特殊句式(倒装、强调、省略、there be句型)
[语境中体悟用法]
朗读下面短文，体会、领悟倒装、强调、省略等句式结构在文中的灵活使用。
It was at midnight that①Lucy woke up. So hungry was she that② she realized that she did have to get up③ to get something to eat. She went to the kitchen.There was④a cabbage, some hams and some eggs in the fridge. No sooner had she taken⑤out what she needed than she realized she had no idea how to deal with the food. In fact, seldom had she cooked⑥for herself before.“Had I learned⑦cooking from my mother, I would have become a good cook.”she sighed and continued her job.However, hardly had she tried⑧to turn on one of the two taps above the sink when she noticed it didn't work. Neither could another tap⑨.Only with the help of the spanner did water come⑩out of the tap at last.But it was unlucky for her to cut her finger while cutting hams .Out ran Lucy at once.With a bandage wrapping her wounded finger, she finished cooking a delicious meal at last. From the kitchen came a good smell .Being at table, she got down to enjoying her food. Unfortunately, not until she tasted her food did she find she forgot to add some salt to it.“Must I fall asleep while being hungry ？”said Lucy.
[用法体悟]
①it was ... that为强调句型，此处对时间状语at midnight 进行强调。
②so ...that句型中，“so＋adj./adv.”位于句首时，主句需用部分倒装，that从句的语序用正常语序。
③did在此处强调谓语动词have to。
④there be句型表示某地存在某物，是一个倒装句式。
⑤no sooner ...than中，当no sooner提前至句首时，其后用部分倒装。
⑥否定意义的副词或短语位于句首时，句子需用部分倒装。
⑦虚拟条件句省略if时，需将were, had或should提前，构成部分倒装。
⑧hardly ...when ...结构中，hardly提前，主句用部分倒装，后面的从句用正常语序。
⑨当so, neither, nor(so用于肯定句，neither/nor用于否定句)表示前面所述情况也适合另一个人或物时，句子需用部分倒装，结构为：so/neither/nor＋be/助动词/情态动词＋主语。
⑩当Only＋状语(副词、介词短语或状语从句)放在句首时，要用部分倒装。
当时间状语从句的主语与主句主语一致或从句主语为it，且含有be动词时，可省略从句主语与be动词，构成状语从句的省略结构。
以in, out, up, down, over, away, off, back等副词开头的句子(主语是名词)，需用完全倒装以表示强调。
当句首是充当地点状语的介词短语，且谓语是be，stand, sit, lie等时，句子常用完全倒装。
Not until引导的状语从句放句首时，状语从句用正常语序，主句需要用部分倒装。
疑问句，包括一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句，都用部分倒装语序。
[系统中整合规则]
(一)倒装句
1．部分倒装
只把谓语的一部分(多为助动词、系动词be或情态动词)置于主语之前的句子，叫部分倒装句。这类句型主要有以下几种：
(1)表示否定意义的副词或连词置于句首时引起部分倒装结构。这类词(组)有：never, seldom, rarely, little, few, at no time, by no means, no longer, hardly/scarcely ...when ..., no sooner ...than ..., not only ...but also ..., not until, nowhere, neither ...nor ...等。
(2)“only修饰介词短语、副词或状语从句”置于句首时，要用部分倒装。
(3)so/such ...that ...结构中的so/such 连同它所修饰的成分共同位于句首表示强调时，主句要用部分倒装。
(4)表示前面所说的情况也适用于后者时，用倒装结构“so/neither/nor＋助动词/系动词/情态动词＋主语”(so表示肯定意义， neither/nor表示否定意义)。
(5)在as/though引导的让步状语从句中，从句的表语/状语/动词要位于句首，构成倒装结构。如果位于句首的是单数可数名词，其前不加冠词。
(6)在虚拟条件句中，条件句中的if省略时，助动词had, were, should要提到主语前面，构成部分倒装。
(7)“may＋动词原形”表示祝愿时，通常将may置于句首，构成倒装语序。
Not until I lost my job did I realize I should improve my working skills.
直到我失去工作我才意识到我应该提高工作技能了。
Only when you can find peace in your heart will you keep good relationships with others.
只有当你的心态平和时，你才能与别人保持良好的关系。
Such great progress did he make that he was praised.
他取得了如此大的进步以至于受到了表扬。
2．全部倒装
谓语动词完全置于主语之前的句子，叫全部倒装句。这类句型主要有以下几种：
(1)here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, away, on the wall, in the room 等表示地点、时间或方位的副词或介词短语置于句首，且主语为名词时，句子用全部倒装。
(2)有时为平衡句子结构或突出、强调，将作表语的介词短语、形容词、副词或分词提到句首，构成“表语＋系动词＋主语”的完全倒装结构。
John opened the door.There stood a girl he had never seen before.
约翰打开门，以前他从来没见过的一位女孩站在那儿。
Present at the party were Mr Green and many other guests.
出席晚会的有格林先生和许多其他的宾客。
(二)强调句
1．强调句型
其基本结构：It is/was＋被强调的部分＋that/who＋句子其他部分。该句型可对句子的主语、表语、宾语、状语等进行强调。当被强调部分是人，且作主语时，可用who或that，其他情况下一律用that。
It is only by listening to and understanding each other that problems between parents and children can be settled.
只有通过倾听和相互理解，父母和孩子之间的问题才可能被解决。
2．not ...until的强调句型结构：It is/was not until ...＋that＋句子其他部分。
It was not until he got home 30 minutes later that he found he had left his bag in the taxi.
直到他到家三十分钟后，他才发现他把包落在了出租车上。
3．对谓语动词进行强调时用do, does, did。
She did tell me her address, but I forgot all about it.
她确实告诉过我她的地址，但我全忘了。
(三)省略句
1．状语从句中的省略
在as if, if, though, when, where, while, no matter what, until等引导的状语从句中，若谓语部分含be动词，而主语又与主句的主语一致或从句主语是it时，从句的主语和谓语中的be动词可以一起省略。
All the photographs in this book, unless (the photographs are) stated otherwise, date from the 1950s.
这本书里所有的照片，除非有说明，否则，都要追溯到20世纪50 年代。
2．动词不定式的省略
在主动语态中，感官动词或使役动词后接不定式作补足语时，往往将不定式符号to省略；在同一句话或同一情景对话中，当同一动作再次出现在后面的不定式位置上时，通常省略该动作而保留不定式符号to。
The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police not to.
那名司机想把车停靠在路边，但是警察不允许他这样做。
(四)there be句型
1．there be句型中的be可以有不同的时态，可以和助动词或情态动词连用。
There have been many great changes in our country since then.
自从那时起我们国家就发生了巨大的变化。
There must be a mistake somewhere.
某个地方一定出错了。
2．there be句型中的be有时可用seem to be, appear to be, happen to be, used to be, have to be, remain, live, stand, lie, exist等替换。
There seems to be an announcement about the project.
关于这个项目似乎有一个通知。
There happened to be a man walking by.
碰巧有一个人路过。
3．there be结构的常用句式
There is no point/sense (in) doing sth.做某事没有意义。
There is no doubt about .../that ...毫无疑问……
There is no need (for sb.) to do sth.
(某人)没有必要做某事。
There is (no) difficulty/trouble in doing sth./with sth.
(做)某事(没)有困难/麻烦。
There is (no) possibility of (doing) sth./that ...
(做)某事(没)有可能性。
This doesn't mean we are becoming either more or less intelligent, but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing.
这并不意味着我们正变得比以前更聪明或是不如以前聪明，但是毫无疑问，我们使用记忆力的方式正在发生变化。
[集训中明晰考点]
考点1 倒装
1．(2017·江苏高考改编) (be) it not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.
解析：Were 句意：如果没有老师的支持，这名学生不可能克服她的困难。该句是省略if的虚拟条件句，if省略后需要将were提前构成倒装。
2．(2016·江苏高考改编)Not until recently (do) they encourage the development of tourist related activities in the rural areas.
解析：did 句意：直到最近他们才鼓励在农村地区发展与旅游相关的项目。not until放在句首时句子要使用部分倒装，此处指过去所发生的动作，应使用一般过去时。
3．(2021·苏州模拟)Typically, with high status and well paid jobs (come) far more pressure than assumed.
解析：comes 句意：通常情况下，社会地位高和薪水高的工作带来的压力远远超过人们的想象。为了强调而将作状语的介词短语放在句首，而将主语放到句末从而形成倒装，这种倒装句中的谓语多为以下不及物动词： come, lie, stand, walk, 且为全部倒装的形式。根据句意，此句应使用一般现在时，pressure是主语，谓语动词用comes。
4．(2021·郑州模拟)Only when the police showed her the evidence (do) she admit that she had stolen the money.
解析：did 句意：只有当警察把证据展示给她的时候，她才承认偷了钱。only＋状语从句置于句首，主句要用部分倒装，即be动词/情态动词/助动词放在主语前。此处时态要用一般过去时，故填did。
考点2 强调句型
1．(2018·天津高考改编)It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house we saw Lily in the passenger seat.
