最新江苏牛津模块5 Unit 3 Science versus nature导学案(教师用)

Unit3《Science and nature》（2012译林版必修5 ）
知识复习1
1. On the other hand, some scientists point out that if you clone an embryo, you can produce valuable human tissues---such as bone or lung tissue—that could be used to save human lives. On the other hand, many people, including some scientists, disagree and are afraid that, if mankind toys with nature in this way, we may be on our way to producing a real-life Frankenstein’s monster.
(1) on (the) one hand…on the other hand…一方面…另一方面…
On one hand, rapid development of the economy will improve the living conditions of people. On the other hand, it will speed up environmental destruction.
(短语) at hand 在手边，在附近 by hand 用手；亲手
in hand 手头现有的，正在进行，在处理中 hand in 交上来
hand out 分发 hand over移交
hand down 把…传下去 hand in hand手拉手
(2) point at，point to和point out的意思都与“指”有关，但还是有一定区别。
point at习惯上表示指向离说话人较近的事物，意为“指着”，at是介词，着重于指的对象。point to多用来表示指向离说话人较远的事物，意为“指向”，to也是介词，着重于指的方向。point at可分开使用，point后直接跟名词或代词作宾语，at表示方向，而point to却没有这种用法，但它还表示“显示、说明”的意思。
point out表示的是给某人指示方向，要点或错误等，意为“指出”，out是副词。
根据句意，用point at，point to或point out的适当形式填空。
1.The teacher is pointing at/to the map on the wall.
2. Both the hour hand and the minute hand point to twelve. It was noon.
3..Can you point out the man you suspect?
4. All the evidence points to his guilt.
5. They pointed their guns at her head but she was not afraid.
On the point of doing sth when正要做某事。。。突然
to the point击中要害 a turning point 转折点
explain …point by point逐点解释
(3) toy with玩弄；不认真对待
她指责那个年轻人玩弄她的感情。
She accused the young man of toying with her feelings.
那个小女孩只是把食物拨弄着玩儿，因为她并不饿。
The little girl just toyed with her food , as she wasn’t really angry.
(4) on one’s (the) way to doing sth. “正在做某事的过程中,即将成功,离…不远了”. to是介词，后接名词、代词或动名词短语.
1.他即将成为一个导演。
He is on his way to becoming a director.
2.期中考试就要临近了，因此他学习更加刻苦了。
The mid-examination is on its way, so he is working harder.
我正在去上学的路上，这时我偶然遇到了我的一位朋友
On the/my way to school, when I came across a friend of mine.
A. (练习) I’ve just heard a warning ______the radio that a storm may be ____ its way.
A. on, on B. over, in C. on, above D. from, on
复习下列短语：
in the way防碍，挡道 by the way 顺便问问，顺便说说
in a way在某种意义上，在某种程度上 by way of途经
in no way决不 all the way 一路上；至始至终
make way for为...腾出地方；让路 make one’s way to(辛苦地) 前进
2. Instead, he thinks research efforts should concentrate on creating new tissues and organs that can be used to cure diseases like cancer.
concentrate /focus/ fix on/upon 集中注意力在…上
concentrate one’s attention/energy/efforts/oneself on/upon 把…集中在…上
由于外面太吵， 我不能集中注意力在学习上。
I couldn’t concentrate on my study because of the loud noise outside.
Efforts should be concentrated on how to produce more products to meet the needs of people.
3. However, some people consider that cloning human embryos with the intention of destroying them shows no respect for human life.
intention (n.) 目的，打算，意图
intend (v.) 意欲，打算 intended (adj.) 打算的，计划的
with the intention of 为了，以…为目的或意图 without intention 没有目的的
intend to do sth. 想要做某事 be intended to do sth.旨在做某事
He went to Paris to learn French.
He went to Paris with the intention of learning French.
对不起，我不想伤害你的感情，我只是想告诉你真相。
Sorry , I didn’t intend to hurt your feeling; I just wanted to tell you the truth.
这项旨在保护环境活动正在进行中。
The campaign intended to protect environment is under way.
4. I don’t want to adopt someone else’s child—if I had the chance, I would have a cloned baby right now.
adopt “收养，领养” ；“采用”
Many families have to adopt children because they cannot have a baby of their own.领养小孩
They adopted different methods to try to solve the problems. 采用不同的方法
If I had met (meet) him yesterday, I would have told(tell) him about it.
Should it rain (rain) tomorrow, the crops would be saved.
【语言点】 ①adopt (vt.) 收养，领养；采用，采纳（议案、意见等）
After much deliberation, the president decided to adopt her suggestion. (总经理再三考虑之后,决定采纳她的建议。)
Mr. Kern adopted the orphan as his own son. (克恩先生将那孤儿收养为自己的儿子。)
【拓展提升】 adopt measures/ an idea 采取措施/ 采纳意见 an adopted son 养子
②If I had ……, I would have a cloned…. 本句采用了虚拟语气.
If引导的虚拟语气句型总结如下：
对现在的虚拟：if从句谓语动词使用过去式，主句谓语使用would/should/could + 原型
对过去的虚拟：if从句谓语使用过去完成式，主句谓语使用would/should/could + 完成式
对将来的虚拟：if从句谓语使用过去式/were to do/should+原型，
主句谓语使用would/should/could + 原型
例句：If I had enough money, I would buy a house with beautiful garden.
If I had followed my teacher’s advice, I would have passed this exam.
If I were to go to London, I could have a walk in the campus of Cambridge University.
1.If my lawyer ___ here last Sunday, he ___ me from going.
A. had been; would have prevented B. had been ; would prevent
C. were; prevent D. were; would have prevented
2. .If it ______ tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to Yangpu Bridge.
A. were raining B. should rain C. would rain D. will rain
5. While cloning human embryos is not legal in many countries, some scientists are already pushing ahead with research in order to produce a cloned human baby.
(1) while : conj. 1) though尽管，虽然; 2) when/as…的时候; 3)而
虽然我理解你所说的,但我不同意你的观点.
Though I understand what you said, I can't agree with you
母亲在做饭我在看电视.
Mother was cooking while I was watching TV.
B. I do every single bit of housework ________ my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then.
A. since B. while C. when D. as
A. We thought there were 35 students in the dining hall, _____, in fact, there were 40.
A. while B. whether C. what D. which
D. _____English can be difficult to learn, it is a very useful tool for communication.
A. Because B. As C. Once D. While
(2) push ahead with推进，推行
这样不得人心的政策是很难推行下去的。
It is hard to push ahead with such an unpopular policy.
6. China has succeeded in producing clones of cows and goats, and continues to research ways in which cloning can benefit mankind.
(1) succeed in doing sth 成功做某事
He succeeded in turning to being a businessman.
=He managed to turn to being a businessman.
(2)benefit (n.) 利益，好处；(vt.)使…受益
(词组) be of benefit to =be beneficial to对…有裨益
for the benefit of…为了…的利益
benefit sb./sth. 有益于某人/某物 benefit from/by 从…中获益
It is said Yoga is of great benefit to health.
=It is said Yoga is very beneficial to health.
这种愚蠢的行为对你没有好处。（benefit sb）
This foolish behaviour didn’t benefit you.
许多学生都得益于这本好字典。（benefit from/by）
Many students have benefited from/by this good dictionary a lot.
7. I would like to comment on your article ‘The perfect copy’.
comment (n.& vi.) 评论，评注
make (a comment)comments on/upon sb./sth.= comment on/ upon sb./sth. 评论某人（某事）
He made several comments on the book.
We would like the audience to comment on our new play.
8．On a personal note, cloning would totally transform my life.
on a …note “以…语气，以…论调”
He ended his speech to his employees on a humorous note.(用幽默的语气)
On a more serious note(以更加严肃的语气), the manager mentioned the accident last month.
9. 【原句回放】After all, scientists have been challenging moral ideas for centuries. Why should we stop them now?
