专题五 名词 习题1
一、填空
1.I must say "sorry" to him for my ______ ( rude) last night.
2.In the 1820s, in the state of New York, a man named Joseph Smith started the Mormon ______ （religious）
3.All the tea in China can be mainly divided into six _____(category)—green, white, yellow, oolong, black and dark tea.
4.On the other hand, being exposed to _____(advertise) can help to change consumers' opinions over time.
5.The government has taken some _________（措施）to solve the problem.
6.More people have much _________（believe）in doctors of traditional Chinese medicine.
7.First _____(impress) usually last for a long time, so try to be energetic and well-dressed.
8.Our committee consisted of _________(represent) of teachers and students.
9.With such past success and growth, it's no wonder that Universal Studios Hollywood is excited about its latest plans for _________(expand).
10.After ________ (liberate), he spent over two years in various displaced persons camps.
11.---Peter, this is Hanna, a famous model from Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. in New York.
---How do you do I’m very delighted to make your a______________.
12.Happily, a decision was finally made after a heated ______ (argue).
13.England is the largest of the four countries and for c it is divided into three zones.
14.The girl impressed us all with her ________________(lively) and sense of humor.
15.It is believed that it is his ability to work under _______(press) that led to his great success.
二、阅读理解
16.What acts of kindness will make us the happiest,and who tends to benefit the most A newly-published review of decades of kindness research provides some answers.
In this paper,researchers analyzed the results from 126 research articles looking at almost 200,000 participants from around the world.The studies they chose measured well-being in various ways,including both mental and physical health.Some were experiments,where people did a kindness practice to observe its effects,while others just surveyed people about how kind and happy they were.
As expected,people who were kind tended to have higher well-being.Lead researcher Bryant Hui was astounded that the relationship wasn't stronger than it was,but he was still encouraged by the results.
One thing Hui and his colleagues found was that people who performed random informal acts of kindness,like bringing a meal to a sad friend,tended to be happier than people who performed more formal acts of kindness,like volunteering in a soup kitchen.
The researchers also found that people who were kind tended to be higher in "eudaimonic happiness"(a sense of meaning and purpose in life) more than "hedonic happiness"(a sense of pleasure and comfort).Perhaps this makes sense,given that being kind takes effort,which reduces comfort but could make people feel better about themselves and their abilities,which would provide a sense of meaning.
Being kind came with greater eudaimonic happiness for women than for men,too.According to Hui,this could be because,in many cultures,women are expected to be kinder than men;so,they may have more to gain from it.And younger participants experienced more happiness when they were kind than older participants,perhaps for developmental reasons,he says.
Hui isn't sure why acting kind might have these different effects on different groups,but he points to theories put forth by researcher Elizabeth Midlarsky.Being kind may make us feel better about ourselves as a person or about the meaning of our lives,help us forget our own troubles and stresses,or help us be more socially connected with others.
1.What does the data in the second paragraph intend to show
A.The recent paper is worthy of being read.
B.The recent paper gives convincing results.
C.Kindness is always a hot topic of research.
D.Kindness is closely linked to one's well-being.
2.What does the underlined word "astounded" in paragraph 3 mean
A.Afraid. B.Certain. C.Excited. D.Surprise.
3.Which of the following acts of kindness can make one feel happier according to paragraph 4
A.Volunteering in a hospital. B.Cleaning a community.
C.Returning a lost item to its owner. D.Collecting donations for the poor.
4.What do the researchers find from the paper
A.Being kind has different effects on different groups.
B.Eudaimonic happiness makes people feel comfort.
C.The younger experienced more happiness than the older.
D.Female participants are kinder than male ones.
17.As a rider,Anna Kiesenhofe's Olympics victory might be a surprise.The winner of the road race at the Tokyo Olympics left the sport at the end of 2017 when she found herself out of contract(合同).She came into Tokyo without a professional team and left as an Olympic champion.
The 30-year old began her cycling career in 2014 after running injuries that prevented her from continuing her pursuits of triathlon(铁人三项).She later joined a Catalan team and won the Spanish National Cup in 2016.
The then-26 year old signed her first professional contract with Lotto Soudal Ladies for the following season.However,she ended her 2017 campaign in April and did not sign a contract for 2018,eventually taking a year off the bike.In 2019,Kiesenhofer came back to the sport as a rider,winning the Austrian national road race.Despite her results,Kiesenhofer sill had no professional contract while going into the Tokyo Olympics.
Kiesenhofer was the first rider to attack in the Olympic road race,eventually forming a breakaway along with Carl Oberholzer,Omer Shapira,Vera Looser and Anna Plichta,which went on to reach a gap of 11 minutes.After Looser and Oberholzer were dropped,Kiesnhofer attacked her two remaining breakaway companions.
After Shapira and Plichta were caught by the peloton(主车群),the rest of the riders seemed to believe that they were racing among themselves for Gold,not knowing that Remehofere was still in front.While it might be a misjudgment from the rest of the peloton that allowed Kiesenhofer to keep her lead of more than two minutes,other riders' mistakes should not detract from the Austrian's efforts.