解析：that 句意：直到汽车停在了我们的房子前面的时候，我们才看到莉莉坐在乘客座上。此处是强调句型“It was＋被强调部分＋that＋其他部分”，本句强调的是时间状语从句。
2．(2017·天津高考改编)It was when I got back to my apartment I first came across my new neighbors.
解析：that 句意：正是当我回到公寓的时候，我第一次偶然遇见了我的新邻居们。此处为强调句型It was ...that ...，被强调的是句中的时间状语从句。
3．(2016·天津高考改编)You are waiting at a wrong place.It is at the hotel the coach picks up tourists.
解析：that 句意：你等错地方了。长途客车是在宾馆接游客的。去掉it is和空格处后句子结构依然完整，因此本句是一个强调句，故填that。
[自测中查漏补缺]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2021·长春模拟)But the fighting scenes alone don't explain the movie's success — it's also the patriotism (爱国主义) and spirit of the film projects that have deeply impressed Chinese audiences.
2．This technology did not spread to Europe until the 19th century，and it was by using the technology that the Americans drilled the first oil well in Pennsylvania in 1859.
3．The police were seeking more information to find out who it was that killed the rich merchant.
4．(2021·成都模拟)It was the driver who/that carried my luggage away, saying “you will be more comfortable if you put the luggage at the front row where no one takes the seat”．
5．(2020·南昌模拟)I think it is their frankness and enthusiasm that leaves a deep impression on their employers.
6．It was my father that helped him go through the cancer.
7．(2020·郑州模拟)It is always the firefighters that/who take the lead to run to the very center, saving lives by risking their own.
8．The city now is much noisier than it used to be (be)．
9．On the top of the hill stands (stand) a temple where the old man once lived.
10．Do (do) write to me when you get there.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．Not until 5 pm we set off back unwillingly. we前加did
2．Only in this way they become useful to society and enjoy a colorful life in the future.
way后加can
3．In conclusion, taking down pressure to work harder and you will achieve your goal.
taking→take
4．It's not just students which will face pressure. which→who/that
5．Only then had I realize the importance of learning English. had→did
6．That was with her help that I soon became a top student in our class. 第一个That→It
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2020·福州质检)At about 3 pm on October 2, carpentry students from Harvard H．Ellis Technical High School (Ellis Tech) in the United States 1 (put)the finishing touches on a ramp (坡道) for the handicapped at Northeast Placement Services.It was a thing of 2 (beautiful), leading from a platform outside one building to the entryway of the new Community Education Center.It was one year ago 3 students started the project.It took so long，because Ellis Tech has a rotating (轮流的) schedule — two weeks of academic work followed 4 two weeks of shop work.Their academic schedule made it difficult 5 (finish) the job very quickly.During the summer，work stopped altogether.
6 (arrive)at Ellis Tech，Senior Gabe Martel first didn't know he wanted to be a carpenter.He soon found the hands on activity was 7 (benefit)to him.One thing he learned is that no project goes according to plan.They had to follow building rules and adapt 8 (they) quickly.They had to work with the customer and learn to get along with their teammates.
The next project will be at the Brooklyn Fairgrounds，where students will rebuild a part of the main stage.Unless it's 9 (extreme) cold in winter, they'll work a couple of 10 (month)．
语篇解读：本文主要介绍了一所学校木匠班的特色实践项目的相关内容。
1．were putting 考查动词时态和主谓一致。分析句子成分可知，空处为句子的谓语，结合该句中的时间状语“At about 3 pm on October 2”可推知，此处表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作，应用过去进行时，且与句子主语carpentry students (复数形式)呼应，所以填were putting。
2．beauty 考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空处应用名词，作介词of的宾语，所以填beauty。
3．that 考查强调句型。分析句子结构可知，此处为强调句结构It was ... that ...，对句子的时间状语one year ago进行强调，所以填that。
4．by 考查介词。分析句子结构可知，破折号后为补充说明的内容，空前用了过去分词followed，表示被动概念，所以填by。
5．to finish 考查非谓语动词。此处考查make it＋形容词＋to do sth.，其中it作形式宾语，不定式短语作真正的宾语，所以填to finish。
6．Arriving 考查非谓语动词。分析句子成分可知，动词arrive和句子谓语didn't know之间没有连词，且和句子主语Senior Gabe Martel构成逻辑上的主谓关系，故用其现在分词形式Arriving。
7．beneficial 考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，空处应为形容词，在系动词was后作表语，所以填beneficial。
8．themselves 考查代词。adapt oneself“使自己适应”，是固定用法，又根据主语“They”可知，应填反身代词themselves。
9．extremely 考查副词。分析句子结构可知，空处应用副词，修饰形容词cold，作状语，所以填extremely。
10．months 考查名词复数。结合空前的a couple of (几个)可知，此处应用可数名词的复数形式，所以填months。
第二板块写作系列专项提能
我们在《分册一 微时光背诵》中已对高考常考的写作体裁进行了分类整理编写，通过一些经典范文的背诵、模仿，已掌握了各类体裁的写作范式和基本套路，掌握了基本的写作思路和要点。如果说模仿和背诵解决的是各体裁的写作个性问题，那么，本部分则通过如何写对、写美，解决写作中的共性问题。本部分与《分册一》的内容相辅相成、相促相长，实现了课堂与课下互补，双线并进、共同提高，以期帮学生解决写作“老大难”问题。
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7(共32张PPT)名词性从句
[语境中体悟用法]
朗读下面短文，体会、领悟加黑连接词引导的是什么从句，在从句中作什么成分。
What worries my classmate, Mary, a lot these days①is that she puts on too much weight and is frequently ill②.She has some doubts whether she eats too much fast food high in fat or sugar③.Also, with the College Entrance Examination approaching, she becomes more stressful and she couldn't sleep well these days.Maybe this is also the cause that she becomes fatter these days④， she thinks. How she becomes slimmer and healthier⑤has been her main task. So she wants to consult some experts and gain some instructions. But where she could get better suggestions and who will give her better advice⑥also puzzle her. It is her parents' suggestion that she should consult Professor Wang in Zhongshan Hospital⑦.Professor Wang suggests that she keep a balanced diet first⑧. She should eat vegetables and fruit high in fiber, vitamin and protein. What's more, if she wants to lose weight, she had better take regular exercise more than half an hour a day. Mary asked Professor Wang when she should take exercise⑨.Professor Wang advised her to take exercise at 5 o'clock in the afternoon because she will have more time to do sports.Thanks to Professor Wang, Mary has become much healthier now.
[用法体悟]
①为主语从句。What(＝The thing that)在从句中作主语。
②为表语从句。从句本身意思完整，不缺任何句子成分。
③为同位语从句。补充说明doubt的具体内容，因doubt (疑惑)的意思本身是不确定的，故由whether引导。
④为同位语从句。说明the cause的具体内容。
⑤为主语从句。表示“如何”变得苗条些和更健康些，故用how引导，how在从句中作方式状语。
⑥为主语从句。表示去“哪里”咨询、向“谁”咨询，故分别用where, who引导。
⑦为同位语从句。说明suggestion的具体内容，从句内容完整，不缺任何句子成分。
⑧为宾语从句。从句内容完整，不缺句子成分。
⑨为宾语从句。when在从句中作时间状语。
[系统中整合规则]
(一)主语从句
1．that引导的主语从句
that引导主语从句时，在从句中不作任何成分，也没有词汇意义，但一般不可省略。
That the earth goes around the sun is known to all.
众所周知，地球围着太阳转。
2．whether/if引导的主语从句
主语从句位于主句谓语动作前，表示“是否”，只能用whether。若用it作形式主语，则whether与if可互换。
Whether we can have clean drinking water lies in what effective measures will be taken by the government about water pollution.
我们能否有干净的饮用水依赖于政府对水污染将采取什么样的有效措施。
3．wh 类连接词引导的主语从句
wh 类连接词包括连接代词(who, whom, whose, what, whoever, whomever, whatever等)和连接副词(when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等)。
What Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.
芭芭拉·琼斯展现给她的粉丝们的是诚实和快乐。
4．it作形式主语的主语从句
有时为保持句子平衡，常用it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。
It isn't likely that I should accept such an offer as that.
我不可能接受像那样的帮助。
It's no wonder that he didn't want to go.
难怪他不想去。
(二)宾语从句
1．that引导的宾语从句
that引导宾语从句时无词义，在从句中不作成分，口语中一般可以省略，但下列情况下不能省略：
(1)当that从句作介词的宾语时。
(2)动词后跟有多个that引导的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略，从第二个从句开始that不可省略。
2．whether与if引导的宾语从句
whether与if引导宾语从句时，在从句中不作任何成分，但有具体的含义，意为“是否”。在下列情况下只能用whether而不能用if：
(1)宾语从句中有or not且直接跟在关系词后时，只能用whether。
I don't know whether or not the report is true.
＝I don't know whether/if the report is true or not.
我不知道这个报道是否是真的。
(2)介词后的宾语从句要用whether，whether可与不定式连用。
It depends on whether we have enough time.
这取决于我们是否有充足的时间。
They don't know whether to go there.
