专题一 阅读理解——读文求快，做题求准
英语语篇有许多种类型，如应用文、记叙文、说明文、议论文、访谈、对话等连续性语篇类型，以及图表、图示、网页、广告、漫画等非连续性语篇类型。接触和学习不同类型的语篇，熟悉高考中常见的语篇形式，把握不同语篇的特定结构、语篇类型特征和表达方式，不仅有助于考生加深对语篇意义的理解，还有助于考生使用不同类型的语篇进行有效的表达与交流。本部分将对高考常见语篇类型应用文、记叙文、说明文、议论文进行讲解，旨在帮助考生快速读懂文章，稳解准解题目。
一、“应用文”策略指导
应用文是人们在生活、学习、工作中为了处理一些事件而特有的一种务实的语篇类型风格，有其非常明确的特点，如写作目的明确、语言表达规范、时间要素明确等。
1．知晓应用文的种类
英语应用文一般分为两类：一类是记叙性应用文，如书信、日记、便条、报告、请帖等；另一类是说明性应用文，如广告、启事、海报、守则、公约、公告、个人简历、备忘录、摘要等。
2．明晰常见文章结构
3．洞察高考考查特点
应用文在高考英语阅读理解中通常有一篇。应用文内容贴近日常生活，多采用简单句，很少使用长难句，理解起来难度不大；但是这类文章信息多，篇幅长，一些具体内容比如商品信息，招聘广告还需要读图，对阅读方法和技巧方面有较高的要求。应用文较多涉及的是细节理解题，考查考生对文章中重要细节信息的把握能力。
4．领悟读文、解题策略
(1)标题：首先要认真阅读主、副标题，明确文章的写作目的。
(2)内容：应用文一般都是分类信息，把握信息的分类基本就可以明白出题的方向。
(3)问题：做应用文的阅读理解可以带着问题阅读，寻找相关信息，并根据同类信息，排除错误选项，确定正确答案。
[典例] 下面以2020年全国卷Ⅰ的阅读理解A篇为例：
Train Information
All customers travelling on TransLink services must be in possession of a valid ticket before boarding. For ticket information, please ask at your local station or call 13 12 30.
(开头第一段为背景信息)
While Queensland Rail makes every effort to ensure trains run as scheduled, there can be no guarantee of connections between trains or between train services and bus services.
(第二段是对第一段的补充说明)
(后面几段是并列关系)
Lost property (失物招领)
Call Lost Property on 13 16 17 during business hours for items lost on Queensland Rail services. The lost property office is open Monday to Friday 7：30 am to 5：00 pm and is located (位于) at Roma Street station.(信息1：失物招领信息)
Public holidays
On public holidays, generally a Sunday timetable operates. On certain major event days, i．e. Australia Day, Anzac Day, sporting and cultural days, special additional services may operate. Christmas Day services operate to a Christmas Day timetable. Before travel please visit .au or call TransLink on 13 12 30 anytime.
(信息2：公共假日安排)
Customers using mobility devices
Many stations have wheelchair access from the car park or entrance to the station platforms. For assistance, please call Queensland Rail on 13 16 17.(信息3：轮椅通道信息)
Guardian trains (outbound)
Depart Origin Destination Arrive
6：42 pm Altandi Varsity Lakes 7：37 pm
7：29 pm Central Varsity Lakes 8：52 pm
8：57 pm Fortitude Valley Varsity Lakes 9：52 pm
11：02 pm Roma Street Varsity Lakes 12：22 am
(信息4：列车班次信息)
[解题示范]
21．What would you do to get ticket information
A．Call 13 16 17. B．Visit .au.
C．Ask at the local station. D．Check the train schedule.
分析：由题干中的“get ticket information”定位到第一段的基本信息部分，根据最后一句可知，想要获得票务信息可以咨询当地车站。故选C。
22．At which station can you find the lost property office
A．Altandi. B．Roma Street.
C．Varsity Lakes. D．Fortitude Valley.
分析：由题干中的“lost property office”定位到信息1，根据原文中“The lost property office ... is located (位于) at Roma Street station.”可知，失物招领处位于Roma Street车站。故选B。
23．Which train would you take if you go from Central to Varsity Lakes
A．6：42 pm. B．7：29 pm.
C．8：57 pm. D．11：02 pm.
分析：由题干中的“which train”和“from Central to Varsity Lakes”定位到信息4，根据文中表格的第三行信息可知，从Central出发去Varsity Lakes需要乘坐晚上7：29的列车。故选B。
由以上的题目分析可知，应用文清晰的文章结构可以帮助学生较快地锁定答案所在的区域。应用文在高考中往往是阅读理解的第一篇，主要原因是这一语篇类型结构较为清晰，解题思路较为简单，符合试题由易到难的特点。
二、“记叙文”策略指导
记叙文是指一种叙述事件的经过、人物的经历及表现的文章体裁，以写人、记事、写景状物为主要内容，以叙述和描写为表达方式的一种文体。
1．知晓记叙文的种类
(1)以写人为主的记叙文，即高考中常遇到的传记类的记叙文，往往以肖像、行动、语言、心理以及细节描写为主；
(2)以记事为主的记叙文，注意交代六要素(时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果)，注意描写的先后顺序以及叙事的相对完整性，往往会体现事件的开端、发展、高潮和结局；
(3)以写景为主的记叙文往往会对景物进行层次描写，会体现人与景之间的情感交融。
2．明晰常见文章结构
3．洞察高考考查特点
高考试卷通常包含一篇记叙文。从命题形式上看，有细节理解题、词义猜测题、主旨大意题、推理判断题等。记叙文的命题顺序一般按照文章的脉络和故事的发展层层推进，一半以上的题目考查考生对故事具体内容的理解，这要求考生必须弄清文章的来龙去脉。
4．领悟读文、解题策略
(1)顺序答题，不漏细节：记叙文中的细节理解题一般考查其5W1H(what, who, when, where, why, how)要素。根据问题，顺序答题，把握好所有相关细节即可正确作答。
(2)结合语篇，认真思考：记叙文中有时会有词义猜测题，这些词或短语一般是大纲范围之外的，一般是考查考生对通篇文章或者对文章语段的整体理解能力。
(3)解读文章的言外之意：记叙文中的主旨大意、意图观点题要求对作者叙述的意图和观点作进一步剖析，甚至推测作者的语气和态度等。一般说来，文章的段落常有概括中心思想的主题句，且多位于段首或段末，有时也会夹在中间。对无主题句的篇章，要对文章进行分析和归纳，然后概括中心思想。
[典例] 下面以2020年全国卷Ⅱ的阅读理解D篇为例：
I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.
开头通过讲述作者从小热爱读书，与图书馆结下了不解之缘，引出下文，这也是记叙文常用的开头方式
My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old. It was a dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.
(第二段叙述了作者16岁时第一次去图书馆工作)
As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had several children and books were our main source (来源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.
第三段叙述了作者长大为人母后又把这种对读书的爱传给自己的孩子
I always read, using different voices, as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it! It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books.
(第四段采用插叙手法，叙述了给孩子讲故事的情景)
Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement of going to the library lives on from generation to generation.
第五段叙述了作者现在看到自己的孩子带着孙辈去图书馆时的特殊心情
As a novelist, I've found a new relationship with libraries.I encourage readers to go to their local library when they can't afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven (避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy (盗版行为) and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.
最后一段是高潮也是总结，作者号召大家支持图书馆，多读书。这也从侧面引导学生认识自我，完善自我，通过读书培养终身学习的意识，并通过读书来改变人生 渗透个人未来职业规划意识
[解题示范]
32．Which word best describes the author's relationship with books as a child
A．Cooperative. B．Uneasy.
C．Inseparable. D．Casual.
分析：由题干判断此题考查事件的开端(起因)，可定位到第一段，从第一段第三句得知，儿童时代的作者对阅读很“热衷”(enthusiastic)。C项与之意思相近，意为“分不开的”。
33．What does the underlined phrase “an added meaning” in paragraph 3 refer to
A．Pleasure from working in the library.
B．Joy of reading passed on in the family.
C．Wonderment from acting out the stories.
D．A closer bond developed with the readers.
分析：由题干定位到第三段并根据画线词组上下文可知，随着作者年龄的增长，她成为母亲，图书馆在她心里有了新的“地位”，作者的孩子也爱上了读书，书成了她和孩子们娱乐的主要来源。对他们来说，去图书馆读书是件令人激动的事情。故an added meaning应是指“在作者家中传递的读书的乐趣”。故选B。
34．What does the author call on other writers to do
A．Sponsor book fairs. B．Write for social media.
C．Support libraries. D．Purchase her novels.