【语言点】why ( how / who / what )should sb./ sth. do 表拒绝﹑恼怒或惊讶
How should I know where you’ve put it? ___________________________________
Why should I help him? He’s so mean. ______________________________________
10. 【原句回放】Seven years ago, my 10-year-old daughter died of heart failure.
【语言点】die不及物动词 死。
die of: 因…而死(多内因) die from 因…而死（多外因）
die down/away/out 逐渐消失 /（风，声音）逐渐减弱，消失 / 熄灭，灭绝
dead 形容词 死亡的 death 名词 死亡 deadly 形容词---致命的 副词---死一般地，非常
11. 【原句回放】Scientists have announced that they have cloned the first human embryo. This has caused much debate around the world.
【语言点】announce（vt.）宣告，通知，声明 announcement (n.) 宣告，通知，声明
announce 指对公众或特定的一群关心的人进行宣布；declare指官方的正式宣告
Everyone was silent as he announced the winner of the competition.
This powerful country declared_ war on that small country.
巩固练习
一、根据句意及中文提示写出所缺单词的完全形式
二、译出下列短语
1. on one hand, on the other hand ___ ________ 2. toy with ___ ________
3. on one’s way to doing ___ ________ 4. the first mammal to be cloned ___ ________
5. be praised for ___ ________ 6. with the intention of ___ ________
7. show respect for ___ ________ 8. be anxious to do sth. ___ ________
9. push ahead with ___ ________ 10. for sale ___ ________
11. a crop to be harvested ___ ________ 12. comment on ___ ________
13. in complete agreement with ___ ________ 14. on a personal note ___ ________
15. die of heart failure ___ ________ 16. be burnt out ___ ________
17. follow in one’s footsteps ___ ________ 18. conduct a survey ___ ________
19. the majority of people ___ ________ 20. in summary ___ ________
21. take… into consideration ___ ________ 22. in favor of ___ ________
23. point of view of ___ ________ 24. meet one’s needs ___ ________
25. natural resources ___ ________ 26. at a fast pace ___ ________
27. be opened up to ___ ________ 28. be limited to ___ ________
29. as to ___ ________ 30. food chain ___ ________
三完型填空
阅读下面短文，从短文后所给各题的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
The woman was watching the incident. 11 the driver and the conductor raised their voices at the old man, she interfered(干预).
“Stop 12 him! Can’t you see he’s only trying to get home?”
“He doesn’t have any money! ” the driver 13 .
“Well, that’s no 14 to throw him off the bus,” she insisted.
Then she reached inside her blouse, took out her 15 money, and handed it to the conductor. “Here’s his fare and mine. Just stop giving him a 16 time.”
All heads turned to the woman. “It’s only money,” she shrugged.
She rode the rest of the way home 17 a happy smile, with the money she’d lost earlier 18 .
On the road of life, the help of strangers can 19 our loads and lift our spirits. How much sweeter the 20 will be when we make it a little smoother for others!
9. A. begged B. scolded C. praised D. thanked
10. A. request B. action C. suggestion D. command
11. A. Unless B. Although C. Until D. When
12. A. attacking B. bothering C. blaming D. wronging
13. A. warned B. whispered C. shouted D. repeated
14. A. problem B. need C. matter D. reason
四阅读理解
请认真阅读下列短文, 从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中, 选出最佳选项。
A
I arrived at my mother’s home for our Monday family dinner. The smells of food flew over from the kitchen. Mother was pulling out quilt(被子)after quilt from the boxes, proudly showing me their beauties. She was preparing for a quilt show at the Elmhurst Church. When we began to fold and put them back into the boxes, I noticed something at the bottom of one box. I pulled it out. “What is this?” I asked.
“Oh?” Mom said, “That’s Mama’s quilt.”
I spread the quilt. It looked as if a group of school children had pieced it together; irregular designs, childish pictures, a crooked line on the right.
“Grandmother made this?” I said, surprised. My grandmother was a master at making quilts. This certainly didn’t look like any of the quilts she had made.
“Yes, right before she died. I brought it home with me last year and made some changes,” she said. “I’m still working on it. See, this is what I’ve done so far.”
I looked at it more closely. She had made straight a crooked line. At the center of the quilt, she had stitched(缝) a piece of cloth with these words: “My mother made many quilts. She didn’t get all lines straight. But I think this is beautiful. I want to see it finished, her last quilt.”
“Oh, this is so nice, Mom,” I said. It occurred to me that by completing my grandmother’s quilt, my mother was honoring her own mother. I realized, too, that I held in my hands a family treasure. It started with the loving hands of one woman, and continued with the loving hands of another.
B
While all my classmates seem to be crazy about a one-way ticket to Mars(火星), I’d rather say Mars is totally unsuitable for human existence. People won’t have enough food supplies there, and the terrible environment would make it impossible for them to live a long life. Besides, the journey won’t be safe. Can anybody explain to me just why people would go to Mars, never to return?
Steve Minear, UK
Here are the things you can think of: the desire to explore a foreign and unique environment, the excitement of being the first humans to open up a new world, the expectation of fame and glory…For scientists there is another reason. Their observations and research will probably lead to great scientific achievements.
Paul Davies. USA
5. The main purpose of Steve Minear’s writing is .
A. to report his classmates’ discussion
B. to invite an answer to his question
C. to explain the natural state of Mars
D. to show his agreement on going to Mars
6. Which of the following best states Donal Trollop’s idea?
A. There is a plan to send humans to Mars.
B. There are many reasons for going to Mars.
C. Scientists become famous by doing research on Mars.
D. It is possible to build an Earth-like environment on Mars.
参考答案
一、根据句意及中文提示写出所缺单词的完全形式
1.intention 2. comment 3. anxiety 4. adopt 5. physician
6.agriculture 7. consideration 8. confirmed 9. profits 10. permission
二、译出下列短语
（一）完型填空
6.C从该句“she stopped crying, but still looked …”可以得出答案。
7.A从“When she came to an old man in worn-out clothes, he ……that he had spent all his money when he had accidentally got on a wrong bus and now he was trying to go home.”中可以看出，“老人在向售票员解释他为什么没有钱买票。”
8.A 售票员一听，就要求老人下车。"order the old man to get off the bus” 命令老人下车。
9.A从上下文“老人没钱想坐车回家而售票员却要求他下车”, 于是老人"beg sb to do sth” 恳求……干……
（二）阅读理解
A
CACD
B
BBAC
5.B此题为写作目的的归纳。从Can anybody explain to me just why people would go to Mars, never to return?不难得出答案B.
6.B此题为归纳大意试题。从Here are the things … the desire to explore…,the excitement…, the expectation …For scientists there is another reason. 可以得出答案为B.
7.A此题为细节判断。从Paul Davies 所说的第一段中It will happen when people finally realize that two-way trips to the red planet Mars are unnecessary.可以判断出答案为A.不少同学误选C，文中相关内容cutting the trip home would therefore reduce the danger of accidents, save a lot of money说的是减去回程的旅程会减少危险节省钱，此句是作为一个论据来为A所说的那个论点服务的。
8.C此题为细节判断。从Paul Davies 所说的第二段中Mars has all the materials for a colony to produce or make everything it needs可以判断出答案为C。
Unit3《Scienceand nature》（2012新译林版必修5）
一知识复习2
Verb-ed form
一、V-ed分词具有形容词和副词性质，在句中可充当定语、表语、宾语补语、状语。
1．作定语
过去分词作定语，表示已经完成的被动的动作或状态,但不及物动词构成的过去分词只表示完成，而不表示被动意义。
例如： 完成+被动： a polluted river a locked room a well-educated man
只有完成： a retired worker a fallen leaf boiled water
作定语的V-ed分词也有前置和后置两种情况。单个过去分词作定语，常常位于被修饰的名词前；而过去分词短语作定语时，常常位于被修饰的名词后面，相当于一个定语从句。
Eg. 1).You should improve your spoken(speak) English.
