模块素养培优(五) Module 5
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. The computer industry has expanded (expand) greatly over the last decade.
2. This conclusion (conclude) comes from one of two major studies that point to a global crash in bird numbers.
3. I wanted to know how the students reacted to my words and your reaction (react).
4. Boiling water is often used to make tea. But as a child, you should drink more boiled water instead of tea. (boil)
5. They were astonished (astonish) to find the building still in its original condition.
Ⅱ. 选词填空
keep. . . down, become interested in, be proud of, be supposed to, in the area of
1. Madame Curie had a great contribution in the area of physics.
2. My baby is sleeping, and I really wish she could keep her voice down.
3. Jack was proud of his high score in the examination.
4. When did you first become interested in insects
5. At present he is supposed to be in town.
Ⅲ. 完成句子
1. It is impossible for him to sleep on such a small bed.
他睡在这么小的床上是不可能的。
2. Here comes the bus. Let’s stand in a line.
公共汽车来了。我们排队吧。
3. Put all the bills in order and then add up the costs.
把所有的账单整理好, 然后把花费加起来。
4. Only one-third of the work has been finished till now.
到现在这项工作只完成了三分之一。
5. It’s your turn to wash dishes today; I get so fed up with your laziness.
今天轮到你洗碗了;我受够了你的懒惰。
Ⅳ. 阅读理解
(2021·无锡高一检测)
How does an ecosystem work What makes the populations of different species the way they are Why are there so many flies and so few wolves To find an answer, scientists have built mathematical models of food webs, noting who eats whom and how much each one eats.
With such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. Most food webs, for instance, consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones. When a predator(掠食动物)always eats huge numbers of a single prey(猎物), the two species are strongly linked; when a predator lives on various species, they are weakly linked. Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term. If a predator can eat several species, it can survive the extinction(灭绝) of one of them. And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare, the switch allows the original prey to recover. The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction.
Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable, where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species-including species they did not directly attack.
And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true. In the ocean, we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale, while on land, we killed off large predators such as wolves. These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance.
Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally, the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline. Prevention is key, scientists say, because once ecosystems pass their tipping point(临界点), it is remarkably difficult for them to return.
【文章大意】本文主要讲述了科学家们已经建立了一个基于食物网的数学模型预警系统, 该系统揭示食物链中的生态平衡和破坏的原理和提醒人们应该保护生态系统。
1. What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs
A. The living habits of species in food webs.
B. The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems.
C. The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems.
D. The differences between weak and strong links in food webs.
【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据文章第二段With such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. 可知, 通过这些模型, 科学家们发现了一些在食物网中起作用的关键原理。由此可见, 科学家借助于食物网的数学模型发现了控制生态系统食物网的规则。
2. A strong link is found between two species when a predator _______.
A. has a wide food choice
B. can easily find new prey
C. sticks to one prey species
D. can quickly move to another place
【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据文章第二段If a predator can eat. . . prey to recover. 可知如果一个捕食者可以吃几个物种, 它就可以在其中一个物种灭绝后幸存下来。如果一个捕食者可以转移到另一个物种, 当一个捕食物种变得稀少时, 更容易找到这个物种, 那么这个转换就允许原来的捕食者恢复。由此可见, 当食肉动物粘在一个捕食物种上时, 发现两个物种之间有一个很强的联系。
3. What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline
A. The prey species they directly attack will die out.
B. The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.
C. The living environment of other species will remain unchanged.
D. The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.
【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据文章第三段第一句可知数学模型还表明, 食物网可能是不稳定的, 顶部食肉动物的微小变化可能导致整个生态系统的巨大影响。由此可见, 如果食物网中顶级食肉动物的数量大幅度下降, 其他物种的种群将经历意想不到的变化。
4. What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4
A. Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems.
B. Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats.
C. Species of commercial value dominate other species.
D. Industrial activities help keep food webs stable.
【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据文章第四段可知无计划的人类活动证明了顶级掠食者自上而下控制的想法是正确的。在海洋中, 我们在工业规模上捕捞顶级掠食者, 如鳕鱼, 而在陆地上, 我们杀死大型掠食者, 如狼。这些行动大大影响了生态平衡。由此可见, 不受控制的人类活动极大地破坏了生态系统。
Ⅴ. 语法填空
(2021·大连高一检测)
A kind of insect gets its name for the body shape, which resembles a long stick. Such an amazing 1. ________ (appear) helps it successfully hide from predators(捕食者) in the branches of trees. These creatures 2. ________ (call) stick insects. Often called walking sticks, they live on every continent except Antarctica. They can be smaller than an inch or longer than 3. ________18-inch ruler.
There are some other ways stick insects use to defend 4. ________ (they). Some can hit attackers with their spiny legs. Others spray something in no time 5. ________ burns an attacker’s eyes. And some just taste bad. The Peruvian stick insect is one of them. This stick insect is 6. ________ (easy) to see because it has red, yellow, and black markings than others. These bright colors are a warning to predators, who know it discharges something with an unpleasant smell when 7. ________ (attack).
Stick insects are mostly nocturnal, which means they are active at night, when they spend their time eating leaves. Darkness makes it harder for most predators 8. ________ (discover) them. However, darkness doesn’t protect stick insects 9. ________ one super set of insect hunters, insect-eating bats. These bats use echolocation(回声定位) to find yummy bug dinners. And stick insects are 10. ________(absolute) on the menu as something these bats want to eat!
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文, 文章介绍了竹节虫的有关情况, 包括生活习性、自我保护以及天敌等。
1. 【解析】appearance。考查名词。句意: 这样一个惊人的外观帮助它成功躲避开树枝上的捕食者。such a/an+adj. +n. 意为“如此……”, 故此处应用“appear”的名词形式“appearance”。故填appearance。
2. 【解析】are called。 考查时态和语态。句意: 这些生物被称为竹节虫。主语These creatures与call之间存在动宾关系, 生物被称为竹节虫, 是被动关系, 根据上一句的helps可知时态为一般现在时, 主语为第三人称复数, 谓语用are+过去分词。故填are called。
3. 【解析】an。 考查冠词。句意: 它们可以小于1英寸, 也可以长于18英寸的尺子。这里是泛指, 且eighteen为元音音素开头, 用不定冠词an, 故填an。
4. 【解析】themselves。 考查反身代词。句意: 竹节虫还有其他一些保护自己的方法。空格为defend的宾语, 主语是第三人称复数, 保护它们自己, 故用反身代词themselves。故填themselves。
5. 【解析】that。 考查定语从句关系词。句意: 还有一些竹节虫会立即喷洒一些东西, 灼伤攻击者的眼睛。先行词为something, 在从句中作主语, 用that引导, 故填that。
6. 【解析】easier。 考查形容词的比较级。句意: 这种竹节虫相对于其他的种类更容易看见, 因为它有红色、黄色和黑色的斑纹。这是一个比较句型, than前面要用形容词/副词的比较级, 故此处应为easy的比较级easier(更容易)。故填easier。
7. 【解析】attacked。 考查语态。句意: 这些鲜艳的颜色是对捕食者的警告, 因为捕食者知道它在受到攻击时, 会释放出一种难闻的气味。当它们被攻击的时候释放气体, “被攻击”用被动语态。这是when sb. /sth. be done的省略形式, 主句与从句的主语一致, 可以省略为when done(当被……的时候)。故填attacked。
8. 【解析】to discover。考查非谓语动词。句意: 黑暗使得大多数捕食者很难发现它们。discover(发现), 动词不定式结构“to+动词原形”作真正宾语, it为形式宾语, 故填to discover。
9. 【解析】from/against。 考查固定搭配。句意: 然而, 黑暗并不能保护竹节虫不受一种超级捕食昆虫——蝙蝠的伤害。protect sb. from/against(保护某人免受……), 此处为保护竹节虫免受蝙蝠的伤害。故填from或者against。
10. 【解析】absolutely。 考查副词。句意: 竹节虫绝对是这些蝙蝠想吃的东西!空格处为副词作状语, 修饰be动词, 故此空应填“absolute”的副词形式。故填absolutely。
Ⅵ. 微写作
根据下面的提示, 写一篇80词左右的短文, 介绍有关“不打破鸡蛋除去蛋壳”的实验报告。
实验目的: 不打破鸡蛋除去蛋壳。
实验仪器和材料: 一个玻璃杯、一个小煮锅(saucepan)、水、一个鸡蛋、约250毫升醋(vinegar)。
实验步骤:
1. 先把鸡蛋放在煮锅中煮15分钟左右;
2. 把鸡蛋放在玻璃杯中;
3. 往玻璃杯中倒醋, 醋要漫过鸡蛋;
4. 把鸡蛋泡在醋中24小时。
实验结果: 24小时后蛋壳完全消失。
实验结论: 醋中的酸性物质(acid)与蛋壳中的碳酸钙(CaCO3)反应生成二氧化碳(CO2), 蛋壳消失。
核心要点提示:
①The aim of this experiment is to remove. . .
