2022届高考英语二轮复习：独立主格结构知识点归纳学案（含答案）
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2022届高考英语语法综合复习讲义
独立主格结构知识点归纳练习
（含答案解析）
01.
主语独立、去连（接）词
「独立主格结构」与「分词作状语」的区别在于：
在上文中，我们刚讲到现在分词（doing）和过去分词（done）作状语，表示时间、原因、条件等。使用原则是：主、从句主语一致，并可以与when，if，though 等连接词连用。如：
而在「独立主格结构」中：1）主格（可以理解为“主语”）是独立的，也就是说，独立主格结构的主语不用依赖主句，它自己就有主语，跟主句的主语不一样；
2）不带连（接）词。本文之所以写成“连（接）词”，是因为 and，so 等连接并列句的，称“连词”；而 what， that，how，who 等连接从句的词，我们习惯性叫做“连接词”。
02.
四大功能
独立主格结构有4个常用的功能，分别是表时间、条件、原因，和伴随；我们用“十（时）条鹰（因）伴随”来记；接下来，本文将在每种功能下列出几个例句，请大家留心例句中独立主格的构成方式。
接下来，我们将分别对以上功能进行改装。此处有3个改装原则，请牢记：
1）对于独立主格结构的主语和动作，主动关系用 doing（现在分词）、被动关系用 done（过去分词）。有时候，一些固定搭配看起来像被动语态，实际上不含被动意义，如：be tired of, be filled with 等；
2）being，having been 一般省略，除了2种特殊情况，本文写在04 Part；
3）连（接）词统统扔掉。
@ 表时间
解析：在独立主格结构中，连接词 when 丢掉；the class was over，可改装为：the class being over，但正常情况下，being/ having been 可以省略不写。剩下部分照搬。
下面这句，你来把它变成独立主格结构：
When dinner was finished, they didn’t offer to help me clean.
饱饭过后，他们没人提出帮我收拾。
@ 表条件
解析：连接词 if 丢掉；weather permits, 主动关系，动词 permit 改成非谓语形式的 doing。剩下部分照搬。
到你了：
If all things are considered, he is just not that into you.
综合考虑的话，他没有那么喜欢你啦。
@ 表原因
注：独立主格结构中，如果出现否定，not 要提前；现在完成时形式的 have/ has done，改为 having done 即可：hasn’t released → not having released。此外，连词 because 丢掉。
到你：
Dad didn’t take his medicine, so Mom started chattering on about it.
老爸没有吃药，妈妈开启了叨逼叨模式。
注：didn’t take 只是简单的一般过去时，不涉及完成时，因此改装的时候不必小心翼翼，否定 not 提前，主动关系，后接 doing 即可。didn’t take → not taking。
@ 表伴随
注：wide 在本句中作副词，指“（睁得）很大”，修饰睁着眼这个动作：She opened her eyes wide → Her eyes were opened wide. 改装为独立主格结构，were 丢掉，只留下过去分词 opened，剩下照搬，即：her eyes opened wide.
你：
He read books, while his wife sewed by his side.
他看书，他老婆在旁边缝衣服。
03.
三大结构
以上，我们讲了独立主格结构“十条鹰伴随”的功能，在这部分，我们大致看看独立主格结构的三种结构：
本文认为，这三种结构大家都能记牢是最好的；如果实在记不全，想办法弄懂独立主格结构的改装规律（见 02 Part），有时间再多看看例句。
04.
特殊情况
1）在以下两种结构中，being，having been 不可以省略：
> > It be… 结构
It being Christmas, the stores are playing Jingle Bells.
It having been raining for days, I seem to have run out of dry panties.
> > There be… 结构
There being no taxi, we had to walk home.
2）一些固定搭配，本身是可以独立存在的分词短语，背下就对了：
> > to do
To make matters worse, the employees are banned from buying iPhones.
更糟的是，（企业）禁止员工购买苹果手机。
> > doing
Supposing the bride doesn’t show up, what shall we do
假如新娘不出现的话，我们咋办？
Considering that he is a kid, we won’t let him get away!
（考虑到）他还只是孩子，千万不要放过他！
05.
课后练习
1) ______ Sunday, I shall have a nice day at home.
A. There being B. It being C. It is
2) With a lot of difficult problems ______, the manager is having a hard time.
A. to settle B. settled C. to be settled
3) Everything ______ into consideration, they ought to be given another chance.
A. to take B. to be taken C. taken
4) The man stood under a tree, ______.
A. a pipe in mouth
B. with a pipe in mouth
C. pipe in mouth
5) The beggar stood there, ______ .
A. with back against the wall
B. with his back against the wall
C. his back was against the wall
6) The boy stood before the roasted duck, his eyes ______ on it and his mouth ______.