2).What’s the language spoken (speak) in that area?
=.What’s the language which/that is spoken (speak) in that area?
3).The firemen were trying to rescue the people trapped in the fire.
=The firemen were trying to rescue the people who was trapped in the fire.
4).The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.
= The meeting, which was attended by one thousand students, was a success.
2．作表语
作表语的V-ed分词大多转化成为形容词，通常用于联系动词之后（例如be, seem, appear, look, sound ,feel, remain, stay, become, get等），表示主语所处的状态
1).Edison became interested (interest) in science when he was very young.
2).She looks very excited(excite) at the news.
3). When I was cleaning the window, my finger got cut(cut) unexpectedly.
3．作宾语补足语
如果宾语与后面作宾补的动词构成被动关系，则使用V-ed分词作宾补。可以带V-ed分词作宾补的词有：with, see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, feel, sense, find, leave, keep, get, have, make.
1).I had my money stolen(steal) on the bus.
2).As he knows little English, he finds it difficult to make himself understood (understand).
3).In the morning, people woke up and found the world outside their houses completely changed(change).
4．作状语
作状语的V-ed分词与主句之间常有逗号隔开,在句中可表示时间,原因,条件,让步,伴随等情况,并可转化为相应的状语从句。作状语的V-ed和主句的主语常有被动关系。
时间状语
Seen from space, the earth looks blue.
= When the earth is seen from space, it looks blue.
Asked what had happened, he lowered his head.
= When he was asked what had happened, he lowered his head.
2) 原因状语
Born into a poor family, he had only two years of schooling.
=As he was born into a poor family, he had only two years of schooling.
Because they were moved by the story, they decided to help her.
=Moved by the story, they decided to help her.
3)条件状语
Given more time, we are sure to finish it.
=If we are given more time, we are sure to finish it.
Compared with other professors, she is an excellent speaker.
=.
4)让步状语
Laughed at by everybody, he had my sympathy.
=Though he was laughed at by everybody, he had my sympathy.
Even though he was defeated by his opponent, he still is a hero in my heart.
=Defeated by his opponent, he still is a hero in my heart.
5)伴随状语
The boy sat at the table buried in his homework.
= The boy sat at the table and he was buried in his homework.
The girl lay in bed lost in thought.
= The girl lay in bed and she was lost in thought.
I will spend the night locked(lock) in your room.
She left the restaurant, disappointed (disappoint) with the bad service.
二、转化为形容词的V-ed
有一些过去分词已转化为形容词,失去被动意义,仅表状态。如:hidden, dressed, lost, seated, determined, absorbed, injured, based, surprised, satisfied, bored, tired…
e.g What made you so frightened?
The dog, bored with the game, will not play any more.
= The dog, which is bored with the game, will not play any more.
Much interested, he agreed to give it a try.
=As he was much interested, he agreed to give it a try.
Seated in the car, the President waved to the crowd.
= While he was seated in the car, the President waved to the crowd.
三、连词+V-ed
过去分词有时和连词(when, while, whenever, until, if, unless, once, though,
although，even though/if)一起用，相当于状语从句的紧缩式。
（注意：before/after后不直接跟V-ed分词，而用before/after＋being done,因为此时分词前的before/ after是介词。）
If accepted(accept) for this post, you will be informed by May 1st.
Unless changed (change), this law will make life difficult for farmers.
I will not give up my plan even if told(tell) to.
These machines must be checked before being used(use).
四、to be done, being done, done, having been done 作定语的区别：
以上四种形式都表示被动，都可作定语。to be done 表示即将被…;being done表示正在被…;done表示被做过了…;having been done作非限制性定语，和被修饰词用逗号隔开,强调在谓语动词的动作之前完成。
The question to be discussed(discuss) tomorrow involves pollution.
The question discussed (discuss) yesterday involves pollution.
The question being discussed (discuss) now involves pollution.
The question, having been discussed (discuss) for years, involves pollution.
五、done, having been done 作状语的区别：
being done一般在句中不作状语,而用done代替之。having been done强调动作在谓语动作之前完成,或已经持续一段时间的动作,常用作时间和原因状语,done则不强调时间先后和持续一段时间。
Led (lead) by the local guide, we went further into the forest.
Having been taken(take) good care of for half a year, the patient became far better.
Having been translated (translate) into many languages, the novel is well-known throughout the world.
二重点归纳
Not everything that is best for nature is good for people.
句中that引导定语从句，修饰everything。
否定词not 出现在含有all, both, everything, everyone以及every+名词的句中表示部分否定，not可位于这些词的前面，也可以位于他们后面。
e.g. Not both of them have read this book.=Both of them haven’t read this book.
All bamboo doesn’t grow well. =Not all bamboo grows well.
Not everything that is best for nature is good for people.
= Everything that is best for nature is not good for people.
Would anyone say that development should be stopped in favor of nature?
in favour of: 有利于，赞同（接名词、代词和动名词）
ask a favour of 请某人帮忙
do sb. a favour = do a favour for sb. 帮某人一个忙
我们赞成这个建议。
We are in favor of this suggestion..
我和朋友谈过，他完全赞同放弃这个计划。
I talked to my friend about it, and he is all in favor of giving up the plan.
Should they be blamed for destroying hundreds of thousands of acres of rainforest if it means a better income for their people?
blame v.& n.
blame…for…因为某事责备某人 blame sth. on把某事归咎于某人
sb. be to blame (for sth.)= sb. should be blamed (for sth.)某人因受责备
She blamed his failure on her carelessness.
She didn’t blame anyone for the mistake.
A. Who is ________ the fire?
A. to blame for starting B. to blame to start
C. to be blamed for starting D. to be blamed to start
4．Nowhere is this truer than with genetically modified food.
本句为倒装句，nowhere… truer…是比较级的形式，表示最高级的意义。
我们班没有人比他学习更用功。
No one in my class works harder than him.
当时我找不到一个可以帮助我的人。
Nowhere could I find a person to help me at that time.
Research has been limited to increasing production profits, rather than making sure—that GM foods are safe.
be limited to +n/ doing局限于
school Education should not be limited to gaining(gain) knowledge only.
limit n. 限度；限制
the age limit 年龄限制 the speed limit 速度限制
go beyond/ over the limit 超过限度 within the limits of 在。。。范围内
巩固练习
（一）单词拼写
1.I thought that the whole (概念)of cloning was not moral.
2.There are many (现实生活中的)problems with the matter.
3.He died as a （结果)of the traffic accident.
4.Exposed to ___ (辐射)for many years, Madam Curie died of a disease which is related to it.
5.The (原先的)owner of the house has moved out.
6.According to the survey (实施)last week, more than half college students admitted having consumed alcoholic drinks.
7.I am afraid that the boy got (害怕的）when hearing the sudden loud thunder.
8.However, many poorer nations must _______(集中注意力于)on the everyday needs of their people.
9.If we further damage the Earth, it may cause a _________(灾难).
10.With the development of economy, new ________(隧道，航道) are being built.
（二）单项填空
5.__________ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will always
be in demand.
A. While B. Since C. As D. If
（三）根据方框内所给短语的适当形式完成句子
A
push ahead with, point out, on the way to doing sth, toy with,
for sale, in general, as a whole, in complete agreement with,
1. I’m well _________ completing the report.
2. He was always very keen to__________ my mistakes.
3. The house _________ belongs to Mr. Smith.
4. ___________, you always have better ideas than me.