②You need the following substances. . .
③boil the egg for about. . .
④place the egg in. . .
⑤The conclusion is that. . .
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
The aim of this experiment is to remove the shell from an egg without breaking it. You need the following substances: a glass, a small saucepan, water, an egg and about 250ml vinegar.
First, boil the egg for about fifteen minutes in the saucepan. Next, place the egg in the glass and cover it with vinegar. After that, leave the egg in the vinegar for 24 hours.
The conclusion is that 24 hours later, the shell disappears completely. The shell is mostly made of CaCO3 and the vinegar includes acid. The egg shell dissolves because CaCO3 reacts with acid to form CO2.
阅读理解
Six years ago at the age of 35, I suddenly decided I wanted to learn the cello(大提琴). Straight away I rented an instrument and appeared before Wendell Margrave, professor of musical instruction.
“You can be as good as you want to be, ” Margrave said rather mysteriously. On a piece of paper he drew the notes E and F. He showed me where to put my fingers on the neck of the cello and how to draw the bow. Then he entered my name in his book: 10 am, Tuesday. Tuesday followed Tuesday, and soon it was spring.
Thus began my voyage out of ignorance and into the dream. E-F, E-F, we played together-and moved on to G. It was a happy time. I was again becoming something new, and no longer trapped as the same person. Surely the most terrible recognition of middle life is that we are past changing. We do what we can already do. The cello was something I couldn’t do. Yet each Tuesday this became less and less true. Riding home on the bus one snowy night and learning the score of Mozart’s C-Major Quintet, I felt the page burst into music in my hands. I could by then more or less read a score, and was humming(哼唱)the cello line, when suddenly all five parts came together harmonically in my head. The fellow sitting opposite stared. I met his glance with tears, actually hearing the music in my head for the first time. Could he hear it too, perhaps No, he got off at the next stop.
As the years slipped by, my daughter grew up, playing the piano well. My goal was that she and I would one day perform together. I also wanted to perform in public with and for my peers, and to be secretly envied. I continued to play, to perform, but it is not the same. Before, when I heard a cello, it was all beauty and light. Now, as the TV camera gets close to Rostropovich’s face, I recognize that his smile shows his incredible determination. Even for him, the cello is a difficult instrument that doesn’t respect his ambitions. I picked up my cello and practiced. As good as I wanted to be, I am as good as I’m going to get. It is good enough.
【文章大意】本文讲的是六年前, 作者35岁的时候突然决定要学习大提琴, 她就这样开始了学习旅程, 从无知到进入梦想, 随着岁月的流逝, 作者的女儿长大了, 钢琴弹得很好。作者的目标是有一天和女儿一起表演。
1. From the first two paragraphs, we can learn that _______.
A. the author already knew some cello basics
B. the author went to a cello lesson every Tuesday
C. the author bought a cello after she decided to learn it
D. Wendell Margrave was a famous but mysterious professor
【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第二段中“Then he entered my name in his book: 10 am, Tuesday. Tuesday followed Tuesday, and soon it was spring. ”可知, 作者每个星期二去上大提琴课。
2. The author writes that “It was a happy time. ” in Paragraph 3 mainly because _______.
A. she felt very bored with her new life
B. it was beautiful to be able to hear the music in her mind
C. Professor Margrave made learning the cello very easy for her
D. she enjoyed the feeling of growth and got closer to her dream
【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据“Riding home on the bus one snowy night and learning the score of Mozart’s C-Major Quintet, I felt the page burst into music in my hands. ”可知, 作者学习大提琴已经有很大的进步, 离她的梦想越来越近。
3. From the last paragraph, it can be inferred that the author _______.
A. put on shows with her daughter
B. was determined to catch up with Rostropovich
C. is happy to have kept up her personal development
D. was confident that her peers would envy her for her cello playing ability
【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据“My goal was that she and I would one day perform together. I also wanted to perform in public with and for my peers, and to be secretly envied. ”可知, 看到自己在大提琴上的进步, 作者是很快乐的。
4. The purpose of the article is mainly to _______.
A. show her deep gratitude to her cello tutor
B. advise readers on how to improve their cello skills
C. describe her incredible efforts to overcome difficulties
D. encourage readers that it’s never too late to pursue their dreams
【解析】选D。写作意图题。本文主要讲的是作者35岁的时候突然决定要学习大提琴, 就这样开始了她的学习旅程, 从无知到进入梦想, 随着岁月的流逝, 她的目标是有一天和女儿一起表演。由此可知追求梦想从来都不迟。
PAGE
9Grammar
比较等级
观察上面对话并类比填空。
The sun is much bigger than the earth and the moon is not as big as the earth.
太阳比地球大得多, 月亮并不和地球一样大。
一、倍数表达法
1. 倍数+as+形容词/副词原级+as
*The journey to Europe cost two times as much as I had expected. 去欧洲旅行的花费是我预算的两倍。
2. 倍数+形容词/副词比较级+than
*His house is twice larger than mine.
他的房子比我的房子大一倍。
*The dictionary is exactly five times more expensive than that one. 这本字典比那本恰好贵5倍。
3. 倍数+the+名词(height, size, length, depth, width, etc. )+of
*This rope is half the length of that one.
这根绳子是那根的一半长。
*The ballroom is twice the width of our classroom.
舞厅是我们教室宽度的两倍。
(1)倍数表达结构中的倍数可用half(一半), twice(两倍);三倍及更多倍用“基数词+times”。
(2)在as. . . as句型中, 如果名词为单数可数名词, 应注意冠词与形容词的位置关系, 即“as+adj. +a(n)+单数可数名词+as”;如果名词为复数名词或不可数名词, 应为“as+adj. +可数名词复数/不可数名词+as”。
(1)单句改错
①My brother often exercises and he can walk three times further as me. (as→than)
②This table is twice as longer as that one. (longer→long)
(2)句型转换
①This river is three times the depth of that one.
=This river is three times as deep as that one.
②The weight of paper produced every year is three times as heavy as the world’s production of vehicles.
=The weight of paper produced every year is three times heavier than the world’s production of vehicles.
二、比较级的常用结构
1. 比较级+and+比较级“越来越……”
*The climate is getting warmer and warmer so that the polar ice is melting faster and faster.
气候变得越来越暖和, 所以极地的冰融化得越来越快。
*She became more and more talkative as the evening went on. 夜渐深, 她的话也渐渐多起来。
2. the+比较级, the+比较级“越……越……”
*The earlier the treatment is given, the bigger the patient’s chances are.
病人越早接受治疗, 康复的可能性就越大。
*The higher the monkey goes, the more he shows his tail.
猴子爬得越高, 尾巴越暴露。
(1)大多双音节词和多音节词的比较级是在前面加more。用“比较级+and+比较级”结构时, 形式为“more and more+形容词或副词原形”。
(2)“the+比较级, the+比较级”意为“越……, 越……”, 表示一方的程度随着另一方的变化而变化。
(3)“the+比较级+of the two+n. ”表示“两者中较……的那个”。
(4)“否定词 + 比较级”表示最高级。
(1)用所给词的适当形式填空
①The fresh water is becoming less and less. (little)
②The harder (hard) he worked, the more he got.
(2)The higher the ground is, the thinner the air becomes.
