetic合成的；D. experimental实验性的。由本处的“their heavily polluting technologies will remain 　　　　　　　 and necessary for some time to come”可知，重度污染技术在未来一段时间内仍然具有必要性，具有必要性说明就有相关性，是有用的。故选A项。
37．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：记者们也 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )在一定程度上谨慎地描述转型，因为他们的工作就是持怀疑态度。A. mixture混合物；B. caution仔细、谨慎；C. conflict冲突；D. approval赞成、通过。根据后句中“because it is their job to be suspicious”中的“suspicious”表明，记者对待此类转变的态度是谨慎的。故选B项。
38．
考查连词词义辨析。句意：而政治家和监管者则 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )谨慎地采用新的视角，尽管他们已经在努力跟上能源行业的变化步伐。A. in case以防；B. so that以至于；C. even though即使；D. the moment一……就。根据句意，政治学家和规则制定对于采取新的观点很谨慎，但是他们已经挣扎着追赶能源行业的变化节奏，前后句构成转折，用even though。故选C项。
39．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：可以肯定的是 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，进步并不是没有挫折，正如最近与能源有关的温室气体排放的增长所显示的那样。A. significance重要性；B. invention发明；C. happiness快乐；D. progress进步。根据上文语境和后文“the recent growth in energy-related greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions”可知，文章在讲发展可持续能源问题，这是进步的好事，但与能源有关的温室气体排放最近有增长，可推知进步并不意味着没有阻碍。故选D项。
40．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )毫无疑问，能源的未来将与最近的过去有很大的不同。A. dramatically显著地；B. economically节俭地；C. independently独立地；D. equivalently同等地。根据后文“for example, coal-fired power plants are shutting down faster than ever, and plans for new natural-gas plants are being replaced with more cost-effective wind and solar options”可知，燃煤电厂关闭的速度比以往任何时候都要快，而新建天然气电厂的计划正被更具成本效益的风能和太阳能所取代，表明能源的未来将与过去显著地不同。故选A项。
41．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实上 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，转型的速度比我们想象的还要快，例如，燃煤发电厂的关闭速度比以往任何时候都快，新天然气发电厂的计划正被更具成本效益的风能和太阳能替代。A. interaction互动；B. modernization现代化；C. motivation动机、激励；D. transformation转变。根据后面所给出的例子“for example, coal-fired power plants are shutting down faster than ever, and plans for new natural-gas plants are being replaced with more cost-effective wind and solar options”和“the shift”可知，用煤炭作为动力的工厂倒闭的很快，并且建立天然气工厂的计划被更为节省开支的风能或者太阳能所替代，可知转变比我们想象的更为快速。故选D项。
42．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：而且，随着向可 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )再生能源的转变获得良好的趋势，当选官员将更容易追求更多的气候友好型政策和法规，从而创造一个积极的变化循环。A. natural自然的；B. potential潜在的；C. positive积极的；D. original起源的。由上文“And as the shift toward renewables gains good trends, it will be easier for elected officials to pursue more climate-friendly policies and regulations”可知，向可再生能源的转变获得了很好的趋势，当政官员会追求更为环境友好型的政策和法规，都是积极的影响，这会形成一个积极的变化循环。故选C项。
43．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，即 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )使我们抱着乐观的态度，我们也不能忽视气候变化正在加速的事实。A. influence影响；B. optimism乐观；C. estimation估计；D. extension延伸。根据前文“the shift toward renewables gains good trends”提及的向可再生能源的转变获得了良好的态势可知，这里表示当我们拥抱乐观的时候，我们不能失去对于能源变化正在加速这一事实的把握。故选B项。
44．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：随着温室气体排 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )放量的持续上升，人类的未来岌岌可危。A. starting开始；B. failing失败；C. emerging出现、浮现；D. continuing继续。根据前文“the recent growth in energy-related greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions”可知，随着温室气体的持续增加，人类的未来安危未决。故选D项。
45．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意： ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )人们希望，向可持续能源的转变将有利于我们。A. sustainable可持续性的；B. traditional传统的；C. available可得到的；D. industrial工业的。根据前文“the 　　　　　　　scaling up to a fully sustainable energy system”可推知，一个完全可持续的能源系统的前景在增加，文章主要讲向可持续能源转变，发展可持续能源问题。故选A项。
（2021·上海徐汇·二 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )模） Today we continue our series on ecology and conservation with a look at a particularly endangered member of the black bear family. One in ten black bears is 46 born with a white coat, which is the result of a/an 47 gene that surfaces in a few. Local people have named it ‘the spirit bear’. And according to the legends of these communities, its snowy fur brings with it a special power. Because of this, it has always been highly 48 by them—so much that they do not speak of seeing it to anyone else. It is their way of protecting it when strangers visit the area.