分析：由题干判断此题考查文章的高潮部分。根据最后一段中的“... I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can.”可知，作者号召其他作家支持图书馆。故选C。
35．Which can be a suitable title for the text
A．Reading: A Source of Knowledge
B．My Idea about Writing
C．Library: A Haven for the Young
D．My Love of the Library
分析：阅读全文可知，“library”是本文的线索，全文都是围绕作者对图书馆的热爱展开的。从孩子时爱去图书馆，然后在图书馆工作，有了孩子后，带孩子去图书馆，最后号召大家支持图书馆。故选D。
由上面的题目分析可知，在辨别了语篇类型，了解了文章基本结构的前提下，可以更快地锁定正确答案的位置。一般情况下，记叙文中设计的细节理解题、推理判断题等题型均是建立在语篇结构的基础之上的，所以根据题干内容找到语篇的对应部分，是解题的关键。
三、“说明文”策略指导
说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文章体裁。它通过对实体事物科学地解说，对客观事物做出说明或对抽象事理进行阐释，使人们对事物有所了解，从而获得有关的知识。
1．知晓说明文的种类
说明文实用性很强，包括说明书、提要、提示、规则、章程、解说词等。说明文有的以时间为序，有的以空间为序；有的由现象写到本质，有的由主写到次；有的按工艺流程顺序来说明，有的按事物的性质、功用、原理等顺序来说明。
2．明晰常见文章结构
3．洞察高考考查特点
说明文类型的文章专业词汇偏多，句子结构复杂，理论性强，逻辑严谨，一般不带感彩。高考说明文考查较多的是科普说明文，这类文章往往具有跨学科、行文逻辑性强等特点，该语篇类型往往是阅读理解中的难点之一。
4．领悟读文、解题策略
(1)通过文章第一段迅速找出说明文介绍或阐述的事物。说明文最大的特点就是首段开门见山，作者会在文章开篇就把要介绍的事物或表达的观点平铺直叙出来。读懂文章第一段有助于考生迅速关注到文章的主旨。
(2)关注段首句和段尾句，确认段落的主旨大意，并通过段首句和段尾句确定段落之间的逻辑关系。
(3)关注文章中出现的问题。说明文的本质是对一个事物进行阐述，但在平铺直叙的语言中，还会有问句出现，答案就出现在后文。
[典例] 下面以2020年全国卷Ⅰ的阅读理解C篇为例：
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
(第一段是主题引入，竞走相对跑步有诸多好处，但也有自己的问题。下文针对这些问题进行了详细的阐述)
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50 kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport's rules require that a race walker's knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. It's this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
(第二段阐述了竞走的规则)
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says. According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories (卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.
(第三段阐述了竞走对运动员的体力要求)
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
(第四段就竞走和跑步对身体的冲击进行了比较)
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner's knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport's strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.
(最后一段补充说明了竞走对身体脚踝和臀部等部位的损害。)
[解题示范]
28．Why are race walkers conditioned athletes
A．They must run long distances.
B．They are qualified for the marathon.
C．They have to follow special rules.
D．They are good at swinging their legs.
分析：由题干中的“conditioned athletes”定位到第二段。根据第三句可知，竞走规则要求竞走运动员在摆动腿的大部分时间里膝盖要保持笔直，且始终要有一只脚与地面接触。正是这一特殊规则使得竞走运动员受到制约，故选C。本题考查的是文章主题部分的重要细节信息的理解。
29．What advantage does race walking have over running
A．It's more popular at the Olympics.
B．It's less challenging physically.
C．It's more effective in body building.
D．It's less likely to cause knee injuries.
分析：根据最后一段第一句可知，一些与跑步有关的损伤，如跑步者的膝盖(受伤)，在竞走者中并不常见。据此可知，竞走与跑步相比不太可能导致膝盖受伤，故选D。
30．What is Dr. Norberg's suggestion for someone trying race walking
A．Getting experts' opinions.
B．Having a medical checkup.
C．Hiring an experienced coach.
D．Doing regular exercises.
分析：由题干定位到最后一段，根据第三句可知，想参加竞走运动的任何人都应该先咨询教练或者有经验的选手，以学习适当的技巧。consult a coach意为“咨询教练”，与A项“获取专家的意见”为同义表达，故选A。本题考查的是文章补充说明部分的重要细节信息。
31．Which word best describes the author's attitude to race walking
A．Skeptical. B．Objective.
C．Tolerant. D．Conservative.
分析：根据全文内容可知，作者提到了竞走这项运动的好处，同时也指出它的一些缺点。因此，作者的态度是客观的，故选B。
由上面的题目分析可知，解答说明文的题目时，考生需要理清文章基本的逻辑，需要明确叙述的主体部分，除此以外，高考中也常会针对结构部分进行出题。
四、“议论文”策略指导
议论文是一种用逻辑、推理和证明来阐述作者的立场和观点的文章体裁。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解、主张，或是驳斥别人的错误观点，提出或否定某种主张。议论文有明确的观点、充分的论据、精练的语言、合理的论证和严密的逻辑，注重考查学生的思维能力和判断能力。
1．知晓议论文的要素
议论文的两个要素是论点和论据。其中，论点通常在文章的第一段提出，当然文章也会出现有多个论点的情况；在正文部分可使用的论证方式有列举事实、展示数据、提供事例、借助常识或者利用亲身经历来充分证明自己的观点，这些也就是常说的论据：结论部分可以总结全文，进一步阐述文章的主题，并且体现作者的写作目的和文章的现实意义，但有时也会出现没有结论的情况，即一个开放式的结尾。
2．明晰常见文章结构
3．洞察高考考查特点
议论文在高考阅读理解中难度最大，一般放在最后。议论文说理性强，语言庄重，逻辑缜密，常用难词、长句和复杂句。近些年在试题的设计上，议论文阅读加大了对篇章概括、推断等能力的考查。这就需要考生准确把握文体特点，抓论点抓论据，对篇章的脉络能有清晰的认识，挖掘篇章的深层含义。读懂言外之意，方能在解答高考议论文阅读题时取得理想的分数。
4．领悟读文、解题策略
(1)善辨结构。议论文无论长短，一定会有论点和论据两大要素。但其内部结构一般是“总—分—总”或“总—分”。考生在阅读时要注意分辨议论文的基本结构，厘清各个段落的作用，准确理解全文。
(2)抓论点、论据。阅读时首先要弄清楚作者要证明什么观点，然后用什么样的论据进行怎样的分析，最后得出了什么结论，理清文章线索，利于理解文章。
[典例] 下面以2020年天津7月高考的阅读理解D篇为例：
After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance — curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.
(首段给出核心论点：伟大的人物会同时拥有两种品质：好奇心和永不满足的精神)
Together, these deep human urges (驱策力) count for much more than ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why Why？Why？”
(第二段举例伽利略，提供论据，证明论点)
Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don't have to be learned.We are born with them and need only recapture them.
(第三段提出观点：人类天生就拥有好奇和不满足)
“The great man，” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child's heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires only the calm and restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied.
(第四段引用孟子的话作为论据，点明现状：很多人都失去童心)
Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake.
(第五段举例人们遇到新朋友或新想法时，引出唤醒好奇心和不满足的方法)
How should you start Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn't arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. Now she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.
(第六段举例朋友学插花，指出要唤醒好奇心和不满足首先要虚心)
One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven't any special ability Most people don't; there are only a few geniuses. You haven't any time That's good, because it's always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom's Cabin while cooking. You're too old Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78.
(第七段举例哈里特·斯托，提出回答你自己的借口是一种开始的方法)
However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you'll never be more alive than you are at this moment.
(第八段再次强调：立即开始行动)
[解题示范]
51．In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to .
A．propose a definition B．make a comparison
C．reach a conclusion D．present an argument
分析：由题干定位第一段。由议论文文体来看，首先我们能大致猜测首段引出议论主题，给出作者的论点；其次通读第一段， 主要内容是：作者在多年的观察后发现普通人和有卓越成就的人的区别就在于后者会同时拥有两种品质，即后文主要讨论说明的论点，即首段是为了引出作者要阐明的话题和自己的观点，故选D。
52．What does the example of Galileo tell us
A．Trial and error leads to the finding of truth.
B．Scientists tend to be curious and ambitious.
C．Creativity results from challenging authority.
D．Greatness comes from a lasting desire to explore.
分析：由题干中Galileo定位第二段，说明Galileo 的事例给我们的启示就是要保持好奇心和永不满足的精神去问为什么。故选D。
53．What can you do to recapture curiosity and discontent
A．Observe the unknown around you.
B．Develop a questioning mind.
C．Lead a life of adventure.
D．Follow the fashion.
分析：由题干中动词recapture定位第三段和第四段， 第三段说明我们生来就有这两种品质。第四段说明我们像小时候那样多问、多质疑，即可重拾好奇心和永不满足的精神。故选B。
54．What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7
A．Gaining success helps you become an expert.
B．The genius tends to get things done creatively.
C．Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action.
D．You should remain modest when approaching perfection.
分析：由题干定位第六段和第七段，说明人们说没时间没天赋其实都是借口，只要真心想做，一切都能从现在开始做到，借此告诉人们成为优秀的人就是不要给自己找借口。故选C。
55．What could be the best title for the passage
A．Curious Minds Never Feel Contented
B．Reflections on Human Nature
C．The Keys to Achievement
D．Never Too Late to Learn
分析：作者在第一段提出观点“人的好奇心和不满足是取得成就的必备品质”，下文围绕该观点展开讨论，作者通过摆事实、讲道理等来论证自己的观点，并介绍了如何重获好奇心和不满足。所以C项“成就的秘诀”为本文最佳标题。
由以上题目的分析可知，在了解议论文语篇基本论点的情况下，可以较为清晰地了解文章的基本结构，而了解论据可以较快地梳理基本的细节点，这也是高考阅读理解中议论文的命题点。
一、细节理解题
细节理解题是历年来高考阅读理解的必考题型，也是数量最多的题型。细节理解题，是指原文提到某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般分为直接细节题和间接细节题。
1．直接细节题
1 根据题干中的关键词或中心词 如疑问词、名词、动词、数词、形容词、副词等 进行准确定位；
2 在定位区域中将题干关键词与文章内容进行对应，确定正确答案。
[典例] (2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ·阅读A片段)
Prizes
3 Grand Prizes: Trip to Washington, D．C.for each of three winners, a parent and one other person of the winner's choice. Trip includes round trip air tickets, hotel stay for two nights, and tours of the National Air and Space Museum and the office of National Geographic World.
6 First Prizes: The book Sky Pioneer: A Photobiography of Amelia Earhart signed by author Corinne Szabo and pilot Linda Finch.
50 Honorable Mentions: Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners, who will each receive a T shirt in memory of Earhart's final flight.
2．What will each of the honorable mention winners get
A．A plane ticket.
B．A book by Corinne Szabo.