他们不知道是否去那里。
3．连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句
连接代词和连接副词引导宾语从句时既充当句子成分又有具体词义，且不可省略。
Our teachers always tell us to believe in what we do and who we are if we want to succeed.
我们的老师总是告诉我们，如果想成功的话，就要相信我们所做的事以及我们自己。
4．it作形式宾语的宾语从句
(1)一些动词后的宾语从句有宾语补足语时，则需要用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。常见的这类动词有find, think, consider, believe, guess, suppose, make等。
He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed.
他清楚地表明会议不会被推迟。
(2)hate, like, dislike, appreciate, enjoy等表示“喜欢”“厌恶”的动词以及一些动词短语see to, depend on, rely on等后面常用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。
I shall see to it that he is taken good care of when you are absent.
你不在的时候，我负责把他照顾好。
(三)表语从句
1．that/whether/because/as if (though)引导的表语从句
(1)that, whether引导的表语从句。
在表语从句中，that无词义，一般不能省略；whether意为“是否”。
The problem is whether the air pollution can be controlled.
问题是空气污染能否被控制住。
(2)as if/though引导的表语从句，有时可用虚拟语气。
The thick smog covered the whole city.It was as if/ though a great black blanket had been thrown over it.
厚重的烟雾覆盖着整座城市，好像一个厚厚的黑色毯子扔到它的上面。
(3)because, why引导的表语从句。
He failed.That is because he didn't work hard.
他失败了。那是因为他没有努力工作。
2．连接代词、连接副词引导的表语从句
(1)连接代词有：who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whomever, whosever, whatever, whichever等。连接代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
(2)连接副词有：when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等。连接副词在从句中作状语。
I'd like to start my own business — that's what I'd do if I had the money.
我愿意自己创业——那就是如果我有钱将会做的事情。
That was where we camped last time.
那就是我们上次野营的地方。
(四)同位语从句的连接词
同位语从句在句中作某一名词(news, fact, idea, desire, suggestion, promise, information等)的同位语，一般位于该名词之后，说明该名词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的连接词主要有that, whether, why, who, where, how, when等。在同位语从句中，that和whether不作成分，that无词义，whether表示“是否”；if不能引导同位语从句。引导同位语从句的连接词一般都不能省略。
The report that he was going to resign was false.
他将辞职的报道是假的。
[集训中明晰考点]
考点1 连接词that与whether/if
(1)that只起连接的作用，无词义，不充当句子成分；在宾语从句中可以省略，但在主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中不能省略；
(2)连接词whether表示“是否”，只起连接的作用，不充当句子成分，在部分宾语从句及it作形式主语的主语从句中可以替换成if。
1．(2020·江苏高考改编)It is not a problem we can win the battle; it's just a matter of time.
解析：whether/if 句意：我们能否打赢这场战争不是问题；这只是时间问题。句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的从句。句中的not a problem暗示空格处表示“是否”，故用whether/if引导主语从句。
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)While they are rare north of 88°， there is evidence they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.
解析：that 分析句子结构可知，设空处引导同位语从句，解释说明evidence的内容，从句中不缺少成分且意义完整，故填that。
3．(2018·浙江11月高考)It is possible caffeine may cause birth defects (缺陷) in humans, too.
解析：that 分析句子结构可知，该句是一个主从复合句，it作形式主语，真正的主语是设空处引导的从句，故填that。
4．(2021·德州模拟) Tom will win the computer competition remains a secret till next Monday.
解析：Whether 句意：汤姆是否能赢得电脑比赛要保密到下周一。remain前面是主语从句，根据句意可知用whether引导，表示“是否”。引导主语从句且位于句首，只用whether不用if。
考点2 连接代词
连接代词who“谁”， whom“谁”， whose“谁的”， what“什么；……的内容/事情；多么”， which“哪一个”等不但起连接作用，也在从句中作名词或代词所作的成分，如主语、表语、宾语、定语等。如果缺少连接代词，则从句不完整。
1．(2020·浙江7月高考)Over thousands of years, they began to depend less on could be hunted or gathered from the wild，and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
解析：what 句意：几千年来，他们开始对从野外猎取或采集的东西依赖变少，而更多地依赖他们饲养的动物和播种的农作物。分析句子结构可知， could be hunted or gathered from the wild作depend on的宾语，且从句中又缺少主语。因此填连接代词what。
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I'm not sure is more frightened, me or the female gorilla (大猩猩) that suddenly appears out of nowhere.
解析：who 句意：我不确定谁更害怕，是我还是那只不知从何处突然蹦出来的雌性大猩猩。根据句意和句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，并在从句中作主语，表示“谁”，故填who。
3．(2018·北京高考改编)This is my father has taught me — to always face difficulties and hope for the best.
解析：what 句意：这就是父亲教给我的——总是面对困难并且寄予最大的希望。表语从句中动词taught缺少直接宾语， 且表示“……的东西”，故填what。
4．(2021·开封模拟)In her panic she couldn't remember was Mr Grainger's cabin.
解析：which 空处引导宾语从句并在从句中作主语，表示“哪一个”，应填which。
考点3 连接副词
连接副词how “……的方式”，when“……的时间”，where“……的地方”，why“……的原因”不但起连接作用，且在从句中作状语，表示方式、时间、地点和原因等。
1．(2018·北京高考改编)Without his support, we wouldn't be we are now.
解析：where 句意：要是没有他的帮助，我们就不会是现在的情形了。设空处引导表语从句，表示的是具有抽象意义的地点，故用where引导。
2．(2018·江苏高考改编)By boat is the only way to get here, which is we arrived.
解析：how 句意：坐船是到达这里唯一的方式，这就是我们如何到达的。how 引导表语从句，作方式状语。
3．I didn't understand this would happen and my credit card had already been charged for the reservation.
解析：why understand后为宾语从句，根据语境可知，不明白的应该是原因，表示“为什么”，故填why。
考点4 “疑问词＋ ever”类连接词
此类连接词有whatever “无论什么”，whoever“无论谁”， whichever“无论哪一个”，whenever“无论何时”，wherever“无论何地”，however“无论怎么样”等，不但起连接作用，而且在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。
1．(2020·江苏高考改编)This actor often has the first two tricks planned before performing，and then goes for .
解析：whatever 句意：这个演员时常在表演前就计划好前两个技巧，然后全力以赴。介词for后接宾语，此处表示无范围的选择，故用whatever。此处可视为名词性从句的省略，即．..goes for whatever he wants。
2．(2020·天津5月高考改编)My grandmother helped me believe that I could accomplish I put my mind to.
解析：whatever 句意：我的祖母帮助我相信我能完成我下定决心要做的任何事情。这是一个含有宾语从句的复合句，且引导词在从句中作介词to的宾语，表示“无论什么，任何事情”，故用whatever。
3．(2018·天津高考改编)The gold medal will be awarded to wins the first place in the bicycle race.
解析：whoever 句意：这块金牌将颁发给在这场自行车比赛中获得第一名的人。从句中缺主语且表示“人”，因此填whoever引导宾语从句并在从句中作主语。
4．(2017·北京高考改编)Every year, makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
解析：whoever 句意：每年，在风筝节上，制作出最漂亮风筝的人将会获奖。根据句子结构和句意可知，主语从句中缺少表示人的主语，故填whoever。
[自测中查漏补缺]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2021·长郡中学模拟)Anyone can practice it and what is required is a simple set including: a brush, ink and paper.
2．(2021·六安模拟)After warning him that he would regret doing it, God made him be sold to a tile maker.
3．One concern relates to a lack of control over what appears on the Internet.
4．(2021·安庆模拟)This is because such programs are not natural.
5．He asked me whether/if I would be interested in doing a part time job in one of their leading hotels.
6．(2021·黄冈高三模拟)Before serving tea, you may ask them for their preferences as to what kind of tea they fancy and serve them the tea in the most appropriate teacups.
7．(2021·烟台高三模拟)What we should do is to get creative and come up with alternative ways to celebrate.
8．(2021·汕头三模)My belief is where there is a will, there is a way.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．We must find out where Karl is coming，so we can book a room for him. where→when
2．The police told him what it had happened: his car had been on a private parking lot and had been taken away by the police. 去掉it
3．To make matters worse, I had to share a double room with someone I did not know，despite the fact I had paid for a single room. fact后加that
4．As the College Entrance Examination will be held in June, the students should make full use of time to review that what they have learned. 去掉that
5．It's good for us to eat which are rich in vitamins and minerals every day, that is, some fresh vegetables and fruit. which→what
6．Whenever I want to see it, that I must do is to close my eyes, and it will appear in front of me. that→what
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2021·惠州调研)Today, Mount Qomolangma's peak is not a lonely place any more.Over 3,500 people have 1 (successful)climbed the mountain over the past year.Meanwhile, climbers have complained about 2 (wait)for hours in the bottlenecks.
In fact，the dangerous 3 (crowd)aren't the only problem.All those climbers need 4 (bring)a lot of gear (设备), much of which ends up being left on the mountain.It is becoming the world's 5 (tall) rubbish dump.
But the good news is 6 some mountaineers have started to clean up Qomolangma.Mountaineers Paul and Eberhard are part of Eco Everest Expedition, which has been cleaning up rubbish since 2008.So far they 7 (collect) over 13 tons of garbage.
