(共34张PPT)
中考词法之
名词
名词考查重点
1. 名词的分类
2. 名词的数
3. 名词的格
4. 名词的在句中充当的成分
名词的分类
专有名词
普通名词
个体名词
集体名词
物质名词
抽象名词
专有名词
表示特定的人,地方,团体,党派,国家机关,节假日,报刊(书)等名称的词(词组)。
Thomas Edison
the Yellow River
the People's Republic of China
Christmas Day
Sunday
Harry Potter
the White House
1. President Xi will fly to Landon next Friday.
2. The Greens are having a family party on Christmas Eve.
3. Wuwei is surraounded by the Tainma River.
4. China is in the east of Asia.
专有名词的特点:
1. 首字母大写;
2. 由普通名词构成的专有名词前常加the。
个体名词
表示单个独立存在的人、动植物、物体的名称。
a student
two desks
集体名词
表示一群人或一些物的名词叫集体(或集合)名词。
people, family, team等。
普通名词
(可数)
(可数、不可数)
物质名词
表示无法分为个体的实物。一般包括材料、食品、饮料以及固体、液体、气体的物质名称或化学元素名称。
food, air, water, ,milk等。
抽象名词
表示动作、状态、品质或其他抽象概念。
beauty, education, environment等。
(不可数)
(不可数)
1.Several __________(woman)are talking under the tree.And some ___________ (child) are talking about games.
2. There ______(be) three people in my family.
3. In the picture there are many_________(sheep) and two_________ (knife).
4. There are four _____________ (Japan) and two ____________ (German) in the group.
5. People use __________________(toothbrush) to brush _______(tooth).
women
children
are
sheep
knives
Japanese
Germans
toothbrushes
teeth
个体名词考点:名词单复数
单数变复数
1. 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的单词后加es;
bus--buses; box--boxes; watch--watches
2. 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的变y为i加es;
family-families; party--parties
3. 以f/fe结尾的变f/fe为v加es;
knife--knives; life--lives
4. 以o结尾的加s/es;
zoo--zoos; radio--radios; piano--pianos;
potato--potatoes; hero--heroes
(规则变化)
单数变复数
1. 变化或添加单词中的元音字母;
foot--feet; mouse-mice; child--children
注:由man/woman构成的合成词,变化体现在man/woman.
Englishman--Englishmen
policewoman--policewomen
German--Germans
(不规则变化)
2. 单复数同型
deer, sheep, Chinese, Japanese, yuan等。
注:除人民币的各种单位外,其他货币都有复数。
dollar--dollars
cent--cents
集体名词考点
集体名词
表示一群人或一些物的名词叫集体(或集合)名词。
集体名词常以单数形式 ,但表复数,
Police _____ (be) looking for the missing boy.
There are some _________ (cattle) on the farm.
People in China ______ (be) kind, but some are not.
are
cattle
are
集体名词考点
集体名词
注:有些集体名词在不同语境中可表单数,也可表复数。
The class ______ (be) waiting for her.
This Class _____ (be) better than that class.
3. Tom’s family ____(be) rather big. Tom’s family _______ (be) film fans.
集体名词表集体内的成员时,用作复数。
are
are
is
is
物质名词、抽象名词 (不可数)
不可数名词没有单复数之分,但可以有修饰词或量词表多少。
piece, pair, cup, bottle, bar, drop, block, head等。
a piece of bread
two herds of cattle
a pair of glasses
修饰可数名词: few, a few, many, a good [great] many, a great [good] number of 等。
修饰不可数名词:little, a little, a bit of, much, a great deal of, a large amount of 等。
有些修饰语既可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词:all, some, enough, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a (large) quantity of 等。
二、名词所有格
1. 名词所有格的形式
(1)’ s形式的所有格
A: 在单数名词或不以s结尾的复数名词后后加’ s
my father's car
Children’ s hospital
B: 以s结尾的复数名词后加 ’
teachers' office
the twins' bedroom
C:表示几个人共同拥有的东西时,只在最后一个名字上加所有格。
Jenny and Joan's bedroom
但如果是分别拥有的东西就要在每个名字上加所有格.