离地面越高, 空气就越稀薄。
(3)The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you’ll make in the experiment.
你越小心, 你做实验犯的错误就越少。
三、修饰比较级的副词和短语
修饰比较级的副词和短语常见的有: much, rather, even, still, far, yet, no, any, a little, a bit, a lot等。
*A train runs much faster than a bus.
火车比公共汽车跑得快多了。
*In fact, the earth is a little nearer to the sun during the winter. 事实上, 冬天的时候地球离太阳近一些。
*This book is no more interesting than that one.
这本书和那本书一样不令人感兴趣。
*He has no more than three children.
他只有 3 个孩子。
(1)修饰比较级时, a little, a bit译为“一点儿”, a lot, rather, much, far译为“多”。
(2)“no+比较级+than” 表示对两者都否定, 意为“同……一样不……”。no more than仅仅, 只有。
(3)any修饰比较级用于疑问句和否定句。
(1)英译汉
①Do you feel any better today
你今天感觉好些了吗
②Peter is no more careful than you.
彼得和你一样不仔细。
(2)语法填空
①It’s much colder (cold) today than it was yesterday.
②The new system is far better (good) than the old one.
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. (2020·天津高考) I’m relieved to know that “cool” has a much broader (broad) definition than what I used to think.
2. Judging from the number of cars, there are not as many people as we expected at the party.
3. A friend is easier (easy) lost than found.
4. Unlike my boss, I won’t buy a car as expensive as this one.
5. The tower of London is three times the height (high) of the church tower.
6. The harder (hard) you work, the better result you will get.
7. 21st Century is more than a newspaper. Many students improve their English by reading it.
8. I’d gladly pay twice as much for the reference book because it is really useful to my study.
9. Farming produced more food per person than hunting and gathering, so people were able to raise more children.
10. —Are you pleased with his performance
—Well done!It couldn’t have been better (good).
Ⅱ. 完成句子
1. A good neighbour is better than a brother in the next village.
远亲不如近邻。
2. The longer the war lasts, the more the people there will suffer.
战争持续得越久, 那里的人民遭受的苦难就越多。
3. The more we get together, the happier we will be.
我们越经常聚在一起, 我们越感到开心。
4. He runs faster than any other boy in his class.
他在班级里比其他任何男孩跑得都快。
5. Carrying goods by train costs nearly three times more than carrying them by ship.
通过铁路运货的成本比驳船运货成本高出近3倍。
6. The air in the country is much fresher than that in the city.
农村的空气要比城市的空气清新。
7. The roads here are wider than those in our city.
这里的道路要比我们城市的道路宽。
8. His grades are getting better and better, so he is becoming more and more interested in study.
他的成绩越来越好, 所以他对学习越来越感兴趣。
9. This test takes no more than thirty minutes.
这个测验只要30分钟。
10. This street is three times wider than that one.
这条街是那条街的三倍宽。
根据提示翻译下列语段。
随着科学技术的发展, 越来越多的(more and more)智能机器人将在未来得到广泛的应用(一般将来时的被动语态)。 在家里, 机器人将帮助人们做一些家务和照顾老人, 婴儿和病人(省略to的不定式作宾语补足语)。 机器人可以做更多任务(take more tasks), 甚至可以和人类下棋、做运动。 在工厂里, 机器人比我们更适合(will be more suitable)从事一些危险的工作。机器人将在许多方面改变我们未来的生活, 使之更加丰富多彩和舒适(more colorful and comfortable)。
With the development of science and technology, more and more intelligent robots will be widely used in the future. At home, robots will help people do some housework and take care of the elderly, babies and patients. Robots can take more tasks. They will even be able to play chess and do exercise with people. In factories, robots will be more suitable to perform some dangerous jobs than us. Robots will change our future life in many ways, which will make it more colorful and comfortable.
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6Integrating Skills
Ⅰ. 用本模块恰当的单词补全语境
1. on the balance 在天平上
2. over the Bunsen flame 在本生灯的火焰上
3. the science facilities 科学设备
4. public science lectures 公共科学演讲
5. have good Physics Departments有很棒的物理系
6. the astonished expression吃惊的表情
Ⅱ. 根据语境用恰当的词补全短语
1. The children are either reading or doing their homework at this time.
2. There are too many people in the mall on weekends. What about buying online
3. Even if you are with your best friends, it’s better to keep your voice down in public places.
4. Go ahead and do what you like.
5. Pete used to play with me as soon as he got home from school.
6. They have made real discoveries in the area of science.
7. The Nobel Prize is the highest scientific prize there is, so we should be very proud of that.
8. Soldiers are supposed to obey their commanding officers.
Ⅲ. 根据课文及汉语提示补全句子
1. We need a piece which is (very) much bigger than that (比那大得多的).
2. You’ve got it (明白)!
3. I never used to enjoy (过去从来没有喜欢过)science, but last year I changed schools, and the science teachers at my new school are excellent.
4. The science facilities are very good, with laboratories that have all the latest equipment (有所有最先进的设备).
5. I’m becoming more and more interested in physics (变得对物理越来越感兴趣), and have decided that I want to study it at university.
1. used to 过去(常常)……
*I didn’t use to like opera, but now I’m getting interested.
我过去不喜欢歌剧, 但是现在慢慢地感兴趣了。
*He is used to taking notes of everything he does.
他习惯把他所做的一切事情都记下来。
*(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.
它的谷物的一个重要作用是用于饲养鸡、猪和牛。
“过去常常”花样多
(1)used to后跟动词原形, 表示过去的习惯动作或状态, 而现在不再那样了。
(2)used to的否定式有两种, 即used not to 和did not use to。疑问式也有两种, 即Used+主语+to do. . . 和Did+主语+use to do. . .
【巧学助记】
I used to play football on the playground, but now I am used to reading in the library and the knowledge I get can be used to equip myself. 我过去常常在操场上踢足球, 但现在我习惯在图书馆看书, 用获取的知识来武装自己。
(2021·天津高考) It used to be that you could drive for miles here without seeing another person, but now there are houses and people everywhere.
以前你可能在这里开了几英里, 都没见过别人, 但现在到处都是房子和人。
(1)语法填空
①(2020·江苏高考) We used to think (think) that insects were the smallest organisms (生物), and that nothing lived deeper than six hundred meters.
②(2020·全国 Ⅰ 卷) The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light (light) the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps.
(2)单句改错
①Her library used to being a meeting place for all who loved books and liked to share knowledge. (being改为be)
②He used to stay up late, but now he is used to go to bed early. (go改为going)
2. in the area of 在……领域
*The new manager has lots of experience in the area of business management.
新经理在企业管理方面有丰富的经验。
*The island has an area of 7. 6 million square meters and has many holiday centers and hotels. 这座岛屿占地七百六十万平方米, 而且有许多度假中心与宾馆。
【词块积累】
area n. 领域, 方面;面积;地区
have/ cover an area of. . . 有……面积;占地……
(1)语法填空
①Altogether, in the area of hospitals and medicine, our country still has a lot of problems.
②The city covers an area of 15 square kilometers.
(2)He earned a high reputation in the area of science.
他在科学领域赢得了很高的声誉。
3. be proud of 为……感到自豪/ 骄傲
*Chinese should be proud of our traditional culture.
中国人应该为我们的传统文化感到自豪。
*She was proud that the magazine had agreed to publish one of her stories.
那份杂志同意刊登她的一篇小说, 她很自豪。
*He always takes pride in his work. He’s really very efficient. 他总是为自己的工作感到自豪。 他的确很能干。
proud及其派生词的用法
(1)语法填空
①We’re so proud of her for telling the truth.
②He was proud to be elected(elect)chairman of the Students’ Union.
③He takes great pride in his children’s progress.
(2)单句改错
I promise to make my parents be pride of me in the future. (pride改为proud)
4. be supposed to 应当;理应
*Everyone is supposed to wear a seat-belt in the car.
在车上每个人都应该系安全带。
*He is supposed to have graduated from college two years ago. 他本该两年前大学毕业。
*The policy is perfectly clear and I see no reason to suppose that it isn’t working.