Some of that rubbish is even being used for 8 higher purpose.As part of the Mount Everest 8,848 Art Project，a group of 15 artists from Nepal collected 1.5 tons of garbage.They've changed the cans and oxygen tanks into 74 pieces of art that have already been exhibited 9 Nepal's capital.Part of the profit from sales 10 (be)available for the Everest Peakeers Association which has helped collect rubbish off the mountain.
语篇解读：文章主要介绍了珠穆朗玛峰的污染情况以及现在采取的应对污染的措施和取得的成效。
1．successfully 考查副词。修饰climbed应用副词，故填successfully。
2．waiting 考查动名词。此处介词about之后应用动名词形式，故填waiting。
3．crowds 考查名词复数。根据空前的形容词dangerous可知，空处应用名词形式，crowd “人群”为可数名词，且句子的谓语aren't为复数形式，所以应用复数形式crowds。
4．to bring 考查动词不定式。此处表示所有这些登山者都需要带着大量设备，故此处用need to do sth.“需要做某事”。
5．tallest 考查形容词的最高级。根据句中的the world's“全世界范围内的”可知，此处表示最高级的含义，故用形容词最高级tallest。
6．that 考查名词性从句。分析句子结构并结合句意可知，空处引导表语从句，引导词在从句中不充当成分，仅起连接作用，故用that引导该从句。
7．have collected 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据句中的时间状语So far可知，此处表示截止到现在已收集的垃圾数量，所以应用现在完成时；又主语they为复数，故填have collected。
8．a 考查冠词。此处表示“一个更高的目标”，表泛指，在文中第一次提到，且higher的发音以辅音音素开头，故用a。
9．in 考查介词。根据句意可知，此处表示“在尼泊尔的首都”，故填in。
10．is 考查时态和主谓一致。根据语境可知，此处为一般性描述，应用一般现在时；该句主语为“Part of the profit from sales”，此处表示单数概念，应填is。
Ⅳ.短文改错
My grandpa worked as a carpenter, who has devoted all his energy for carpentry for almost sixty years. Several years before, he began to make wooden models of farm tools. On National Day when I returned back and visited him with my parents, he showed me that he had created. He hopes he could expose people to the traditionally way of farming. Now every day, he prepares raw material in the yard, measures them, and polishes them. I've also picked up carpentry as hobby of mine. Now I am able to make a model by me. And I am determined to make it know to more.
答案：第一句：worked→works; 第一个for→to
第二句：before→ago
第三句：去掉returned后的back; that→what
第四句：traditionally→traditional
第五句：material→materials
第六句：hobby前加a
第七句：me→myself
第八句：know→known
PAGE
9(共42张PPT)定语从句
[语境中体悟用法]
朗读下面短文，体会、领悟加黑单词为哪类关系词，在从句中充当什么成分，修饰的先行词是什么。
It was the summer of 2012, when①I came to Guangning No. 1 Senior High School. Our school is a wonderful place, where②I can see a lot of beautiful buildings and a large square. Our classroom, the roof of which③looks like a rocket in the distance, is located in the center of our school. The main reason why④I like our school is that I can make many friends. I can get along with my classmates here, two of whom⑤are my best friends. Jack, who⑥comes from Tanbu Junior High School, is very active. He likes various sports, among which⑦he likes running most. He will run 5 kilometers every day, which⑧makes him look strong. Nick, whose⑨father is a teacher in Lianhe Junior High School, studies very hard. We often talk about the people and the things that⑩we see in our school. Nick prefers the food that is made in our canteen. The teacher whom he likes is Mr Zhang, our math teacher, while my beloved teacher is my English teacher, Miss Chen. To be honest, I gradually fall in love with our school.
[用法体悟]
①先行词是the summer of 2012，在定语从句中作时间状语，用关系副词when (＝in which)引导定语从句。
②先行词是a wonderful place，在定语从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where (＝at which)引导定语从句。
③先行词是Our classroom，指物，关系词应用which。the roof of which中的of表所属关系，意为“我们教室的屋顶”。
④先行词是The main reason，在定语从句中作原因状语，用why引导。
⑤先行词是my classmates，指人，关系词应用whom。two of whom中的of表示部分与整体的关系，意为“我的同班同学中的两个人”。
⑥先行词是Jack，在定语从句中作主语，用who引导。
⑦先行词是various sports，关系词在介词among后作宾语，只能用which。
⑧先行词是“He will run 5 kilometers every day”整个句子，并在从句中作主语，定语从句应用which引导。
⑨先行词是Nick，在定语从句中作定语，表示Nick's，用whose引导。
⑩先行词是the people and the things，既指人又指物，通常用that引导。
先行词是the food，在定语从句中作主语，故用that或which引导。
先行词是The teacher，在定语从句中作likes的宾语，故用whom或who引导。
[系统中整合规则]
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限制性和非限制性从句(与主句之间用逗号隔开)两种。定语从句的基本结构为：先行词＋关系代词或关系副词＋从句。关系词有三大作用：指代先行词；引导定语从句；在从句中充当句子成分。
(一)关系代词的用法
1．关系代词的基本用法
关系代词 修饰的先行词 在从句中所作成分
who 人 作主语、宾语
whom 人 作宾语
which 事物 作主语、宾语
that 人或事物 作主语、宾语、表语
whose 人或事物 作定语
as 人或事物，一般用于“such ...as” “the same ...as” “as ...as”结构中 作主语、宾语
The TV organizers had planned to find four musicians who could act as well as sing.
电视制作人打算找4 位既能表演又能唱歌的音乐家。
The tree which is in front of my house is more than ten years old.
我家房前的那棵树已经十多年了。
2．五种只用that而不用which的情况
(1)先行词是不定代词all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时；
Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself
你有什么要为自己说的吗？
(2)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或the only, the very (恰恰，正好), the last, all, no, few, little, any等修饰时；
This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.
这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。
This is the only thing that we can do now.
这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。
(3)先行词既有人又有物时；
The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.
你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就为我们所有人所钦佩。
(4)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中也作表语时；
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
上海不再是过去的那座城市了。
(5)当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。
Who is the person that is standing at the gate
站在门口的那个人是谁？
3．which与as引导非限制性定语从句的3点区别
which as
位置上 只能放在主句的后面 位置灵活，可位于句首、句中也可置于句末
搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see, hear, know, expect, remember等
意思上 意为“这一点” 表示“正如……，正像……的那样”
She married again, which was unexpected.
她再婚了，这是始料未及的。
She married again, as we expected.
正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。
(二)关系副词的用法
先行词 关系副词 在从句中所作成分 与“介词＋关系代词”的关系
表示时间的名词：time, day, year等 when 作时间状语 ＝at/in/on/during which
表示场所的名词：park, place， country, house等 where 作地点状语 ＝in/at/to/on which
表示理由或原因的名词：reason why 作原因状语 ＝for which
We live in an age when more information is available with great ease than ever before.
我们生活在一个比以前更容易获得更多信息的时代。
Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other.
古代中国是各诸侯国之间经常发生战争的地方。
(三)“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
“介词＋关系代词”既能引导限制性定语从句，又能引导非限制性定语从句。先行词指物时，关系代词用which；先行词指人时，关系代词用whom；关系代词whose与所修饰的名词也可同时放在介词之后。
The USA is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken.
美国是一个说许多不同方言的大国。
He is the person on whom you can depend.
他是你可以信赖的人。
He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag.
他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。
[集训中明晰考点]
考点1 根据在从句中充当的成分选择恰当的关系词
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Because the moon's body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
解析：where 分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，修饰a spot，且所填词在从句中作地点状语，故填关系副词where。
2．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)In ancient China lived an artist paintings were almost lifelike.
解析：whose 关系词在定语从句中作定语，修饰paintings，故填whose。
3．(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum opened in 1759.
解析：which/that 分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，修饰the British Museum(指物)，且从句中缺少主语，故用关系代词which/that。
4．(2020·北京高考)Some university students carried out a campaign they spent their whole day without cell phones.
解析：where 分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为campaign，空处在从句中作地点状语，故填where。
5．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)They were well trained by their masters had great experience with caring for these animals.
解析：who 分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词their masters，且在从句中作主语，故填关系代词who。
6．(2019·浙江6月高考)On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth gives off light in the dark.
解析：that/which 分析句子结构可知，先行词是cloth，设空处引导定语从句，且在从句中作主语，故用关系代词that/which。
考点2 关系副词where的特殊用法
where引导定语从句时，先行词除了可以是表示具体地点的名词(如place, home, school, village等)外，还可以是表示抽象地点的名词(如job, life, situation, point, case, stage, activity等)。
1．(2021·抚州模拟)“Spit take” refers to an act someone spits liquid out of his or her mouth when he or she hears something funny or surprising.
解析：where 句意：“笑喷”指的是当某人听到有趣或令人惊讶的事情时，从他或她的嘴里吐出液体的行为。设空处引导定语从句修饰act，引导词在从句中作地点状语，因此使用where引导。
2．(2021·淄博模拟)Sales director is a position communication ability is just as important as sales skills.