C．A special T shirt.
D．A photo of Amelia Earhart.
分析：根据题干中的关键词“the honorable mention winners”，我们可以轻松地定位到文章的Prizes部分。根据“50 Honorable Mentions”中“will each receive a T shirt”可知，每一个荣誉奖获得者可以得到一件T恤衫，故选C。
2．间接细节题
常见的考查方式有：语义转换、数据计算、是非判断、事件排序
1 根据题干中的关键词或中心词 如疑问词、名词、动词、数词、形容词、副词等 定位到相应语段或句子；
2 在定位区域中将关键词与文章相关内容进行对应，通过同义词转换、反义词对照等推出答案；
3 可同时结合排除法，帮助选出正确选项。
[典例1] [语义转换题]Join targeted reading groups. Libraries will often hold reading group sessions targeted to various age groups. Perhaps you'd like to learn a language or improve your English. The library may sponsor a language group you could join. If you have difficulties reading, ask about special reading opportunities.Your library might be able to accommodate you. And you might find it relaxing to bring your small kid to a half hour Story Time while you sit quietly in a corner with a good book.
38．As is described in Paragraph 4, taking a small kid to a half hour Story Time allows .
A．the kid to learn a new language
B．the parent to enjoy quiet reading
C．the kid to overcome reading difficulties
D．the parent to meet their program sponsor
分析：节选段落中bring的语意和题干中的关键词taking是一致的，都表示“带”；段落中“sit quietly in a corner with a good book”和选项B中的“enjoy quiet reading”同义，故选B。命题人使用了同义词替换，使得整个具体细节信息被掩盖，成为一道具有一定迷惑性的试题，在考查具体细节信息的同时考查了考生的语言能力和思维品质。
[典例2] [数据计算题]
Hours
Open 7 days a week.
Sunday－Thursday 10：00－17：30
Friday and Saturday 10：00－21：00
Closed Thanksgiving Day, December 25, January 1, and the first Monday in May.
Admission
$25.00 recommended for adults,$12.00 recommended for students, includes the Main Building and The Cloisters (回廊) on the same day; free for children under 12 with an adult.
56．How much may they pay if an 11?year?old girl and her working parents visit the museum
A．$12. B．$37.
C．$50. D．$62.
分析：根据题干中的“How much”可知此题针对价钱进行提问，快速定位到Admission所在区域，可知门票价格为“$25.00 recommended for adults”“$12.00 recommended for students”以及“free for children under 12 with an adult”，由此可计算出题干中“an 11 year old girl and her working parents”的门票价格，即11岁的小女孩免费，父母购买2张成人票，也就是$25.00×2＝$50.00，故选C。此题通过对原文信息进行计算得出答案，为数据计算类的间接细节题。
二、推理判断题
推理判断题是历年来高考阅读理解中的必考题型，其考查频率和数量仅次于细节理解类题型。推理判断是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，做出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。推理判断题主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力以及考生的识别能力。推理判断题的四种常考题型：细节推断类、推断写作意图类、推断态度与观点类、推断文本来源或读者对象类。
1．细节推断类
(1)根据设问，确定关键词，快速在原文定位其相关信息区域。
(2)全面分析所有相关信息。
(3)结合选项，选出最佳推断结论。
(4)要忠实原文，切忌脱离原文，凭空臆断；切忌片面思考，得出片面结论；注意不要选择表层信息答案，应该立足已知推断未知。
[典例] (2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ·阅读B片段)Through it all, she remained in good academic standing and graduated with honors. Jennifer sacrificed (牺牲) to achieve her goal, giving up many nights with her kids and missing important events to study. “Some nights my heart was breaking to have to pick between my kids and studying for exams or papers，” she says. However, her children have learned an important lesson witnessing their mother earn her degree. Jennifer is a first generation graduate and an inspiration to her family — and that's pretty powerful.
7．What can we learn from Jennifer's story
A．Time is money.
B．Love breaks down barriers.
C．Hard work pays off.
D．Education is the key to success.
分析：根据所选段可知，Jennifer在艰苦的环境中通过自己的努力不仅以优异的成绩毕业，还给孩子树立了榜样，同时也让家人得到了激励。基于这些事实，我们可以做出推断——我们可以从Jennifer的故事中学到：努力总会有回报。故选C。A、B两项属于主观臆断，D项属于过度推断，与文章主题不符。
2．推断写作意图类
一般来说，可以通过分析文章的语篇类型特点，理解作者的词句选择和识别文章的语气来推断出作者的写作意图。通常作者的写作目的有以下五种：
故事类 to tell a story/to share a(n) ... experience/to amuse/to entertain readers ...
广告类应用文 to sell a product/to attract visitors/to persuade/to promote ...
科普类说明文 to introduce/to explain/to inform ...
议论文新闻类 to argue/to prove/to analyze/to show ...to inform/to report ...
[典例] (2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ·阅读C)
[1]In the mid 1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
[2]His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24 year old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.
[3]This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness and warmth, but also its darker side of society. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders, while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral (葬礼) followed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.
[4]Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well rounded picture of Uzbekistan, seen from Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stomach. As the author explains, this is neither a travel nor a history book, or even a piece of reportage. Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions.
11．What is the purpose of this text
A．To introduce a book.
B．To explain a cultural phenomenon.
C．To remember a writer.
D．To recommend a travel destination.
分析：文章第一段提到，Tom Bissell在几年之后回到乌兹别克斯坦，想写一篇关于咸海消失的文章，结果写成了一本书。接下来第二、三段详细介绍了书中的内容，以及最后一段对书进行了评价，故作者的目的就是介绍这样一本书。故选A。
3．推断态度与观点类
(1)找出设问中的关键词，根据关键词在原文中找到传达态度与观点的句子；
(2)仔细分析句子深层意思，结合文章主旨，选出正确答案。
(3)注意以下几点：
①由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点；
②特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情、态度观点的词语，尤其是表达感彩的形容词；
③能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价；
④熟悉常见表示作者观点态度的词语。
·褒义词：supportive (支持的), positive (肯定的，积极的), optimistic (乐观的), enthusiastic (热情的)等。
·贬义词：negative (否定的，消极的), ironic (讽刺的), critical (批评的), disgusted (厌恶的), disappointed (失望的)等。
·中性词：indifferent (漠不关心的), uninterested (不感兴趣的), objective (客观的), neutral (中立的)等。
[典例] (2020·全国卷Ⅰ·阅读C片段)
[1] Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
31．Which word best describes the author's attitude to race walking
A．Skeptical. B．Objective.
C．Tolerant. D．Conservative.
分析：根据所选段内容可知，研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。故选B。
三、主旨大意题
主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中常考的题型之一，主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。通常以选择文章最佳标题(title/topic)，概括文章中心大意(main idea)、文章段落大意(topic)等形式出现。主旨大意题是阅读理解题中的高难度题型，属于能力型题目。
1．标题概括类
(1)快速浏览全文，了解文章梗概；
(2)找到文章主旨句或关键句，去掉修饰成分，保留中心词；
(3)结合选项与中心词，选出能够全面概括文章内容的标题。
[注意]
①所选文章的题目必须能概括全文的中心内容，即标题涵盖性强，能覆盖全文；
②标题要体现主题，既不能“太大”，也不能过于片面，即标题所指的范围要恰当；
③标题表意准确，与文章的感彩相同；
④避免以下四种错误：以偏概全(多表现为部分代替整体)；概括过度(多表现为扩大范围)；以具体代抽象(多表现为以事实或细节代替抽象概念的大意)；偷换概念(多表现为混淆事件的对象)。
[典例] (2020·全国卷Ⅲ·阅读D)[1]We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes (基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
[2]On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation — not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters. “They are simply a stranger to the land，” said Rodney C．Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.
[3]Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. “We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders，” Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea.”
[4]In 2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. “It seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population，” said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.
35．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea
B．Highlanders' Survival Skills
C．Basic Methods of Genetic Research
D．The World's Best Divers
分析：文章简要介绍了人类在最近几千年里的进化，并以巴瑶人为例，介绍了人类为了适应居住的环境身体发生的一些变化。本文第一段提到近几千年来人类进化的观点，第二、三、四段讲述了巴瑶人在居住、潜水等方面的变化，意在表明巴瑶人为了适应海上生活，他们的身体结构发生了一些变化。选项A“为适应海上生活而改变了的身体”体现了本文大意，为最佳标题。故正确答案为A项。B项属于“以偏概全”错误；C项属于“概括过度”错误；D项属于“偷换概念”错误。
2．文章大意类
(1)通读全文，抓住每段或每个层次的主要含义；
(2)将每段的主题或主旨句综合起来，归纳出文章的中心大意。
[注意]
①把握文章的“三主”，即文章的主题思想、结构主线和关键句的主谓结构。
②排除两类干扰项：一是以细节代替主旨；二是以表面意思代替深层含义。
[典例] (2020·全国卷Ⅱ·阅读B)[1]Some parents will buy any high tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math related skills.
[2]Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition (认知) after controlling for differences in parents' income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
[3]The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
[4]“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate (旋转) and translate shapes，” Levine said in a statement.
[5]The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of the children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills.However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls.
[6]The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
27．What is the text mainly about
A．A mathematical method.
B．A scientific study.
C．A woman psychologist.
D．A teaching program.