这项政策非常明了, 我看不出有何理由认为它行不通。
*Supposing (that) I were left alone on a deserted island, what would I do
如果我被孤单地遗留在荒岛上, 我怎么办
【词块积累】
(1)suppose v. 认为;料想
be supposed to do sth. 应当/理应做某事
be supposed to have done 本应该做某事 (但事实上没做)
suppose that+从句 认为/料想……;假定……
(2)supposing/suppose (that). . . 假如/假设……
语法填空
(1)You’re supposed to ask (ask) the teacher if you want to leave the classroom in advance.
(2)You are not supposed (suppose) to smoke on the bus.
(3)You are supposed to have finished (finish) the work, but I haven’t seen it now.
(4)Supposing/Suppose (suppose) you can’t come, who will do the work
5. astonished adj. 吃惊的;惊愕的
*Alice waked up and was astonished to find her lying on the ground in the garden.
爱丽丝醒了, 惊奇地发现她躺在花园的地上。
*I’m astonished that you should even think about such a thing!我真没料到你竟然会想这种事!
*We can know that the news is astonishing from his astonished look.
从他惊讶的表情我们就知道这个消息是惊人的。
*To our astonishment, they arrived on time on such a rainy night.
使我们惊讶的是, 在如此的雨夜他们仍准时到了。
【巧学助记】一句识惊奇
To our astonishment, our teacher stepped into the classroom with an astonished look and told us the astonishing news, which rather astonished us.
使我们感到吃惊的是, 老师带着吃惊的表情走进教室, 告诉我们这个令人吃惊的消息, 这让我们深感震惊。
(1)语法填空
①We were quite astonished (astonish) at the rapid progress he had made.
②To my astonishment(astonish), my car was gone.
(2)单句改错
①What brought about this astonished change in me (astonished→astonishing)
②We were astonishing to hear what had happened. (astonishing→astonished)
6. It’s your turn means you’re next.
“It’s your turn”意思是“轮到你了”。
【句式解构】
(1)It’s one’s turn to do sth. 表示“轮到某人做某事了”。
(2)turn为名词, 意为“(轮到的)机会”, 通常用单数。
*It’s your turn to take out the rubbish.
轮到你倒垃圾了。
*The two sisters took care of their sick mother by turns/ in turn. 两姐妹轮流照顾她们生病的母亲。
*Let us take turns to clean the room.
让我们轮流打扫这个房间吧。
【词块积累】
turn n. 次序
语法填空
(1)Please wait until it is your turn to be served (serve).
(2)The students clean the blackboard in turn.
(3)We sit in front of the fire and sing songs by turns (turn).
(4)You can’t both use the bikes at once. You’ll have to take turns (turn).
7. In the last twenty years, seven Canadian scientists have won the Nobel Prize!在过去的二十年中, 七位加拿大科学家赢得了诺贝尔奖!
【句式解构】
(1)短语in the last twenty years与现在完成时连用。
(2)“in/over/during the last/past+一段时间”意为“在过去的一段时间里”。
*The city’s population has exploded in the last few years.
在过去的几年里, 这个城市的人口急剧增加。
*You’ve really worked hard in the past few days.
你们这几天工作真够辛苦的。
*Over the past 20 years, I have watched The Lion King for more than a dozen times.
在过去的20年里, 《狮子王》我已经看了十几遍了。
*We were not quite clear about this question in the past.
我们过去对这个问题的认识不是十分清楚。
“过去”与时态
(1)“in/ over/ during the last/ past + 一段时间”意为“在过去的一段时间里”, 通常与现在完成时连用。
(2)in the past“在过去”, 与一般过去时连用。
语法填空
(1)(2018·全国卷Ⅱ) Corn production has jumped (jump) nearly 125 percent over the past 25 years.
(2)In the past, we took(take) a picture together on the first snow every winter.
(3)My wife and I have used (use) TV Ears almost daily in the past two years.
(4)In the last few years, China has made (make) great achievements in environmental protection.
8. I’m going to try to go to either Montreal or Ottawa University, as both are supposed to have good Physics Departments. 我打算努力上蒙特利尔或渥太华大学, 因为这两者应该有很好的物理系。
【句式解构】
either. . . or. . . 意为“要么……要么……;或者……或者……”, 是并列连词词组, 在句中可连接并列主语、谓语、宾语或表语、状语, 也可连接并列分句。
*We can finish the work either this week or next week.
不是这星期就是下星期我们就可以完成这项工作。
* You must either go at once or wait till tomorrow.
你要么马上走, 要么等到明天。
*(2018·江苏高考)It had also given me a choice, either to leave that page blank or to keep writing the story with hope. 它也给我一个选择, 要么留下那页空白, 要么带着希望继续写这个故事。
*Either you’ll leave this house or I’ll call the police.
你要是不离开这座房子, 我就叫警察来。
either. . . or. . . 的主谓一致原则
(1)either. . . or. . . 连接并列主语时, 谓语的单复数要遵循“就近原则”。
(2)遵循“就近原则”的并列连词还有: neither. . . nor. . . 既不……也不……;not. . . but. . . 不是……而是……;not only. . . but also. . . 不仅……而且……;. . . or. . . ……或者……。
语法填空
(1)(2018·江苏高考)They should either monitor their websites better so that children do not sign up too early, or they should adjust their websites to the needs of younger users.
(2)Either he or you are (be) right.
(3)Neither he nor she is (be) at home today.
(4)Not only his parents but also he himself likes (like) this girl.
【要点拾遗】
1. balance n. 天平
*Great care must be taken in the use of the balance.
这种天平使用时必须十分小心。
*The sea runs so high that it was hard to keep your balance. 海上波涛汹涌, 很难保持身体平衡。
*She nearly lost her balance as the bus suddenly moved forward. 公共汽车突然向前移动, 她差一点失去平衡。
*The blow was hard enough to knock him off balance.
这一拳力量很大, 足以使他失去平衡。
*Out of balance, little Kate fell in the snow.
小凯特没站稳, 摔倒在雪地上。
*(2019·天津高考)These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance.
这些行为极大地影响了生态平衡。
【巧学助记】图解balance
语法填空
(1)People have learnt the importance of keeping a balanced (balance) diet to keep fit.
(2)The girl lost her balance and fell off the balance beam.
(3)On balance, I think we made the right decision.
2. go ahead 开始;进行
*“Could I talk with you about your husband” “Sure, go ahead. ”
“我能和你谈谈你的丈夫吗 ”“当然, 说吧。”
*The sports meeting will be going ahead as scheduled, no matter what the weather is like.
不管天气如何, 运动会都将如期举行。
*Don’t be bothered;just go ahead with your work.
不要受干扰, 你们只管干你们的活。
(2019·天津高考)Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead.
那些总是回想过去的人几乎不能前进。
【词块积累】
(1)表示允许某人继续说、继续做某事。
(2)表示(人)开始做、开始执行。常构成go ahead with sth. 。
(3)表示(事件、活动)发生、进行。
(4)本义, go作动词, ahead作副词, 意为: 前进;走在前面;提前走。
(1)介、副词填空
①I doubted it, but let him go ahead, for I had nothing to lose.
②Although many people are against it, the boss has decided to go ahead with the plan.
(2)翻译句子
①I suggest we go ahead with the experiment and see what will happen.
我建议我们继续实验, 看看会发生什么。
②You go ahead and I’ll join you shortly.
你先走, 我一会儿就来。
3. keep. . . down 压制
* Keep your voice down or the sleeping dogs will wake up. 小点声, 否则那些睡着的狗会被惊醒的。
*He keeps his head down as his mother blames him.
他母亲谴责他时, 他始终低着头。
*He couldn’t keep down his anger.
他无法控制怒气。
*Embarrassment has kept me from doing all sorts of things. 我总是害怕受窘, 什么事都不敢去做。
*The girls had to run to keep up with the boys.
这些女孩子不得不加快脚步以赶上男孩子们。
介、副词填空
(1)She is managing to keep down her spending.
(2)Keep away from the scene of the accident.
(3)We should keep children from playing games too much.
(4)(2020·天津高考) I probably would have continued trying to keep up with him for the rest of my high school career, but when my family moved, everything changed.