解析：where 句意：销售经理是一个交流能力和销售技能一样重要的职位。空处引导定语从句，先行词position在定语从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where。
3．(2020·扬州模拟)To learn English effectively, you should not only have a good command of the grammar, but understand the culture it is spoken.
解析：where 句意：为了有效地学英语，你不仅要掌握好语法，还要明白它被说的那种文化。分析句子可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词culture，并在从句中充当地点状语，故用关系副词where。
考点3 关系代词只用that不用which的情况
1．(2021·汕头模拟)This is the only one of the best films has been shown this year.
解析：that 先行词为the only one，关系词应该用that，在从句中作主语。
2．(2021·鞍山模拟)So I stopped the first cab drove by my house.
解析：that 先行词被序数词修饰时关系代词要用that。
3．(2021·六安模拟) He wasted it on something is unnecessary.
解析：that 先行词是不定代词时关系代词要用that。
4．(2021·青岛模拟)He expressed his hope that he would visit China again the next year, and this was the very hope he expressed as soon as he arrived in the country.
解析：that 句意：他表示希望明年再次访问中国，这也是他一到中国就表达的希望。hope为先行词，且被the very修饰，故关系词用that。
考点4 关系代词as
先行词被such, the same, “so＋形容词＋a/an”“as＋形容词＋a/an”修饰时，关系代词要用as。
1．(2021·昆明模拟)He pointed out such a crucial detail about the experiment we could never neglect.
解析：as 句意：他指出有关实验的一个我们绝不能忽视的关键细节。根据句意判断，先行词为a crucial detail，在定语从句中作neglect的宾语，且先行词被such修饰，故用关系代词as。
2．(2021·郑州模拟)Because of health problems, Peter cannot continue to work at the same full space he has done up to now.
解析：as 句意：由于健康问题，彼得不能继续这样到现在为止一直从事的全速工作了。pace是先行词，在后面的定语从句中作宾语，由于前面有the same，故用as。
3．(2021·徐州模拟)It was funny that he should have told such a funny story made everyone present burst into laughter.
解析：as 句意：真有趣，他竟然讲了那样一个让在场的每一个人都放声大笑的滑稽故事。先行词是story，其前有such修饰，故用as引导。
考点5 非限制性定语从句中关系词的选择
(1)关系代词和关系副词在任何情况下都不能省略；
(2)关系代词要用which和who，不能用that；如果关系代词表示人且紧跟在介词后，只能用whom，不能用who和that；
(3)关系副词when, where可用于非限制性定语从句，而关系副词why不可以。
1．(2020·天津7月高考改编)Dr.Rowan， secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.
解析：whose 句意：罗恩博士不得不自己做所有的打字工作，他的秘书两周前辞职了。secretary与先行词Dr.Rowan之间为所属关系，空格处在从句中作定语，需用whose。
2．(2020·天津5月高考改编)Mr.Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990s， he gave it to his grandson.
解析：when 句意：史密斯先生拥有这幅油画，直到20世纪90年代初，他把它给了他的孙子。这是一个含有非限制性定语从句的主从复合句，从句缺少时间状语，因此用when引导定语从句，修饰先行词the early 1990s。
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, she opened with her late husband Les.
解析：which 分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，关系词在句中替代先行词the pet shop在从句中作opened的宾语，故填关系代词which。
4．(2021·昆明模拟)Professor Smith, for work matters most, is devoted to his research work.
解析：whom 句意：史密斯教授致力于他的研究工作，工作对他最重要。空处为“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，修饰先行词Professor Smith，且做介词for的宾语，指人，故用whom。
考点6
“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择
(1)根据定语从句中动词、形容词的某种习惯搭配来确定；
(2)根据与先行词搭配的具体含义而定；
(3)根据所表达的意思来确定。
1．(2020·江苏高考改编)Many lessons are now available online, which students can choose for free.
解析：from 句意：现在网上有很多课程，学生可以免费从中选择(来学习)。这是“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词是Many lessons(指物)，从句谓语为choose，常和from搭配，故用from which来引导。
2．(2021·扬州模拟)There are many occasions which you are left in a helpless situation, which you can depend on no one other than yourself.
解析：on; in 句意：很多时候你处于无助的境地，在这种情况下，除了自己，你谁也依靠不了。第一空用on which引导定语从句修饰occasions，on many occasions表示“很多时候”；第二空用in which引导定语从句修饰situation，situation表示抽象的地点，其前常用介词in。
3．(2021·徐州模拟)She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction which had taken more than three years.
解析：of 句意：她领着游客们参观了博物馆，这座博物馆的建设花了三年多的时间。空处为“介词＋关系代词”结构引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词museum，且此处construction与museum为所属关系，故应用介词of。
[自测中查漏补缺]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government started a soil testing program that/which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
2．(2021·菏泽模拟)The teen, who is black and only speaks some basic Chinese, has been praised by teachers since he picked up the music as a kindergartener.
3．In addition, due to people's awful impression of the smoking people, the habit will limit our social network, which will finally lead to loneliness.
4．(2021·常德模拟)As is widely accepted, in the Middle East Arabs greet each other by touching noses, but this is not a polite way of greeting in other cultures.
5．(2021·重庆模拟)The report has also drawn criticism, with some scientists arguing that the data on which it is based is not wide and representative enough to generate a single number for the decline of wildlife worldwide.
6．After some time，when both of you have renewed your confidence in each other, go back to the time when you nearly fell apart.
7．(2021·淄博模拟)Badaling is the most famous of the five sections that lie near Beijing and can be accessed easily.
8．Beijing Opera has a history of 200 years, whose origin can be seen as old local operas, especially Anhui Opera.
9．(2020·衡水模拟)In the following years, there were fewer drop outs and more college graduates in my village, which I am proud of even today.
10．(2020·六盘山模拟)Being in a big，busy building in a country where I could not speak the language made me nervous, but as I found my way, I gained confidence.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．On the other hand, I can see the singers' stories, who are so inspiring.who→which
2．It's a really beautiful school in our city, that many flowers and trees have been planted.that→where
3．We asked one of the workers what it was, and he told us it was an animal care center, there the sick animals got treated.there→where
4．It is hard to be mean to someone is being nice.someone后加who/that
5．I wanted to swim in the river, which some women villagers were washing clothes.which→where或which前加in
6．Then Mr Green read some views of the play, that said it was a terrible one.that→which
Ⅲ.语法填空
A Relay Event Brings Diverse Cultures Together
When Herman Kambugu received the good news he was expecting, he did something unusual.He ran for 32km in 1 (celebrate)．Kambugu，who works for the Standard Chartered Bank(StanChart)in Uganda，was among the over 86,000 employees around the world who had attempted 2 (take)part in a relay across Belt and Road countries as a way to see how the Belt and Road Initiative (“一带一路”倡议) is developing.Kambugu and seven more of his co workers in StanChart's offices around the world visited 44 destinations along the Belt and Road routes, 3 helped them understand the initiative better.
Kambugu 4 (witness)how the Belt and Road Initiative is changing life for 5 better in East Africa so far.“The Mombasa — Nairobi Railway has not only shortened transportation time, but also created over 20,000 jobs for local people in Kenya，”he said.Serena Leung from the Hong Kong office said 6 she had seen during her journey impressed 7 (she)．In some places, people greeted them in Mandarin.They spoke it 8 (fluently)than some people from Hong Kong, she said jokingly.
“By running together，we run further，” added Therese Neo, a customer manager from the Singapore office.As she saw it, the countries 9 (participate)in the Belt and Road Initiative were like the 10 (runner)．When they join forces，they have a better shared future.
语篇解读：为领略“一带一路”倡议的发展，银行职员Herman Kambugu和他的同事参加了奔越“一带一路”沿途国家的接力赛。通过这项活动，他们深刻体会到“一带一路”倡议让参与国的人民的生活更美好。
1．celebration 考查名词。根据空前的介词in可知，空处应填名词celebration。
2．to take 考查非谓语动词。attempt to do sth.为固定用法，意为“尝试做某事”。
3．which 考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，引导词在从句中作主语，先行词为空前的整个主句，故用which引导该定语从句。
4．has witnessed 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据该句中的时间状语“so far”可知，该句应用现在完成时；由该句主语Kambugu可知，主语为第三人称单数，故谓语动词用单数形式。
5．the 考查冠词。此处表示使生活变得更好，for the better“有所好转”，为固定搭配，故用定冠词the。
6．what 考查主语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导主语从句，作从句中had seen的宾语，表示“……的事物”，故用what引导该主语从句，表示“她所看到的”。
7．her 考查代词。空处作及物动词impressed的宾语，故用宾格代词her。
8．more fluently 考查副词的比较级。根据该句中的“than”可知，空处用其比较级。
9．participating 考查非谓语动词。分析该句结构可知，the countries和动词participate之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用其现在分词形式。
10．runners 考查名词复数。runner为可数名词，又主语the countries为复数，故此处表示多个奔跑者，应用复数形式。
Ⅳ.短文改错
Traditionally, Chinese people pay little attention to our birthdays. But they do when they are the age of sixty. The sixty birthday is regarded as a key point of life and a big celebration is necessarily. Sons and daughters are usually in the charge of that. They think it's a good chance to show respect and expressing their thanks for what their parents had done. On the birthday morning the father and the mother will eat long noodles, that symbolize a long life in China. Eggs are also among the best choice of food taken on the day.