分析：文章介绍了芝加哥大学一位教授的研究成果：在2～4岁期间玩拼图的孩子以后会形成更好的空间认知能力，表现出更好的空间感。收入较高家庭的孩子接触拼图的时间更长，而且男孩比女孩玩的拼图更加复杂。故选B。A、C、D三项均为文章中的细节信息，不能概括文章的主旨。
3．段落大意类
(1)快速浏览设问所指段落，标出主题句，如果没有主题句，标出高频关键词；
(2)对比主题句或高频关键词，结合选项，找出能够概括段落大意的选项。
[注意]
主题句通常以三种形式出现：
①开门见山：提出主题——细节支撑——阐明主题；
②段末点睛：细节描述——归纳要点——概括主题；
③段中点旨：细节描述——归纳主题——进一步解释。
[典例] (2019·全国卷I·阅读D片段)Popularity is a well explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables' plays well with others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there's the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
33．What is the second paragraph mainly about
A．The classification of the popular.
B．The characteristics of adolescents.
C．The importance of interpersonal skills.
D．The causes of dishonorable behavior.
分析：根据本段第二句可知，临床心理学教授Mitch Prinstein将受欢迎的人分为两类：讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。此句是段落主题句，本段内容分别对“the likable”和“the status seekers”做了解释，所以本段主要介绍了受欢迎的人的两种分类，故选A。B、C、D三项分别是针对原文中“adolescence”“interpersonal skills”和“dishonorable behavior”这三个词臆造的选项，故排除。
四、词(句)义猜测题
词(句)义猜测题是高考阅读理解的常考题型，这类题型针对语篇中一些关键性的单词、短语或句子进行设问，要求学生推测其含义。这些需要推测的单词、短语及句子往往与上下文有紧密的逻辑关系，文章中往往会提供和这些字词句相关的定义解释、提示词或者句子结构，考生做题时要养成寻找这些相关提示信息的习惯。
1．猜测词义题——“上下求索”猜词义
(1)利用上下文的语境线索，“顺藤摸瓜”或“上下取证”
任何一篇文章中的单词、短语和句子在内容上都不是孤立的，它们必然与上下文紧密相关。因此，利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义，是考生必须具备的一项关键能力。
[典例] (2020·全国卷Ⅰ·阅读B片段)While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifts, which might add to the meaning I attach to them.But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author's work is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But remember, it's you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
26．What does the underlined word “currency” in paragraph 4 refer to
A．Debt. B．Reward.
C．Allowance. D．Face value.
分析：根据所选段第二句“但我认为，虽然金钱确实是美妙和必要的，但是重读一位作家的作品是读者能给予他们的最高 。”再联系上下文，作者重读一些好书是为了提升自己，但同时，作者认为重读也是与书的作者的情感联系。这应算作是对书的作者的回馈，而不是纯粹的金钱。故可判断currency在此指的是超越了物质的精神层面上的“回馈，报酬”。故选B。
(2)利用表示逻辑关系的词
阅读理解的文章中常见的逻辑关系有三种，考生可利用其对应的信息提示词反推出生词的含义。
①转折对比关系的常见标志词：but, however, yet, otherwise, though, although, instead of, rather than, unlike, while, on the contrary, compared to, compared with, in contrast；
②因果关系的常见标志词：since, as, for, in that, because, so, result in, as a result, thus, consequently, therefore；
③类比关系的常见标志词：similarly, like, as well, the same with, just as。
[典例] (2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ·阅读D片段)According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions (份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
13．What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to
A．Big eaters. B．Overweight persons.
C．Picky eaters. D．Tall thin persons.
分析：根据本段第二句可知，现有的研究宣称，你应该避免和吃得多且发福的人一起吃饭，这项研究与之相反——你真正需要避免的是那些……食欲大的人。contrary to表示对比关系，此处的beanpoles意思应与heavier people相反，故D项“高而瘦的人”与之意义最接近。故选D。
(3)利用例证性线索
某些生僻的词汇后会列举一个例子，使词汇意思具体易懂。such as, like, as well as, just as, for example, for instance等连接性词语往往被用来列举说明前面较难理解的单词、短语或句子。
[典例] (2018·全国卷Ⅰ·阅读C片段)Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
29. Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2
A．Complex. B．Advanced.
C．Powerful. D．Modern.
分析：根据“languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over”可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在代替其他语言。由此可推测，“dominant languages”意为“影响力较大的语言”。故选C。
(4)利用构词法、近义词、反义词和词根词缀等线索
阅读理解的题目中，经常会根据考生的已有经验，例如构词法等知识，考查考生推测单词含义的能力。这要求考生在平时的学习过程中多钻研，多积累，在考试中遇到此类情况能够灵活运用，再结合上下文，推测出生词的含义。
[典例] (2016·全国卷Ⅱ·阅读B片段)Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time. His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home. I was delighted at the presence of such a student. Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect (感染) other students.
Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, “But I'm just not creative.”
27．What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean
A．Mistake. B．Drawback.
C．Difficulty. D．Burden.
分析：从构词法角度来看，down(向下)＋side(方面)＝不利的一面。结合画线部分下文可知，作者冒着失去那些用不同方式思考的学生的风险。由此可推测，鼓励创造性思维也会带来风险，即不利影响。故选B。
2．猜测短语含义题——“语境分析”猜短语
结合上下文及具体语境推断短语的含义，确定正确答案。
[典例] (2020·全国卷Ⅲ·阅读B片段)Yet “Apes” is more exception than the rule. In fact，Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately. One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2,000 productions this year. Already, a number of films, including “Water for Elephants，” “The Hangover Part Ⅱ” and “Zookeeper，” have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven't been treated properly.
26．What does the underlined phrase “keeping tabs on” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Listing completely.
B．Directing professionally.
C．Promoting successfully.
D．Watching carefully.
分析：根据本段中的“One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment”可知，这个非营利组织的工作就是监督在电影拍摄中动物是被如何对待的，再结合画线词后面的内容可知，这个画线短语与monitor (监督)意义相近，故keeping tabs on的意思是“密切关注”，故选D。
3．猜测句义题——“意义吻合”定句义
(1)在原文中找到该句，进行语法和逻辑关系分析，首先要理解句子前后的语境，然后将句子的意思与语境相结合进行推断，做出选择；
(2)正确选项一般是通过词汇、句式等的同义转换表达。
[典例] (2020·天津5月高考·阅读D片段)History grounds us in our roots. History is an important and interesting field of study, and learning the history of our home country can give us a deeper, more meaningful glimpse (一瞥) into our ancestral pasts, and how we got to where we are today. Many people feel like they need a sense of cultural belonging, which is something that studying your roots and being open minded to the evolution of your culture can provide.
51．The underlined part “where we are today” in Para.2 probably means .
A．the turning point in our history
B．the present state of our nation
C．the location of our homeland
D．the total area of our country
分析：根据画线部分所在句可知，作者意在表达学习祖国的历史可以让我们更深入、更有意义地了解我们祖先的过去，以及我们是如何到达现在的状态的，故“where we are today”指的是我们国家现在的状态，故B项正确。
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23(共102张PPT)
标题1(详述)
应基标题2(详述)
本
用∏概卜标题3(详述)
文
端:介绍基本情况
发展:讲述事件的矛盾冲突或问题所在
叙文
高潮:强化事件的矛盾
结局:讲述事件的解决结果
说
陈述
明文章主体
文
陈述2
结论、补充
议儿论点
论据1+论据2
文N论点2论据1+论据(共8张PPT)
[解题三步走]
[思考着力点]
[深度析原委]
第一步
时态误用:主要是一般现在时与一般过去时
短文改错取材于学生作文,在时
从语篇入手,
态上常用一般现在时和一般过去时。
理解大意,着
语态误用:主动语态与被动语态
1有些句子中谓语动词的时态和语态本
眼时态和语态
混用过去式、过去分词
1身并没有错误,只有立足于上下文才
动词类错误主谓不一致
能发现其中的错误。因此,在理解短
非谓语动词错误
1文大意之后就应该逐句排查每句的时
单复数错用
态和语态
名词类错误所有格的错用
混淆形容词、副词的词性
形容词、副词}原级、比较级和最高级的误用
解决语法类错误的关键是要熟知
类错误
错用由现在分词和过去分词转化
1短文改错的出题点,对实词和虚词的
第二步
的形容词
考查角度了如指掌。如动词类错误
从句子入手,
a与an的错用
1般有三个题左右,第一步已从时态、语
逐句分析
冠词类错误不定冠词与定冠词的错用
推敲语法
态角度进行排查,这时就需要考虑非
冠词的缺失与多余
谓语动词、主谓一致和虚拟语气等;
及物动词后多用了介词
名词的数、形容词与副词的误用、冠
介词类错误不及物动词后少用了介词
搭配中介词的错用
词的用法、介词搭配等问题几乎每年
都要考到,因此我们做题时要做到
从句关联词
三大从句关联词的误用、多余
中有数
类错误
when与 during
连词与介词错用
although与 despite
连词的错用,如and与but等
连词类错误连词的多余如前面从句用 although,
第三步
后面主句不能再用but
从行文逻辑入手,
通过前两步仍然有做不出来的,
人称前后是否一致
兼顾上下,
代词类错误单复数是否一致
就应该重读短文,从上下文逻辑关系
审查连代
前后指代是否一致
上进行排查,放眼全篇去思考
逻辑词错误} besides, however, therefore误用专题四 语法填空——内靠“实力”，外靠“技巧”
前面我们系统复习了语法知识，这些语法知识是解语法填空题的必备知能和“刚需”，是扎实的“实力”表现；由于语法填空题有内在的命题规律性，解答此题是有一定技巧可寻的。语法填空的命题形式分为有提示词和无提示词两种，下面，就针对这两种题型给大家点拨一下答题技巧和思维趋向。
1．提示词为动词
2．提示词为其他
[解题示范]
(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)China has become the first country to land a spacecraft on the far side of the moon.The unmanned Chang'e 4 probe (探测器) — the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess — 61 (touch) down last week in the South Pole Aitken basin.Landing on the moon's far side is 62 (extreme) challenging.Because the moon's body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot 63 it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.The far side of the moon is of particular 64 (interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so 65 the familiar near side.Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang'e 4 66 (find) and study areas of the South Pole Aitken basin.“This really excites scientists，” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it 67 (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon 68 (construct)．” Data about the moon's composition, such as how 69 ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether 70 (it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.
