2022年人教版中考英语复习---直接引语和间接引语讲解

直接引语和间接引语
定义：直接引述别人的话叫直接引语。用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语。
陈述句的转换：
直接引语如果是一个陈述句，变为间接引语时，用that引导，that 在口语中常省略。间接引语的人称、时代、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等都要做相应的变化。
时态的变化：
直接引语的时态 间接引语的时态
一般现在时 一般过去时
现在进行时 过去进行时
现在完成时 过去完成时
一般将来时 过去将来时
现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时
一般过去时 过去完成时
（1）
（2）变直接引语表达的是客观真理，变为间接引语时时态不变。
代词的变化：
直接引语的代词 I we you me us this these
间接引语的代词 he/she they I him/her them that Those
状语的变化：
直接引语 间接引语
now then
ago before
today that day
this morning/week that morning/week
yesterday the day before
yesterday morning the morning before
tomorrow the next day, the following day
last week/month the week/month before
next week/month the following/next week/month
here there
疑问句的转述：
直接引语如是一般疑问句，变间接引语要用连词whether. If 引导，把引述动词said改为asked. He said: “Are you from Beijing ”→He asked (me) if I was from Beijing.
直接引语如果是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时，仍用原来的疑问词引导
“Why are you late ” he asked me.→He asked me why I was late.
祈使句的转换：
直接引语如果是祈使句，在变为间接引语时，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据句子意思加上tell, ask, order等词。
构成tell/aske/order sb not to do sth
如果祈使句是否定句，那么要在不定式前面加上not构成： tell/aske/order sb not to do sth
直接引语与间接引语讲解与练习
一、变人称：
将直接引语变间接引语时，人称变化：“一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新”。
“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化：
She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "
→She said her brother wanted to go with her.
“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称：
He said to Kate. "How is your sister now "→He asked Kate how her sister was then。
“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：
Mr Smith said， "Jack is a good worker。"→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。
二、变时态：
宾语从句中的时态：(总的原则：主句和从句的时态要前后呼应)
①、含有宾语从句的复合句中如果主句的时态是现在时态（包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时等），从句的时态跟据实际需要而定。
如：I know (that) he lives here.
I know (that) he lived here 10 years ago.
I have heard (that) he will come.
②、含有宾语从句的复合句中如果主句是过去时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时，过去过完成时，过去将来时等），那么从句的时态也必须用过去时态中的一种。
现在时需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如：
1)She said. "I have lost a pen." ——→She said she had lost a pen
2)She said. "We hope so." ——→She said they hoped so.
3) She said. "He will go to see his friend。"—→She said he would go to see his friend。
注意：在以下几种情况下，在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。
①直接引语是客观真理。
"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me.
——→ The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。
②直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：
Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street "
——→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。
③直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：
Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。"
——→Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980.
④直接引语如是一般现在时。表示一种反复或习惯性的动作，变间接引语时态不变：
He said, "I get up at six every morning。" ----→He said he gets up at six every morning。
⑤如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如：
Peter said. "You had better come have today。→Peter said I had better go there that day。
三、变状语：
直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规津，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then, yesterday。变为 the day before） 地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this 改为that),
如： He said, "These books are mine." ----→He said those books were his.
四、变句型：
①直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。
如：She said, "Our bus will arrive in five minutes."
----→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.
②直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.
如：He said, "Can you swim, John " ----→He asked John if he could swim.
"You have finished the homework, haven‘t you " my mother asked.
-----→My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.
"Do you go to school by bus or by bike " →He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.
③直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。
She asked me, "When do they have their dinner "
----→ She asked me when they had their dinner.
④直接引语如是祈使句，间接引语应改为"tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth."句型
如: "Don’t make any noise," she said to the children.
---→She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise.
"Bring me a cup of tea, please," said she.
----→She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.
⑤直接引语以“Let‘s”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，常用“suggest +动句词（或从句）。”
如： He said, "Let’s go to the film."
----→He suggested going to the film. 或He suggested that they should go to see the film.
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