答案：第一句：our→their
第二句：the age前加at
第三句：sixty→sixtieth; necessarily→necessary
第四句：去掉charge前的the
第五句：expressing→express; had→have
第六句：and→or; that→which
第七句：choice→choices
PAGE
10(共45张PPT)状语从句
[语境中体悟用法]
朗读下面短文，体会、领悟加黑连词的用法及引导的状语从句的类型。
My mother was cooking in the kitchen while①I was doing my school assignments. As soon as②I finished my homework, I went to get some water to drink. Then the doorbell rang. However, my sister unlocked the door before③I could open it. We were surprised the moment④we saw her because⑤her clothes and face were terribly dirty.She looked much poorer than⑥we expected. Since⑦we didn't know what had happened to her, we stood there and waited for my sister's story.We wouldn't leave unless⑧my sister told us all about it.After⑨my sister got changed, she told us that she fell into a ditch when⑩she walked on a path on her way to my uncle's home in the countryside. She couldn't get out of the ditch.Although she cried for help, no one could hear her. She tried to climb out of it, but, however hard she tried, she failed to escape from it.As time went by, she got worried. After several vain attempts she had to stand where she was and waited until a boy student passed by and gave her a hand. The boy reached her a long rope and told her to climb with the rope.She did as the boy told, so she came out.My sister also warned us to be careful when walking on a path even though/if we are in a great hurry.That's true. We should mind our step so that we can ensure our safety.
[用法体悟]
①while引导时间状语从句，强调主从句动作同时进行，意为“当……时候”。
②as soon as引导时间状语从句，表示“一……就……”。
③before引导时间状语从句，表示“还没来得及就……”。
④名词词组如the moment/the second/the day/the first time/next time ...等可以用来引导时间状语从句。
⑤because引导原因状语从句。如果后接名词性短语表示原因，则用because of引导。
⑥than引导比较状语从句。
⑦对大家已知的事实提供理由或背景时，常用since引导，意思是“既然”。其引导的原因状语从句多在主句之前。
⑧unless＝if ...not，有“除非，如果不”之意，引导条件状语从句。
⑨after引导时间状语从句。
⑩when表示“当……时”，引导时间状语从句。
引导让步状语从句时，可以用although或though，主句可以与副词still连用，但不能再与连词but连用。
however引导让步状语从句时，相当于no matter how。
引导时间状语从句，表示“随着”时，只能用as。
引导地点状语从句时，用where/wherever，表示“在……的地方”。
until引导时间状语从句，表示“直到……”，主句谓语需用延续性动词。
as引导方式状语从句，意思是“按照，像……那样”。
so引导结果状语从句。
when doing ...为时间状语从句的省略形式，当从句主语与主句主语一致且含有be动词时，可省略从句主语与be动词，构成省略形式。
even though/if引导让步状语从句，表示“即使，尽管”。
so that“以便，为了”引导目的状语从句，可替换为in order that。
[系统中整合规则]
(一)状语从句的连词
从句 连词
时间状语从句 when, while, as, till/until, before, after, since, directly, the moment/instant, each/every time, whenever, once, as soon as等
地点状语从句 where, wherever等
条件状语从句 if, unless, providing, as long as, on condition that, in case等
让步状语从句 though, although, even if/even though, as, while, whatever, whenever, wherever, however, “no matter＋疑问词”等
原因状语从句 because, since, as, now that, seeing that, considering that, in that等
目的状语从句 so that(为了), lest, in case, for fear that, in order that等
结果状语从句 so that(因此), so ...that ..., such ... that ...等
比较状语从句 as ... as ..., than等
方式状语从句 as if/as though, as等
(二)时间状语从句的易混点
1．when, while与as引导的时间状语从句
连词 从句的谓语动词 用法
when 延续性动词；非延续性动词 从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时发生，也可以先后发生
while 延续性动词 从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生
as 延续性动词 强调主从句动作相伴发生，可译为“一边……一边……；随着”
Metals expand when they are heated.
金属受热时膨胀。
While/When I was reading, he came in.
我正在看书时，他进来了。
The students sang as they walked.学生们边走边唱。
2．before与since引导的时间状语从句
连词 词义 常用句式
before 在……之前；还没来得及……就……；……才……；趁着…… It will (not) be＋一段时间＋before“(没有)过……(时间)就……”It was not/won't be long before ...“不久……就……”It was＋时间段＋before ...“过了……(时间)才……”
since 自从……以来 It is/has been＋一段时间＋since ...(从句用一般过去时)
(三)结果状语从句的易错点
so ...that ...和such ...that ...引导结果状语从句，表示“如此……以至于……”。结构形式如下：
There was so little food at home that we had to go out to buy some.
家里几乎没有食物了，我们只好出去买一些。
There was such a crush on the train that I could hardly breathe.
火车上挤得我都喘不过气来。
[集训中明晰考点]
考点1 引导时间状语从句的连词
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ) he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and pointed down the river.
解析：When/As 空处引导时间状语从句，表示“当……时”，故填When/As。
2．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Over time, the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.
解析：as/when 句意：慢慢地，随着人口的增加/当人口增加时，为了使食物熟得更快，人们开始把食物切成小块。根据句意可知，此处应用as/when引导时间状语从句。
3．(2016·四川高考)The mother held the baby in her front paws much the way a human does. it cried, she rocked it back and forth and gave it little comforting pats.
解析：When/If 第二句句意：当它哭的时候/如果它哭了，熊猫妈妈会来回摇晃它，轻轻拍打，给它安慰。根据句意可知，应填When或If。
4．(2021·淮北模拟)The meaning of the word “nice” changed a few times it finally came to include the sense “pleasant”．
解析：before 句意：“nice”这个单词的含义改变了很多次才终于包含了“快乐”的感觉。根据句意，空处应填before引导时间状语从句。
考点2 引导让步状语从句的连词
1．(2020·天津5月高考改编) he could give her sympathy, any practical help was almost beyond him.
解析：Although/Though 句意：尽管他能给予她同情，但任何实际的帮助几乎都是他力所不及的。根据句意可知，前后句之间存在让步关系，表示“尽管”，故用Although/ Though引导让步状语从句。
2．(2021·中山模拟)A pair of red shoes — they are for sports, dances or just fashion — is a must have for every Chinese woman's shoe collection.
解析：whether 句意：一双红色的鞋子，不管是为了运动、跳舞，还是仅仅为了时尚，是每一位中国女性鞋子收藏中的必备品。根据句意可知，此处whether ...or ...引导让步状语从句，故填whether。
3．(2021·威海模拟) the Internet has changed our life, not all of its effects have been positive.
解析：While/Though/Although 句意：虽然互联网已经改变了我们的生活，但并不是所有的影响都是积极的。根据句意可知，前后两句为逻辑上的让步关系。
考点3 引导条件状语从句的连词
1．(2019·天津高考改编)Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents' opinion he wants their support.
解析：unless 句意：汤姆如此独立，以至于他从来都不征求父母的意见，除非他想得到他们的支持。根据语境可知，这里用从属连词unless“除非”引导条件状语从句。
2．(2018·北京高考改编) we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.
解析：If 句意：如果我们不阻止气候变化，世界上的许多动植物将会消失。根据句意可知，此处应该用 if 引导条件状语从句，表示主句内容发生的条件。
3．(2021·漯河模拟)The sales of houses in our city fell by 40 percent last month, and it will be 48 percent we don't count low price houses provided for poor residents.
解析：if 句意：我们城市的房屋销售量上个月下降了40%，如果不计算为贫困居民提供的低价房屋，销售量将会下降48%。分析句意可知，此处引导条件状语从句，表示“如果”，应用if。
4．(2021·惠州模拟)Life doesn't count for much you're willing to do your small part to leave our children a better world.
解析：unless 句意：如果你不愿意付出你的努力给孩子们留下一个更加美好的世界，生活就没有意义。根据句意可知本句应该使用连词unless“除非，如果……不……”引导条件状语从句。
考点4 引导结果状语从句的连词
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)On our way to the house, it was raining hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take to get there.
解析：so 根据空格后的hard以及其后的that从句可知此句含“so＋adj./adv.＋that ...”引导的结果状语从句，故填so。
2．(2021·柳州模拟)Such an honest person is he you can turn to him when you are in trouble.
解析：that 句意：他是如此诚实的一个人，以至于你可以在困难时向他求助。结合句意和句子结构可知，此处考查结果状语从句such ...that ...，故填that。
3．(2021·淮北模拟)Well educated employees can undertake most common jobs easily, so the efficiency of the society is guaranteed.
解析：that 句意：受过良好教育的员工可以轻松从事最普通的工作，从而保证社会的效率。结合句意，上下文为因果关系，用so that引导结果状语从句。
4．(2021·哈尔滨模拟)It was nice weather that we were able to have lunch in the garden.