The white bear ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )’s 49 is quite interesting. The bear’s strong relationship with the old-growth rainforest is a complex one. The white bear relies on the huge centuries-old trees in the forest in many ways. 50 , the old-growth trees have extremely long roots that help prevent erosion (腐蚀) of the soil along the banks of the many fish streams. Keeping these banks undamaged is important because these streams are home to salmon, which are the bear’s main food 51 . The bear’s feeding habits nurture the forest 52 . As the bears eat the salmon, they abandon the skin and bones in great amounts on the forest floor, which provide vital nutrients. These produce vegetation that 53 thousands of other types of life forms, from birds to insects and more.
Today, the spir ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )it bear lives off the coast of the province of British Columbia on a few islands. There is great concern for their survival since it is estimated that less than two hundred of these white bears remain. The best way to protect them is to make every effort to preserve the 54 balance of their forest environment—in other words, their ecosystem.
The greatest 55 to the bear’s existence is the loss of its habitat. Over many years, logging companies have stripped the land by 56 a large number of trees. In addition, they have built roads which have fractured the areas where the bear usually 57 , and many hibernation sites have also been lost. The logging of the trees along the streams has damaged the places where the bears fish. To make matters worse, the number of salmon in those streams is declining because there is no legal 58 on fishing at the moment.
All these 59 have a negative impact on the spirit bear’s very existence, which is made all the more fragile by the fact that reproduction among these bears has always been 60 low. While it is important to maintain the spirit bear’s habitat, there also needs to be more emphasis on its expansion. The move is justified as it will also create space for other bears that are losing their homes.
46．A．originally B．actually C．specially D．cautiously
47．A．external B．scarce C．circular D．special
48．A．justified B．threatened C．regarded D．instructed
49．A．habitat B．behavior C．habit D．data
50．A．Moreover B．For example C．In other words D．In addition
51．A．origin B．issue C．resource D．source
52．A．by the way B．in return C．to some extent D．on the contrary
53．A．stimulates B．owes C．originates D．sustains
54．A．typical B．specific C．delicate D．original
55．A．threat B．symbol C．sign D．effect
56．A．calling in B．cutting down C．pushing around D．wearing out
57．A．feeds B．sleeps C．reveals D．indicates
58．A．possibility B．ambition C．limit D．law
59．A．doubts B．influences C．guarantees D．continues
60．A．optimistically B．reliably C．fundamentally D．disappointingly
【标准答案】
46．B
47．D
48．C
49．A
50．B
51．D
52．B
53．D
54．C
55．A
56．B
57．A
58．C
59．B
60．D
【思路点拨】
这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了黑熊家族中特别濒危的成员白灵熊的特点、习性、与原始森林的息息相关和面临的濒危现状。
46．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：事实上 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，十分之一的黑熊生来就有白色的皮毛，这是少数黑熊身上出现的一种特殊基因的结果。A.originally最初，起初；B.actually实际上；C.specially特别地；D.cautiously谨慎地。根据“One in ten black bears is born with a white coat”可知，此处是在陈述一个事实，所以是 “事实上，实际上”。故选B。
47．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )：事实上，十分之一的黑熊生来就有白色的皮毛，这是少数黑熊身上出现的一种特殊基因的结果。A.external外部的；B.scarce缺乏的，不足的；C.circular循环的；D.special特殊的。根据“surfaces in a few”可知，此处是指特殊基因。故选D。
48．
考查动词词义辨析。句意： ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )正因为如此，它一直受到他们的高度尊重——以至于他们不会向任何人提起它。A.justified证明合法；B.threatened威胁；C.regarded尊重；D.instructed指导。根据“its snowy fur brings with it a special power”(它雪白的皮毛给它带来了一种特殊的力量)可知，此处是指人们非常尊重这种熊。故选C。