4. These are always very interesting, as the lecturers are people who have made real discoveries in their area of science.
这些讲座总是很有趣, 因为主讲者都是那些在他们的科学领域有过真正发现的人。
【句式解构】
*We asked Philip to go with us, as he knew the road.
我们叫菲利普一起去, 因为他认识路。
* (2021·天津高考) As working from home becomes increasingly common, people are finding it easier to combine parenthood with a full-time career.
随着在家工作变得越来越普遍, 人们发现为人父母与全职工作相结合变得越来越容易。
*Try as she might, Sue couldn’t get the door open.
无论休怎样努力, 她就是打不开门。
*We’d better leave things as they are until the police arrive.
在警察到来以前, 我们最好什么也别动。
as作连词引导从句小结
(1)as引导原因状语从句, 语气较弱。
(2)as引导时间状语从句, 强调从句中的动作和主句的动作同时进行, 可译为“随着, 一边……一边”。
(3)as引导让步状语从句, 意为“尽管”, 可以将从句中的表语或状语提到as之前。
(4)as引导方式状语从句, 意为“像;按照”。
【知识延伸】
as可以引导非限制性定语从句, 修饰整个主句, 译为“正如”。
As you can see, we’re still working.
如你所见, 我们仍在工作。
翻译黑体部分
(1)Child as he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. (尽管)
(2)As time passed, things seemed to get better. (随着)
(3)As it was getting dark, we soon turned back. (因为, 由于)
(4)Leave them as they are. (按照)
Ⅰ. 单词拼写
1. Professor Li gave a very interesting lecture (演讲) on art yesterday.
2. Her astonished (惊讶的) expression suggested that she hadn’t expected that result.
3. We need to consider how many facilities (设备) we will use for physical training.
4. It’s been dry for so long that the forest could burst into flame(s) (火焰) at any moment.
5. I had learned in the department (系) of English for four years before I graduated.
Ⅱ. 单句语法填空
1. We need to keep our costs down if we want to go through the economic crisis.
2. You may do these exercises either in class or after class, but you must.
3. The doctors were astonished at/by the speed of her recovery.
4. Garbage sorting must be part of a balanced (balance) solution to reducing pollution.
5. Maybe the person who was supposed to ask (ask) your question quit at the meeting.
6. She used to live (live) in the city but now she finds herself used to living(live) in the country.
7. We usually take turns to do(do)the cleaning, and today it is my turn.
8. He is proud of his wife’s achievements.
9. —May I ask you a question
—Yes, go ahead.
10. With hard work and determination you can get through your online school with a degree in the area of your choice.
Ⅲ. 完成句子
1. It’s your turn to tell a story.
轮到你讲故事了。
2. —We’re going out this weekend but I don’t know whether to drive faraway or just have fun here.
——这个周末我们要出去, 但是我不知道是开车去远方还是在这里玩。
— What about going to the museum in our city It’s just been rebuilt.
——去我们城市的博物馆怎么样 它刚被重建。
3. Either you or Linda is to design the blackboard newspaper for New Year’s Day. You both are the best painters in our class.
不是你就是琳达为元旦设计黑板报。你们俩是我们班最好的画家。
4. As it was getting late, I turned around to start for home. 天越来越晚, 于是我掉头回家。
5. I have learned/ learnt 2, 000 English words during the last three years.
在过去三年中, 我已学了两千个英语单词。
Ⅳ. 课文语法填空
I never used 1. to enjoy (enjoy) science, but I like science now because last year I changed schools. At my new school the science 2. facilities (facility) are very good, and labs have all the 3. latest (late) equipment. Our chemistry teacher takes us to public science lectures, 4. which are interesting, as the lecturers are people who have made real discoveries 5. in their area of science. In the last twenty years, seven Canadian scientists 6. have won (win) the Nobel Prize, and we are proud
7. of that.
I’m going to either Montreal 8. or Ottawa University, as both are supposed
9. to have (have) good Physics Departments. My parents are 10. astonished (astonish) because they thought I would become an English teacher.
如何写科学实验报告
文体特点
实验报告是把实验目的、方法、过程、结果等记录下来, 经过整理写成的书面汇总材料。实验报告要明确体现实验目的、步骤和结果, 对具体实验现象的描述要客观准确, 分析要全面具体, 语言要简洁质朴、通俗易懂。
英语课堂上, 老师让大家写一篇英语实验报告。请根据以下要点, 完成此项任务。
实验目的: 验证冰在融化后体积是否变化。
实验器材: 一个玻璃杯、一块冰、一些水。
实验步骤: 把冰放在玻璃杯中, 杯中倒满水, 让冰浮在水上面;等待几分钟直到冰融化, 观察是否有水从杯子里流出或杯子里的水是否有所减少。
实验结论: 水并没有从杯子里流出反而有所减少, 故冰在融化后体积减小。
注意: 词数100个左右, 可适当增加细节。
词汇: 体积volume; 减小decrease
1. 完成句子
(1)在杯子里放上冰。
Put the ice in the glass.
(2)杯子里放满水。
Fill the glass with water.
(3)冰会浮在水上。
The ice will float in the water.
(4)水的体积减小。
The volume of water decreases.
(5)冰融化了。
The ice melts.
2. 句式升级
(6)用and合并(2)、(3)句。
Fill the glass with water, and the ice will float in the water.
(7)用when引导的时间状语从句合并(4)、(5)句。
The volume of water decreases when the ice melts.
Aim: To find out whether the volume of ice changes when it melts.
Apparatus: A glass, a piece of ice and some water.
Method: (1)Put the ice in the glass.
(2)Fill the glass with water, and the ice will float in the water.
(3)Wait a few minutes till the ice melts.
Result: The volume of water decreases when the ice melts.
Conclusion: The volume of ice does not increase but decrease when it melts.
1. 话题词汇
①do/carry out/conduct an experiment 做实验
②aim 目的;目标
③apparatus 器材
④method 方法
⑤stage 阶段
⑥result 结果
⑦draw/come to a conclusion 得出结论
2. 话题句式
(1)描述实验目的、器材、结果、结论:
①The aim of the experiment is to find out the temperature and what happens when water is boiling.
实验的目的是观察水沸腾时的温度和现象。
②To do the experiment, you need the following apparatus: a beaker, a thermometer, an alcohol lamp and matches.
为了做实验, 你需要下列器材: 一个烧杯、一个温度计、一个酒精灯和火柴。
③Some time later, bubbles begin to appear when the temperature reaches 100℃.
一段时间之后, 温度到达100℃时开始出现气泡。
(2)描述实验步骤:
①First, fill the beaker with about 100g of water.
第一, 在烧杯里盛100g左右的水。
②Then, put a thermometer in the water.
然后, 在水中放入温度计。
③Next, heat the water in the beaker and watch the readings of the thermometer. 接下来, 加热烧杯中的水, 并观察温度计的读数。
④Finally, write down the temperature when bubbles begin to appear.
最后, 气泡开始出现时记下温度。
PAGE
17Introduction & Reading and Vocabulary
Ⅰ. 用本模块恰当的词语补全语境
1. a clear yellow liquid 一种透明淡黄色的液体
2. Metals expand with heat. 金属遇热膨胀。
3. Earthworms can contract. 蚯蚓能收缩。
4. a mixture of iron and other substances铁和其他物质的混合物
5. a few experiments on electricity 几个电学实验
6. the stages of a scientific experiment 科学实验的阶段
7. come to a conclusion 得到结论
8. achieve the aim 达到目标
9. the reaction of metals with oxygen 金属和氧气的反应
10. electrical equipment 电气设备
11. react with different substances 和不同物质反应
12. partial reaction 部分反应
13. boil the water 把水煮沸
14. ordinary water 普通水
15. form an oxide 形成一种氧化物
Ⅱ. 根据语境写出黑体部分的汉语意思
1. Add some oil to the water. (把……加入……)
2. This will keep air out of the water. (使……不进入……)
3. The reaction of metals with these substances can be put in order. (按顺序排列)
4. Think of yourself as working for yourself, not for the company. (想象)
5. The ship sank and many treasures on it were buried at the bottom of the sea.
(在……底部)
Ⅲ. 根据课文及汉语提示补全句子
1. The earth is forty-nine times as large as (四十九倍大) the moon.
2. Different metals have different uses (有不同的用途), for example, steel is used in (用于) cars.
3. Here is a table (这里是一个表格) with the metals that react most at the top, and the metals that react least at the bottom.
1. 名词后缀-ment, 例如: equip + -ment → equipment设备;装备
develop→development发展 employ→employment就业
establish→establishment建设 agree→agreement协议
2. “at the +名词+of”构成的短语, 常在句中作状语。例如: at the bottom of在……底部
at the age of 在……岁时 at the beginning of 在……开始时
at the cost of 以……为代价 at the sight of 一看到……就
Task 1 框架宏观建构: 整体理解
Task 2 文本微观剖析: 细节探究
1. 根据文章细节信息完成下列问题。
(1)The first sentence “It is hard to think of a world without metals. ” will make us think _______.