第一步：速览语篇，定主要时态。
根据文中出现的时间状语、动词的时态可知本文时态以现在时为主。
第二步：细读句子，定空格处答案。
细读句子的同时，根据语法填空题的解题思维流程，结合所掌握的语法和文化知识，利用自己的思维能力确定空格处的正确答案。
61．touched 有提示词类型。考查时态。分析句子结构，“the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess”部分是对探月器名称的解释，可以看作是插入成分。故可判断出空格处是谓语动词。再根据句中的时间状语last week可知，此处用一般过去时态。 touch down “降落，着陆”。
62．extremely 有提示词类型。考查副词。 修饰形容词challenging要用副词。故填extremely。
63．where 无提示词类型。考查定语从句。分析句子可知，空处引导一个定语从句，先行词是a spot，关系词替代先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。故填where。
64．interest 有提示词类型。 考查名词。句中含有“be＋of＋名词”结构， be of particular interest＝be particularly interesting。故填interest。
65．than 无提示词类型。考查连词。根据前面的more可知，此处考查连词than。 more ...than ...“比……多”。
66．to find 有提示词类型。 考查动词不定式。分析句子结构可知，此空处是非谓语动词；结合句意可知，此处用不定式表示目的。
67．means 有提示词类型。 考查时态。根据句子结构可知，此空处是谓语动词。本句引用了Carle Pieters的话，结合上下文时态可知，空格处要用一般现在时态。
68．is constructed 有提示词类型。考查时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子可知，此处是宾语从句的谓语动词，construct与主语the moon之间是被动关系，应使用被动语态，再由上下文可知，此处应使用一般现在时，主语the moon是单数，故填is constructed。
69．much 无提示词类型。 考查形容词。ice是不可数名词，故表达询问“多少冰” 时用how much ice。
70．its 有提示词类型。考查代词。空格处作plans的定语，故需填形容词性物主代词its。
专题五 短文改错——把握规律，三步解题
一、短文改错解题意识原则表
(一)解题意识表——明考查方向
短文改错10处错误中，设错方式是有规律的，一般情况下，多、缺词2～3个，错词7～8个，做完题后，可按此规律进行查验 类型 总数(10) 常考点
多、缺词 2～3 be的各种形式、介词、冠词、不定式符号、三大从句引导词、代词、副词、固定搭配中的虚词
错词 7～8 连词、三大从句引导词、动词、名词、代词、形容词、副词等
(二)解题原则表——明思维方向
改动处以最少为原则 实词以改变词形为原则 虚词以添加或删除为原则 以保持句子原意不变为原则
短文改错题通常要求每句中最多有两处错误(2018全国卷Ⅱ中有一句有三处错误)。改动的方法可以是增词、删词或换词，但无论作何种改动，都只能是围绕一个词进行。 在短文改错题中，实词(如名词、动词、代词、形容词和副词等)一般是改词形，不能随意增删，也不能将其改换成另一个实词。围绕实词设题一般在7至8处。 历年的短文改错题中需要添加或删除的地方差不多有2至3处。这些需要添、删的词一般都是虚词(如冠词、介词等)，不是实词(如动词、名词等)，否则会改变句子的原意。 做短文改错题时，应该针对短文中的用词错误、语法错误、逻辑错误加以改正，不应更改文章的原意，做到“换词不改意，加词不增意，去词不减意”。
二、短文改错解题思维流程
[解题示范]
(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Today I tried cooking a simply dish myself. I like eating frying tomatoes with eggs, and I thought it must to be easy to cook. My mom told me how to preparing it. First I cut the tomatoes into pieces but put them aside. Next I broke the eggs into a bowl and beat them quickly with chopstick. After that I poured oil into a pan and turned off the stove. I waited patiently unless the oil was hot. Then I put the tomatoes and the beaten eggs into pan together. “Not that way，” my mom tried to stop us but failed. She was right. It didn't turn out as I had wished.
第一步：从语篇入手，理解大意，着眼时态与语态。
本文介绍了“我”做西红柿炒鸡蛋这道菜的经过，时态以过去时为主，语态以主动语态为主。
第二步：从句子入手，逐句分析，推敲语法。
可依据“动词形，名词数，注意形和副；非谓动词细辨别，习惯用法要记住；句子结构多分析，逻辑错误须关注”的口诀逐句推敲。
第三步：从行文逻辑入手，兼顾上下，审查连代。
1．第一句：simply→simple。形容词和副词混用。此处修饰名词dish，故用形容词simple。
2．第二句：frying→fried。 非谓语动词误用。过去分词作定语，表示动作的完成或被动，此处表示被炒过的西红柿鸡蛋，故用过去分词作定语。现在分词作定语表示进行或主动。
3．第二句：去掉 to。不定式符号多用。情态动词后接动词原形。
4．第三句：preparing→prepare。非谓语动词误用。不定式符号后跟动词原形。
5．第四句：but→and。连词误用。此处表示动作的先后，是顺承关系，不是转折关系。故将but改为and。
6．第五句：chopstick→chopsticks。名词单复数误用。chopstick意为“筷子”，常以复数形式出现。
7．第六句：off→on。固定搭配误用。turn off表示“关掉”，此处意思为“打开厨灶”，故用 turn on。
8．第七句：unless→until或till。连词误用。此处表示“我耐心地等到油热”。此处引导时间状语从句，表示“直到……为止”。
9．第八句：pan前加the。冠词漏用。此处特指上文提到的平底锅。
10．第九句：us→me。人称代词误用。根据上文提到的“I”“my mom”可知，此处表示“我妈妈尝试阻止我，但失败了”。
PAGE
6(共10张PPT)
确定时态分析语境及全文时态
作「确定语态分析与主语之间的关系
谓
分空语
析格
句处
确定单复数分析主语的单复数
结构
是否作谓
分析在句中充当哪种成分
定语不几[作非谓语H分析与谓语之间的先后关系
作
分析与逻辑主语之间的关系
诮
语词性转换口分析在句中充当哪种句子成分
考虑变成副词或比较等级
提示词为形容词
有时也可能考查转换为名词
当时
提示
常提示词为副词考虑比较等级
考
为查
考虑是否需要变成复数形式
其词日提示词为名词
他性
有时也考查转换为形容词
类转
型换
提示词为代词几代词或形容词性物主代园令
作宾语、表语,考虑用宾格、反身
作定语,考虑用形容词性物主代词
先分析填哪类
分析句子结构,根据句子所缺成分确
定填哪类词
缺少主语或宾
定填代词或名
填代词日(多考代词)。所填代词主要是人称代
词及作形式主语或形式宾语的
再确定填什么
名词或代词在句中不作
表语或动
填介词
的宾语时,其前面一定是填介
名词前面若没有限定词(冠词、形容
填冠
性物主代词等),很可能是填冠词
若两个或两个以上的单词、短语或句子
填连词成之间没有连词,必定是填连词。若两个
关系
句子(有两个主谓结构)之间没有句号
或分号,也没有连词,那空格处必
填关系专题三 完形填空——先易后难，逐级复原
完形填空的设题方式大致可分为句内层次、句组层次及语篇层次三种题型[注]。句内层次题和句组层次题较容易，能保障考生取得基本分数，但高考是选拔性的考试，每篇完形填空总会有2～3个比较难的语篇层次题成为考生取得高分的拦路虎。
[注] 句内层次题：空格的答案由空格所在句子决定；句组层次题：空格的答案由与空格相距不远的一组句子决定；语篇层次题：空格的答案需要统览全篇文章再做决定。
(一)5
句内层次题的解题信息分布在本句内，在读懂文意的前提下，利用本句的一些解题信息就可直接做答。对于此类题目，考生可以边读边填，将原文信息尽量复原。
1
完形填空中经常会考查一些习惯搭配、固定结构和固定句式，这时考生就可以运用习惯搭配及固定结构来解题。
[典例] (2019·全国卷Ⅲ)Wednesday, residents (居民) of Rjukan 47.received their very first ray of winter sunshine: A row of reflective boards on a nearby mountainside were put to 48 .
48．A.repair B．risk
C．rest D．use
分析：选D 本题可以利用习惯搭配解题。根据语境可知，冒号后的句子介绍了Rjukan居民是如何收到冬季的第一缕阳光的——附近山坡上的一排反射板被投入使用。put to use是习惯搭配，意为“投入使用”，符合语境。
2
完形填空的语篇中往往渗透着诸如文化科学、历史地理、风俗民情等方面的知识。考生在做题时，若能积极地调动自己掌握的文化背景知识和生活常识，巧妙地加以运用，特别是注意中西文化的差异，将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，从而轻松地做出正确判断。
[典例] (2020·全国卷Ⅱ)As he often did, he stopped by the “after work auction (拍卖)” 43.run by the Italian police where things 44 on the trains were sold to the highest bidder.There, among many other things, Nicolo spotted two paintings he thought would look 45.nice above his dining room table.Nicolo and another bidder 46 until Nicolo finally won the paintings for $32.
44．A.shown B．found
C．kept D．hidden
46．A.battled B．debated
C．discussed D．bargained
分析：44.选B 46.选A 本题可以根据生活常识解题。这场拍卖会是由意大利警察举办的，根据生活常识可知，所拍卖的这些物品应该是警察在火车上发现(found)的。故44题选B项。在拍卖会上，拍卖物品应卖给出价最高的竞买者。因此，Nicolo和另外一个竞买者相互竞争(battled)。battle在此用作动词，意为“与……较量，竞争”。故46题选A项。
3
完形填空文章的上下文之间以及句子内部之间往往有着一定的逻辑关系，它使句子的各个成分之间形成一定的对应关系。考生可以根据这种逻辑关系找出与未知填空相对应的已知成分，将它作为线索，通过它推断出未知填空的答案。
[典例] (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Teresa 56.posted a photo of the chance meeting on a social networking website 57.accompanied by the touching words：“What a 58.blessing this young man was to our family! He was so 59 and kind to do this.”