A. were fixed, was watered
B. fixed, watering
C. fixed, watered
7) ______, I had to do her work instead.
A. She was ill
B. Her being ill
C. She being ill
8) The lecture ______, he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker.
A. began B. beginning C. having begun
答案:
1-4）BACC 5-8）BBCC
整体解题思路
主动用 doing，被动用 done；
表示未做/ 将要做，用不定式 to do；
being/ having been 一般省略，除了It be.../ There be...结构；
with + sth. + 介词短语（完整版）= sth. + 介词短语（阉割版）
独立主格结构中，不用one's doing
1) ______ Sunday, I shall have a nice day at home.
A. There being B. It being C. It is
解析：原句应是：It is Sunday. 在改装的3大规则里，我们提到 being/ having been 一般可省，但是 It be... 结构不能省。所以 It is Sunday → It being Sunday.
2) With a lot of difficult problems ______, the manager is having a hard time.
A. to settle B. settled C. to be settled
解析：这题考察「主动表被动」，以及表示「将要做」用不定式。
首先，本题有“前方高能，经理将面临一堆待处理的难题”的意味，表示未做、将要做，用不定式 to do. 选项B直接排除。
其次，回忆一下，我们之前学过几种「主动表被动」的结构，最常见的有：
* There is nothing to do. 事情应该被（人）做，但在英文表达中，我们用这种主动形式表示被动含义。
* My room needs painting. 我的房间需要粉刷了，实际上是被人粉刷；但在这个表达中，我们看不到被动结构，这也是主动表被动的一种。
* with + sth. + to do 也是其中一种用法。这时我们不管事情是被做还是怎样，直接用动词原形 do 就可以了。因此，本题正解为：with a lot of difficult problems to settle.
3) Everything ______ into consideration, they ought to be given another chance.
A. to take B. to be taken C. taken
解析：这题跟我们在「独立主格结构」正文中出现的 "all things considered,..." （综合考虑，……）有异曲同工之处。改装公式如下，虫子演算一遍：
原句 we consider all things → 变被动 all things are considered → 变独立主格，being省略 all things considered。
接下来，虫子告诉你本题的原句是：we take everything into consideration，剩下两步看你的了：
→ 变被动 everything ？？？
→ 变独立主格 ？？？
4) The man stood under a tree, ______.
A. a pipe in mouth
B. with a pipe in mouth
C. pipe in mouth
解析：第4）和第 5）题是相同考点。此处出现一个新重点：with + 完整版sth. + 完整版介词短语 = 阉割版sth. + 阉割版介词短语。
阉割版怎么理解呢？就是把冠词（a，the等）和 形容词性物主代词（his，her等，表示“谁的”）切掉了。举个 ：
with a book in his hand = book in hand
with a scarf on her head = scarf on head
with her back towards the door = back towards door
至于本题，要不就规规矩矩写 with a pipe in his mouth，冠词和代词都不能漏；要不就用阉割版 pipe in mouth。
5) The beggar stood there, ______ .
A. with back against the wall
B. with his back against the wall
C. his back was against the wall
解析：有人问“选项C没有问题啊，为什么不选它？”
咳咳，如果你选C，这在语法中叫做「杂糅句」，意思是大杂烩一样的句子，不懂利用连词、连接词，造成使用不规范。那么，怎样破「杂糅句」呢？
加连（接）词就行了。如果你非要选C，记得在前面加个 and → The beggar stood there, and his back was against the wall. 否则就乖乖用我们这节课学的「独立主格结构」：完整版 with his back against the wall（背靠在墙上），或者阉割版 back against wall。
6) The boy stood before the roasted duck, his eyes ______ on it and his mouth ______.
A. were fixed, was watered
B. fixed, watering
C. fixed, watered
解析：这题考固定搭配和词性。（eyes）be fixed on... 全神贯注地盯着。water 当动词用时，可指“流口水”，是不及物动词，（mouth）water.
开始改装，3大规则之一：being/ having been 一般情况下省略。所以本题可以这么改：原句 his eyes were fixed on it → 独立主格结构 his eyes fixed on it；原句 his mouth was watering → 独立主格结构 his mouth watering.
7) ______, I had to do her work instead.
A. She was ill
B. Her being ill
C. She being ill
解析：你是不是想选B？咳咳，独立主格结构很简单直接，不整his doing， her doing 这些的哦。主语只用主格形式，即 I，he，she，we，they 这些，本题用 she。
至于为什么不选A，详见第5）题有关「杂糅句」的解析。
8) The lecture ______, he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker.
A. began B. beginning C. having begun
解析：如果选A，句子就成了不规范的「杂糅句」；再看 B 和 C，C更能体现时间先后顺序：讲座已经开始了，他离开了座位（讲座是在他离开座位之前开始的，用过去完成时，had begun）
原句 the lecture had begun → 变独立主格结构 the lecture having begun.