解析：such 句意：天气这么好，我们能在花园里吃午饭。根据句意及句子结构可知，本题考查“such＋adj.＋名词”，故填such。
5．(2021·保山模拟)Our English teacher explains English grammar clearly that all the students can understand.
解析：so 句意：我们的英语老师把英语语法解释得如此清晰，以至于所有的学生都能理解。此处考查结果状语从句so ...that ...，故填so。
考点5 引导地点、原因、方式、目的状语从句的连词
1．(2021·黄冈模拟)They are pretending to keep a healthy and wise attitude towards failure simply they are incapable (无能力的) of succeeding.
解析：because 句意：他们对失败假装保持一种健康、明智的态度，只是因为他们不能成功。根据句意可知，前后两部分是因果关系，空后表示原因，故填because。
2．(2021·淮北模拟)Half an hour later, Lucy still couldn't get a taxi the bus had dropped her.
解析：where 句意：过了半个小时，Lucy还没有在下车的地方打到的士。where“在哪里；……的地方”。根据空格前后句意可知，此处指公共汽车放下她的地方，故此处使用where引导状语从句，表示“等的士的地方”。
3．(2021·临沂模拟)Jack wasn't saying anything, but the teacher smiled at him as he had done something very clever.
解析：if/though 句意：Jack什么也没说，但老师向他笑了笑，好像他做了件聪明的事情一样。as if/though意为“好像”，引导方式状语从句。
4．(2021·德州模拟)We should protect our environment from being polluted so our next generation will enjoy a blue sky and live a healthy life.
解析：that 句意：我们应该保护我们的环境不被污染，以便于我们的下一代能享受蓝天，过上健康的生活。so that“以便，为的是”，引导目的状语从句。
[自测中查漏补缺]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2021·上饶模拟)You've searched all over the house but you still can't find your keys and you're late.If this sounds familiar, follow this advice to make sure it never happens again.
2．(2021·赤峰模拟)If the guests are seated at the table, the hosts may serve the food, or it may be passed so that each person may help himself.
3．What/Whatever happens in China, the third largest country in the world with 20 percent of the world's population, will certainly shape the immediate and distant futures of us all.
4．(2021·泉州三模)Recently I failed an exam.However, when/after I came out of my teacher's office, I told myself, “Smile! It's not so serious.”
5．(2021·安庆二模)In this period, if/when eaten in a right amount, some nuts such as peanuts, walnuts, and chestnuts are good for one's body.
6．Although/Though/While I was holding an umbrella, my trouser legs as well as my shoes and socks still got wet.
7．(2021·乐山二模)The effect was noticeable even when the phones were powered off, and was worse for those who were more dependent on their mobiles.
8．(2021·滁州模拟)They put on protective suits and gloves before they entered the building.
9．We'll go on with the work, whether we can find the necessary tools or not.
10．(2021·赤峰模拟)Simmons said she stayed calm because she strongly felt everyone would be okay in the end, especially when everyone pulled their strength together to save perfect strangers.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．In my opinion, even though the challenges are difficult for me to get through, but they make both me and the band even stronger. 去掉but
2．Fourth, we should develop good characters, such as a strong will and diligence, because good qualities help us to hold on to our dreams since we get into trouble. since→when/if
3．Unless you couldn't guess it, you had to sing a song or dance or tell a story. Unless→If
4．We will be happy whether you can come and spend several days with me here during the coming summer vacation. whether→if
5．You are so respectable whom every one of us wants to learn from you. whom→that
6．Whatever I feel unhappy, she will keep me company. Whatever→Whenever
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2021·郑州质检)If you've ever ridden public transport，you've probably heard snores(打鼾声)and found someone sleeping in the seat across from you.The natural vibration (震动) of buses and subways 1 (make) us feel sleepy，according to a new study in Science Alert.
Why It's all about sensory input — information going to your brain.On a bus, your senses give you 2 (continue) and repeating information.For example, the air conditioner and the engine create constant noise. Meanwhile, you're sitting still and your 3 (surrounding) don't change.The vibrations of the engine are also ongoing.Your brain has almost no new information to process.
Repeating information will 4 (ignore) eventually and your brain will enter a low energy state.The fact that you fall asleep quickly with your eyes 5 (close) on a bus is because your brain gets used to all the repeating information.
“When you're tired, it doesn't take much time 6 (start) nodding off.And we've found that the gentle vibrations made by car seats 7 you drive can relax your brain and body，”said Stephen Robinson, 8 researcher from the RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia.
Robinson's team monitored 15 volunteers' heart rate variability — a well known indicator of sleepiness.This research can assist in the development of practical and relevant guidelines for limiting 9 (expose) to vibrations in the car industry.Robinson believed that the research could be helpful 10 improving road safety.“We hope that future car seat designs can build in features to disturb this relaxing effect and fight vibration induced (震动引起的) sleepiness，” he said.
语篇解读：我们乘坐公共交通工具时，经常会看到有人打瞌睡。一项新的研究发现造成此现象的原因是交通工具的正常震动。
1.makes 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处为句子的谓语，此处陈述的为客观情况，应用一般现在时；又句子主语表示单数概念，故用其一般现在时的单数形式makes。
2．continuous/continuing/continued/continual 考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，空处应用形容词，修饰名词information，所以填continuous/continuing/continued/continual。
3．surroundings 考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空处被形容词性物主代词your修饰，应用名词形式，所以填surroundings“环境”。
4．be ignored 考查动词的语态。分析句子结构可知，此处与句子主语Repeating information构成被动关系，故应用被动结构，所以填be ignored。
5．closed 考查非谓语动词。with复合结构“with＋名词/代词＋分词/形容词/副词/介词短语/名词”在句子中作状语。your eyes和动词close构成逻辑上的动宾关系，所以填closed。
6．to start 考查非谓语动词。此处考查固定句型“it takes some time to do sth.”，其中it作形式主语，不定式短语为真正的主语。
7．when/as/while 考查状语从句。根据语境并分析句子结构可知，空处引导一个状语从句，意为“当……的时候”，所以填“when/as/while”。
8．a 考查冠词。researcher是可数名词，又是第一次在语境中出现，表泛指，故用不定冠词修饰，又researcher的发音以辅音音素开头，故用a。
9．exposure 考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空处应用名词，作动词limit的宾语，所以填exposure。
10．in 考查介词。be helpful in doing sth.“有助于做某事”是固定用法，所以填介词in。
Ⅳ.短文改错
I was a sweet and loving girl during I was very young. Unfortunate, things changed. It all started when I was given smartphone in the eighth grade by a good friend. I became fond of watching movies, chat online and playing addictive games. Naturally, I couldn't make progresses in my study any more. What's worse, I spent fewer time in communicating with my parents. Thus, all of them were worried about what had been happened and turned to my head teacher for help. With their help, I realized what serious the things were and decided to change myself. Now I am grateful to them and became a good girl.
答案：第一句：during→when
第二句：Unfortunate→Unfortunately
第三句：smartphone前加a
第四句：chat→chatting
第五句：progresses→progress
第六句：fewer→less
第七句：all→both; 去掉happened前的been
第八句：what→how
第九句：became→become
PAGE
9(共41张PPT)
(三)结果状语从句的易错点
0
Slc
导结果状语从句,表
如此……以至于……”。结构形式如下
SO
SO
形容词十a/an+可数名词单数
e
数名词复数
0
e(少)+不可数名词
不可数名词
形容词
数名词复数
形容词十可数名词单数+that从连词与并列句
[语境中体悟用法]
朗读下面短文，体会、领悟连词的用法。
Not only had Niu Lang lost his parents, but (also)①he was often bullied by his elder brother.What he only had was an old and weak cow, but② he took good care of it. Other men at his age had children already, while③Niu Lang didn't get married yet. One day, the cow said unexpectedly, “I'd like to help you, for④you have attended me so carefully. Follow me, and you will get a wife⑤！” So Niu Lang went to the bank while several beautiful fairies were bathing in the river.Then he did as the animal told him, hiding the youngest fairy's clothes away and⑥telling her, “I am afraid that you will either lose your clothes or⑦ marry me.” As a result, the youngest fairy, Zhinü， became his wife. Both Niu Lang and⑧ Zhinü lived happily. However, the Goddess of Heaven was angry with her granddaughter marrying a human, so⑨ she said to Zhinü， “Go back to heaven, otherwise⑩ I will punish you！” Hearing this, Zhinü was not delighted but worried.Niu Lang was about to run after them anxiously when the Goddess of Heaven was making the Milky Way with her hair adornment (发簪) to stop him.Neither Zhinü nor Niu Lang was happy, as they missed each other so much. Seeing this, the Goddess of Heaven let them cross the Milky Way to meet once a year with the help of magpies.