49．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：白熊的栖息地很有 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )趣。A.habitat栖息地；B.behavior行为；C.habit习惯；D.data数据。根据“The bear’s strong relationship with the old-growth rainforest is a complex one. The white bear relies on the huge centuries-old trees in the forest in many ways.”(这种熊与原始雨林的紧密关系是复杂的。白熊在很多方面都依赖森林里巨大的数百年树龄的树木。)可知，此处是指白熊的栖息地很有趣。故选A。
50．
考查副词和介词短语词义辨析。句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )意：例如，古老的树木有非常长的根，有助于防止沿着许多鱼溪的河岸的土壤侵蚀。A.Moreover并且；B.For example例如；C.In other words换句话说；D.In addition另外。“the old-growth trees have extremely long roots that help prevent erosion (腐蚀) of the soil along the banks of the many fish streams”是对前文中白熊在很多方面都依赖森林里巨大的数百年树龄的树木的举例。故选B。
51．
考查名词词义辨析。句意： ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )保持这些河岸不受破坏是很重要的，因为这些溪流是鲑鱼的家园，而鲑鱼是熊的主要食物来源。A.origin起源；B.issue问题；C.resource资源；D.source来源。根据salmon可知，此处是指鲑鱼是熊的主要食物来源。故选D。
52．
考查介词短语辨析。句意：熊 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的进食习惯反过来滋养了森林。A.by the way顺便说说，顺便问一下；B.in return作为报答；C.to some extent在一定程度上；D.on the contrary恰恰相反。根据“The bear’s feeding habits nurture the forest”可知，此处是指森林哺育熊，而作为回报，熊也滋养了森林。故选B。
53．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些植物支撑 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )着从鸟类到昆虫等成千上万种其他生命形式。A.stimulates刺激；B.owes欠；C.originates引起；D.sustains维持，支撑。根据“thousands of other types of life forms”和vegetation可知，此处是指这些植物支撑着成千上万种其他生命形式。故选D。
54．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：保护他们 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )最好的方法就是尽力保护他们森林环境的微妙平衡，换句话说，就是他们的生态系统。A.typical典型的；B.specific具体的；C.delicate微妙的；D.original首创的。根据“The bear’s strong relationship with the old-growth rainforest is a complex one.”可知，此处是指他们森林环境的微妙平衡。故选C。
55．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：熊生存 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的最大威胁是失去它的栖息地。A.threat威胁；B.symbol象征；C.sign迹象；D.effect影响。根据“the loss of its habitat”可知，此处是指熊生存的最大威胁。故选A。
56．
考查动词短语辨析。句意：多年来，伐木公司砍伐 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )了大量的树木，把这片土地夷为平地。A.calling in召集；B.cutting down砍伐；C.pushing around摆布；D.wearing out磨损，耗尽。根据“logging companies”可知，此处是指伐木公司砍伐了大量的树木。故选B。
57．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：此外，他们还 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )修建了道路，使熊通常觅食的地区断裂，许多冬眠地点也已丢失。A.feeds进食；B.sleeps睡眠；C.reveals显示；D.indicates表明。根据“many hibernation sites have also been lost”和“The logging of the trees along the streams has damaged the places where the bears fish.”(沿河砍伐树木破坏了熊捕鱼的地方。)可知，此处是指熊通常觅食的地区。故选A。
58．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：更糟糕的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )是，这些河流中的鲑鱼数量正在下降，因为目前没有对捕鱼的法律限制。A.possibility可能性；B.ambition野心；C.limit限制；D.law法律。根据“the number of salmon in those streams is declining”可知，此处是指目前没有对捕鱼的法律限制。故选C。
59．
考查动词和名词词义辨析。句意：所 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )有这些影响都对白灵熊的生存产生了负面影响，而白灵熊的繁殖率一直低得令人失望，这使得白灵熊的生存变得更加脆弱。A.doubts怀疑；B.influences影响；C.guarantees保证；D.continues继续。根据“have a negative impact”可知，此处是指所有这些影响。故选B。
60．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：所 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )有这些影响都对白灵熊的生存产生了负面影响，而白灵熊的繁殖率一直低得令人失望，这使得白灵熊的生存变得更加脆弱。A.optimistically乐观地；B.reliably可靠地；C.fundamentally根本地，从根本上；D.disappointingly令人失望地。根据low可知，此处是指白灵熊的繁殖率一直低得令人失望。故选D。
（2021·上海市建平中学高三月考） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Mice are at their best at night. But a new analysis suggests researchers often test the nightly creatures during the day, which could alter results and create 61 across various studies, if they record time-of-day information 62 . Scientists assume that waking up lab mice in the daytime may twist research.