Off the bike,the new Olympic Champion has a PhD in mathematics after studying at the Technical University of Vienne as well as at Cambridge University.She currently works at the University of Lausanne
1.Why did Anna give up triathlon
A.She got injured. B.She lost interest in it.
C.She had to attend university. D.She never won a medal.
2. Which is the right order of the following events
①She ended her campaign.
②She took a year off the bike.
③She began her cycling career.
④She won the Austrian national road race.
⑤She won the Spanish National Cup.
A.③④①②⑤. B.②③④①⑤. C.③⑤①②④. D.④②③①⑤.
3.What were the riders of the peloton unaware of at the Tokyo Olympics
A.The road race was so difficult. B.Anna was a new rider.
C.They had caught up with Anna. D.Anna took the lead of them.
4.What is Anna's present job
A.A cycling coach. B.A university teacher.
C.A professional rider. D.A college student.
答案以及解析
1.答案：rudeness
解析：rudeness.介词后接名词作宾语；rudeness是不可数名词。故填：rudeness.我必须为我昨晚的粗鲁对他说"对不起"。完成句子，要弄清楚各种句子即简单句，并列句和复合句的结构及连接词和句意，然后按要求完成句子。
2.答案：religion
解析：started是及物动词，后接名词作宾语。religion是可数名词，根据语境要用单数形式。故填：religion.19世纪20年代在纽约州，一个叫约瑟夫 史密斯的人开创了摩门教。完成句子，要弄清楚各种句子即简单句，并列句和复合句的结构及连接词和句意，然后按要求完成句子。
3.答案：categories
解析：句意为:中国所有的茶主要可以分为六类——绿茶、白茶、黄茶、乌龙茶、红茶和黑茶。category是可数名词,前有six修饰, 所以应用复数形式。
4.答案：advertisements
解析：句意为:另一方面,长期接触广告有助于改变消费者的观点。作介词to的宾语应用名词, advertisement为可数名词,其前无冠词修饰,故用复数形式。
5.答案：measures
解析： 考查名词的数。句意：政府采取了一些措施来解决这个问题。some后需接可数名词复数或不可数名词；结合汉语提示可知，measure的复数measures“措施”，符合题意。故填measures。
6.答案：belief
解析：考查不可数名词。句意：越来越多的人相信中医。much后需接不可数名词，believe的名词为belief“相信”，不可数名词。故填belief。
7.答案：impressions
解析：句意为:第一印象往往会持续很长一段时间,因此要尽量保持精力充沛、穿着得体。根据句式结构可知,设空处在句中作主语,应填impress的名词形式,再由谓语动词last可知,主语为复数。
8.答案：representatives
解析：句意为:我们的委员会由老师和学生代表组成。设空处作宾语应用名词,根据后面的teachers and students可知,此处应用复数形式。故填representatives。
9.答案：expansion
解析：句意为:有着过去的成功和发展,难怪好莱坞环球影城对其最新的扩张计划感到兴奋。设空处作介词for的宾语应用名词。故填expansion。
10.答案：liberation
解析：句意为:解放后,他有两年多的时间是在各种难民营中度过的。设空处作After的宾语应用名词。故填liberation。
11.答案：acquaintance
解析：考查名词。句意：——彼得，这是纽约华纳兄弟娱乐公司的著名模特汉娜。——你好！我很高兴认识你。根据单词首字母以及句意“认识某人”，可知短语为make one’s acquaintance。故填acquaintance。
12.答案：argument
解析：根据句意"经过激烈的争论，终于作出了决定"，可知要填的词为"argument争论"，前面有a，所以用单数名词．
13.答案：convenience
解析：本题考查语境中选用恰当的词;convenience n.方便;便利;for convenience 为了便利;故答案是convenience.
14.答案：liveliness
解析：意为:这个女孩给我们留下了活泼和具有幽默感的印象。lively为形容词,此处应用名词形式与sense of humour 并列。故答案为 liveliness。
15.答案：pressure
解析：人们相信正是他在压力下工作的能力使他取得了巨大的成功。under pressure在压力下，是固定搭配。故填pressure.
