2013届高考英语三轮复习回扣语法
定语表示法备考探微
定语是用来修饰名词或代词的,说明所修饰词的性质、特征及所属,限定或修饰名词(或代词)的句子成分。英语中常见作定语的有:名词、形容词、分词、动名词、动词不定式、数词、代词、副词、介词短语和从句等。现将其表示法归纳如下: 一、?名词作前置定语 名词作前置定语应注意: 1.?通常表示在以下几种情况。? (1)?中心词的用途或功能:?a?milk?bottle,?eye?drops (2)发生的时间:?an?evening?party,?birthday?card,?summer?vacation (3)?处所:?Tsinghua?University,Tian?An?Men?Square,?Nanjing?Road (4)?性别或身份:?a?boy?friend,?a?baby?kangaroo (5)?性质或类别:?the?paper?tiger,?the?time?table 2.?man和woman作定语时应注意其单复数形式。 例a?man?doctor---men?doctors?男医生 a?woman?engineer---women?engineers?女工程师 3.?表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体等的名词作定语可以用加’s所有格的形式。 例today’s?newspaper,?ten?minutes’?walk,?China’s?industry 4.?某些名词如sports,?goods,?clothes,?sales等作定语时只用复数。 例a?sports?car?一辆跑车 a?sales?manager?一位销售经理 5.?名词作定语和所有格作定语的区别。 例girl?friend?女朋友---the?girl’s?friend?那位女孩的朋友 women?drivers?女司机---?the?woman’s?driver?那位妇女的司机 【精选习题】 1.?The_____?is?just?around?the?corner?and?you?won’t?miss?it. A.?bicycle’s?shop?B.?bicycle?shop C.?bicycle?shops?D.?bicycles’?shop 2.?He?dropped?the____?and?broke?it. A.?cup?of?coffee?B.?coffee’s?cup C.?cup?for?coffee?D.?coffee?cup key?BD 注:名词作定语修饰另一名词,若前后两个名词都是人或物时,一般不用’s所有格形式。 例?My?brother?takes?care?of?the?vegetable?garden. Today?country?music?has?returned. 二、分词作前置定语或后置定语 分词作定语时: 1.?应注意它与被修饰的名词之间的关系。现在分词与被修饰名词构成主谓关系;过去分词则与被修饰名词构成动宾关系。因此,现在分词带有主动和进行的意义,过去分词带有被动和完成的意义。 2.?一般地说,单个分词作定语时,放在被修饰的名词之前作前置定语;分词短语作定语时,则放在被修饰的名词之后作后置定语。 例?a?developing?country?发展中国家 a?developed?country?发达国家 The?boy?singing?now?is?a?classmate?of?mine. 【精选习题】 1.?The?disc,?digitally?_________?in?the?studio,?sounded?fantastic?at?the?party?that?night.? A.?recorded?B.?recording C.?to?be?recorded?D.?having?recorded 2.?The?picture_____?on?the?wall?is?painted?by?my?nephew.? A.?having?hung?B.?hanging C.?hangs?D.?being?hung 3.?The?Olympic?Games,?_____in?776?B.C.,?did?not?include?women?players?until?1912. A.?first?playing?B.?to?be?first?played C.?first?played?D.?to?be?first?playing key?ABC 三、动名词作前置定语 动名词和现在分词的形式一样,都由动词+ing构成,都可作定语,动名词所修饰的一般是物,表示所修饰名词的用途、性质或功能,具有名词的性质,它同所修饰的名词间不存在主谓关系。 例a?walking(为动名词)?stick=a?stick?which?is?used?for?walking an?ironing(为动名词)?board=a?board?which?is?used?for?ironing a?sleeping?(为现在分词)?boy=a?boy?who?is?sleeping?在睡觉的男孩 a?sleeping?(为动名词)?bag=a?bag?which?is?used?for?sleeping?睡袋 四、动词不定式作后置定语 动词不定式作定语应注意: 1.?表示将要发生的动作,有时根据句意需要加上介词,这时介词不能省略,因为被修饰的名词是它的宾语。 例The?farmers?thought?of?ways?to?protect?their?crops. We?have?only?a?small?cold?room?to?live?in. 2.?用于修饰被序数词、最高级或no,?all,?any等限定的中心词。 例?Marie?Curie?became?the?first?woman?in?France?to?be?a?university?professor. She?was?the?first?person?in?the?word?to?receive?two?Nobel?Prize. He?was?the?best?man?to?do?the?job. 3.?根据不同的句意,不定式可用主动语态或被动语态。 例?Have?you?got?anything?to?post??(post的动作执行者是“你”) Have?you?got?anything?to?be?posted?(post的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”) There?are?some?plates?to?wash?(to?be?washed). 【精选习题】 1.?I’m?going?to?the?supermarket?this?afternoon.?Do?you?have?anything______? A.?to?be?buying?B.?to?buy C.?for?buying?D.?bought 2.?She?will?tell?us?why?she?feels?so?strongly?that?each?of?us?has?a?role_______?in?making?the?earth?a?better?place?to?live. A.?to?have?played?B.?to?play C.?to?be?played?D.?to?be?playing key?BB 五、形容词作前置定语或后置定语 1.?多个形容词修饰一个名词时,与该名词关系密切的、反应名词最本质的形容词最靠近该名词,一般排序如下:?限定词+数量形容词+描绘性形容词+大小、长短、高低等形容词+?