Tim's and Jack's toy cars
’s 或 s’ 形式的名词所有格表示的意义
1. 表示名词与名词之间的所属关系。
Tom's friend 汤姆的朋友
China's development 中国的发展
human's right 人类的权利
2. 表示节假日。
Teachers' Day 教师节
April Fools' Day 愚人节
Mother's Day 母亲节
3. 用于表示时间,距离,长度等,构成复合形容词。
结构:
基数词 + 单位名词的所有格 + 名词
three days' holiday 三天的假期
one day's work 一天的工作
ten minutes' walk 十分钟步行的路程
800 meters' race 八百米比赛
二、of 形式的所有格
1. 表示无生命的所有格
the top of the hill 山顶
the window of the room 房子的窗户
the cover of the book 书的封面
the answer to the question 问题的答案
注:key, answer, secret等单词的所有格要用介词to。
2. 用于代词宾格前,表示数量。
1. All of us like sports very much.
2. He is the tallest boy of them three.
3. I bought some apples, but few of them are sweet.
三、双重所有格
结构:代词 + of + 名词所有格
= 名词 + of + 名词性物主代词
one of my friends = a friend of mine
我朋友当中的一个
one of her books = a book of hers
她的其中一本书
名词在句中的所做的句子成分
名词在句中可以作主语,宾语,宾补,表语,定语。
1. 名词作主语,表示动作的发出者或接受者。
The bue has already left.
The sun rises in the east.
在主谓结构中,是动作的发出者。
Computers are used in the class.
The classroom is cleaned every day.
在主谓宾结构中,是动作的接受者。
2. 名词作宾语.
I like apples.
He eats apple every day.
名词作动词的宾语。
He is thinking about the question.
I looked at the dog for a moment.
名词作介词的宾语。
3. 名词作宾语补足语,名词用来说明宾语是什么。
We chose Tom our leader.
He calls the boy Harry.
4. 名词作表语,说明主语是什么。
This is my teacher.
We are students.
It is a sunny day.
5. 名词作定语。
名词作定语修饰定语,通常表示事物的属性,本质特征,内容,材料,时间等。
a Chinese teacher 一位语文老师
a wood desk 一张木头桌子
some story books 一些故事书
a evening party 一次晚宴
初中阶段常见的名词后缀
1. 在动词后加er, or或ress, 表示动作的执行者。
drive-- driver 司机
teach-- teacher 老师
act-- actor 演员
sail-- sailor 水手
注1:er/or往往指男性,ress多指女性
waiter 男服务员 waitress 女服务员
actor 男演员 actress 女演员
注2:
er多指动作的发出者,ee多指动作的接受者。
train 训练
trainer 教练员 trainee 学员
employ 雇佣
employer 老板 employee 员工
interview 面试
interviewer 面试官 interviewee 面试者
2. 在动词后加ation 或ion。
act -- action 动作,行动
connect -- connection 联系,关系
operate -- operation 手术
explain -- explanation 解释
communicate -- commincation 交流
pollute -- pollution 污染
The doctor operated on Tom's nose, and it was a successful operation.
3. 在动词后加ment。
develop -- development 发展
punish -- punishment 惩罚
move -- movement 移动,动作
agree --agreement 协议,一致
Mr. BIack punished Tom for his mistakes, but the punishment was too strict.
4. 在形容词后加ness.
happy -- happiness 幸福
dark -- darkness 黑暗
ill -- illness 疾病
sad -- sadness 悲伤
It is too dark, and I can't see anything in the darkness.
5. 以ant 或 ent 结尾的形容,变 t 为 ce.
important -- importance 重要性
patient -- patience 耐心
different -- difference 不同点,差异
silent -- silence 沉默
English is very important for us, and I know the importance of it.
练习
1. There are many _____________(different) between the twins. One is shy, but the other is outgoing. [2019·临沂]
2. Everyone in the world should focus on the air ______________ (pollute). [2019·永州]
3. More and more people have realized the _________________ (important) of China-Russia Heihe Bridge.[2019·大庆]
4. The High Speed Rail is one of the newest _____________ (invent) in ChinA.[2019·龙东]
difference
pollution
importance
inventions
5. With the_________________(develop) of technology, the journey to Mars might only take about 20 minutes in spacecraft in the future. [2019·淮安]
6. I want to be an___________ when I grow up. (invent)【湖南永州】
7. Today most students can go to high school for further ______________(educate) in our country.【江苏淮安】
8. Jackie Chan is a famous__________ (act).【梧州】
development
inventor
education
actor