非谓语动词
[语境中体悟用法]
朗读下面短文，体会、领悟加黑部分是哪类非谓语动词，在句中作什么成分。
Good afternoon, Ladies and gentlemen. It is a great honor for me to introduce① this English speech contest. As we all know, to master② a foreign language is very important for us. Taking part in③ an English speech contest is a helpful way to learn④ English. Everyone wants to show⑤ their best. When we have been preparing for it, we can improve our listening and speaking⑥ ability, developing⑦ a good habit of learning⑧ English.
In the process of the competition, you should pay attention to the rules made⑨ by us. First, you should make your voice heard⑩ clearly by everyone, so reading aloud is very necessary. Second, you should try your best to express yourself in English fluently. Finally, you should finish your speech in five minutes.
I am sure the English speech competition will be a great success and the audience will feel satisfied with our performance. Thank you!
[用法体悟]
①to introduce this English speech contest是不定式短语作真正的主语，it是形式主语。
②to master a foreign language是不定式短语作主语。
③Taking part in English speech是动名词短语作主语。
④to learn English是不定式短语作定语，修饰way。
⑤to show their best是不定式短语作宾语。
⑥listening and speaking是动名词作定语，修饰ability，表示类别。
⑦developing a good habit of learning English是现在分词短语作状语。
⑧learning English是动名词短语作介词of的宾语。
⑨made by us是过去分词短语作后置定语。
⑩heard clearly by everyone是过去分词短语作宾补。
reading aloud是动名词短语作主语。
to express yourself in English fluently是不定式短语作目的状语。
satisfied是分词形容词，在句中作表语，意为“感到满意的”。
[系统中整合规则]
非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词与过去分词)。
(一)动词不定式的用法及构成
不定式由“to＋动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to＋动词原形”。不定式可以加宾语或状语构成不定式短语，它没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。动词不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。
1．作主语
不定式短语作主语时，往往用it作形式主语，常用句式：It is/was＋adj.＋for/of sb. to do sth.。
To see is to believe.眼见为实。
It is important for us to live a low carbon life.
过一种低碳生活对我们来说很重要。
2．作宾语
(1)下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：
决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装 decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend
主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮 offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help
We agreed to meet at the school gate.
我们一致同意在校门口见面。
(2)在某些动词如find, think, consider, feel, make, believe后，常用it作形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的宾语。
We think it our duty to protect the environment.
我们认为保护环境是我们的责任。
3．作表语
不定式作表语多表示某一次具体的、特定的或有待实现的动作。
My dream is to enter Peking University.
我的梦想是进入北京大学。
4．作宾语补足语
(1)在很多动词后都可以用不定式作宾语补足语，如ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind, prefer, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach等。
Father will not allow us to play in the street.
父亲将不会允许我们在街上玩耍。
(2)下列动词(短语)接省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语：
一感 (feel)，二听(hear, listen to)，三使(let，have, make)，五看 (see, notice, observe, watch, look at)，半帮助 (help)，但在变为被动语态时需加to。
Nobody saw him come in. (主动语态)
没人看见他进来。
The thief was observed to enter the bank. (被动语态)
有人看见小偷进了银行。
5．作定语
(1)序数词、最高级或no, all, any等修饰的名词后常用不定式作定语。
He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.
他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。
(2)某些抽象名词后，如ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way等常用动词不定式作定语。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。
[名师指津] (1)不定式作定语表示将来的动作。
(2)如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需要加相应的介词。
I need a pen to write with.
我需要一支钢笔写字。
6．作状语
(1)作目的状语。表示“为了”，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性，不定式前也可加in order或so as，但so as to不能置于句首。
To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs.
为了提高社区服务水平，一些学校已经发起了义务志愿者计划。
(2)作结果状语。不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果，有时前面加only，以加强语气。常用于下列结构中：
only to do 表示意想不到的结果
enough to do 足够做……
too ... to do 太……而不能……
so/such ... as to ... 如此……以至于……
(3)作原因状语。表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词作表语时，后可接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种心理活动或情绪的原因，常用于这类结构的形容词有sorry, surprised, disappointed, excited, glad, happy, anxious, delighted, pleased, foolish等。
Maggie was glad to be home in her own bed.