Of the 200 papers exam ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ined in the new study, more than half cither failed to report the timing of behavioral testing or did so 63 . On the contrary, they found only 20 percent reported 64 testing. The analysis was published in Neuroscience & Bio-behavioral Reviews.
West Virginia Un ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )iversity neuro-scientist Randy Nelson, the study's lead author, says this is likely a matter of human 65 . “It is easier to get students and schools to work during the day than at night,” Nelson says. But that advantage 66 .
“Time of day not only ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )impacts the intensity of many 67 , including mice activity, aggressiveness of their behavior, and hormone levels,” but changes in those factors can only be 68 during certain parts of the daytime cycle, says University of Wyoming behavioral neuro-scientist William D．Todd. This means that “failing to report time of day of data collection and tests makes 69 of results extremely difficult,” adds Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center staff scientist Natalia Machado. Neither Todd nor Machado was involved in the new study.
70 , the study re ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )searchers say it is critical that scientists report the timing of their work and consider the fact that animals' behavioral and physiological responses can 71 with the hour. As a first step, Nelson says, “obviously, taking time-of-day into consideration seems like 72 fruit in terms of line assing behavioral neuroscience research reliability, reproducibility and rigor (严谨性)
University of Calgary ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) psychologist Michael Antle, who was also not involved in the analysis, says such differences in how studies are run 73 a “reproducibility crisis” in science, with other laboratories unable to 74 study results. “Running a study at the wrong time,” he says, “could lead to us completely 75 a finding altogether.”
61．A．immobility B．originality C．inconsistency D．credibility
62．A．exclusively B．precisely C．generally D．honestly
63．A．directly B．personally C．reliably D．unclearly
64．A．everyday B．quality C．physical D．nighttime
65．A．security B．convenience C．intelligence D．privacy
66．A．comes at a cost ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )B．comes to the point C．comes into being D．comes to an end
67．A．operations B．effects C．subjects D．variables
68．A．indicated B．required C．recorded D．proposed
69．A．interpretation B．expectation C．suspicion D．distribution
70．A．Vice versa B．In comparison C．For example D．Therefore
71．A．occur B．diversify C．improve D．vary
72．A．low-hanging B．high-demanding C．bitter-tasting D．long-standing
73．A．belong to B．contribute to C．result from D．go through
74．A．recreate B．modify C．stimulate D．predict
75．A．presenting B．examining C．missing D．confirming
【标准答案】
61．C
62．A
63．D
64．D
65．B
66．A
67．D
68．C
69．A
70．D
71．D
72．A
73．B
74．A
75．C
【思路点拨】
这是一篇说明文。主要说明了一项新的分析 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )表明，研究人员经常在白天测试夜间的动物，如果他们只记录一天中的时间信息，可能会改变结果，并造成不同研究的不一致。科学家们认为，在白天叫醒实验室老鼠可能会扭曲研究。文章主要介绍了这项研究开展的经过以及发现。
61．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：但一项新的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )分析表明，研究人员经常在白天测试夜间的动物，如果他们只记录一天中的时间信息，可能会改变结果，并造成不同研究的不一致。A. immobility不动，固定；B. originality创意；C. inconsistency不一致；D. credibility可靠性，可信度。根据“alter results”可知，此处是指造成不同研究的不一致。故选C。
62．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：但一项新的分析 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )表明，研究人员经常在白天测试夜间的动物，如果他们只记录一天中的时间信息，可能会改变结果，并造成不同研究的不一致。A. exclusively唯一地，专有地，排外地；B. precisely精确地，准确地；C. generally笼统地，大概；D. honestly诚实地。根据“time-of-day information”可知，此处是指专门记录某一天中的时间信息。故选A。
63．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：在这 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )项新研究的200篇论文中，超过一半的论文要么没有报告行为测试的时间，要么报告不清楚。A. directly直接地；B. personally个人地；C. reliably可靠地；D. unclearly不清楚地。根据“failed to report the timing of behavioral testing”可知，此处是指报告得不清楚。故选D。