59．A.smart B．calm
C．sweet D．fair
分析：选C 本题可以利用对应成分分析法解题。
从上述分析可以看出，第59题与kind形成对应关系。因为有and这一并列连词，并且and前后意思应该一致，表示“他做这件事真是太友好和善良了”。故选C。
4
此方法是通过分析未知填空前后文与已知信息之间的逻辑关系来确定答案，主要应用于完形填空的两类题型：一是考查连接词和起连接词作用的短语；二是考查上下文的逻辑关系。
[典例1] (2020·全国卷Ⅱ)“Nicolo，” whose real name cannot be 41 to the public because of Italy's privacy laws, 42.finished working the whole night at a factory in Turin.
41．A.attached B．allocated
C．exposed D．submitted
分析：选C 本题可以利用逻辑关系解题。because of表示因果关系，因为意大利的隐私法律，所以Nicolo的真实名字不能暴露(exposed)给公众。故选C项。
[典例2] (2016·全国卷Ⅲ)We went 10 1 and I was named most valuable player, 48 I often had crazy dreams in which I was to blame for Miller's 49.accident.
48．A.and B．then
C．but D．thus
分析：选C 本题可以利用逻辑关系解题。本空考查连词。连词的作用就是将其前后文的已知信息衔接起来，因此可以通过分析该未知填空前后文与已知信息的逻辑关系来确定本题应该填入表达何种逻辑关系的连词。
转折We went 10 1 and I was named most valuable player
(我们以10∶1赢得了比赛，并且我被评为最有价值的球员) 48 I often had crazy dreams in which I was to blame for Miller's 49.accident
(我经常做疯狂的梦，在梦中我要为Miller的事故负责任)
通过上述分析得知本空前后文与已知信息是明显的转折关系，因此答案选but。and表示并列关系；then表示顺承关系；thus表示因果关系。
5
上下文语境具体体现为：全文的中心主线和主题、作者的态度倾向和评价、上下文语篇衔接、句际和段际关系。在句内层次题中，我们通常可以通过上下文语境暗示，即根据已知信息，推导出正确答案。
[典例] (2020·全国卷Ⅲ)She had split up with her husband the week before, was living in a flat 52 ， and since she'd found it too much to cope with (应对), she'd taken it out on 53 people.
52．A.by chance B．by herself
C．on purpose D．on duty
53．A.rude B．such
C．other D．lonely
分析：52.选B 53.选C 这两道题可以利用语境暗示分析法解题。根据上文“She had split up with her husband”可知，她已和丈夫离婚，暗示她正独自(by herself)居住。再根据“she'd found it too much to cope with”可知，她有太多的事情要应对，故她拿别人(other people)出气。take it out on sb.“拿某人出气”。
(二)4
句组层次题是比句内层次题稍难一级的题目，其解题信息分布在空格前后的一组句群之中，解题时需瞻前顾后，综合句群信息解答。即本句信息不足填，空格前后句子再找信息源。
1
复现是一种语义衔接手段，它通过原词、同义词或近义词、反义词、上义词、下义词、同源词或同根词等重复出现来表达某一概念，使整篇文章上下连贯，有机地衔接在一起。因此，考生可根据文章的具体情况，理解文章的结构和语境，利用文章中的语义复现来解题。
[典例1] (2020·全国卷Ⅱ)His son, age 15, who had 49.taken an art appreciation class, thought that there was something 50.unusual about the one with a young girl sitting on a garden chair.It was signed (签名) “Bonnato” or so he thought, but when he 51.researched it, he only found “Bonnard，” a French 52.painter he had never heard of.He bought a book and was 53.surprised to find a picture of the artist Pierre Bonnard sitting on the same chair in the same 54 as his father's painting.
54．A.room B．kitchen
C．hall D．garden
分析：选D 本题可以利用语义复现解题。根据上文中的“with a young girl sitting on a garden chair”可知，此处选“garden”，是上文出现的garden的原词复现。
[典例2] (2020·浙江7月高考)Lamb and mother 39.reunited, I turned back to the tractor only to see it move suddenly away from me.This was so 40.unexpected because I had put the handbrake on when I jumped out.41.Obviously Don had somehow made the 42 move.
42．A.lamb B．vehicle
C．seat D．fence
分析：选B 本题可以利用上义词复现解题。根据上文“the tractor”可知，此处指Don以某种方式使车辆(vehicle)动了起来。vehicle是tractor的上义词。
2
在高考完形填空文章中，我们一定要在快速阅读文章的过程中，仔细找出能够反映作者态度或感彩的重要词汇，它们往往是名词、形容词、副词或动词。这些词汇通常是我们做题时的重要参照线索，可以帮助我们快速确定某些题目的正确答案。
[典例] (2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Since our twins began learning to walk, my wife and I have kept telling them that our sliding glass door is just a window.The 41.reason is obvious.If we 42 it is a door, they'll want to go outside 43 .It will drive us crazy.
42．A.admit B．believe
C．mean D．realize
43．A.gradually B．constantly
C．temporarily D．casually
分析：42.选A 43.选B 本题可以利用感彩关联解题。根据本段首句可知，作者和妻子撒谎说门是一个窗户；再根据下一句中的crazy一词可知，上一句的行为会使作者发疯。根据作者的这种情感态度可知，此处表示“如果我们承认它是一扇门，他们就会不断地想出去”。
3
在句组层次题中，利用逻辑关系解题同样是一种重要的方法。
[典例] (2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)When he was 16, Molai began to notice something 23.disturbing happening around his home.A flood had hit the area earlier that year and the 24.damage it caused had driven away a number of birds. 25 ， the number of snakes had declined as well.
25．A.Besides B．However
C．Therefore D．Otherwise
分析：选A 本题可以利用逻辑关系解题。上文提到由于洪水的缘故，使大量的鸟类被驱赶走。再根据空格后“蛇的数量也减少了”可知，前后两句之间为“递进”关系，故选A项。
4
在句组层次题中，有些题目我们往往也需要通过上下文的语境暗示来解题，即根据已知信息，推导出正确答案。
[典例] (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Back home, Ehlers was troubled by that 45.lost dog.So, four days later, he called his friend Greg, and the two drove 46 .After a long and careful 47.search.Greg saw, across a field, the dog moving 48.cautiously away.Ehlers eventually succeeded in coaxing the animal to him.
46．A.home B．past
C．back D．on
分析：选C 本题可以利用语境暗示分析法解题。根据本段的第一句中的“Back home”可知，他已经回到家，后文讲述了四天后，Ehlers和朋友再次找小狗，暗示两个人开车又回到了发现小狗的地方，故用back表示开车回去找小狗。
(三)
语篇层次题的解题信息不局限于某一句或某一句群，而是分散在某一段或几段甚至全篇，这就要求考生理解整篇文章，抓住全文的脉络、作者的思想意图或主角的心理，然后进行准确的推理、判断，从而做出正确的选择。对于此类题目，一定要坚持这样一个原则——不急于解答，读完全文后综合思维再做判定。
[典例1] (2020·全国卷Ⅱ)
[1] ...There, among many other things, Nicolo spotted two paintings he thought would look 45.nice above his dining room table.Nicolo and another bidder 46.battled until Nicolo finally won the paintings for $32.
...
[3] “That's the garden in our picture，” Nicolo's son told his father.They 55.eventually learned that the painting they 56 was called “The Girl with Two Chairs.” They 57.studied the other painting and learned that it was 58.actually Paul Gauguin's “Still Life of Fruit on a Table with a Small Dog.”
56．A.owned B．borrowed
C．sold D．stole
分析：选A 本题是语篇层次题，需要综合第一段和空格所在段落来寻找突破口。本题可以利用文章发展脉络解题。所节选部分文章发展脉络为：Nicolo在一次拍卖会上竞买到两幅画→Nicolo的儿子研究这些画→发现这两幅画均为名画。根据文章发展脉络可知，Nicolo在拍卖会上买到两幅画，这两幅画自然为他所拥有(owned)。故答案为A项。
[典例2] (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)It's about 250 miles from the hills of west central Iowa to Ehlers' home in Minnesota.During the long trip home, following a weekend of hunting, Ehlers 41.thought about the small dog he had seen 42.trembling alongside the road.He had 43.tried to coax (哄) the dog to him but, frightened, it had 44.run off.
Back home, Ehlers was troubled by that 45.lost dog.So, four days later, he called his friend Greg, and the two drove 46.back.After a long and careful 47.search, Greg saw, across a field, the dog moving 48 away.Ehlers eventually succeeded in coaxing the animal to him.Nervousness and fear were replaced with 49.joy.It just started licking (舔) Ehlers' face.