A. metals make up the world
B. metals play a greatly important role in the world
C. there would be no world if there were no metals
D. it is difficult for us to live in the world of metals
(2)Which of the following metals reacts the most with water
A. Copper. B. Iron.
C. Aluminium. D. Sodium.
(3)How to prevent air from water
A. Boil the water for a long time.
B. Make the tube full of water.
C. Pour the water into the glass and cover it.
D. Put some oil into the water.
答案: (1)~(3)BDD
2. 根据文章内容完成空格。
The Reaction of Metals
The importance of metals and the reaction of metals with water and oxygen Metals are very important in the world and have different uses, for example, iron is used in electrical (1)equipment. They (2)react with different (3)substances. The (4)reaction of metals with water and oxygen can be put in (5)order. Among common metals, potassium is at the (6)top because it reacts most and copper is at the (7)bottom because it reacts least.
A simple scientific experiment that shows how iron reacts with air and with water The (8)aim of the experiment is to find out if iron (9)rusts in dry air, in air-free water and in (10)ordinary water. The conclusion of the experiment is that iron doesn’t rust in dry air and air-free water, but rusts in ordinary water.
3. 运用语句知识解构课文中的长难句。
(1)
译文: 当我们使用金属时, 要了解金属和不同的物质, 例如与水和氧气如何发生反应, 这一点很重要。
(2)
译文: 这里是一个表格, 反应最强的金属在顶部, 反应最弱的金属在底部。
Task 3 阅读思维升华: 主题实践
1. 结合课文主题, 回答下列问题。
(1)Do you think metals are important in the world Why
Yes, I think so. Because metals have many important uses in our daily life. For example, steel is used in cars and iron is used in electrical equipment. Sodium exists in salt we need every day and our body needs calcium, iron and other metals.
(2)In your daily life, to make iron nails not rust, what can you do
①I can put them in dry air or air-free water and make them avoid touching ordinary water.
②Besides, I even put some oil on their surface to keep the air or water away from them.
2. 根据提示, 运用本模块词汇与句型完成短文。
(1)为了了解一些金属和水及氧气的反应(react with), 我研究了一个表格, 表格中这些反应(reaction)按强弱顺序排列(put. . . in order), 发现钾排在顶部(at the top), 而铜排在底部(at the bottom)。
(2)我还从一个科学实验中得出结论: 铁在干燥的空气和没有空气的水中不生锈(rust), 但在普通的(ordinary)水中生锈。
In order to learn about how some metals react with water and oxygen, I have studied a table in which the metals are put in order according to the degree of reaction and found that potassium is at the top and copper is at the bottom.
I also draw a conclusion from a scientific experiment that iron does not rust in dry air or air-free water, but rusts in ordinary water.
1. aim n. 目的;目标
*Now we have to take aim at the problem and try to get it solved. 现在我们不得不正视这个难题并努力解决它。
*The programme aims to provide free treatment for old people suffering from eye disease.
该计划旨在为患眼病的老年人提供免费治疗。
*This dictionary aims at explaining the most common mistakes in word use.
这本词典旨在说明用词上最常见的错误。
【词块积累】
【巧学助记】 “瞄准”目标
(1)语法填空
①The hunter took aim at the rabbit and fired.
②In the newspaper of our school there is a column called “Foreign Cultures”, aiming to introduce (introduce) foreign customs and the life of high school students.
③A bill aimed(aim) at controlling house prices was passed at the meeting.
(2)单句改错
①The visit was aimed for expanding relations between the two countries.
(for改为at)
②We aim to finishing the work by Friday. (finishing改为finish或to改为at)
2. equipment n. 设备;装备
*How about a gift that will add to her collection, or a piece of equipment to help with her hobby
送一件礼物来增加她的收藏, 或者买一件设备来帮助她培养兴趣, 怎么样
*The new factory was equipped with the latest machinery.
那家新工厂安装了最新的机器设备。
equipment为不可数名词, 不和不定冠词连用, 也无复数形式, 通常借助于量词来表示数量关系, 如a set of equipment一套设备;a piece of/an article of equipment一件设备。
(2021·天津高考) We provide full furnishings, like donated kitchen equipment and furniture items.
我们提供全套家具, 比如捐赠的厨房设备和家具。
(1)语法填空
①A computer is the most important piece of equipment (equip) you will buy.
②The kids equip themselves with helmets and knee pads before learning to ride a bike.
(2)单句改错
You must carry the necessary equipments with you when going out.
(equipments改为equipment)
3. react vi. (化学)反应
*Many chemical substances react with oxygen.
许多化学物质与氧发生反应。
*(2019·浙江高考)They were not sure how the Americans would react to the new type of music.
他们不确定美国人对这种新型音乐会有什么反应。
*He reacted angrily to the suggestion that he had lied.
有人暗示他说谎, 他非常生气。
*Most people’s reaction to that question is that we are probably not helping enough.
许多人对那个问题的反应是我们可能帮得不够。
(1)介词填空
①The water was reacting with the iron in the tank.
②Children prefer to react against their parents by going against their wishes.
③He couldn’t even begin to think how she would react to his secret.
(2)Gases buried deep in the Earth can also escape to the surface, where they react with (与……发生反应) oxygen.
4. put. . . in order 把……按顺序排列
*All goods should be put in order on the shelves before the supermarket opens.
超市开门前, 所有的货物都必须整齐地排列在货架上。
*He keeps playing with the radio;he is sure to put it out of order.
他老是摆弄收音机, 一定会把它弄坏的。
*Some teachers find it difficult to keep their classes in order.
有些教师觉得课堂秩序很难维持。
*Write down the qualities you’d like to have in order of priority.
按照优先次序写下你想具有的品质。
(1)My boss prefers to have his affairs in order (井然有序) before he leaves on vacation.
(2)Things have to be put in order (按顺序整理好) before our mother comes back home.
(3)I couldn’t get through to him because his telephone was out of order now and then.
我打不通他的电话, 因为他的电话时不时出故障。
5. add. . . to. . . 往……加入……
*Make sure you add milk to the mixture to make it delicious.
确保在混合物中加入牛奶, 使它美味可口。
*I don’t want to add to your trouble.
我不想给你增加麻烦。
*Don’t ask me to add up the bill; maths isn’t my strong point.
别叫我算账单, 我的数学可不怎么样。
*The cost of two trips added up to 1, 000 dollars.
两次旅行的费用总计达1 000美元。
【巧学助记】 看图记add
*(2021·天津高考) She added that she had a line of staff at her door wanting to take the training.
她补充说, 有一队员工在她门口等着接受培训。
*(2021·天津高考)Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life.
了解一些你感兴趣的事情, 使你整个生活丰富多彩。
The flame runs high when everyone adds wood to the fire. 众人拾柴火焰高。(启示我们团结就是力量)
(1)语法填空
①(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) After that, not only did he sell popcorn, but he also added cream and salt to the popcorn to make it taste better.
②At the exits polite assistants will take the goods and add up the cost.
③I should add that I am not happy about this decision.