16.答案：1.B; 2.D; 3.C; 4.A
解析：1.本题考查细节理解。根据第二段“In this paper, researchers analyzed the results from 126 research articles looking at almost 200,000 participants from around the world.”可知,在这篇论文里,研究人员分析了来自世界各地近20万参与者的126篇研究文章的结果,可知这篇论文给出了令人信服的结果,故选B。 A项“最近的报纸值得一读”;C项“善良一直是研究的热门话题”;D项“善良与一个人的幸福息息相关”。
2.本题考查词义推测。根据前面一句中的“As expected”,正如所期望的那样,可知并没有对这个感到惊讶,故选D。 A项“害怕的”;B项“确定的”;C项“兴奋的”。
3.本题考查细节理解。根据第四段“informal acts of kindness like bringing a meal to a sad friend, tended to be happier than people who performed more formal acts of kindness like volunteering in a soup kitchen”可知,像志愿服务,给一个伤心的朋友送饭,都能带来快乐,但并未提到C项“将失物归还失主”,故选C。 A项“在医院做义工”;B项“打扫社区”;D项“为穷人捐款”。
4.本题考查文章主旨。根据倒数第二段“in many cultures, women are expected to be kinder than men; so, they may have more to gain from it. And younger participants experienced more happiness when they were kind than older participants perhaps for developmental reasons, he says.”可知,男性和女性,年轻人和中年人关于保持善良都有不同的影响,故选A。 B项“幸福使人感到舒适”;C项“年轻人比老年人经历了更多的幸福”;D项“女性参与者比男性参与者更友善”。
17.答案：1.A; 2.C; 3.D; 4.B
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第二段中"The 30-year old began her cycling career in 2014 after running injuries that prevented her from continuing her pursuits of triathlon (铁人三项). (30岁的她在2014年开始了自己的自行车生涯,此前她因跑步受伤,无法继续进行铁人三项)"可知,Anna放弃铁人三项是因为她受伤了。故选A项。
2.细节理解题。根据第三段中"However,she ended her 2017 campaign in April and did not sign a contract for 2018,eventually taking a year off the bike. (然而,她在4月结束了2017年的运动,并没有签署2018年的合同,最终停了一年骑自行车)"可知她结束了运动是在2017年4月并且2018年停了一年骑自行车;第二段中"The 30-year old began her cycling career in 2014 .(30岁的她在2014年开始了自己的自行车生涯..)可知她在2014年开始了自己的自行车生涯;第三段中"In 2019,Kiesenhofer came back to the sport as a rider,winning the Austrian national road race. (2019年,Kiesenhofer以骑手身份重返这项运动,赢得了奥地利国家公路赛)"可知她在2019年赢得了奥地利国家公路赛;第二段中"She later joined a Catalan team and won the Spanish National Cup in 2016. (后来,她加入了一支加泰罗尼亚队,并在2016年赢得了西班牙国家杯)"可知她在2016年赢得了西班牙国家杯。因此先后顺序应该是③⑤①②④。故选C项。
3.细节理解题。根据第五段中"After Shapira and Plichta were caught by the peloton ,the rest of the riders seemed to believe that they were racing among themselves for Gold,not knowing that Remehofere was still in front. (在Shapira和Plichta被主车群追赶上来后,其余的车手似乎都以为他们是在互相竞争,争夺金牌,却不知道Remehofere还在前面)"可知,在东京奥运会上,车队的车手们没意识到Anna领先在他们前面。故选D项。
4.细节理解题。根据最后一段"Off the bike,the new Olympic Champion has a PhD in mathematics after studying at the Technical University of Vienne as well as at Cambridge University.She currently works at the University of Lausanne. (离开自行车上后,这位新的奥运冠军拥有维也纳技术大学和剑桥大学的数学博士学位。她目前在洛桑大学工作)"可知,Anna目前是一名大学老师。故选B项。(共29张PPT)专题五 名词 习题2
一、单选
1.—Why is Mr. Li so happy this morning
—Because he was honoured with a(n)______ for excellence in teaching.
A. present B. gift C. award D. reward
2.My teacher has given me lots of __________. They’re very useful.
A. information B. news C. suggestions D. advice
3.If you set up your goal and start your preparations as early as possible, you will achieve your ______ to become one of the most famous scientists in the future.
A. amusement B. ambition C. appointment D. agriculture
4.Mr. White gave us __________ on how to deal with this problem.
A. a advice B. an advice C. some advice D. some advices
5.The lucky man had a narrow _______ in series of accidents the other day.
A. escape B. claim C. lack D. limit
6.The system has been designed to give its users quickly and easy ________ to the required information.
A. way B. approach C. manner D. access
7.It’s difficult to clean the brown _______ on my shirt.
A. sign B. symbol C. spot D. signal
8.Before I consulted you, I had no ________ that I should have my ability to change my life through hard work and efforts.
A. corporation B. determination C. comprehension D. presentation
9.Some experts claim that the __________ of students should cover more aspects, such as activity involvement and teamwork contributions.
A. admission B. assessment C. awareness D. ambition
10.The final ________ of the play will take place on Monday.
A. action B. performance C. view D. sight
11.It’s bad ________ for a man to smoke in the public places where smoking is not allowed.
A. behavior B. action C. manner D. movement
12.The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of weapons and the discovery of fire, although nobody knows exactly when he acquired the use of the ______.
A. latter B. lap C. labor D. lantern
13.The stronger the _________, the more quickly a person will learn a foreign language.
A. moral B. motto C. model D. motivation
14.The ______ of nurses are women, but in the higher ranks of the medical profession women are in a minority.