48．A.cautiously B．casually
C．skillfully D．angrily
分析：选A 本题是典型的语篇层次题，只看题目所在的句子我们是无法确定答案的，此类题目需要综合全篇来找线索。根据第一段最后一句中的“frightened”和第二段第二句中的“four days later”并结合下文的“Nervousness and fear”可知，一只走丢多日的小狗受到惊吓，感到紧张不安和恐惧，因此当Greg看见它的时候，它正小心谨慎地(cautiously)移动。
PAGE
6(共30张PPT)
He was so 59 and kind to do this
形容词并列形容词
连词
对应关系
was
able player
我们以10:1赢得了比赛,并且我被评为最有价值的球员)
48
d crazy dreams in
C
was to blame
0
er s
acide
我经常做疯狂的梦,在梦中我要为 Miller的事故负责任)
第一步
做完形填空题时,考生应根据首句给出的提示,借助文中的关键词,全面理解文章大意。快速通读全文
通览全文
理清脉络,抓住主线,做到全局在握是正确解答完形填空题的首要前提,
明大意
句内层次题
根据第一遍读文掌握的大意,碰到句内层次题时,
几∏“边读边填
凭语感可以边读边结合已经掌握的信息做出选择
解题口诀
如有必要,可再回读相关句子
句内层次最简单,根据已知便能填
第二步
在一个句子内不能将该空复原,可先放下该空,采
句组层次也不难,放下该空前后看
先易后难句组层次题凵用跳读的方法,继续阔读与其相邻的几个句子,查
前后看看找相关信息点,然后细读,准确理解勺意,选择符合
语篇层次确实难,解题信息找不全
逐级填
语境的答案
此类问题不要慌,放眼全篇细思量.
句内句组不能解,暂时跳过放一放
语篇层次题语篇层次题考查的是综合逻辑分析能力,需要综合
最后决断全篇信息作答。考生在做这类题目时,不要急于作
等到信息足够全,综合思维把它判
第三步
答,一定要等到信息足够明了,放到最后再作判断
复核验证
填空全部完成后,将选项代入原文,通读一遍,看读文是否流畅、语意是否连贯,对感到很不通顺的地
读全篇
方,可以从语法、词义、习惯用法、固定搭配、背景知识等方面进一步验证并确定答案(共46张PPT)专题二 阅读七选五——先看位置，再析作用
“知道了题目从何处来，才能知道解题往何处去。”要想突破阅读七选五，就要知道高考如何考查。分析近几年的高考英语试题，我们不难发现阅读七选五题型具有如下特点：
文体特点 文章体裁大都是说明文，结构严谨、脉络清晰、层次分明、逻辑性强，便于考生在阅读的基础上进行综合理解
选材特点 题材大多贴近考生生活，内容与时俱进，主要涉及文化教育、社会生活、体育介绍、未来规划、商务管理、工作职业等
题目形式 阅读材料一般是一篇长度为300词左右的短文，其中正文为240词左右，备选项为60词左右；七个选项都与短文相关，选项多为完整的句子(2020年全国卷Ⅱ有两处不完整句子)，句型不一，长短不同，七个备选项通常由短到长排列
设题方式 依据挖空位置，可将5个题目分为段首题、段中题和段尾题；依据句子在文中的作用，可分为“主旨概括句(涉及文章整体内容)”“过渡句(反映文章结构)”和“细节注释句(反映上下文的逻辑关系)”三个类型
根据阅读七选五的题型特点及命题方式，我们可以从“位置”和“作用”两个角度来深刻领悟该题型。句子在段中的位置不同，所起的作用也不同。命题人之所以采用段首、段尾和段中三种挖空方式，正是利用挖空位置的暗示作用和挖空上下文的提示作用，来考查考生的逻辑思维能力。
挖空位置 逻辑关系 具体解读
段首题 主旨句 常以段落小标题或主题句的形式出现
承上启下句 此空处的答案能够将上段和本段的内容连贯起来
段中题 例证关系 前后的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是归纳(从例子到观点)和推理(从观点到例子)。常见的表示例证关系的标志词语有：for example, for instance, in fact/as a matter of fact, actually, in other words/that is to say等
转折关系 若空格前后两句之间是逻辑上的逆转， 则空格处很有可能表示转折。表示转折关系的标志词语有： but, however, yet, while/though/although, or/otherwise, on the contrary, instead, nevertheless(然而), still, in contrast/comparison, by comparison等
因果关系 表示因果关系的标志词语有：so, therefore, thus, consequently(结果), as a result (of), so/such ...that ..., so that等
递进关系 若空格前后两句之间是逻辑上的层进关系，则空格处很有可能是个表示递进的句子。表示递进关系的标志词语有：too, also, besides, further, furthermore, moreover, likewise, similarly, what's more, what's worse, in addition, as well, to make matters worse, not ...but ..., not only ...but also等
并列关系 表示并列关系的标志词语有：and; first(ly), second(ly); first, then/next, finally/last; to begin with; some ...others ...; for one thing, for another thing等
段尾题 总结句 用于总结本段内容，常含有总结性的词语
承上启下句 此空处的答案能够将本段和下段的内容连贯起来
对于每篇文章，作者总是按照一定的篇章结构来布局谋篇，不同体裁的文章具有不同的结构模式。考生只有掌握了各种体裁文章的结构模式，才能预测和推断文章的走向，把握作者的行文思路，达到对文章深层次的理解。
考生在解答阅读七选五题时，要学会从宏观视角分析语篇结构。
1．辨别文章的体裁和结构。通常为说明文，说明文一般采用“总—分—总”或“总—分”结构。作者通常在文章的开头部分提出要说明的问题；在中间部分进行说明或阐释，要注意使用何种说明方法，采取哪些策略，如何解决问题；在结尾部分作出总结或得出结论。有些说明文没有结尾总结部分。
2．剖析作者是以何种语篇结构模式来行文的。考生只有把握了语篇的结构模式才可以站在一定的高度，梳理语篇的脉络，获悉主要信息对主题的支撑和论证功能，为准确掌握语篇的发展方向和主旨大意奠定基础，从而降低阅读时的焦虑心理。此外，考生也可以自己画出语篇的结构框架图，即思维导图。
3．寻找各段的主题句。说明文通常采用“开门见山”的模式，段落主题句一般会出现在段落的开头，有时也会出现在段尾，对段落起总结概括的作用。找到段落主题句，把握文章的主旨大意，有利于缩小选择的范围，减小冗余信息对考生的影响，提高解题的正确率。
[典例] 下面以2020年全国卷Ⅰ的阅读七选五为例，进行宏观视角语篇结构分析示范。
A Few Tips for Self Acceptance
We all want it ... to accept and love ourselves. But at times it seems too difficult and too far out of reach. 36 Here's a handful of ways that will set you in the right direction.
37 Do not follow the people who make you feel not good enough. Why do you follow them Are you hoping that eventually you will feel empowered because your life is better than theirs Know that your life is your own; you are the only you in this world.
Forgive yourself for mistakes that you have made. We are often ashamed of our shortcomings, our mistakes and our failures. 38 You will make mistakes, time and time again.Rather than getting caught up in how you could have done better, why not offer yourself a compassionate (有同情心) response “That didn't go as planned. But, I tried my best.”
Recognize all of your strengths. Write them down in a journal. Begin to train your brain to look at strength before weakness. List all of your accomplishments and achievements. You have a job, earned your degree, and you got out of bed today. 39
Now that you've listed your strengths, list your imperfections. Turn the page in your journal. Put into words why you feel unworthy, why you don't feel good enough. Now, read these words back to yourself. 40 Turn to a page in your journal to your list of strengths and achievements. See how awesome you are
A．Feeling upset again
B．Where do you start
C．Nothing is too small to celebrate.
D．Remember, you are only human.
E．Set an intention for self acceptance.
F．Stop comparing yourself with others.
G．When does the comparison game start
[读文示范]
(1)文章体裁：说明文。
(2)主旨大意：文章主要介绍了四个自我接纳的小技巧。
(3)语篇结构：本文采用了“总—分”式结构。文章的语篇模式是典型的“一般到具体”模式。此篇文章的语篇模式如下：
Broad statement(Para.1) Here's a handful of ways about accepting and loving ourselves that will set you in the right direction.
Specific statement 1(Para.2) Stop comparing yourself with others.
Specific statement 2(Para.3) Forgive yourself for mistakes that you have made.
Specific statement 3(Para.4) Recognize all of your strengths.
Specific statement 4(Para.5) Now that you've listed your strengths, list your imperfections.
文章五个空格有1处位于段首，3处位于段中，1处位于段尾。第36题、第40题为过渡句，第37题为段落主题句，第38题为细节注释句，第39题为结论句。从宏观视角把握好这篇文章之后，有利于预测和推断文章的走向，进而提高解题的正确率。
(一)设空在段首
若是针对段落小标题设空，其呈现形式应和其他小标题相同，选项应短小精悍，多为名词词组、动名词短语或祈使句。若段落首句设空，段首句要么与段落标题相关联，要么是段落主题句，选项要具有概括性，要么承接上段，要么是对下文的概括。
思考点(一) 段落主题句
当某段开头处设空时，通常要填的内容是该段的主题句，考生需要认真研读该段内容，尤其是设空处后面的一两句，确定线索词，然后从备选项中查找这些线索词的同义词、近义词或关联词。一般正确选项与空后第一句在内容上是连贯且符合逻辑的，在意义上是紧密衔接的。
[典例1] (2019·全国卷Ⅲ)
· 37 Questions about subject content are generally welcomed.Before asking questions about the course design, read the syllabus (教学大纲) and learning management system information to be sure the answer isn't hiding in plain sight.
A．That's what they are for.
B．Turn to an online instructor for help.
C．If more information is needed, they will ask.
D．Remember that online professors get a lot of emails.
E．Below are some common do's and don'ts for online learners.
F．Everyone has taken a not so great class at one time or another.
G．Ask questions, but make sure they are good, thoughtful questions.
分析：本题考查段落主题句。本段主要介绍了应该提问什么样的问题，所提的问题要确保答案不能显而易见。本段内容围绕“questions”展开，故G项“提问题，并且要确保所提问题是经过深思熟虑的好问题”，符合语境。故选G。
思考点(二) 承上启下句
当非首段的第一句设空时，设空处有可能是承上启下句，这就要求考生既要熟悉上一段的内容，尤其是上一段结尾的内容，又要结合本段内容，使所选答案能够把两段内容进行无缝对接。
[典例2] (2020·全国卷Ⅲ)
37 B．It is traditional to bring a gift to a housewarming party. Some people register a list of things they want or need for their new home at a local store or stores.Some common things people will put on a gift registry include kitchen tools like knives and things like curtains.Even if there isn't a registry, a good housewarming gift is something to decorate the new house with, like a piece of art or a plant.