5. It is hard to ______________ such an unhappy policy.
6. She just ___________ her food, as she wasn’t really hungry.
7. On this one, I find myself __________________many of the president 's own party.
8. Economic growth for 2008 __________is likely to exceed 6%
B
turn out, hesitate to do sth, be concerned about, meet one’s needs
at a fast pace, use up, have effects on, after all
1. It is ________the customers’ ________that has made chain stores so popular in big cities in China.
2. It is necessary for the government to ________ the growth of the younger generation.
3. Don’t get discouraged by setbacks, we are new to the work ________.
4. The man calling himself a manager to be a murderer.
5. We are at your service. Don’t ________ turn to us if you have any further problems.6. — Tom, would you please lend me some paper?
— Sorry, mine ________.
7. In doing so, human beings are damaging the earth ________, which will pose a great threat to the existence of us.
8. You can’t imagine what ________ the GM material might ________ the food chain.
（四）语法填空（用所给动词的适当形式填空）
（三）任务型阅读
请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格的空格处里填人最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格填1个单词。
In spite of common practice, it is hard to conclude that modern society is built on greed and selfishness, both of which are not newly invented vocabulary. In ancient times people also did greedy and selfish things though such behaviors were more condemned then. But we can not ignore the fact that people in the past lived a relatively more isolated life and faced less pressure compared with their modern counterparts.
Are we happier to share with others and be generous to them? There is no fixed answer either. Some people take great pleasure helping and giving to others while others feel happy doing the opposite. But I personally think that people should not be too selfish. Caring for others can actually encourage the development of a mutually beneficial relationship.
In conclusion, modern people appear to be more self-centered than those in the past due to strong outside pressure. However, we should encourage people to know the importance of being caring and generous and to build a mutually beneficial relationship with others.
Are Modern People Becoming More Selfish?
Main comparisons
Contexts
1_______ are changing
In the past people put caring, sharing and generosity in the first 2______.
Nowadays, people seem to be more 3_______about themselves.
4_______are changing too.
People in the past appeared to be modest and self-effacing(谦让的).
People may strive to achieve their own 5_______ at the price of their coworkers.
The author’s understanding
6________for the changes in author’s eyes
Fierce 7________ and great 8________on modern people may be responsible for the changes.
The author’s 9________towards topic
A relationship which can 10_______ two sides should be established.
（四）书面表达
众所周知，每个人都希望能保持一份好心情对我们的学习和工作非常重要。因此，如何保持一份好心情也是大家关心的话题。根据下面的提示和要求写一篇英文演讲稿，就如何保持好心情谈谈你的看法。
保持好心情的原因
如何保持一份好心情
促进工作和学习，提高生活质量
有利于身心健康
……
保持幽默感
拥有广泛的兴趣爱好
为人友好，多与人分享乐趣
……
注意：1. 词数：150左右
2. 文章的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
?Good morning, everyone!
? The topic of my speech today is “How to keep a good mood”.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
? In a word, if we can follow the above suggestions, I am sure we will have a good state of mind all the time.
?That’s all. Thank you!
参考答案
（一）单词拼写
1. concept 2. real-life 3. consequence 4. radiation 5. original
6. conducted 7. frightened 8. focus 9. disaster 10. channels
（二）单项填空
（三）根据方框内所给短语的适当形式完成句子
A
1.on the way to 2. point out 3.for sale 4. In general
5.push ahead with 6.toyed with 7. in complete agreement with 8. as a whole
B
1. meeting, needs 2. be concerned about 3. after all 4. turned out
5. hesitate to 6. has been used up 7.at a fast pace 8. effects, have on
（四）语法填空（用所给动词的适当形式填空）
1. cheating 2. repairing 3. repaired 4. calling 5. raised
6. playing 7. Compared 8. running 9. made 10. Lost
（三）任务型阅读
1.Values 2. place 3. concerned 4. Behaviors 5. goals
6. Reasons 7. competition 8. pressure 9. attitudes 10. benefit
（四）书面表达
Unit 3　Science versus nature学业评价
基础篇

Ⅰ.用所给词的正确形式填空
1．If I had the chance，I would have a cloned(clone) baby.
2．I think the scientific advances mentioned(mention) in your article are interesting.
3．After the robbery，they found the front windows broken(break)．
4．I think it's good to do a job that you are interested in.Otherwise you will get bored(bore)．
5．After the Arab states won their independence，much attention was paid to developing education，with girls as well as boys encouraged(encourage) to go to school.
6．The soldier rushed into the cave，his right hand holding(hold) a gun and his face covered(cover) with sweat.
7．Not_having_received (receive) regular training in nursing，she could hardly cope with the work at first.
8．I need this article (to_be)rewritten(rewrite) before tomorrow.
9．Having_worked(work) over six hours，I felt much tired.
10．The plan having_been_made(make)，our next step is how to carry it out.
Ⅱ.同义转换
1．Cloning is producing an exact copy of a plant or an animal using its cells.
→The definition of cloning is producing an exact copy of a plant or an animal by using its cells.
2．However，in general the scientists were praised for their wonderful scientific breakthrough.
→However，in general because of their wonderful scientific breakthrough，the scientists were praised．
3．I am desperate to have a child of my own.
→I am so anxious to have my own child.
4．If I had the chance，I would have a cloned baby tomorrow.
→How I wish I could have the chance，so that I would have a cloned baby tomorrow.
5．Would anyone say that economic development should be stopped in favour of nature?
→No one would say that in order to protect the nature，we should stop economic development.
Ⅲ.完成译文
1．我觉得今天能到这里和你们在一起是非常荣幸的。(consider)
I consider it a great honor to be here with you today.
2．如果你继续行窃，终归得进监狱。(end up)
If you continue to steal，you'll end up in prison.
3．专家们坚信这个地区的大量癌症病例与新的核电站有直接的关系。(relate)
Experts believe that the large number of cancer cases in the area are directly related to the new nuclear power station.
4．作者只准备讨论这两个题目。(limit)
The author will limit himself to discussing these two topics.
5．经理无法肯定他能否雇到足够的技工。(certain)
The manager was not sure whether he could employ enough skilled workers.
Ⅳ.单项填空
1．Despite barriers and hardships，they ______ the research on cloning tissues.
A．come up with B．catch up with
C．push ahead with D．put up with
答案　C　[句意：尽管遇到重重阻碍和困难，他们毅然进行克隆生物组织的研究。push ahead with毅然推进。]
2．In his victory speech，______ before a huge crowd of his supporters，Obama declared that “change has come to America”．
A．having delivered B．to be delivered
C．delivering D．delivered
答案　D　[句意：在面向大批支持者发表的获胜演讲中，奥巴马宣称“变革已经来到美国”。根据语意可知，Obama发表演讲是过去的事且speech与deliver存在动宾关系，所以用过去分词表示被动和完成，相当于“which was delivered”。]
3．Soon after the war，one family who lived in Pennsylvania ______ me and brought me up.
A．had adopted B．adopted
C．would adopt D．has adopted
答案　B　[句意：战后不久，住在宾夕法尼亚州的一个家庭收养了我并把我养大。adopted与brought并列作句子的谓语。]
4．The top students ______ at the assembly today were awarded a pen and a notebook each.
A．to praise B．praised
C．being praised D．to be praised
答案　B　[句意：奖励今天在会议上受到表扬的优秀学生每人一支钢笔和一个笔记本。根据句子结构可知空处用作定语，又praise与students之间是动宾关系，要用过去分词，所以选B。]
5．One should take ______ of his strengths to make up for his weaknesses.
A．advantage B．benefit
C．profit D．use
答案　A　[句意：一个人应当利用自己的长处弥补自己的短处。weaknesses与strengths呼应。take advantage of意为“利用”。]
6．Mike bought an old car cheaply，cleaned it up and sold it at a ______．
A．benefit B．bargain C．profit D．prize
答案　C　[句意：Mike廉价地买了一辆旧车，把它清理干净后，卖掉赚了一笔。at a profit获利地。]
7．______，you'll have a greater chance of finding a suitable job if you have ever done some parttime jobs.