新旧、老幼形容词+?颜色+?国籍+?材料+?被修饰的名词。 2.?形容词修饰以-body,-one,-thing,-where结尾的复合不定代词,常作后置定语。 例?I?have?something?important?to?tell?you. We?didn’t?meet?anybody?new?at?the?party. 3.?多数以a-开头的形容词,如afraid,?alive,?alone,?asleep,?awake,?ashamed,?alike等只能作后置定语。 例?Until?recently,?the?only?milu?deer?alive?in?the?world?belonged?to?the?Duke?of?Bedford?in?English. 【精选习题】 1.---How?was?your?recent?visit?to?Qingdao?? ---It?was?great.?We?visited?some?friends,?and?spent?the____?days?at?the?seaside. A.?few?last?sunny?B.?last?few?sunny C.?last?sunny?few?D.?few?sunny?last 2.?________students?are?required?to?take?part?in?the?boat?race. A.?Ten?strong?young?Chinese B.?Ten?Chinese?strong?young C.?Chinese?ten?young?strong D.?Young?strong?ten?Chinese 3.?John?Smith,?a?successful?businessman,?has?a?_______?car.? A.?large?German?white?B.?large?white?German C.?white?large?German?D.?German?large?white 4.?The? ?house?smells?as?if?it?hasn’t?been?lived?in?for?years.? A.?little?white?wooden?B.?little?wooden?white C.?white?wooden?little?D.?wooden?white?little 5.?This_______?girl?is?Linda’s?cousin.? A.?pretty?little?Spanish?B.?Spanish?little?pretty C.?Spanish?pretty?little?D.?little?pretty?Spanish key?BABAA 六、数词作前置定语 数词作定语应注意: 1.?基数词与序数词连用时,序数词通常在前。 例?the?first?five?pages?of?the?book?这本书的前五页 2.?序数词前通常加定冠词the,表顺序,但也可以加不定冠词a/an,表示“又,再”。 例Try?a?second?time?and?you’ll?succeed.?再试一次,你会成功。 【精选习题】 1.?Many?students?signed?up?for?the______?race?in?the?sports?meeting?to?be?held?next?week.? A.?800-metre-long? B.800-metres-long C.?800?metre?length? D.800?metres?length key?A 七、代词作前置定语 形容词性物主代词、指示代词、不定代词修饰名词都作前置定语。 【精选习题】 1.?---Have?you?finished?your?report?yet? ---No,?I’ll?finish?it?in_____?ten?minutes.? A.?another?B.?other C.?more?D.?less 2.?---Can?you?come?on?Monday?or?Tuesday? ---I’m?afraid?day?is?possible.? A.?either?B.?neither C.?some?D.?any key?AB 注:another和more的用法:another+数词+名词,而数词+more+名词。 八、副词作后置定语 副词修饰名词作定语时常后置,常见的副词如here,?there,?out,?up,?down,?home,?abroad,?together?等。 例?The?peasants?there?are?very?friendly. I?met?Mr.?Wang?on?my?way?home. 九、介词短语作后置定语 介词短语修饰名词或代词只能作后置定语。 例?The?girl?in?a?red?coat?is?my?sister. One?of?the?most?important?temples?in?danger?was?the?one?at?Abu?Symbol. Nowhere?else?in?the?world?can?there?be?such?a?quiet,?beautiful?place. 十、从句作后置定语 高考题中对定语从句的考查越来越频繁,主要集中于: (1)先行词的选择; (下转29页) (2)非限制性定语从句的判断及先行词的使用; (3)定语从句与其他从句的区别。解题时应注意分析具体的语义、语境及句子结构,首先应判断先行词在句中担当何种成分,再选择不同的关系代词或副词。 【精选习题】 1.?There?are?two?buildings;?_____?stands?nearly?a?hundred?feet?high. A.?the?larger?B.?the?larger?of?them C.?the?larger?one?that?D.?the?larger?of?which 2.?The?place_______?the?bridge?is?supposed?to?be?built?should?be________the?cross-river?traffic?is?the?heaviest.? A.?which,?where?B.?at?which,?which C.?at?which,?where?D.?which,?in?which 3.?Great?changes?have?taken?place?in?that?school.?It?is?no?longer______?it?was?20?years?ago,?______?it?was?so?poorly?equipped.? A.?what,?when?B.?that,?which C.?what,?which?D.?which,?that 4.?His?sister?has?become?a?lawyer,?_____she?wanted?to?be.? A.?who?B.?that C.?what?D.?which 5.?There?were?dirty?marks?on?her?trousers____?she?had?wiped?her?hands.? A.?where?B.?which C.?when?D.?what 6.?____is?often?the?case,?we?have?work?out?the?production?plan.? A.?Which?B.?When C.?What?D.?As key?DCADAD 注:as引导的非限制性定语从句的位置比较灵活,可位于句首、句中、句末,而which在定语从句中可以作主语或宾语,不能位于句首。