A. minority B. maximum C. minimum D. majority
15.It is believed that health problems are closely connected with bad eating habits and a _______ of exercise.
A. limit B. need C. lack D. demand
二、阅读理解
16.“Join our exciting wildlife watching tours and experience the holiday of a lifetime!” Eco-wildlife tours like this are becoming more and more popular with tourists. The opportunity to see whales and dolphins swimming in their natural habitat is so much better than seeing these great mammals(哺乳动物) in zoos and aquariums. As your boat edges out into the blue water, a group of dolphins come to greet you and swim around the boat, jumping playfully around you. In some places, tour companies even encourage tourists to go swimming with the dolphins. These intelligent mammals seem to enjoy our company and interact with us. But is it possible that this kind of human activity putting their survival at risk
A recent study has shown that the behavior of whales and dolphins changes greatly when they are close to boats. Interpreting the boats as a possible danger, they start to breathe more to breathe more quickly. The boats drive them away from the places where they feed and interrupt their routine of resting and taking care of their young. All of these factors could have a very negative effect on their general health. Another factor that should be taken into account is the effect of human attention on the animals. As they become more used to interacting with humans, they become less afraid of them. There have been several cases of tour boats running into dolphins or whales and causing their deaths. As dolphins live within close communities, events like these cause a lot of stress.
Perhaps the best way to protect these animals is to reduce our interaction with them. This we could do by keeping a minimum distance between the animals and the boats, and by limiting the number of boats out on the water at one time. Most importantly, instead of interrupting these animals’ routines, we should try to adapt to them. In this way, we could learn to exist in harmony with these wild animals and ensure our continued co-existence on the planet that we shall share.
1.Why are Eco-wildlife tours increasingly popular
A.Because they are widely advertised.
B.Because tourists can visit wild animals in nature.
C.Because wild animals enjoy our company.
D.Because visitors do not disturb wild animals.
2.What’s the author’s attitude towards Eco-wildlife tours
A.Interested. B.Supportive. C.Critical. D.Confused.
3.What can we learn from the recent study
A.The visiting boats excite whales and dolphins.
B.Boats drive young whales and dolphins away from their parents.
C.Human’s attention benefits whales and dolphins a lot.
D.Getting too close to wild animals may cause trouble to them.
4.What is suggested to stay in harmony with wild animals according to the text
A.Making less interaction with them.
B.Keeping a minimum distance between boats.
C.Banning boats entering their habitat.
D.Making them adapt to our daily routine.
17.Smile! It makes everyone in the room feel better because they, consciously or unconsciously, are smiling with you. Growing evidence shows that an instinct for facial mimicry (模仿)allows us to experience other people’s feelings. If we can’t mirror another person’s face,it limits ourM ability to read and properly react to their expressions. A review of this emotional mirroring appears on February 11 in Trends in Cognitive Sciences,
In their paper, Paula Niedenthal and Adrienne Wood, social psychologists at the University of Wisconsin, describe how people in social situations copy others’ facial expressions to create emotional responses in themselves. For example, if you’re with a friend who looks sad, you might “try on” that sad face yourself without realizing you’re doing so. In “trying on” your friend’s expression,it helps you to recognize what they’re feeling by connecting it with times in the past when you made that expression. Humans get this emotional meaning from facial expressions in a matter of only a few hundred milliseconds.
“You reflect on your emotional feelings and then you produce some sort of recognition judgment, and the most important thing that results in is that you take the appropriate action~~you approach the person or you avoid the person,” Niedenthal says. “Your own emotional reaction to the face changes your understanding of how you see the face in such a way that provides you with more information about what it means.”
A person’s ability to recognize and “share” others’ emotions can be prevented when they canH mimic faces. This is a common complaint for people with motor diseases, like facial paralysis (瘫痪)from a stroke,or even due to nerve damage from plastic surgery. Niedenthal notes that the same would not be true for people who suffer from birth, because if youVe never had the ability to mimic facial expressions, you will have developed another ways of interpreting emotions.
Niedenthal next wants to explore what part in the brain is functioning to help with facial expression recognition. A better understanding of that part, she says, will give us a better idea of how to treat related disorders.
1.According to the passage, facial mimicry helps ______.
A.convey one’s own feelings clearly
B.change others' emotions quickly
C.respond to others’ expressions properly
D.develop friendship with others easily
2.Which parts explain how people copy others' facial expressions
A.Paragraph 1 and 2. B.Paragraph 2 and 3.
C.Paragraph 3 and 4. D.Paragraph 4 and 5.
3.According to Niedenthal, what will be the next focus of the study
A.When is the best time to treat brain disorders.
B.How many kinds of facial expressions people have.
C.How our brain helps us with emotional mirroring.
D.What part in the brain helps recognize facial expressions.
4.What is the purpose of writing the passage
A.To discuss why people like smiling to others.
B.To draw people’s attention to those with motor diseases.
C.To introduce a new trend in facial expression recognition.