A．In particular B．In general
C．In secret D．In sight
答案　B　[句意：通常，如果你曾做过一些兼职，就更有可能找到一份合适的工作。in general相当于generally speaking，意为“大体上，总的来说”。]
8．An ant was drinking by a small river when it fell in.It made ______ efforts to reach the side，but made no progress at all.
A．negative B．total
C．desperate D．careful
答案　C　[句意：一只蚂蚁正在河边喝水时，突然掉进河里了，它拼命朝岸边游，但没有取得任何进展。desperate意为“拼命的”。]
9．Beijing ______ in hosting the 2008 Olympic Games，which made all the Chinese proud.
A．succeeded B．managed
C．resulted D．shared
答案　A　[句意：北京成功举办了2008年奥运会，这使所有中国人感到自豪。succeed in doing sth 表示“成功做了某事”。 ]
10．The Chinese government is developing the west of China，which will ______ the people there，especially those who are still leading a poor life.
A．protect B．benefit
C．contribute D．affect
答案　B　[句意：中国政府正在开发西部，这将会使那里的人受益，尤其是那些仍过着贫苦日子的人们。benefit sb 意为“使某人受益”。 ]
11．The thief tried to run away from the market，but he ______ getting caught by the brave people.
A．got up B．went up
C．turned up D．ended up
答案　D　[句意：小偷试图从市场逃走，但最后被勇敢的人们抓住了。end up doing sth“最后以做某事而结束”。 ]
12．To deal with the problem of water shortages，______ water-saving technology will be introduced to new industrial projects in Beijing and Shanghai.
A．advancing B．advanced
C．advance D．advances
答案　B　[句意：为了解决用水短缺的问题，先进的节水技术被引进到北京和上海的新兴工业项目中。advanced意为“先进的”。]
13．Mary，don't ______ all the soap.Leave me some to wash with，please.
A．put up B．give up
C．make up D．use up
答案　D　 [句意：玛丽，不要用光肥皂，留点儿让我洗的时候用。use up“用光”；put up“张贴，举起，建起”；give up“放弃”；make up“编造，弥补”。 ]
14．He broke the law，and now he must face the ______ of his actions.
A．judgement B．morality
C．advances D．consequences
答案　D　[句意：他违法了，现在必须面对自己行动的后果。face the consequences of one's actions意为“面对某人行动的后果”。]
15．You should ______ advice from your English teacher on this matter，Tom.
A．wait B．seek C．carry D．put
答案　B　[句意：汤姆，你应该向你的英语老师请教这个问题。seek advice意为“寻求意见，请教”，其它搭配不妥。]
能力篇
Ⅰ.单项填空
1．You are really very kind.I'll never forget the ______ you have done to me.
A．favour B．deed C．help D．kind
答案　A　[you have done to me是个定语从句，所以空格处是先行词，作动词do的宾语，构成do the favour to sb词组，故选A。]
2．It is certain that the building of the expressway will be ______ to the people.
A．benefited B．benefit
C．of benefits D．beneficial
答案　D　[本题考查be beneficial to的用法，它也可以用be of benefit to结构替换。]
3．—What did you think of the concert given by the famous Hong Kong singer?
—Not so good.In fact，it ______ to be a great disappointment.
A．turned up B．turned in
C．turned down D．turned out
答案　D　[turn up意为“出现，露面”；turn in意为“上交”；turn down意为“拒绝，把声音关小”；turn out意为“结果是，证明是”。根据题意选D。]
4．—Why do these photos look so ______？
—The film was not ______ in the right way.
A．black；washed B．dark；developed
C．bad；printed D．wrong；worked
答案　B　[第一空所填词表示照片质量的好坏；第二空填developed，意思是“冲洗(胶片)”。]
5．—Do you have anything to say for yourselves?
—Yes，there is one point ______ we must insist on.
A．why B．where C．how D．不填
答案　D　[point在定语从句中作insist on的宾语，关系词可以省略，所以D项正确，不要错选A。]
6．I would like a job which pays more，but ______ I enjoy the work I'm doing at the moment.
A．in other words B．on the other hand
C．for one thing D．as a matter of fact
答案　B　[A项意思是“换句话说”；B项意思是“另一方面”；C项的意思是“一方面”；D项的意思是“事实上”。根据题意，B项正确。]
7．We're just trying to reach a point ______ both sides will sit down together and talk.
A．where B．that C．when D．which
答案　A　[point作定语从句的先行词时，在从句中作状语，用where引导从句。]
8．My sister was against my suggestion while my brother was ______ it.
A．in favour of B．in memory of
C．in honour of D．in search of
答案　A　[in favour of意为“赞成，同意”；in memory of意为“纪念”；in honour of...意为“向……表示敬意”；in search of意为“寻找”。从was against(反对)判断空格处要填in favour of表示对比。]
9．All the money he had was ______，so he had to make a living by begging.
A．used up B．taken up
C．stayed up D．brought up
答案　A　[A项意思是“用完，用光”；B项意思是“占据，从事”；C项意思是“熬夜，挺立” ；D项的意思是“抚养，培养”。根据题意选A。句意为“他所有的钱都用光了，所以他只好靠乞讨为生”。]
10．—Did you take part in Mary's birthday party last Friday?
—I had ______ to，but one of my classmates called on me.
A．admitted B．intended
C．agreed D．promised
答案　B　[intend打算，用于过去完成时，意为“本来计划/打算(做某事)”，符合句意。admit接受，录取，承认；agree同意，赞成；promise许诺，保证。答句句意为“我本来打算去参加玛丽的生日聚会，但是我的一个同学来看我了”。]
11．On April 25th ,2007，thousands of Russians went to say farewell to Boris Yeltsin — the country's first popularly ______ leader.
A．electing B．elected
C．to elect D．elect
答案　B　[elect与被修饰的名词leader之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词作定语。]
12．—Shall we have a talk with her and try to persuade her not to see a movie tonight?
—There is no ______ talking to her.She never listens.
A．goods B．value
C．point D．worth
答案　C　[本题考查固定句型There is no ______(in) doing sth的用法。good只适用于It’s no good (in) doing sth句型。]
13．He put the books in the box ______ the shelf so that he could carry them easily.
A．instead B．instead of
C．instead of on D．in place of
答案　C　[instead of前后涉及的两个部分在结构上必须是平行关系，故应选C项。]
14．Jack is late again.It is ______ of him to keep others waiting.
A．normal B．ordinary
C．common D．typical
答案　D　[句意为“杰克又迟到了，他这人就是爱让人等”。typical(品质、性格等方面)特有的，独特的；normal正常的；ordinary普通的，平凡的；common共同的。]
15．The trees ______ in the storm have been moved off the road.
A．being blown down B．blown down
C．blowing down D．to blow down
答案　B　[句意为“在暴风雨中被刮倒的树被拖离道路”。因trees和blow down同为动宾关系，所以排除C、D两项，且“已被拖离”表示此动作已完成，故可排除A项，B项为过去分词短语表示被动完成。]
Ⅱ.完形填空
It was Christmas in 1961.I was teaching in a small town where my twenty-seven third graders eagerly __1__ the great day of gift-giving in advance.
Each day the children produced some new __2__ — strings of popcorn，handmade trinkets and German bell.Through it all she remained alone，__3__ from a distance，seemingly miles away.I wondered what __4__ happen to this quiet child，once so happy，now suddenly so withdrawn.I hoped the festivities would __5__ her.But nothing did.The students made the fried marbles and competed with one anther to bring the __6__ ones.
The day of gift-giving finally came.We cheered over our handiwork as the presents were __7__.All along，she sat quietly watching.To see her smile，I had made a special bag for her.She opened it so slowly and carefully.I waited but she __8__.I had not passed through the wall of isolation she had __9__ around herself.