38 This is often appreciated since at a housewarming there isn't a lot of food served.There are usually no planned activities like games at a housewarming party.The host or hostess of the party will, however, probably give all the guests a tour of their new home.Sometimes, because a housewarming party happens shortly after a person moves into their new home, people may be asked to help unpack boxes.39 A．This isn't usual though.
A．This isn't usual though.
B．It is traditional to bring a gift to a housewarming party.
C．You can also bring food or drinks to share with the other guests.
D．If you're lucky enough to receive gifts, keep them in a safe place.
E．It also gives people a chance to see what the new home looks like.
F．The best housewarming parties encourage old friends to get together.
G．This was so that the person could keep their home warm for the winter.
分析：本题考查段落之间的衔接。前面段落所讲内容为带礼物，可以是厨房工具、窗帘、艺术品或绿植。本空承接上文，也应与礼物相关，根据设空处后面的句子“This is often appreciated since at a housewarming there isn't a lot of food served.”可知，空处所带的礼物应与食物相关，故选C。
(二)设空在段中
当设空在段中时，通常考查该空与前后句子之间的逻辑关系和上下文的衔接。考查的逻辑关系：总分关系、解释关系、例证关系、转折关系、因果关系、递进关系和并列关系7大关系。有时会出现下列衔接词语：first, second, then, next, later, soon, so, but, however, additionally, what's more, that is, namely, in other words, for one thing ...for another等。
思考点(一) 总分关系
[典例3] (2017·全国卷Ⅰ)
The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer. 37 We slept in a tent, cooked over an open fire, and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom.This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work, recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor's bill for my son's food poisoning.
A．This time there was no tent.
B．Things are going to be improved.
C．The trip they took me on was a rough one.
D．I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.
E．I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.
F．After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.
G．There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.
分析：本题考查总分关系。根据下文的描述“我们睡在帐篷里、在篝火上做饭、走很远的路去洗澡和上厕所”可知，这次野营比较艰难。设空处是总体评价，后面是详细描述。故选C。
思考点(二) 解释关系
[典例4] (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)
Imagine a child standing on a diving board four feet high and asking himself the question: “Should I jump？” This is what motivation or the lack of it can do.Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of the same coin. 36 Like the child on the diving board, you will stay undecided.
A．This can affect your work.
B．So how should you motivate yourself
C．However, this should not discourage you.
D．So why should we try to set specific goals
E．They can change according to circumstances.
F．Motivation is what you need most to do a good job.
G．Without motivation, you can neither set a goal nor reach it.
分析：本题考查解释关系。设空处前一句的句意“动力和目标设定是同一枚硬币的两面”，设空处解释二者之间的关系“没有动力，你既不能设定目标，也不能去实现它”。故选G。
思考点(三) 例证关系
[典例5] (2016·全国卷Ⅰ)
There are three main types of cryptography. 37 For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me.”
A．It is very hard to break a code without the code book.
B．In any language, some letters are used more than others.
C．Only people who know the keyword can read the message.
D．As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.
E．You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.
F．With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words.
G．Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.
分析：本题考查例证关系。设空处前一句的句意为“有三种主要的密码术”。空后接着就给出一个例子“你可以通过拼写每个单词的第一个字母来隐藏信息”。故选E。
思考点(四) 转折关系
[典例6] (2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)
Some individuals are born with a gift for public speaking. 16 Do you want to be a good public speaker Here are some principles you must master.
A．Do the opposite.
B．You want to be an effective public speaker.
C．You don't need to apologize for a minor slip.
D．When it comes to public speaking, less is usually more.
E．The objective of most speeches is to benefit the audience.
F．Take the fear out of public speaking by focusing on your listeners.
G．However, the majority of people are effective speakers because they train to be.
分析：本题考查转折关系。设空处前一句的句意为“有些人天生就有公众演讲的天赋”。设空处后一句的句意为“你想成为一个好的公众演说家吗？”。根据逻辑判断，设空处应与前一句构成转折关系，故G项“然而，大多数人之所以能成为有效的演讲者，是因为他们受过训练”符合语境。
思考点(五) 因果关系
[典例7] (2020·全国卷Ⅱ)
Written communications can often read as cold and dull.Using emojis can add humor and feeling, keeping intention clear. 37 ， encouraging better and more frequent communication.
A．Message with emojis feel more conversational
B．Even a formal email can seem cold and unfriendly
C．Sending smiling faces to colleagues may seem strange
D．The popularity of these platforms is spreading globally
E．Giving employees the tools enables them to communicatehonestly
F．Studies show that friendlier communication leads to a happier workplace
G．An easy way to bring all work generations together is with a chat platform
分析：本题考查因果关系。根据下文“encouraging better and more frequent communication (鼓励更好、更频繁的沟通)”可知，设空处所填的句子是下文的原因。A项“使用表情符号的信息让人感觉更适合交谈”符合语境。故选A。
思考点(六) 递进关系
[典例8] (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)
Another way of setting realistic goals is to analyze your short and long term objectives, keeping in mind your beliefs, values and strengths.Remember that goals are flexible. 39 They also need to be measurable.You must keep these points in mind while setting your goals.
A．This can affect your work.
B．So how should you motivate yourself
C．However, this should not discourage you.
D．So why should we try to set specific goals
E．They can change according to circumstances.
F．Motivation is what you need most to do a good job.
G．Without motivation, you can neither set a goal nor reach it.
分析：本题考查递进关系。根据上句“Remember that goals are flexible.”可知目标是可变动的，因此E项“它们可以根据情况做出改变”，承接上文，与上一句为递进关系。故选E。
思考点(七) 并列关系
[典例9] (2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)
Your goal is not to be a perfect public speaker. 19 And like everything else in life, that takes practice.Remember, even world champion athletes practice their skills on a consistent basis.
A．Do the opposite.
B．You want to be an effective public speaker.
C．You don't need to apologize for a minor slip.
D．When it comes to public speaking, less is usually more.
E．The objective of most speeches is to benefit the audience.
F．Take the fear out of public speaking by focusing on your listeners.
G．However, the majority of people are effective speakers because they train to be.
分析：本题考查并列关系。由本段第一句“Your goal is not to be a perfect public speaker.”及空后一句“And ...that takes practice.”可以锁定B选项为正确答案，它们之间构成并列关系。
(三)设空在段尾
思考点(一) 总结句
当设空在段尾时，通常是结论性、概括性语句，是对上文的概括总结。如果缺的是结论性、概括性的语句，考生应快速浏览七个备选项，注意选项中是否出现表示结果、结论、总结等的标志词语，如so, therefore, as a result, in short, in a word, all in all等，快速缩小选择范围，再根据段落主题一致性原则，从而确定正确选项。
[典例10] (2020·全国卷Ⅰ)
·Recognize all of your strengths.Write them down in a journal.Begin to train your brain to look at strength before weakness.List all of your accomplishments and achievements.You have a job, earned your degree, and you got out of bed today. 39
A．Feeling upset again
B．Where do you start
C．Nothing is too small to celebrate.
D．Remember, you are only human.
E．Set an intention for self acceptance.
F．Stop comparing yourself with others.
G．When does the comparison game start
分析：本题考查段落总结句。由本段首句可知本段主题是“认识到你所有的优点”，段中列举了一些小的成绩，如有了一份工作，拿到了学位等，段尾对这些成绩做了一下总结：再小的事也值得庆祝。故选C。
思考点(二) 段落过渡句
当设空在非尾段段末时，也有可能是考查承上启下的过渡句。假如所缺的是段落间的过渡句，首先可以关注表示逻辑关系的衔接词，再结合词汇复现等原则进行答案的选择。
[典例11] (2017·全国卷Ⅰ)
If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping, I would have laughed heartily.Campers, in my eyes, were people who enjoyed insect bites, ill cooked meals, and uncomfortable sleeping bags.They had nothing in common with me. 36
The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer.37 C．The trip they took me on was a rough one.We slept in a tent, cooked over an open fire, and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom.This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work, recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor's bill for my son's food poisoning.
A．This time there was no tent.
B．Things are going to be improved.
C．The trip they took me on was a rough one.
D．I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.
E．I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.
F．After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.
G．There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.
分析：考查段落过渡句。根据空处上文可知，作者一开始对野营产生过抵触情绪。但根据下一段作者的一次野营活动经历可推知，两段之间有转折关系，所以空处要填一个承上启下的过渡句，D项“然而，从那时起我却学到了很多关于露营的知识”符合语境。故选D。
思考点(三) 补充信息句
段末设空还有可能是对前文内容进行补充说明，这时要根据设空前的内容选择与其相对应的补充性的语句。
[典例12] (2019·全国卷Ⅲ)
·Don't share personal information or stories.Professors are not trained nurses, financial aid experts or your best friends.If you are in need of a deadline extension, simply explain the situation to the professor. 39
A．That's what they are for.
B．Turn to an online instructor for help.
C．If more information is needed, they will ask.
D．Remember that online professors get a lot of emails.
E．Below are some common do's and don'ts for online learners.
F．Everyone has taken a not so great class at one time or another.
G．Ask questions, but make sure they are good, thoughtful questions.
分析：本题考查逻辑关系。本段主要讲的是“不要把个人信息和经历告诉教授，如果你需要延长最后期限，向教授解释处境即可”。C项“如果需要了解更多信息，他们会问你的”是对上文内容的补充说明，符合语境。故选C。
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