独立主格结构知识点归纳练习
（含答案解析）
01.
主语独立、去连（接）词
「独立主格结构」与「分词作状语」的区别在于：
在上文中，我们刚讲到现在分词（doing）和过去分词（done）作状语，表示时间、原因、条件等。使用原则是：主、从句主语一致，并可以与when，if，though 等连接词连用。如：
而在「独立主格结构」中：1）主格（可以理解为“主语”）是独立的，也就是说，独立主格结构的主语不用依赖主句，它自己就有主语，跟主句的主语不一样；
2）不带连（接）词。本文之所以写成“连（接）词”，是因为 and，so 等连接并列句的，称“连词”；而 what， that，how，who 等连接从句的词，我们习惯性叫做“连接词”。
02.
四大功能
独立主格结构有4个常用的功能，分别是表时间、条件、原因，和伴随；我们用“十（时）条鹰（因）伴随”来记；接下来，本文将在每种功能下列出几个例句，请大家留心例句中独立主格的构成方式。
接下来，我们将分别对以上功能进行改装。此处有3个改装原则，请牢记：
1）对于独立主格结构的主语和动作，主动关系用 doing（现在分词）、被动关系用 done（过去分词）。有时候，一些固定搭配看起来像被动语态，实际上不含被动意义，如：be tired of, be filled with 等；
2）being，having been 一般省略，除了2种特殊情况，本文写在04 Part；
3）连（接）词统统扔掉。
@ 表时间
解析：在独立主格结构中，连接词 when 丢掉；the class was over，可改装为：the class being over，但正常情况下，being/ having been 可以省略不写。剩下部分照搬。
下面这句，你来把它变成独立主格结构：
When dinner was finished, they didn’t offer to help me clean.
饱饭过后，他们没人提出帮我收拾。
@ 表条件
解析：连接词 if 丢掉；weather permits, 主动关系，动词 permit 改成非谓语形式的 doing。剩下部分照搬。
到你了：
If all things are considered, he is just not that into you.
综合考虑的话，他没有那么喜欢你啦。
@ 表原因
注：独立主格结构中，如果出现否定，not 要提前；现在完成时形式的 have/ has done，改为 having done 即可：hasn’t released → not having released。此外，连词 because 丢掉。
到你：
Dad didn’t take his medicine, so Mom started chattering on about it.
老爸没有吃药，妈妈开启了叨逼叨模式。
注：didn’t take 只是简单的一般过去时，不涉及完成时，因此改装的时候不必小心翼翼，否定 not 提前，主动关系，后接 doing 即可。didn’t take → not taking。
@ 表伴随
注：wide 在本句中作副词，指“（睁得）很大”，修饰睁着眼这个动作：She opened her eyes wide → Her eyes were opened wide. 改装为独立主格结构，were 丢掉，只留下过去分词 opened，剩下照搬，即：her eyes opened wide.
你：
He read books, while his wife sewed by his side.
他看书，他老婆在旁边缝衣服。
03.
三大结构
以上，我们讲了独立主格结构“十条鹰伴随”的功能，在这部分，我们大致看看独立主格结构的三种结构：
本文认为，这三种结构大家都能记牢是最好的；如果实在记不全，想办法弄懂独立主格结构的改装规律（见 02 Part），有时间再多看看例句。
04.
特殊情况
1）在以下两种结构中，being，having been 不可以省略：
> > It be… 结构
It being Christmas, the stores are playing Jingle Bells.
It having been raining for days, I seem to have run out of dry panties.
> > There be… 结构
There being no taxi, we had to walk home.
2）一些固定搭配，本身是可以独立存在的分词短语，背下就对了：
> > to do
To make matters worse, the employees are banned from buying iPhones.
更糟的是，（企业）禁止员工购买苹果手机。
> > doing
Supposing the bride doesn’t show up, what shall we do
假如新娘不出现的话，我们咋办？
Considering that he is a kid, we won’t let him get away!
（考虑到）他还只是孩子，千万不要放过他！
05.
课后练习
1) ______ Sunday, I shall have a nice day at home.
A. There being B. It being C. It is
2) With a lot of difficult problems ______, the manager is having a hard time.
A. to settle B. settled C. to be settled
3) Everything ______ into consideration, they ought to be given another chance.
A. to take B. to be taken C. taken
4) The man stood under a tree, ______.
A. a pipe in mouth
B. with a pipe in mouth
C. pipe in mouth
5) The beggar stood there, ______ .
A. with back against the wall
B. with his back against the wall
C. his back was against the wall
6) The boy stood before the roasted duck, his eyes ______ on it and his mouth ______.
A. were fixed, was watered
B. fixed, watering
C. fixed, watered
7) ______, I had to do her work instead.