64．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：相反，他们发 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )现只有20%的人报告了夜间测试。A. everyday每天；B. quality质量；C. physical体格检查；D. nighttime夜间。根据“It is easier to get students and schools to work during the day than at night”(让学生和学校在白天工作比在晚上更容易)可知，此处是指只有20%的人报告了夜间测试。故选D。
65．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：西维 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )吉尼亚大学的神经科学家Randy Nelson是这项研究的主要作者，他说，这可能是出于人类的方便。A. security安全；B. convenience方便，便利；C. intelligence违法；D. privacy隐私。根据“It is easier to get students and schools to work during the day than at night”可知，这是出于人类的方便。故选B。
66．
考查动词短语辨析。句意：但 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )这种优势是有代价的。A. comes at a cost付出代价；B. comes to the point直截了当地说；C. comes into being形成；D. comes to an end结束。根据“Time of day not only impacts the intensity”(一天的时间不仅影响强度)可知，此处是指这种优势是有代价的。故选A。
67．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：“一天 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )中的时间不仅会影响许多变量的强度，包括老鼠的活动、行为的攻击性和激素水平，”但这些因素的变化只能在白天周期的特定部分被记录下来，怀俄明大学行为神经科学家William D. Todd说。A. operations操作；B. effects影响；C. subjects科目；D. variables变量。根据后文“including mice activity, aggressiveness of their behavior, and hormone levels”可知，老鼠的活动、行为的攻击性和激素水平这些都是实验的变量。故选D。
68．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：“ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )一天中的时间不仅会影响许多变量的强度，包括老鼠的活动、行为的攻击性和激素水平，”但这些因素的变化只能在白天周期的特定部分被记录下来，怀俄明大学行为神经科学家William D. Todd说。A. indicated表明；B. required需要；C. recorded记录；D. proposed 提议。根据上文“changes in those factors can only be”可知做实验需要记录下这些因素的变化。故选C。21世纪教育网版权所有
69．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：贝斯以色列 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )女执事医疗中心的科学家Natalia Machado补充说，这意味着“不报告一天中数据收集和测试的时间，使得结果的解释极其困难。”A. interpretation解释；B. expectation期待；C. suspicion怀疑；D. distribution分配。根据后文“of results extremely difficult”指结果的解释，应用interpretation。故选A。
70．
考查副词词义和短语辨析。句意：因此，研究 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )人员说，重要的是，科学家报告他们的工作时间，并考虑到动物的行为和生理反应可以随时间变化的事实。A. Vice versa反之亦然；B. In comparison相比之下；C. For example例如；D. Therefore因此。结合前后文可知为因果关系，应用therefore。故选D。
71．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：因此，研究人员说 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，重要的是，科学家报告他们的工作时间，并考虑到动物的行为和生理反应可以随时间变化的事实。A. occur发生；B. diversify多样化；C. improve改善；D. vary变化。根据上文“animals' behavioral and physiological responses can”指动物的行为和生理反应可以随时间变化。故选D。
72．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尼尔森说 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，作为第一步，“很明显，考虑一天的时间似乎是很容易实现的目标，就行为神经科学研究的可靠性、可重复性和严密性而言。”A. low-hanging低调的；B. high-demanding高要求的；C. bitter-tasting苦味的；D. long-standing长期存在的。根据上文“taking time-of-day into consideration seems like”可知实验只考虑一天的时间的话，就是很容易实现的目标了。low-hanging fruit表示“容易摘到的果子”，指用最少的精力就能轻易实现的目标。故选A。
73．
考查动词短语辨析。句意：卡尔加里大 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )学的心理学家Michael Antle也没有参与这项分析，他说，在如何进行研究方面的这种差异导致了科学的“再现危机”，因为其他实验室无法重现研究结果。A. belong to属于；B. contribute to导致，有助于；C. result from由于；D. go through参加。根据后文“a “reproducibility crisis” in science”指导致科学的“再现危机”，应用contribute to。故选B。
74．
考查动词词义辨析。句意： ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )卡尔加里大学的心理学家Michael Antle也没有参与这项分析，他说，在如何进行研究方面的这种差异导致了科学的“再现危机”，因为其他实验室无法重现研究结果。A. recreate重现；B. modify修改；C. stimulate刺激；D. predict预测。呼应上文“reproducibility crisis”指其他实验室无法重现研究结果。故选A。
75．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：“在错误的时间 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )进行一项研究，”他说，“可能会导致我们完全错过一项发现。”A. presenting呈现；B. examining检查；C. missing错过；D. confirming确认。根据上文“Running a study at the wrong time”可知在错误的时间进行一项研究会导致完全错过一项发现。故选C。
（2021·上海·曹杨二中模拟预测 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )） Many early approaches to language technology — and particularly translation — get 76 in a conceptual dead end: the rules-based approach. In translation, this meant trying to write rules to analyze the text of a sentence in the language of 77 , breaking it down into a sort of abstract “interlanguage” and rebuilding it according to the rules of the target language. These approaches showed early 78 . But language is full of ambiguities and exceptions, so such systems were hugely complicated and easily 79 when tested on sentences beyond the simple set they had been designed for.