After school，I sat down in a chair，hardly __10__ of what was happening，when she came to me with outstretched hands，bearing a small white box，and slightly soiled，__11__ it had been held many times by __12__，childish hands.She said nothing.“For me？” I asked.She didn't say a word，but __13__ her head.I took the box and cautiously opened it.There inside，glistening green，a fried marble __14__ from a golden chain.Then I looked into that eight－year－old __15__ and saw the question in her dark brown eyes.In a flash，I knew — she had __16__ it for her mother，who had died just three weeks before and would never hold her or brush her hair or __17__ her childish joys or sorrows.
I meant it when I whispered，“Oh，Maria，it is so beautiful.Your mother would __18__ it.” Neither of us could stop the __19__.She threw herself into my arms and we wept together.And for that brief moment，I became her mother，for she had given me the greatest __20__ of all: her trust and love.
1．A.prepared B．reserved C．expected D．waited
答案：A　[根据下文可知，学生们在急切地提前为礼物赠送日作准备]
2．A.fancies B．impressionsC．wonders D．possessions
答案：C　[wonders 奇迹，奇观，在这里指学生们制作的各种稀奇的东西。]
3．A.seeing B．playing C．searching D．watching
答案：D　[watching from a distance “在远处看着”，符合上下文意思]
4．A.would B．should C．must D．needed
答案：A　[would 构成过去将来时，意思是“什么事会发生在这个文静孩子的身上”。]
5．A.attend to B．appeal to C．listen to D．object to
答案：B　[appeal to 迎合，意思是“我希望这种欢庆的气氛能迎合她。”即让她高兴，其他选项意思不符。]
6．A.prettiest B．wisest C．heaviest D．naughtiest
答案：A　[全句意思是“孩子们制作了油炸玻璃弹子，竞相拿出最好的。”]
7．A.transformed B．informedC．exchanged D．deserted
答案：C　[由于是礼物赠送节，自然礼物会相互交换。]
8．A.gave away B．threw awayC．carried away D．turned away
答案：D　[turn away 转身而去，从下文的 I had not passed through the wall of isolation she had built around herself可以看出]
9．A.built B．adjusted C．offered D．filled
答案：A　[全句意思是“我没有穿过她在自己周围建起的隔离墙”。故选built]
10．A.afraid B．aware C．content D．fond
答案：B　[aware of 知道，全句意思是“放学后，我坐在椅子上，当她用伸出的双手捧着一个脏兮兮，像是被从没有洗过的孩子手拿过无数次的白色小盒子时，我简直不知道所正在发生的一切”(说明作者的惊讶)。]
11．A.when B．while C．as though D．even if
答案：C　[见10解答]
12．A.untouched B．unknownC．unwashed D．unpacked
答案：C　[从上文的slightly soiled可以看出]
13．A.nodded B．raised C．dropped D．turned
答案：A　[nodded her head 点头，符合题意]
14．A.protected B．hung C．held D．escaped
答案：B　[a fried marble hung from a golden chain 意思是挂在项链上的油炸弹子。]
15．A.face B．cheek C．hair D．forehead
答案：A　[从下文的 saw the question in her dark brown eyes可以看出]
16．A.bought B．exchanged C．made D．stole
答案：C　[made 制作(礼物)，意思是 “她为她母亲制作的它”]
17．A.appreciate B．enjoyC．communicate D．share
答案：D　[share 分享，共享 share one’s joys and sorrow 与某人共甘苦。]
18．A.love B．benefit C．dislike D．need
答案：A　[全句意思是“你妈妈会喜欢它的。”]
19．A.laugh B．excitement C．tears D．description
答案：C　[从下文She threw herself into my arms and we wept together 可知]
20．A.joy B．identityC．contribution D．gift
答案：D　[全句意思是，“就在那短暂的一刻我成为了她的妈妈，因为她给于我最伟大的礼物：相信与爱。”]
Ⅲ.任务型阅读
Positive attitude is very important to being successful and happy.Have you ever looked at people who always seem happy and enjoy life with envy and wish you could be more like them？Thinking and acting with a positive attitude can do more than anything else towards getting whatever you want out of life.Having a positive attitude in whatever you do will make things easier，and even more enjoyable.Here are seven simple but powerful tips for having a more positive attitude.
Don't wait until something bad happens.Be proactive and make something good happen.You are responsible for what you make of the life you have，and you only have one，so don't waste it.Create the best life you possibly can，one day at a time.
Bad things happen.That is a fact of life，but that doesn't mean you have to allow it to drag you down.Good can come from everything，no matter how bad it may be at the time.Learn to open yourself up to learn from，and gain strength from the bad things that happen in your life.Learning to have a positive attitude even when bad things are happening will help you to get through the bad times，even stronger and more determined to succeed.
It's a well-known fact among successful people that having gratitude will get you more than never being satisfied.There's nothing wrong with having dreams and goals and desiring more out of life，but don't forget to be grateful for what you have already.A positive attitude attracts positive actions. Gratitude attracts positive energy.
Now，whatever you do，don't put yourself in the poorhouse or take food out of your children's mouths，chasing every get-rich-quick scheme that comes around the corner.But don't be afraid to take opportunities that feel right either.Successful people have taught themselves to have a sixth sense when it comes to taking advantage of new opportunities.
People like to be around those who find humor in even the most awkward moments.Learn to laugh and you will be more positive，especially if you can learn to laugh at yourself.Life is much too short to waste it moping around in self pity.Humor is very attractive.A positive attitude can be born from a strong sense of humor.
No one can take your dreams from you except for you.As long as there's still breath in your body，there is no limit to how much you can accomplish.Life is not something that is going on around you.It is what you make of it.Anyone who is truly successful，who enjoys life and has a life to be proud of，has a positive attitude.
If you use these steps to help you have a positive attitude，then you too will have a life worth living.Just remember，it all starts with learning to have a positive attitude.
答案：1.advantages/benefits　2.goals　3.Tips/Suggestions/Advice　4.instead　5.Believe　6.grateful　7．opportunity　8.sense　9.charge 10.Conclusion　
第10讲 非谓语动词（要点透析）
非谓语动词
非谓语动词包括不定式(to do)、动名词(－ing)、现在分词(－ing)与过去分词(－ed)。它们不受主语人称和数的限制，在句子中不能充当谓语，但可以充当句子的其他成分，并且有时态和语态的变化。所以，要正确使用非谓语形式，一定要充分理解不同形式所表现的意义，要明确非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是“主动”还是“被动(或状态)”，所表示的动作是“过去”、“现在”还是“将来”，以及和谓语动词所表示的动作是同步发生还是有先后之分。
形式
对比项目
动词不定式
(to do)
动名词(doing)
现在分词(doing)
过去分词(done)
意义
相当于名词、形容词、副词，往往有将来意味
相当于名词，指经常性、习惯性的动作
相当于形容词、副词，往往有现在意味
相当于形容词、副词，本身兼有被动、完成意义
充当句子成分
主语、宾语、表语、宾补、定语、状语
主语、宾语、表语、定语
表语、宾补、定语、状语
表语、宾补、定语、状语
形式
主动一般式
to do
doing
doing
done
被动式
to be done
being done
being done
无
主动完成式
to have done
having done
having done
无
被动完成式
to have been done
having been done
having been done
无
否定式
在上述各种非谓语动词形式之前直接加not
一、不定式和动名词作主语
1. 动名词作主语常用以下句型：It is＋no use/good＋doing sth. 而不定式作主语常用it作形式主语。
It was no use sending him to a hospital.
It's very hard to learn an art.
2. 当动名词带逻辑主语时，只可在其前加上物主代词或名词的所有格，不可以用人称代词主格和宾格，也不可以用名词的普通格。
His coming here will be a great help. (不可用He和Him)
Jack's suddenly disappearing made them worried. (不可用Jack)
3．for/of sb. to do sth.中for或of无意义。如果介词后的名词或代词与其前面的形容词存在逻辑上的主系表关系，则该介词用of，反之，则须用for。
在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel，selfish, wicked, wrong等后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。
I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.