D.To explain how people mirror others' facial expressions.
答案以及解析
1.答案：C
2.答案：C
3.答案：B
4.答案：C
5.答案：A
解析：考查名词词义辨析。句意：几天前，这个幸运的人在一系列事故中死里逃生。A. escape逃离；B. claim声称；C. lack 缺乏；D. limit限制。根据 lucky man，此处描述男人是幸运的，所以是男人逃离了事故，A项符合句意，故选A项
6.答案：D
解析：考查名词的词义辨析．access接入、进入（可指与计算机、电子有关的）； way道路、方式；approach方法、接近； manner方式、习惯．根据句意可知答案．故选：D．
7.答案：C
8.答案：C
解析：A corporation公司，企业； B determination 决心，决定； C comprehension理解，理解力； D presentation 展示；描述；分析句意可知，此处表示在向你请教之前，我所不理解的一件事情，所以C选项是正确的
9.答案：B
解析：考查名词词义辨析。句意:一些专家认为对学生的评价应该涵盖更多的方面,如活动参与度、团队合作贡献等。A. admission承认;B. assessment评价,评定;C. awareness意识;D. ambition野心。根据后文“students should cover more aspect, such as activity involvement and teamwork contributions and so on”可知对学生的评价应该涵盖活动参与度、团队合作贡献等诸多方面,应用assessment。故选B。
10.答案：B
解析：考查名词词义辨析。 performance (话剧的) 一场演出。action行为;view观点,视点;sight视力,视线。
11.答案：A
解析：句意：在禁烟地区抽烟对一个男人来说是恶劣的行为。此题考查词汇辨析，A：行为，举止；B：动作；C：方式，方法，态度，举止；D：移动，运动。根据题意，应该为“行为”。故答案为A。
12.答案：A
13.答案：D
解析：考查名词词义辨析.A.道德；B.座右铭；C.模式；D. motivation动机．这里指越想学好一种语言，就会学得越快．D选项符合句意．故选：D.
14.答案：D
解析：考查名词辨析．根据句意可知，大多数护士都是女性，但在医疗行业的高层中，女性只占少数．minority少数；maximum最多量；minimum最少量；majority大部分，大多数．根据语境分析，此处表达"大多数"，故选：D．
15.答案：C
解析：考查名词辨析。题意为：人们相信健康问题与不良的饮食习惯和缺乏锻炼有密切联系。limit “限制”；need“需要”；lack“缺乏”；demand“需要”。
16.答案：1.B; 2.C; 3.D; 4.A
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第一段中“Eco-wildlife tours like this are becoming more and more popular with tourists. The opportunity to see whales and dolphins swimming in their natural habitat is so much better than seeing these great mammals in zoos and aquariums.”(生态野生动物旅游越来越受到游客的欢迎。看到鲸鱼和海豚在它们的自然栖息地游泳的机会比在动物园和水族馆看到这些大的哺乳动物要好得多。)可知生态野生动物旅游越来越受欢迎是因为游客可以观看大自然中的野生动物,故选B。
2.推理判断题。根据第三段中“Perhaps the best way to protect these animals is to reduce our interaction with them. We could do by keeping a minimum distance between the animals and the boats, and by limiting the number of boats out on the water at one time.”(也许保护这些动物最好的方法是减少我们与它们的互动。我们可以通过保持动物和船只之间的最小距离,以及限制一次出海的船只数量来做到这一点。)可知作者认为要减少和野生动物的互动,少打扰它们的生活。由此可见作者对生态野生动物旅游持批评的态度,故选C。
3.细节理解题。根据第二段中“A recent study has shown that the behavior of whales and dolphins changes greatly when they are close to boats. Interpreting the boats as a possible danger, they start to breathe more to breathe more quickly. The boats drive them away from the places where they feed and interrupt their routine of resting and taking care of their young. All of these factors could have a very negative effect on their general health. ”(最近的一项研究表明,当鲸鱼和海豚靠近船只时,它们的行为会发生很大的变化。把这些船解释为一种可能的危险,他们开始更多地呼吸以更快地呼吸。小船把它们赶出它们觅食的地方,打断它们休息和照顾幼崽的日常生活。所有这些因素都可能对他们的总体健康产生非常负面的影响。)和“Another factor that should be taken into account is the effect of human attention on the animals. As they become more used to interacting with humans, they become less afraid of them. There have been several cases of tour boats running into dolphins or whales and causing their deaths. As dolphins live within close communities, events like these cause a lot of stress.”(另一个需要考虑的因素是人类注意力对动物的影响。当它们越来越习惯于与人类交流时,它们就不再那么害怕他们了。已经有几起旅游船撞上海豚鲸鱼并导致它们死亡的案例。由于海豚生活在紧密的群体中,像这样的事件会造成很大的压力。)可知太接近野生动物可能会给它们带来麻烦,影响它们的生活和健康,甚至对它们造成伤害。故选D。
4.推理判断题。根据第三段中“Perhaps the best way to protect these animals is to reduce our interaction with them. Most importantly, instead of interrupting these animals’ routines, we should try to adapt to them. In this way, we could learn to exist in harmony with these wild animals and ensure our continued co-existence on the planet that we shall share.”(也许保护这些动物最好的方法是减少与它们的互动。最重要的是,与其打断这些动物的日常生活,我们还不如试着去适应它们。这样,我们才能学会与这些野生动物和谐相处,确保我们在这个我们将共享的星球上继续共存。)可知要想与野生动物和谐相处,就要减少与它们的互动。故选A。
17.答案：1.C; 2.B; 3.D; 4.D
解析：1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段If we can't mirror another person's face, it limits our ability to read and properly react to their expressions.如果我们无法镜像另一个人的脸,它限制了我们阅读并对他们的表达做出适当反应的能力。可知面部模仿帮助适当回应其他"表达"。故选C.