Nearly all l ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )anguage technologies began to get a lot better with the application of 80 methods, often called a “brute force” approach. This relies on software scanning vast amounts of data, looking for patterns and learning from precedent. 81 , in parsing language (breaking it down into its grammatical components), the software learns from large bodies of text that have already been parsed by humans. It uses what it has learned to make its best 82 about a previously unseen text. In machine translation, the software scans millions of words that have already been translated by humans, again looking for patterns. In speech reorganization, the software learns from a body of recordings and the transcriptions made by humans.
Thanks to the gro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )wing power of processors, falling prices for data storage and, most crucially, the explosion in available data, this approach eventually 83 . Mathematical techniques that had been known for decades came into their own, and big companies with 84 to enormous amounts of data were ready to benefit.
The final advance, wh ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ich began only about five years ago, came with the arrival of deep learning through digital neural networks (DNNS). These are often claimed to have qualities similar to those of the 85 : “neurons” are connected in software, and connections can become stronger or weaker in the process of learning. 86 , Nils Lenke, head of research for a language technology company, explains matter-of-factly that “DNNs are just another kind of mathematical model,” the 87 of which had already been understood for decades. What changed was the hardware being used.
Almost by chance, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )DNN researchers discovered that the graphical processing units (GPUs) 88 to produce graphics in applications like video games were also brilliant at handling neural networks. The technique has already produced big leaps in quality for all kinds of deep learning, including decoding handwriting, recognizing faces and classifying images. Now they are helping to improve all manner of language technologies, often bringing enhancements of up to 30%. That has shifted language technologies from being 89 in a pinch to being really rather good. But so far no one has quite 90 what will move it forward from being merely good to reliably great.
76．A．buried B．engaged C．absorbed D．stuck
77．A．essence B．persuasion C．origin D．practice
78．A．consideration B．thought C．promise D．exposure
79．A．laid off B．lagged behind C．broke down D．died out
80．A．experimental B．statistical C．financial D．instructional
81．A．What’s more B．In other words C．For example D．By contrast
82．A．sense B．deal C．effort D．guess
83．A．came into being B．bore fruit C．took effect D．caught up
84．A．permission B．license C．access D．reference
85．A．human brain B ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )．information technology C．computer programming D．artificial intelligence
86．A．Therefore B．However C．Likewise D．Indeed
87．A．meaning B．quality C．purpose D．basis
88．A．adapted B．used C．claimed D．suited
89．A．changeable B．liable C．desirable D．usable
90．A．put out B．worked out C．watched out D．pointed out
【标准答案】
76．D
77．C
78．C
79．C
80．B
81．C
82．D
83．B
84．C
85．A
86．B
87．D
88．B
89．D
90．B
【思路点拨】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了语言技术通过不断的发展变得越来越优秀。
76．
考查动词词义辨析。句意： ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )许多语言技术的早期方法——尤其是翻译——陷入了一个概念上的死胡同：基于规则的方法。A. buried埋葬；B. engaged卷入；C. absorbed吸收；D. stuck钉住。get stuck被困住。根据“in a conceptual dead end”可知，早期的语言技术陷入了概念上的死胡同。故选D。
77．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在翻译中，这意味 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )着试图编写规则来分析原文中的句子，将其分解为一种抽象的“中介语”，并根据译入语的规则重新构建。A. essence本质；B. persuasion说服；C. origin起源；D. practice练习。根据“and rebuilding it according to the rules of the target language.”可知，这里指基于规则的方法，首先来分析原文中的句子。故选C。
78．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些方法显 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )示出了早期的前途。A. consideration考虑；B. thought想法；C. promise前途；有希望；D. exposure暴露。根据“But language is full of ambiguities and exceptions, so such systems were hugely complicated and easily ____4____ when tested on sentences beyond the simple set they had been designed for.”可知，基于规则的方法在初期还是有前途的。故选C。
79．
考查动词短语词义辨析。句意 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )：但是语言中充满了歧义和异常，所以这样的系统非常复杂，当测试的句子超出了它们设计的简单集合时，很容易崩溃。A. laid off解雇；B. lagged behind落后；C. broke down分解；崩溃；D. died out灭绝。根据“when tested on sentences beyond the simple set they had been designed for.”可知，这里指基于规则的方法的缺陷，使得测试的句子超出了它们设计的简单集合时会容易崩溃。故选C。