(2)单句改错
As is known to all, good friends add happiness and value into life. (into改为to)
6. Two-thirds of the earth’s surface is water. 地球表面的三分之二是水。
【句式解构】
(1)本句为简单句, 主语为Two-thirds of the earth’s surface, 谓语用单数形式。
(2)“分数或百分数+of+名词”作主语时, 谓语与of后的名词保持数的一致: 名词为单数或不可数名词时, 谓语用单数;名词为复数名词时, 谓语用复数。
*Two-thirds of the continent was covered by ice before the last Ice Age.
该大陆的三分之二在上个冰河时代之前被冰覆盖。
*Three-fourths of the teachers in this school are women teachers.
这个学校的四分之三的教师是女教师。
*(2020·全国Ⅱ卷) It’s been reported that 76 percent of employees in some western countries are using emojis at work.
据报道, 在一些西方国家, 76%的员工在工作中使用表情符号。
分数的表达
分子基数词, 分母序数词, 分子大于“1”, 分母加“-s”。若是“”和“”, 可分别用a half和a quarter表达。
(1)语法填空
①About 60 percent of the workers in this company are (be)young people.
②One-fifth of the water comes(come) from the underground.
(2)单句改错
One-third of the books is worth reading. (is→are)
7. It is hard to think of a world without metals.
很难想象一个没有金属的世界。
【句式解构】
(1)本句句式为: It is+adj. +to do sth. 。句式中it为形式主语, 动词不定式短语to do sth. 为真正的主语。
*It is easy to be wise after the event.
事后诸葛亮人人会做。
(2)句式的变式为: It is+adj. +for sb. +to do sth.
It is+adj. +of sb. +to do sth.
* (2020·全国Ⅱ卷) He says it’s not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it.
他说, 说服人们海狸鼠皮毛是环保的不容易, 但是他坚信人们会相信的。
*It was polite of him to give his seat to an old man on the bus.
他很有礼貌, 在公共汽车上把座位让给一位老年人。
介词不同意不同
(1)It is+adj. +for sb. +to do sth. 此结构中的形容词常见的有: easy, important, difficult, hard, possible, impossible, necessary等。
(2)It is+adj. +of sb. +to do sth. 在句中作表语的形容词是对sb. 及其行为的评价, 这类形容词有: kind, nice, good, honest, careful, careless, clever, wise, stupid, foolish, rude, polite, impolite等。
It is hard to please all.
众口难调。(形容做事很难让所有的人都满意。启示我们应该坚持做自己, 不要为了取悦他人而迷失自我。)
【知识延伸】用it作形式主语的常见句式归纳:
It is +adj. /n. +to do sth. /that-clause
It seems/feels+adj. +to do sth. /that-clause
It is no use/good doing sth.
It is + done + that-clause
语法填空
(1)It’s so nice to hear (hear) from her again.
(2)It was difficult for Cathy to accept that she wasn’t a winner.
(3)It was considerate of Michael to inform us of his delay in case we got worried.
(4)It is difficult for you to solve (solve) the problem.
【要点拾遗】
1. expand vi. 膨胀
*Why not try to expand your story into a novel
你为什么不试图把你的故事扩展成小说呢
*He asked his teacher to expand on the steps of programming.
他让老师详述编制程序的步骤。
*(2021·天津高考) These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives.
这些对新世界的扩展通过给我们新的视角来帮助我们。
expand指在尺寸、数量或重要性上变大, 强调“膨胀”, 也可指花瓣等的张开。
【巧学助记】 看图记expand
【知识延伸】不同的扩展
(1)extend指空间、土地、时间等的伸长, 延长;也指(梯子等)伸长或舒展(肢体)。
*Can you extend your visit a few days longer
你能多停留几天吗
*The bird extended its wings in flight. 那只鸟展翅飞翔。
(2)spread指张开(双臂、翅膀), 或铺开(桌布、地图), 也指疾病、消息、恐惧、水等的蔓延, 面积上的扩展。
*The bird spread (out) its wings. 那只鸟张开了翅膀。
*Fear spread quickly through the village.
恐惧很快在全村蔓延开了。
(3)stretch指将某物拉长、撑大, 伸长或伸出(一肢或身体某部), 也指面积或时间的伸展。
*He stretched out his arm to take the book.
他伸出手臂去拿书。
*The road stretched (out) across the desert into the distance. 这条道路穿过沙漠伸向远方。
语法填空
(1)The director plans to expand the firm into an international company.
(2) I am quite satisfied with your explanation, so there’s no need to expand on it.
(3) Heat causes the expansion (expand) of gases.
2. contract vi. 收缩
*The liquid expands and contracts with changes in temperature.
液体随着温度的变化而膨胀和收缩。
*The economy has contracted by 2. 5% since last year.
自去年起经济已经萎缩了2. 5%。
*Researchers think olive oil may slow stomach contractions.
研究人员认为橄榄油可能减缓胃收缩。
contract及其派生词的用法
【熟词生义】
Once you have reached formal agreement, you should enter into a contract with the other party.
一旦达成正式协议, 你就应该和对方签订合同。 (n. 合同;契约)
(1)语法填空
①The contraction (contract) of the muscle is a reaction of the body.
②They have contracted to build (build) a railway across Africa.
(2)Glass contracts as it cools.
玻璃遇冷收缩。
3. mixture n. 混合物
*Steel is a mixture of iron and other substances.
钢是铁和其他物质的混合物。
*You can mix this paint with water or oil.
你可以用水或油调和这种绘画颜料。
*People often mix him up with other actors.
人们经常把他和其他演员弄混。
*I came home from the meeting with mixed feelings.
我带着复杂的心情从会场回到家。
(2018·北京高考)Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well.
蜡是一种复杂的混合物, 但是聚乙烯中的基本键, 碳碳键, 也存在。
(1)语法填空
①This drink is a mixture(mix) of three different fruits.
②Mix the flour with the eggs and water.
③It’s common to mix him up with his brother; they’re twin brothers.
④Alice left the job with mixed (mix) emotions.
(2)(2018·全国Ⅲ)This creation attracted a lot of attention thanks to its mixture of modern and traditional Chinese elements.
这一创作由于融合了现代和传统的中国元素而受到广泛关注。
4. stage n. 阶段;时期
*Hamlet is on stage for most of the act.
这一幕的大部分时间哈姆雷特都出场。
*Their youngest child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences. 他们最小的孩子目前所处的阶段是会说单个的词, 但还不会说整句话。
*The company wants to compete on the world stage.
这家公司想在世界舞台上竞争。
stage的用法
stage与介词
当stage表示“阶段, 时期”时, 常与介词at或in搭配;表示“舞台”时, 常与on连用。
(2020·天津高考)A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage. 聚光灯只照亮舞台的一部分。
(1)语法填空
①The project is still at/in a planning stage.
②If you stand on stage and share your view of the world, people will connect with you.
(2)Piaget concluded that there were four different stages in the development of children.
皮亚杰推断儿童发展有四个不同的阶段。
5. conclusion n. 结论
*I soon arrived at/came to/drew/reached the conclusion that she spent more money on November 11th this year.
我不久就得出结论, 她今年双十一花了更多钱。
*In conclusion, I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today. 最后, 我想说我今天过得很开心。
*The performance will conclude with a light and sound show about Hanfu.
表演将以一场关于汉服的光影秀结束。
conclusion后可接that引导的同位语从句, 进一步解释说明其内容。
(2020·天津高考) This led Jones to the conclusion that there are too many extremely lonely people in his community, who are easy targets of cheating.
这让琼斯得出结论, 在社区里有太多极度孤独的人, 他们很容易成为被骗的目标。
(1)Doctors failed to reach a conclusion (conclude) on the exact cause of the death.
(2)In conclusion, the Belt and Road program is moving forward, which is a fact that no one can change.
(3)I drew a conclusion from my own experience that nothing is more valuable than health.
(4)The author concludes her lecture with a brief summary.
6. think of 想出;想起;考虑
*Hannah started to think of how she could help them.
汉娜开始考虑她如何能帮助他们。
*We think highly of their research in the field.