2.推理判断题。根据文章第四段Niedenthal notes that the same would not be true for people who suffer from paralysis from birth, because if you've never had the ability to mimic facial expressions, you will have developed compensatory ways of interpreting emotions.尼登塔尔指出,对于那些因出生而瘫痪的人来说,情况并非如此,因为如果你从未有过模仿面部表情的能力,你就会发展出解释情绪的补偿方法。以及第五段" People with social disorders associated with mimicry or emotion-recognition damage,like autism(自闭症), can experience similar challenges. "There are some symptoms in autism where lack of facial mimicry may in part be due to limitation of eye contact," Niedenthal says.与模仿或情绪识别损伤相关的社交障碍患者,如自闭症患者,也会经历类似的挑战。"Niedenthal说:"自闭症有一些症状,缺乏面部模仿可能部分是由于眼睛接触的限制。"可知这两段解释了人们是如何模仿别人的面部表情的。故选B.
3.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段Niedenthal next wants to explore what part in the brain is functioning to help with facial expression recognition.尼登塔尔接下来想探索大脑中的哪个部位起到帮助面部表情识别的作用。可知根据尼登塔尔,研究的下一步将集中于我们大脑的哪一部分帮助识别面部表情。故选D.
4.目的意图题。根据文章第一段Growing evidence shows that an instinct for facial mimicry(模仿)allows us to empathize with and even experience other people's feelings.面部模仿的本能使我们能够同情甚至体验他人的感受。可知文章是为了解释情感镜像如何影响人们的同情心。故选D.专题五 名词
重点考点：名词的数、名词所有格
一、名词的数
1、 可数名词单数变复数规则
（1）规则变化
①一般情况下，在词尾直接加s。
Eg: book——books cap——caps
②以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词，在词尾加es
Eg: glass——glasses box——boxes
watch——watches brush——brushes
③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，把y改为i, 再加es
Eg: story——stories country——countries
④以o结尾的名词变为复数时，一般直接加s.但中学英语中有些名词要加es(一般有生命的物体加es),他们是黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿。
Eg：radio——radios photo——photos
Negro——Negroes hero——heroes
potato——potatoes tomato——tomatoes
⑤以f或fe结尾的名词变为复数时，一般直接加s，但有些以f或fe结尾的名词需把f或fe去掉，加ves，它们是：为了自己的牛犊活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和一片树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半。
Eg: roof——roofs belief——beliefs
self——selves calf——calves
life——lives thief——thieves
wife——wives knife——knives
leaf——leaves shelf——shelves
wolf——wolves half——halves
⑥复合名词变复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数。如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变为复数。
son-in-law——sons-in-law
storyteller——storytellers
（2）.不规则变化
①单复数不同形的名词
foot——feet脚 man——men男人
woman——women女人 mouse——mice老鼠
tooth——teeth牙 goose——geese 鹅
child——children孩子 ox——oxen 公牛
gentleman——gentlemen绅士
▲②单复数同形的名词
sheep绵羊 deer鹿
Chinese中国人 Japanese日本人
Swiss瑞士人 means方法
crossroads十字路口 headquarters总部
series连续 species物种
head头（牲畜的数目） works 工厂
▲③外来名词的复数形式
criterion——criteria 标准
curriculum——curricula/curriculums 全部课程
phenomenon——phenomena现象
analysis——analyses 分析
basis——bases 基础
crisis——crises 危机
thesis——theses 论文
diagnosis——diagnoses 诊断
bacterium——bacteria细菌
medium——media 媒介
datum——data 数据
(3). 作定语的名词的数的变化规则
① man、woman、genleman等作定语，变复数时定语和被修饰的名词都要变复数。
Eg: men workers（男工人）、women teachers（女教师）、gentlemen ficials（男性官员）。
▲②“数词+名词”作定语，表达复数时若有连字符，名词用单数；若无连字符，名词用复数加：“ ' ”。
Eg: a ten-mile walk/ten miles' walk（十英里路）
a five-year plan/a five years' plan（一个五年计划）。
③用复数名词作定语：如：sports meeting（运动会），students reading room（学生阅览室），talks table（谈判桌），the foreign languages department（外语系）。
④用单数名词作定语：（名词作定语一般用单数）如：a steel bridge（一座钢桥），paper money（纸币），a coffee cup（一个咖啡杯），an evening paper（一份晚报，city life（城市生活），country music（乡村音乐）, office work（办公室工作）street light（路灯）。
2、 不可数名词
（1）定义
不可用数目计算的名词是不可数名词。物质名词和抽象名词大多为不可数名词。
▲（2）汉语中为可数概念而英语中却是不可数名词的词