80．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：几乎 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )所有的语言技术都开始随着统计方法的应用而变得更好，统计方法通常被称为“蛮力”方法。A. experimental实验的；B. statistical统计的；C. financial金融的；D. instructional指导的。根据“This relies on software scanning vast amounts of data, looking for patterns and learning from precedent.”可知，这里是运用统计方法使得语言技术变得更好。故选B。
81．
考查短语词义辨析。句意：例如，在解析语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )言(将其分解成语法成分)时，软件从已经被人类解析过的大量文本中学习。 A. What’s more另外；B. In other words换句话说；C. For example例如；D. By contrast相反。根据“in parsing language (breaking it down into its grammatical components), the software learns from large bodies of text that have already been parsed by humans.”可知，这里是从先例中学习所举的例子。故选C。
82．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：它利用自 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )己所学到的知识，对之前未见过的文本做出最佳猜测。A. sense感觉；B. deal交易；C. effort努力；D. guess猜。根据“about a previously unseen text.”可知，软件利用自己所学到的知识对未见过的文本进行最佳猜测。故选D。
83．
考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：由 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )于处理器的能力不断增强，数据存储价格不断下降，最重要的是，可用数据的爆炸式增长，这种方法最终取得了成果。A. came into being存在；B. bore fruit结果实；C. took effect生效； 起作用；D. caught up赶上。根据“Thanks to the growing power of processors, falling prices for data storage and, most crucially, the explosion in available data,”可知，随着发展，统计方法最终取得了丰硕的成果。故选B。
84．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：几 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )十年来众所周知的数学技术开始发挥自己的作用，能够获取大量数据的大公司随时准备从中受益。A. permission允许；B. license许可证；C. access入口；接触；D. reference参考。根据“Mathematical techniques that had been known for decades came into their own,”可知，数学技术的运用，大公司能够获取大量的数据。故选C。
85．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些神经元通常 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )被认为具有与人类大脑相似的特性：“神经元”通过软件连接，在学习过程中，这种连接会变得更强或更弱。A. human brain人脑；B. information technology信息技术；C. computer programming计算机程序设计；D. artificial intelligence人工智能。根据““neurons” are connected in software, and connections can become stronger or weaker in the process of learning.”可知，神经元具有与人类大脑相似的特性。故选A。
86．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：然 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )而，一家语言技术公司的研究主管尼尔斯·伦克实事求是地解释说，“DNN只是另一种数学模型”，其基础已经被人们理解了几十年。改变的是使用的硬件。 A. Therefore因此；B. However然而；C. Likewise同样地；D. Indeed的确。根据“Nils Lenke, head of research for a language technology company, explains matter-of-factly that “DNNs are just another kind of mathematical model,” the ____12____ of which had already been understood for decades.”可知，前后句之间为转折关系。故选B。
87．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，一家 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语言技术公司的研究主管尼尔斯·伦克实事求是地解释说，“DNN只是另一种数学模型”，其基础已经被人们理解了几十年。改变的是使用的硬件。A. meaning意义；B. quality质量；C. purpose目的；D. basis基础。根据“DNNs are just another kind of mathematical model,”可知，这里指的是DNN这种数学模型的基础。故选D。
88．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：几乎 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )是偶然的是，DNN的研究人员发现，用于在视频游戏等应用程序中生成图形的图形处理单元(GPU)在处理神经网络方面也很出色。A. adapted适应；B. used使用；C. claimed宣称；D. suited适合。根据“the graphical processing units (GPUs)”可知，这里指图形处理单元(GPU)在视频游戏等应用程序中的使用。故选B。
89．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这使得语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )言技术从必要时可用转变为相当好的。A. changeable易变的；B. liable有义务的；C. desirable有吸引力的；D. usable可用的。这里指语言技术从可用的变得相当好。故选D。
90．
考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：但到目前 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )为止，还没有人完全弄清楚，是什么让它从“仅仅好”变成“可靠的伟大”。A. put out扑灭；B. worked out锻炼；可以解决；想出；C. watched out当心；D. pointed out指出。根据“what will move it forward from being merely good to reliably great.”可知，没有人弄清楚语言技术发展得如此的迅速。故选B。
（2021·上海市实验学校高三月 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )考） One firm's crisis is another's opportunity. A shortage-of semiconductors has helped pump up the valuations of firms such as Nvidia, whose chips power everything from video-gaming to machine learning and data centres. But boom time for sellers means 91 for buyers. Carmakers, whose products have become computers on wheels, are among the victims. Profits at
Ford, America's second ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )-biggest carmaker by volume, fell by half in the most recent quarter amid a global shortage of chips.Analysts say the industry might build around 5m fewer cars this year, all 92 their tiniest components.