It was wise of him to do that.
二、不定式和动名词作宾语
1. 动名词作宾语时，可以带逻辑主语。此时，带逻辑主语的既可以是物主代词或名词的所有格，也可以是人称代词宾格和名词的普通格。
Do you mind my/me reading your paper?
She doesn't like Mary /Mary's talking that way.
2. 常见的带不定式作宾语的动词如下：(利用口诀进行记忆。事实上，口诀内的动词后跟动词不定式几乎都有将来意味。)
想要干 want, wish, hope, expect, seek, attempt, aim, claim, would like/love, desire, swear
早打算 plan, prepare, mean, arrange
同意否 agree, promise, undertake, offer, choose, refuse, afford
问问看 ask, beg, (ask to do 要求做……)
决定了 decide, determine, make up one's mind, be determined
尽力干 try, manage(反义词fail), struggle, strive
努力做 care
别装蒜 pretend
3. 介词以及少数动词(“动词不定式口诀”以外的动词)和词组后只能用动名词作宾语： admit，dislike，appreciate，avoid，enjoy，bear(忍受)，envy，can‘t help(不禁)，delay，escape, can’t stand(受不了)，deny，excuse(借口)，consider(考虑)，fancy，mind，miss(错过)，mention, finish，pardon，resist，forgive，imagine，risk，practise，suggest(建议)，keep，quit，put off, give up, feel like, be worth, set about, burst out, be/get/become used to(习惯于), look forward to,
pay attention to, devote…to, lead to, stick to, get close to, object to, contribute to, get down to, be equal to(能胜任), turn to(求助于)等。
I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
He used to be late for work, but now he has been used to getting up early.
4. 动词advise/allow/permit/forbid后可跟doing，也可跟sb. to do。
You would be well advised to stay indoors.
The teacher advised taking a different approach.
5. need, require, want作“需要”解时，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动式作宾语，表示某事需要被做。be worth后须用动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。
The road is covered with some fallen trees and they need removing/to be removed immediately.
6. 有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语有差别，如forget, stop, remember, regret, try, mean, go on, propose等。
try to do努力、企图做……
try doing试验、试一试某种办法
mean to do打算，有意要……
mean doing意味着
go on to do 继而(去做另外一件事情)
go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情)
propose to do 打算(要做某事)
propose doing建议(做某事)
like /love/hate/ prefer ＋to do 表示具体行为；＋doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念，如果这几个动词前有should/would，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?
You must remember to leave tomorrow.
I should like to see him tomorrow.
7. 固定句型
1)There is no use (good/point/sense/harm)＋doing sth.做某事没用(不好/意义/重要性)
There is no use crying over spilt milk.
2)have difficulty /trouble/problem/a hard time/a good time/fun ＋ (in) doing
He had a good time in travelling abroad this summer vacation.
3)spend/waste/lose time (in) doing sth.
They can't lose time playing computer games as usual.
4)There is no ＋ doing…“不可能”
There is no telling what he is going to do.
5)prevent/stop/keep sb./sth. from doing…阻止……做……
Nothing can stop him from realizing his dream.
【疑难点击】
1. do/did/does＋nothing/anything/everything＋but(except)＋动词原形，如果谓语动词不是do/did/does，所跟的不定式须带to。
Last night I did nothing but watch TV.
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.
2. can not (help/choose) but do，can do nothing but do，have no choice/alternative to do表示“不得不”。
When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.
3. 作动词expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等的宾语时，通常用there to be结构，在mind, object to等后面用there being。作状语多用there being结构。
We don't want there to be any comrades lagging behind.
I don't mind there being a chair here.
There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself.
4. 为避免重复，在hope, expect, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, need, mean, forget, refuse, tell, know, have to, be going to, used to, ought to等动词后面再次出现相同的不定式作宾语时，常出现单独使用的to，而把曾出现过的动词省略掉。但是，如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be, have, have been时，要保留这些词。
John didn't pass his driving test, but I expected him to.
— Hasn't he finished writing the report?
— No, but he ought to have.
— Aren't you the headmaster?
— No, and I don't want to be.
三、不定式、动名词和分词作表语
1．不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.
His hobby is collecting stamps.
2. 表心理状态的interesting, exciting, delighting, disappointing, encouraging, worrying, puzzling, satisfying, surprising, pleasing等形容词化分词作表语时，表示“令人……的”；interested, excited, delighted, disappointed, encouraged, pleased, puzzled, worried, surprised等表示“感到……”，也可用修饰体现内心感受的look, expression, tears, smile, voice等名词作主语。
Travelling is interesting but tiring.
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.
3. 除be done外， get, become, look, seem, appear, remain等系动词都可跟done。如remain seated/hidden, get paid/dressed/changed/stuck/hurt/injured/burnt等。
What the workers have been told is that they get paid by the hour.
四、不定式、动名词和分词作定语
1. 不定式作定语时通常后置，即作后置定语，表示将要发生的动作。
We'd better find some work for the children to do.
He is the first one to help me with computer.(名词前有序数词或最高级时用不定式作定语)
She bought a bookshelf to put her books on.(不及物动词构成的不定式作定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。)
Your ability to analyze the problem really surprised us.
动词的－ing形式作定语，表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性的动作或当时的状态，还可表示被修饰词的某种用途。
He was an inspiring leader.
The boy lying on the ground was a student.
过去分词作定语表示已经完成的或表被动的动作。
He is an experienced teacher.
The book published in March sells well.
2．当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义不同。
Do you have anything to send?
你有什么东西要寄吗？(不定式to send的动作执行者是“你”。)
Do you have anything to be sent?
你有什么东西要(我或别人)寄吗？(不是主语you寄，是别人寄)
3. 一些形容词化的过去分词表示已完成的动作或所处的状态，意为“已经……的”。
a fallen leaf落叶(已经落在地上)(a falling leaf 飘零的落叶，尚在空中)
a developed country 发达国家(a developing country 发展中国家)
a risen sun 升起的太阳(a rising sun 冉冉升起的太阳)
boiled water 开水 (boiling water 沸水)
a returned student 归国学生
a retired worker 退休工人
an advanced worker 先进工作者
a bent branch 弯曲的树枝
determined opposition 强烈的反对
a devoted soldier 忠诚的士兵
a well－informed professor 见多识广的教授
【疑难点击】
(1)The man who came this morning is our legal
adviser.(√)
The man coming this morning is our legal adviser.
(×不能用doing表达过去动作)
(2)Is there anyone who can answer this question? (√)
Is there anyone answering this question?
(× 用answering表达can answer的意思是错的)
(3)Those who have finished their work can go
home now.(√)
Those having finished their work can go home now.
(×完成式不能作定语)
2. drink, learn, sink, light都有两种形式的过去分词，但作定语时，只能用拼写较长的过去分词。
a drunken driver 喝醉酒的司机
a learned lawyer 博学的律师
a sunken ship 沉船
a lighted candle 点着的蜡烛
3. 不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。
Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon?
五、不定式和分词作状语
1．动词不定式作状语表示目的、结果、原因等。目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to来表示，但so as to不能置于句首，only to do, so…as to do和such…as to do中的不定式均作结果状语。only to do表示出人意料的结果。
She did all she could to save him.
They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.
In order to pass the exam, he worked hard.
He was so angry as to be unable to speak.
动词－ing形式一般式(doing)与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，与句中谓语动作同时发生或在其后发生；完成式(having done)表示该动作先于谓语动作发生。
Hearing the news, they got excited.
Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter.
过去分词和动词－ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致，且和句中主语构成逻辑上的主语或动宾关系，否则不能作状语。但独立成分，如Generally speaking, Judging from…等除外。
过去分词的一般形式(done)同动词的－ing形式的完成被动式(having been done)均与句中主谓构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动作发生。
Given(＝Having been given) a wrong number, I couldn't contact him over phone.