furniture家具 equipment设备
clothing衣服（总称） news新闻
information信息 bread面包
toothpaste牙膏 wealth财富
cloth布料 poetry诗歌（总称）
machinery机器（总称） advice建议
weather天气 progress进步
baggage行李 work工作
paper纸 music音乐
（3）学科名称为不可数名词
Eg: maths, politica, physics等
（4）不可数名词量的表示
用“数词/冠词+量词+of+不可数名词”的结构来表示，量词可以是单数也可以是复数，但of后的名词无复数形式。如：
a piece of chalk/jewelry/news/meat/bread/furniture/equipment/luggage/music/
information/thread/advice/clothing/paper
此结构作主语时，谓语的单复数应该跟量词保持一致。
▲3、 有些名词即可作不可数名词又可作可数名词，但意义有所变化。
词条 不可数名词 可数名词
paper 纸张 报纸，论文，试卷
chicken 鸡肉 鸡
hair 头发，毛发 强调几根头发
iron 铁 熨斗
fish 鱼肉 指鱼的条数，单复数同形，为fish；指鱼的种类，复数形式为fishes
room 空间 房间
3、 名词前的修饰语
（1）只能修饰可数名词的有each，either，neither，another，these，those，both，（a）few，several，many，a large number of，scores of，dozens of，a great/good nany等。
（2）只能修饰不可数名词的有（a）little，much，a bit of，a great deal of，a large amount of等。
（3）既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的有some，any，half，most，all，a lot of，lots of，plenty of，a large quantity of，quantities of，masses of等。其中：a large quantity of/quantities of'+可数名词复数/不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由quantity 的单复数形式而定。
▲【特别提醒】
1、外国计量单位VS中国计量单位
美元，英镑，法郎等都有复数形式，如a dollar, two dollars。
中国传统计量单位大多无复数形式，如yuan(元), jiao(角), jin(斤)
2、不同国籍人的单复数
中国人the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese
日本人the Japan a Japanese two Japanese
俄国人the Russian a Russian two Russians
希腊人the Greek a Greek two Greeks
法国人the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen
英国人the English an Englishman two Englishmen
德国人the German a German two Germans
瑞典人the Swedish a Swede two Swedes
★二、名词所有格、名词作定语
1、 名词所有格的形式
（1）名词末尾加s。多用于表示有生命的人或动物。
Eg: child’s play 很容易做的事
（2）介词of加名词。多用于表示无生命的东西。
Eg: the top of a house 房顶
2、 名词所有格加-’s词尾的规则
（1）单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词通常在词尾加's
Eg: the boy’s bag 那个男孩的包
（2）以s结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加'
Eg: the workers’ struggle 工人们的斗争
（3）复合名词中，在最后一个词的词尾加's
Eg: her brother-in-low’s character
（4）复合不定代词后加else，在else后加's
Eg: somebody else’s possessions别人的财产
（5）在表示教堂或店铺的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词。
Eg: the barber’s 理发店
▲（6）双重所有格的构成形式：名词+of+名词所有格/名词+of+名词性物主代词
Eg: a friend of Leslie’s 莱斯利的一个朋友（Leslie’s相当于Leslie’s friends ）
a friend of mine 我（朋友中）的一个朋友(mine相当于my friends)
【注意】
表示各自的所有关系时，名词末尾均加's，如果不是这样，仅在最后一词末尾加s，表示他们共同的所有关系。
如：John's and Mary's schools 约翰和玛丽各自的学校
John and Mary's school约翰和玛丽的学校
例题
1.If harmless actions are the opposite of harmful actions, why are shameless and shameful _______(behave) the same.
2.I can find out whether my ________(react) to an event are reasonable enough by reading about those of others on the Internet.
3.In other words, a few countries are benefiting hugely from the ________(consume) of fossil fuels.
4.This is probably the most common ________(greet) among strangers.
5.Regardless of other factors, he continued to place ________(secure) above all other objectives.
6.In her first book she explained the role of vegetable fibre, vitamins, minerals, and other essential ________(nutrient).
7.It would be safer for a ________(hike) to wear a pair of jeans or pants.
8.The course is aimed at developing the children's ________(appreciate) of music performances.
9.In fact, the first group was absolutely correct in their ________(estimate) of this man's height.
10.Put a small amount of the powder into a ________(contain) and mix it with water.