[用法体悟]
①not only ... but also表示“不但……而且……”，用于连接两个性质相同的词、短语或句子。
②but为表示转折关系的并列连词，此处连接两个句子。
③while表示对比，意为“而”。
④for用作并列连词，表示“因为”。
⑤“祈使句＋and＋陈述句”中，祈使句表示一个条件，and后的句子表示顺承的结果，意为“那么”(暗示一种条件)。
⑥and用于连接两个并列的现在分词短语。
⑦either ...or ...“不是……就是……”“或者……或者……”。连接两个相同成分的词、短语或句子，表示选择关系。
⑧both ...and ...在句中连接两个并列的名词作主语，表示“两者都”。
⑨so表示因果关系，连接两个并列分句，意为“因此”，其后的分句表示结果。
⑩“祈使句＋or/otherwise＋陈述句”结构中，祈使句表条件，or/otherwise后的句子表相反的结果。
not ...but ...意思为“不是……而是……”。
固定搭配was/were about to do ...when ...表示“刚要做某事突然……”。
neither ...nor ...在句中连接两个并列的名词作主语，表示“既不……也不……”。
[系统中整合规则]
并列连词 用法 例句
and, both ... and ..., not only ... but (also) ...等 表示并列、顺承或递进关系 There the air is clean and the mountains are green. 那里空气清新，千山一碧。
but, yet, whereas等 表示转折关系 The failure was a big blow to him, but he wasn't discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.这次失败对他是个很大的打击，但他并没有沮丧，很快便像以前一样充满热情。
or, either ... or ..., not ... but ...等 表示选择关系 Either you must improve your work or I shall dismiss you.要么你改进工作，要么我就辞退你。
for, so 表示因果关系。for连接的分句一般不能放在句首 The leaves of the trees are falling, for it's already autumn.树叶在坠落，因为秋天已经到了。
and, or 表示条件或结果关系，常用于句型“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”中 You have to move out of the way or the truck cannot get past you. 你得让出路来，否则卡车无法从你身旁通过。
while 作为并列连词，强调两种情况的对比 I like to drink black coffee while he prefers it with milk.我爱喝黑咖啡，而他更喜欢喝加牛奶的。
[集训中明晰考点]
考点1 连接并列成分
1．(2020·浙江1月高考)It's also that they are on average healthier more productive for longer.
解析：and 结合句意可知，healthier和more productive构成并列关系，故填and。
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Suddenly a football fell just in front of me almost hit me.
解析：and “一个足球正好落在我面前”与“差点儿打到我”之间是顺承关系，故用并列连词and。
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)When I studied chemistry in high school, I reconsidered my goal decided to be a doctor.
解析：and reconsidered和decided这两个动作作并列谓语，故填and。
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Everyone was silent, waiting to see who would be called upon to read his her paragraph aloud.
解析：or 此处表示“他的或者她的”段落，属于一种选择关系。
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)I have grown not only physically, also mentally in the past few years.
解析：but not only ...but also ...“不但……而且……”，连接并列成分physically和mentally。
考点2 连接并列句式
连词的选择取决于连接的两个分句之间的逻辑关系，并列用and，转折用but，因果用so，选择用either ...or，否定用neither/nor。注意：neither/nor位于句首时要用倒装语序。
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)I work not because I have to, because I want to.
解析：but 句意：我工作不是因为我不得不工作，而是因为我想要工作。not ...but ...为固定结构，表示“不是……而是……”。
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return every two years, he agreed.
解析：and 根据语境可知，此处表示顺承关系，故用并列连词and。
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructor's orders, once I started the car, my mind went blank.
解析：but/yet 此处表示“我认为我已经明白了教练的指示，但是车一启动，我的脑子一片空白”。根据语境可知，前后分句之间是转折关系，故应用表示转折关系的并列连词but或者yet。
4．(2021·肇庆模拟)Yellow represents happiness and joy in some places, in other places it is a symbol of loss.
解析：while 句意：黄色在某些地方代表着幸福和快乐，而在其他地方则代表着损失。分析句子可知，此处连接两个简单句，且表示对比关系，因此使用连词while。
考点3 句型：祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句
(1)陈述句中的时态原则上用一般将来时；
(2)该句型中and 表示前后句是顺承关系，意思是“那么”；or 表示前后句是转折关系，意为 “否则”。祈使句可以转换为if引导的条件状语从句，这时要去掉连词and/or。
1．(2021·定州模拟)Compare Wuhu with Shanghai, to be frank, you'll find it's more convenient to live in the former.
解析：and 句意：坦率地讲，把芜湖和上海相比，你就会发现住在前面那座城市中更方便。前后句之间为顺承关系，故填and。
2．(2021·鞍山模拟)Watch any TV report on places where there is a war, you will see soldiers wearing blue berets.
解析：and 句意：观看任何有战争的地方的电视报道，你都会看到士兵们戴着蓝色贝雷帽。根据句意可知，前后两句为顺承关系，故填and。
3．(2021·玄武模拟)Don't use your mobile phone while charging, you may be shocked by electricity.
解析：or 句意：不要边充电边使用手机，否则可能会被电击。根据句意可知，应用or。
4．(2021·淮北模拟)Figure out how to put our furniture, we'll have to wait for another week to move in.
解析：or 句意：要想好如何放置家具，否则我们将不得不再等一周时间才能搬进来。根据句意可知，用or连接。
[自测中查漏补缺]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2021·遵义模拟)The short road, the easy path and the light load all lead to lower grades in school of life.
2．(2021·兰州模拟)Then when we are really old, when we cannot move any longer, we can be proud of our achievements that we have ever experienced in happiness and we can say we have no regret in our lives.
3．(2021·泉州模拟)Smile at life, and it will shine on you.
4．(2021·衡水中学模拟)It is easy to make a decision, but hard to stick to it.
5．The other day I was doing some grocery shopping when a man walked toward me at the checkout stand.
6．(2021·哈尔滨模拟)We may not be able to recall the things we have heard or seen, but they are all kept there in the storehouse of the human mind.
7．Mr Lee says slower runners, and those who only ran once or twice a week, were helped nearly as much as those who ran faster and further.
8．(2021·榆林模拟)Some of us let these dreams die, while/but others protect them and take care of them through bad days.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．First of all, they will look like the pads today, but their sizes will be changeable, too.but→and
2．Don't miss the chance of being a winner, but some appealing prizes are eagerly waiting for you.but→and
3．She is not only very beautiful, and also very kind hearted.and→but
4．I was watching TV with my family while we heard a loud noise.while→when
5．I have been getting my birthday presents, but none of which have been remarkable so far. which→them或去掉but
6．Something must be done to prevent water and air pollution or the growth of its population should be brought under control so that we'll have a better hometown.or→and
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2021·无锡模拟)Harvard is older than the United States.In the early 1630s some settlers suggested that a university 1 (found) just to improve the quality of their descendants so that they could 2 (well) build the new home.Thus, it was established in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Like many other 3 (university) at that time，the Harvard at the early stage often ran into financial crisis.The school board often had to go to Europe to raise 4 (donate), but as you can predict, they often came back 5 their hands empty.
In 1638，John Harvard，pastor of Charlestown，passed away.He left his library and half his estate to the institution， 6 were the biggest donation ever since its establishment.Therefore，the university was named after his name.Today，you can find a statue of John Harvard 7 (stand) in front of the University Hall in Harvard Yard, and it is perhaps the University's best 8 (know) landmark.
Like other world famous universities，Harvard too has many colleges and Harvard Business School is one of them.There is 9 saying in education that Harvard is the crown of American education 10 Harvard Business School is the shining diamond on it.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了哈佛大学创建初期遇到的困难、名称的来历以及其地位。
1.(should) be founded 考查被动语态和虚拟语气。主语a university和动词found之间是被动关系，故用被动语态；suggest表示“建议”时，后接从句，从句用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。
2．better 考查副词的比较级。根据语境可知，空处表示“更好地”，故用副词比较级。
3．universities 考查名词的复数。university为可数名词，该处表示“其他许多大学”，故用复数形式。
4．donation(s) 考查名词。根据该句中的及物动词raise可知，空处作该及物动词的宾语，故用名词形式。
5．with 考查介词。with表示“具有，带有”。
6．which 考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，该句为非限制性定语从句，句中his library and half his estate为先行词，故用which引导该定语从句。
7．standing 考查非谓语动词。John Harvard和动词stand之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词作宾语补足语。
8．known 考查形容词。根据空处后的名词“landmark”可知，空处修饰该名词，表示“知名的，著名的”，故用形容词known。
9．a 考查不定冠词。该处泛指“一句格言”，且saying的发音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。
10．and 考查连词。空前的“Harvard is the crown of American education”和空后的“Harvard Business School is the shining diamond on it”为并列关系，故用连词and。
Ⅳ.短文改错
The first foreign language I never learnt was French, but it didn't go very well. My mother asked our neighbor teach me when I was seven. French wasn't his native languages, but he used to live in France, so he could speak a little. However, I learnt very little until I didn't feel it related to my daily life anyway. When I entered into a senior high school, my attitude to language learning changed. I decided to learn Latin, that I've always been interested in because I want to study law. Learning Latin wasn't a struggle for myself for this reason. Soon I begin to read classics in Latin. Read those books opened a window for me to another world or gave me a new point of view on my own world.
答案：第一句：never→ever
第二句：neighbor后加to
第三句：languages→language
第四句：until→because/since/as
第五句：去掉into
第六句：that→which
第七句：myself→me
第八句：begin→began
第九句：Read→Reading; or→and
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