Being blind, how could they see an elephant?
2. 不定式(to do sth.)作目的和结果状语时总是在谓语动词后发生，而分词一般式(doing sth.)作状语时总是与谓语动词同时或几乎同时发生。
He worked deep into the night, preparing a speech for the president.(worked与preparing同时发生)
I got up very early this morning to prepare breakfast for my family.(got up先，prepare breakfast后)
【疑难点击】
1. too…to do表示肯定的情况
①当only too和 all too与动词不定式连用时，表示肯定意义。
②too ready (anxious，eager, glad, willing)＋to do，其后的动词不定式具有肯定意义。
③never(not)＋too…to…句型为“不会太……所以能……”之意。
I'm only too pleased to help you.
我很高兴能帮助你。
They are all too enthusiastic to take part in the activity.
他们都很热心要去参加这项活动。
One is never too old to learn.
活到老，学到老。
She did not get up too late to catch the early bus.
她起得早，赶上了早班车。
2. devote，absorb，lose，seat，dress，hide等动词作状语和定语时可以用它们的－ed形式(devoted, absorbed，lost，seated，dressed，hidden)或－ing＋oneself形式(devoting/absorbing/losing/seating/dressing/hiding oneself)。
Seating himself/Seated/Sitting in the room, he is absorbed in reading.
Have you noticed the student losing himself/lost in thought?
3. 有些to do 短语，doing短语和done 短语已经当作插入语使用，此时，句子的主语在逻辑上与它们不存在主动或被动关系：
①to tell you the truth(实话说)，needless to say(不用说)，to be honest/ frank(老实说，坦白说)，to be more exact(更确切地说)，to make things worse (更糟的是)，not to mention…(更不用说)
②generally/frankly/roughly speaking (一般说来/坦白说/粗略地说)，considering…(鉴于/考虑到……)，judging by/from…(从……来看，依据……来判断)，supposing that…(假定……)，providing that…(假定……)，according to…(依据……), including…(包括……)，owing to…(由于……)，talking/speaking of (谈及……)
③given…(考虑到……), provided that…(如果……)
Generally speaking，the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.
4. 独立主格结构：n./pron.＋doing/done/to do/adv./adj./prep.短语
前后主语不一致时，分词作状语需有自己的逻辑主语，且分词与逻辑主语之间存在着逻辑上的主动或被动关系，此时，视为独立主格结构。若把独立主格结构还原为状语从句，则主句的主语与从句的主语是不同的。
It being Sunday, we needn't go to school.
→ Because it is Sunday, we needn't go to school.
All the work done, you can have a rest.
→ If all the work is done, you can have a rest.
5. 连词＋分词(短语)
有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。连词有when, while, if, unless, though, after, before, as等。但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。
While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.
He will not attend the party unless invited.
六、不定式和分词作宾语补足语
1. like, hate, encourage, wish, warn, tell, want, desire, expect, get, permit, order, allow，invite, force, ask, cause, advise, request, prefer, beg, persuade, teach，lead等动词＋宾语＋to do sth.，宾语与to do 为主动关系。
【特别提醒】
My father permits me to surf the Internet at the weekend. hope, welcome, agree, suggest, demand不能跟sb. to do
2. 感官动词see, observe, hear, notice，watch, feel, look at, listen to＋ 宾语＋do sth.(主动，全过程或经常性动作)
doing(主动，正在进行)
done(被动，完成)
若感官动词在被动语态中，则to 要还原；
She saw the old man cross the road.
→ The old man was seen to cross the road.
The children were last seen playing by the river.
We are glad to see our child taken good care of.
3. get/send/set ＋宾语＋doing表示“使……起来”，动作由静止到运动并持续下去；get＋宾语＋to do＝let/have sb. do表示“让某人做某事”；get＋宾语＋done＝have sth. done表示“使某事被做”；send＋宾语＋to do表示“派某人去做某事”
Finally I got my car running.
His words sent me thinking.
The teacher often gets us to recite texts.
I'd like to get my car cleaned before the New Year.
To our surprise, he was sent to work abroad.
4. 使役动词make/let＋宾语＋do/done；宾语与do 为主动关系，与done是被动关系；如果make/let在被动语态中，to要还原。
I made my little brother cry.
→ My little brother was made to cry.
I spoke clearly and slowly to make myself heard and understood.
5． have表示“有”时，用have＋宾语＋ do，表示“有某事要做(主语本人做)”；用have＋宾语＋to be done，表示“有某事被做(不是主语本人做)”。
The teacher often has us debate in class.
They had the lights burning while working.
Nancy will have her house painted.
To his anger, he had his wallet stolen on the bus.
I am going to the supermarket and have many things to buy. Do you have anything to be bought?
6. keep/leave＋宾语＋doing(主动，且持续进行)/done(被动)
Sorry to have kept you waiting for me for such a long time.
They went home, leaving much work unfinished.
7. want/order/ask/wish ＋宾语＋(to be )done (宾语与done之间为被动关系)
The teacher wanted the paper (to be) finished in an hours.
老师想让试卷在一个小时内完成。
七、with复合结构
with复合结构是独立主格结构的一种，常在句中充当状语和定语，是英语中的一种常见结构。它由“with＋宾语＋补语”组成，其中，宾语和宾补之间必须有逻辑一致关系。
其结构为：
With the children following him, he had to go back to the park.
With the work finished, he could go home.
With so many books to read, I could not go out.
With the weather so hot, they went in to have a rest.
With the prices of color TV set down by 50%, the company has a very hard time.
His wife came down the stairs, with a book in her hand.
The students stood in line with the national flag being raised.
巩固练习
非谓语动词（考点突破）
(　　) 1. I wonder why Ann didn't get ______ the job. She is the right person for it. (2010·福建厦门外国语学校高三模拟)
A. to be offered B. to offerC. offering D. offered
(　　) 2. — What has made him upset recently?
— ______ alone to face a troublesome milk case.(2010·重庆市高三模拟)
A. Left B. Being leftC. Having left D. To leave
【解析】
1. D　本题考查get done，相当于be done, offer Ann the job, Ann 和offer 之间是动宾关系，可用be offered或get offered。此处用过去式got offered，否定式为didn't get offered，故选D。
2. B　根据句意，他被单独留下，为被动语态；此处用动名词短语回答what 提问。
(　　) 3. I thought it a pity ______ him to the tea party. (2010·河南郑州智林学校高三模拟)
A. being not invitedB. not to have invitedC. to not have invitedD. not to have been invited
(　　) 4. ______ with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice. (2010·浙江舟山市定海区高三模拟)
A. Faced B. To faceC. Having faced D. Facing
【解析】
3. B　动词不定式作形式宾语，且不定式动作发生在谓语动词之前，故选B。
4. A　根据句意“面对困境，Arnold决定向老板征求建议。”题中“面对、面临”的表达为“be faced with”，故用过去分词faced作状语。
(　　) 5. After the party, most guests left, with only two of them ______ in the host family, ______ him cleaning up.(2010·安徽合肥市高三第三次教学质量检测)
A. remaining; helpedB. remaining; helpingC. remained; helpedD. remained; helping
【解析】
5. B　本题考查with＋宾语 ＋宾补这一复合结构，宾语two of them与remain 是主谓关系，用 remaining；与help是主谓关系，用现在分词作伴随状语；故选B。
(　　) 6. Seeing her mother come back, ______.(2010·天津实验中学高三热身训练)
A. tears ran down her cheeks B. her tears ran outC. she burst into tearsD. she burst into crying
【解析】
6. C　本题考查分词的逻辑主语和主句主语一致性的问题。根据句意，逻辑主语为she, 排除A、B; D项短语表达错误，故选C。
(　　) 7. ______ how to solve the problem, the little boy turned to his father for help. (2011·湖南长郡中学