11.While my friend, George, was reading in the bedroom, two ________(thief) climbed into his kitchen.
12.Public worries about accidents are threatening the very ________(exist) of the nuclear power industry.
13.These are the large species which usually provide ________(habitat) for fish and other life.
14.Students were required to take COVID-19 tests 48 hours before ________(depart) and needed to provide negative results to board the plane.
15.Many schools need _______ (volunteer) to show children how to read.
16.With the arrival of the two-child era, young parents' financial ________(independent) is particularly important in raising their children.
17.The doctors take ________(turn) to participate in the mobile medical team.
18.They want a political _________(solve) that is acceptable to all parties in their country.
19.Making an ________(invest) in education is bound to bring us great results.
20.The ________(shelf) were filled with all sorts of vegetables—eggplants, cucumbers, cabbages and tomatoes.
答案以及解析
1.答案：behaviors
解析：考查名词。根据空前的形容词harmful可知,此处应用名词形式,因为所给的词behave的名词是behavior是可数名词,结合空前的are可知应用名词复数形式behaviors,故填behaviors。如果无害的行为与有害的行为相反,为什么无耻和有害的行为是一样的 本题考查单词填空.首先根据句子结构和词与词之间的搭配关系判断应用所给词的何种词性进行填空,然后用单词的适当形式填空。
2.答案：reactions
解析：考查名词。句意:我可以通过在网上阅读其他人关于对一件事的反应的文章来弄清我对这件事的反应是否足够合理。my是形容词性物主代词,其后用名词;由are可知,主语是复数形式。故填reactions。
3.答案：consumption
解析：考查名词。句意:换句话说,一些国家正从化石燃料的消耗中获得巨大的利益。根据空前的冠词the可知此处应用名词。故填consumption。
4.答案：greeting
解析：考查名词。句意:这可能是陌生人之间最常见的问候了。the most common是形容词的最高级,其后应用名词。故填greeting。
5.答案：security
解析：考查名词。句意:不管其他因素,他继续将安全置于其他所有目标之上。设空处作动词place的宾语,故填名词security,意为“安全”。
6.答案：nutrients
解析：考查名词复数。句意:在她的第一本书中,她解释了植物纤维、维生素、矿物质和其他必不可少的营养物质的作用。nutrient为可数名词,由设空处前的other可知,此处应用复数形式。
7.答案：hiker
解析：考查名词。句意:对一位徒步旅行者而言,穿牛仔裤或长裤会更安全。根据空前的冠词a可知此处应用名词。故填hiker。
8.答案：appreciation
解析：考查名词。句意;该课程旨在提高孩子们对音乐表演的欣赏能力。children's是名词所有格,修饰名词。故填appreciation。
9.答案：estimation
解析：考查名词。句意:事实上,第一组人对这名男子的身高的估计完全正确。形容词性物主代词their后应用名词。故填estimation。
10.答案：container
解析：考查名词。句意:将少量粉末放入容器中,将它与水混合。冠词a后应用名词。故填container。
11.答案：thieves
解析： 考查名词复数。句意：我的朋友乔治在卧室读书的时候，两个小偷爬进了他的厨房。由空前的two可知此处应用名词复数，thief的复数形式是thieves。
12.答案：existence
解析：考查词性转化。句意:公众对事故的担心正威胁着核电工业的生存。由设空处前的定冠词the和设空处后的of可知,此处应用名词形式,故填existence。
13.答案：habitats
解析： 考查名词。句意：这些是大型物种，通常为鱼类和其他生物提供栖息地。由句中的are可知，此处species是复数，所以habitat也应用复数形式。故填habitats。
14.答案：departure
解析：考查名词。句意:学生们被要求在离开前48小时进行新型冠状病毒肺炎检测,并且需要提供阴性的结果才能登机。before是介词,其后应用名词。故填departure。
15.答案：volunteers
解析：考查名词。句意：许多学校需要志愿者教孩子们如何阅读。此处作宾语，应用名词 volunteer，且前文没有冠词，用复数形式。故填 volunteers
16.答案：independence
解析：考查词性转换。句意:随着二胎时代的到来,年轻父母的经济独立在养育子女上显得尤其重要。形容词financial修饰名词,故填independence。
17.答案：turns
解析： 考查固定用法。句意：医生们轮流参加巡回医疗队。take turns to do sth.轮流做某事，故填turns。
18.答案：solution
解析：考查词性转换。句意:他们想要一个在他们国家各方都能接受的政治解决方案。分析句子结构可知,设空处应用名词,故填solution,意为“解决办法”。
19.答案：investment
解析：考查词性转换。句意:投资教育必将给我们带来丰硕成果。由设空处前的冠词an可知,此处应用名词,故填investment。
20.答案：shelves
解析： 考查名词复数。句意：架子被各种各样的蔬菜摆满了——茄子、黄瓜、卷心菜和西红柿。shelf为可数名词，根据空后的were可知应用复数形式。