我们对他们在这个领域的研究评价很高。
*Because of these documentaries about China, some foreigners have begun to think of coming to China. 因为这些关于中国的纪录片, 一些外国人开始考虑来中国。
【词块积累】
think highly/poorly of. . . 对……评价高/差
think nothing of. . . 不把……当回事
think of. . . as. . . 把……看作……
What do you think of. . . 你认为……怎么样
(1)语法填空
①(2020·天津高考) I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers to satisfy herself.
②We all think of her as a responsible teacher.
(2)Who can think of a way to raise money
谁能想出个集资的办法
(3)What do you think of women who wear high heel shoes
你觉得穿高跟鞋的女士怎么样
(4)The boss seems to think highly of you.
老板似乎很器重你。
7. find out 弄清楚;查明白
*Women aren’t finding out about the costs until the bills come in. 女人直到收到账单才会知道开销。
*I couldn’t make out what he was saying.
我不明白他说的话。
*I believe that you can work out this problem by yourself.
我相信你自己能算出这道题。
(2020·江苏高考) To find out, British scientists conducted a study. 为了找到答案, 英国科学家进行了一项研究。
语法填空
(1)Can you find out when the meeting starts
(2)We can find a way to work out this problem.
(3)The firemen worked hard but were not able to put out the fire.
8. keep. . . out of. . . 防止……进入……;使……留在外面
*This will keep air out of the water.
这会使空气不进入水中。
*I hope you’ll keep out of trouble while I’m away.
我不在家时, 希望你不要惹事。
*The plastic house will keep the cold air out to protect the vegetables.
塑料大棚会把寒气挡在外面以保护蔬菜。
*As long as you can keep away from them, you’ll be safe. 只要远离他们, 你就会安全。
*Please keep off the grass. 请勿践踏草坪。
语法填空
(1)The doctor kept everyone out of the room when he was working.
(2)Before you go to bed you’d better close the doors and windows to keep thieves out.
(3)(2020·天津高考) The “HAPPY TO CHAT” benches help break down the invisible social barrier that keeps people from saying hello.
(4)The fire is dangerous so you should keep the child off it.
9. ordinary adj. 普通的;平常的
*Ordinary people tend to watch TV for relaxation at ordinary times. 普通人平时喜欢看电视放松自己。
*(2019·天津高考)But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. 但是, 尽可能做好任何普通的工作本身就是一种令人钦佩的承诺。
*She is ordinarily very busy in the morning.
她早上通常很忙。
*Snowstorms are common during winter.
暴风雪在冬天里很常见。
*She’s smiling her usual friendly smile.
她脸上挂着她一贯友好的微笑。
*There is nothing to worry about. This is a perfectly normal baby. 不用担心。 这是一个完全正常的孩子。
【词块积累】
ordinarily adv. 通常地;一般地
ordinary 意为“普通的;平常的”, 指与一般事物的性质标准相同, 强调“平常”而无奇特之处
common 意为“常见的;普遍的”, 用于指物, 侧重很常见, 不稀奇。强调许多事物具有某种共同点而“不足为奇”。common sense常识
usual 意为“通常的;惯常的”, 是按照某类人或某个人的常规情况判断, 有“遵循常规”的意味。as usual像往常一样
normal 意为“正常的”, 形容人或物“符合常态或常规”
(1)选词填空(ordinary, common, usual, normal)
①A normal heart beats around seventy-six times a minute.
②Windmills(风车) are a common sight in Holland.
③As usual, there weren’t many people at the meeting.
④Now electrical equipment has entered ordinary families.
(2)单句改错
(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)What I want is not just an ordinarily cafe but a very special one.
(ordinarily→ ordinary)
10. Below is a description of a simple scientific experiment.
下面是对一个简单的科学实验的描述。
【句式解构】
(1)本句是个倒装句。主语为a description of a simple scientific experiment, is为系动词, 副词below为表语。
(2)“某些副词+不及物动词+主语”句式, 使用全部倒装。常用的副词有: here, there, now, then, out, in, down, up, away等。
*(2020·全国 Ⅰ 卷) Here’s a handful of ways that will set you in the right direction.
这里有一些方法可以帮你找到正确的方向。
*Here comes the summer. 夏天到了。
*There remains a more difficult task for us.
这有一项更艰苦的工作需要我们做。
*The door opened and out rushed the children.
门开了, 孩子们冲了出来。
“某些副词+不及物动词+主语”句式中, 当主语为代词时, 不倒装。
*Here you are. 给你。
【知识延伸】其他使用全部倒装的情况
(1)表示方位的短语放在句首, 后面一般使用全部倒装。
*By the window sat a young man with a magazine in his hand. 窗边坐着一个年轻人, 手里拿着一本杂志。
(2)当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时, 常用全部倒装。
*From the valley came a frightening sound.
山谷里传来了吓人的声响。
*On the top of the hill stands a temple. 山顶上有座寺庙。
用全部倒装完成句子
(1)The door opened and in came Mr Smith.
门开了, 史密斯先生进来了。
(2)There goes the last train.
最后一班火车开走了。
(3)语法填空
①Here is (be)a telegram for you.
②Now comes (come) your turn.
览时事·晓天下
1. These conclusions add to mounting evidence that they may not so much have been lone predators, but hunted in packs like wolves.
这些结论再次证实霸王龙可能并非离群索居的食肉动物, 而是像狼一样成群结队地捕食。
2. Known as InnoMake, the smart shoe aims to become an alternative to the decades-old walking stick. 这款名为InnoMake的智能鞋旨在成为数十年历史的手杖的替代品。
3. Certain animals could be useful for identifying COVID-19 in places or countries in which high-tech laboratory equipment is scarce or inaccessible.
在高科技实验室设备稀缺或无从获取的地区或国家, 可以用某些动物来识别新冠肺炎。
Ⅰ. 语段填空
1. Equipped with the advanced equipment, the cinema gives people more wonderful experience. (equip)
2. In my opinion, each of us should have an aim (目标)of our own. But some of us lead an aimless (无目标的)life every day. (aim)
3. Jack said he could conclude from Jane’s expression that Jane had stolen his money. But everyone knew Jack always jumped to conclusions without any evidence to support his conclusion. In conclusion, nobody was likely to believe Jane was a thief. (conclude)
4. The reaction showed us how the company reacted to the need of the customer. (react)
5. The chemistry teacher let each student put a finger into the mixture that he had mixed and tasted. (mix)
Ⅱ. 单句语法填空
1. If the soup is salty, you can add some boiled water to it.
2. She reacted against the mindlessness and luxury of their lives.
3. —Have you got in touch with Tom
—Oh, sorry. I couldn’t think of his phone number at the moment.
4. (2018·浙江高考) The steam-powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy (识字) rate in England was under 50%.
5. It is still too early to reach a conclusion (conclude) on this point.
6. They will start their project aiming at helping the poor children to be educated in China’s west.
7. The president used today’s speech to expand on remarks he made last month.
8. After the experiment, everything is put in order in the cupboard.
9. (2018·全国卷I)All riders are equipped (equip) with reflective vests and safety lights.
10. You’ll have to watch next week to find out what happens.
Ⅲ. 完成句子
1. Skin care is almost three times as popular in China as makeup.
护肤品在中国的受欢迎程度是化妆品的三倍。
2. One third of my spare time is spent (in) reading books.
我三分之一的业余时间都用来读书。
3. It is not polite/ impolite of you to enter others’ room without knocking at the door.
你不敲门就走进别人的房间是不礼貌的。
4. There goes the bus; we’ll have to wait for the next one.
公交车开走了, 我们只好等下一辆了。
5. I think it’s important for them to recognize it.
我认为对他们来说认识到这一点很重要。
Ⅳ. 课文语法填空
It is hard to think of a world without metals. Metals are very 1. _______ (importance) in the world. Different metals have different uses. For example, steel is 2. _______ (use) in cars, and iron is used in 3. _______ (electricity) equipment. When we use metals, 4. _______ is very important 5. _______ (know)how they react 6. _______ different substances, for example, water and oxygen. The 7. _______ (react) of metals with these 8. _______ (substance) can be put in order. Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium and Zinc react most 9. _______iron and copper react 10. _______ (little).
答案: 1. important 2. used 3. electrical 4. it 5. to know
6. with 7. reaction 8. substances 9. while/but 10. least
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