A. She was ill
B. Her being ill
C. She being ill
8) The lecture ______, he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker.
A. began B. beginning C. having begun
答案:
1-4）BACC 5-8）BBCC
整体解题思路
主动用 doing，被动用 done；
表示未做/ 将要做，用不定式 to do；
being/ having been 一般省略，除了It be.../ There be...结构；
with + sth. + 介词短语（完整版）= sth. + 介词短语（阉割版）
独立主格结构中，不用one's doing
1) ______ Sunday, I shall have a nice day at home.
A. There being B. It being C. It is
解析：原句应是：It is Sunday. 在改装的3大规则里，我们提到 being/ having been 一般可省，但是 It be... 结构不能省。所以 It is Sunday → It being Sunday.
2) With a lot of difficult problems ______, the manager is having a hard time.
A. to settle B. settled C. to be settled
解析：这题考察「主动表被动」，以及表示「将要做」用不定式。
首先，本题有“前方高能，经理将面临一堆待处理的难题”的意味，表示未做、将要做，用不定式 to do. 选项B直接排除。
其次，回忆一下，我们之前学过几种「主动表被动」的结构，最常见的有：
* There is nothing to do. 事情应该被（人）做，但在英文表达中，我们用这种主动形式表示被动含义。
* My room needs painting. 我的房间需要粉刷了，实际上是被人粉刷；但在这个表达中，我们看不到被动结构，这也是主动表被动的一种。
* with + sth. + to do 也是其中一种用法。这时我们不管事情是被做还是怎样，直接用动词原形 do 就可以了。因此，本题正解为：with a lot of difficult problems to settle.
3) Everything ______ into consideration, they ought to be given another chance.
A. to take B. to be taken C. taken
解析：这题跟我们在「独立主格结构」正文中出现的 "all things considered,..." （综合考虑，……）有异曲同工之处。改装公式如下，虫子演算一遍：
原句 we consider all things → 变被动 all things are considered → 变独立主格，being省略 all things considered。
接下来，虫子告诉你本题的原句是：we take everything into consideration，剩下两步看你的了：
→ 变被动 everything ？？？
→ 变独立主格 ？？？
4) The man stood under a tree, ______.
A. a pipe in mouth
B. with a pipe in mouth
C. pipe in mouth
解析：第4）和第 5）题是相同考点。此处出现一个新重点：with + 完整版sth. + 完整版介词短语 = 阉割版sth. + 阉割版介词短语。
阉割版怎么理解呢？就是把冠词（a，the等）和 形容词性物主代词（his，her等，表示“谁的”）切掉了。举个 ：
with a book in his hand = book in hand
with a scarf on her head = scarf on head
with her back towards the door = back towards door
至于本题，要不就规规矩矩写 with a pipe in his mouth，冠词和代词都不能漏；要不就用阉割版 pipe in mouth。
5) The beggar stood there, ______ .
A. with back against the wall
B. with his back against the wall
C. his back was against the wall
解析：有人问“选项C没有问题啊，为什么不选它？”
咳咳，如果你选C，这在语法中叫做「杂糅句」，意思是大杂烩一样的句子，不懂利用连词、连接词，造成使用不规范。那么，怎样破「杂糅句」呢？
加连（接）词就行了。如果你非要选C，记得在前面加个 and → The beggar stood there, and his back was against the wall. 否则就乖乖用我们这节课学的「独立主格结构」：完整版 with his back against the wall（背靠在墙上），或者阉割版 back against wall。
6) The boy stood before the roasted duck, his eyes ______ on it and his mouth ______.
A. were fixed, was watered
B. fixed, watering
C. fixed, watered
解析：这题考固定搭配和词性。（eyes）be fixed on... 全神贯注地盯着。water 当动词用时，可指“流口水”，是不及物动词，（mouth）water.
开始改装，3大规则之一：being/ having been 一般情况下省略。所以本题可以这么改：原句 his eyes were fixed on it → 独立主格结构 his eyes fixed on it；原句 his mouth was watering → 独立主格结构 his mouth watering.
7) ______, I had to do her work instead.
A. She was ill
B. Her being ill
C. She being ill
解析：你是不是想选B？咳咳，独立主格结构很简单直接，不整his doing， her doing 这些的哦。主语只用主格形式，即 I，he，she，we，they 这些，本题用 she。
至于为什么不选A，详见第5）题有关「杂糅句」的解析。
8) The lecture ______, he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker.
A. began B. beginning C. having begun
解析：如果选A，句子就成了不规范的「杂糅句」；再看 B 和 C，C更能体现时间先后顺序：讲座已经开始了，他离开了座位（讲座是在他离开座位之前开始的，用过去完成时，had begun）
原句 the lecture had begun → 变独立主格结构 the lecture having begun.