Carmakers are not ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the only firms feeling the pinch.Apple and Microsoft have also warned that they will be affected.Politicians are being drawn in, too. Chips will be on the 93 later this month when America's vice-president, Kamala Harris, visits Vietnam, which has a flourishing electronics industry, Angela Merkel, the outgoing German chancellor, has lamented. Europe's small share of global chip production.
The shortage is th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e result of a sudden surge in demand.Chipmaking is a 94 business which, between the peaks and troughs, has been enjoying strong growth for decades as computers creep into every comer of society.That trend was 95 by the pandemic. Locked-down consumers shopped online, logged into meetings remotely, and wiled away the hours with video-streaming and video-gaming.The result has been a sharp increase in demand for the semiconductors that power the data centres and gadgets that make such things possible, logging factories with 96 .
The crisis has ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )had three consequences, two 97 and one less so.The first is an investment boom.Big producers such as Intel, Samsung and tsme are planning to spend hundreds of billions of dollars on extra capacity over the next few years. As in many markets, high prices are the best cure for high prices.
The second is th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at the chip industry's customers are adapting, too. When demand 98 early in the pandemic, carmakers cut their orders with chipmakers.The car industry's size and power mean that it is used to ordering suppliers around. But when demand recovered, it found itself at the back of the queue, because of long lead times and competition for capacity from the even bigger and more influential tech industry.
The unpleasant ex ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )perience of being the supplicant rather than the boss has prompted carmakers to take tighter control over supplies of vital components.Following in the tyre-treads of Tesla, Volkswagen has announced plans to develop driver-assistance chips in-house.Other firms are forming closer relationships with chipmakers. Toyota, a Japanese firm, has 99 the shortage relatively well, partly because it was slower to cut orders when the pandemic hit. In June Robert Bosch, a big supplier of automotive parts, cut the 100 on a ?1bn($l.2bn) chip factory of its own in Dresden.Redesigned supply chains will be more resilient.
The third, 101 effect has been a surge of techno-nationalism.America is planning to 102 billions of dollars to lure chipmakers back from East Asia.Europe wants to double its share of global production, to 20%, by 2030. Even Britain has declared the fate of a small chip factory in Wales to be a matter of national security.
There is some for ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ce in the argument that chips have come to occupy what used to be called the " 103 heights" of an economy, in the way that oil refineries or car factories did in the 20th century. The concentration of production in Taiwan, 104 , is an uncomfortable geopolitical risk. But as last century's governments discovered, subsidies lead to overcapacity and oversupply—and, eventually, to yet more calls for public money to prop up uncompetitive businesses.The chip shortage is mostly a 105 problem.Governments should resist the temptation to see themselves as saviours.
91．A．envy B．annoyance C．misery D．delight
92．A．for wan ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t of B．for possession of C．for fear of D．for convenience of
93．A．schedule B．agenda C．calendar D．catalogue
94．A．cynical B．cyclical C．crystal D．clinical
95．A．amplified B．justified C．modified D．diversified
96．A．samples B．goods C．orders D．stocks
97．A．encouraging B．touching C．amazing D．discouraging
98．A．soared B．ballooned C．collapsed D．fluctuated
99．A．suffered B．avoided C．subjected D．weathered
100．A．band B．ribbon C．belt D．string
101．A．popular B．desirable C．unusual D．unwelcome
102．A．tum out B．bring out C．give out D．work out
103．A．commanding B．overwhelming C．demanding D．prevailing
104．A．above all B．in addition C．after all D．in particular
105．A．self-improvin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g B．self-solving C．self-sustaining D．self-reflecting
【标准答案】
91．C
92．A
93．B
94．B
95．A
96．C
97．A
98．C
99．D
100．B
101．D
102．C
103．A
104．D
105．B
【思路点拨】
这是一篇说明文。主要说明了半导体的短缺使得像 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )英伟达这样的公司的估值大幅上升。英伟达的芯片为从视频游戏到机器学习和数据中心的所有产品提供动力。文章主要说明