玛吉很高兴回到家躺在自己的床上。
7．动词不定式的时态和语态
形式 意义 主动语态 被动语态
一般式 与句子谓语动词的动作同时发生或在谓语动词的动作之后发生 to do to be done
进行式 在谓语动词的动作发生时正在进行 to be doing —
完成式 在谓语动词的动作之前发生 to have done to have been done
完成进行式 发生在谓语动词的动作之前并且持续到谓语动词的动作发生时仍在进行 to have been doing —
(二)动名词的用法及构成
动名词是由动词 ing形式构成的，它在句中起名词作用。
1．作主语
动名词短语作主语时，有时用it作形式主语，常用句式为：It is/was a waste (of ...)/no use/no good doing sth.。
Hearing how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.
听别人对你刚读过的这本书的反应会带来额外的乐趣。
2．作表语
动名词作表语表示通常的情况，多指抽象的、经常性的动作，句子主语通常是无生命的事物或由what引导的名词性从句。
My job is teaching you English.
我的工作是教你们英语。
3．作宾语
(1)下列动词(短语)只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：
考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想 consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy
避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏 avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate
禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡 forbid, imagine, risk; can't help (禁不住), mind, allow/permit, escape
He tried to avoid answering my questions.
他试图对我的问题避而不答。
(2)由“动词＋介词”构成的短语，其后跟动名词作宾语，常见的有：be/get used to (习惯于), look forward to (期盼), feel like (想要), insist on (坚持), get down to (开始认真做某事), devote ... to ... (致力于……), object to (反对), stick to (坚持), give up (放弃)等。
It's time I got down to thinking about that essay.
我该认真思考一下那篇论文了。
(3)下列动词或词组既可以接动名词作宾语，也可以接不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别：
4．作定语
动名词作定语通常表示被修饰的名词的用途、性能或目的。
a walking stick＝a stick for walking 手杖
a sleeping car＝a car for sleeping 卧铺车
5．动名词的时态和语态
形式 意义 主动语态 被动语态
一般式 与谓语动词的动作同时或稍后发生 doing being done
完成式 先于谓语动词的动作完成 having done having been done
(三)分词的用法和构成
分词包括现在分词和过去分词，现在分词表示的动作与句子主语是逻辑上的主谓关系，且含有进行的意义；过去分词表示的动作与句子主语为逻辑上的动宾关系，且含有完成的意义。
1．作状语
分词作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子的主语，一般在句中作时间、原因、结果、方式、条件、伴随、让步等状语。
分词作状语 用法
作时间状语 相当于when, while, before等引导的时间状语从句。
作原因状语 相当于because, since, as引导的原因状语从句。
作条件状语 相当于if, unless等引导的条件状语从句。
作结果状语 常用现在分词表示自然而然的结果。
作方式或伴随状语 表示一个与谓语动作同时发生的次要的(或者伴随的)动作，常用逗号与句子主体部分隔开。
作让步状语 相当于though, although, even if等引导的让步状语从句。
2．作表语
表示事物的特征或性质时，表语用现在分词；表示人或物的内心感受时，表语用过去分词。
Please describe a dog that is frightening.
请描述一只令人害怕的狗。
Please describe a dog that is frightened.
请描述一只惊恐的狗。
3．作定语
(1)作定语的及物动词的分词形式为doing, being done和done。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用doing；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示分词动作正在进行时，用being done；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示分词动作已完成时，用done。
I have never seen a more moving film.
我没看过比这个更令人感动的电影了。
The houses being built are for the teachers.
正在建的房子是给老师的。
The broken glass is Tom's.
这个打破了的杯子是汤姆的。
(2)作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为doing和done, doing表示正在进行；done表示已经完成。
boiling water 正沸腾的水 boiled water 开水
4．作宾语补足语
(1)感官动词或短语see, watch, observe, look at, listen to, notice及keep, find等词可跟分词作宾语补足语。现在分词作宾语补足语时，宾语与宾语补足语之间在逻辑上是主谓关系；过去分词作宾语补足语时，宾语与宾语补足语之间在逻辑上是动宾关系。
I saw him entering the bank. (him与enter之间为逻辑上的主谓关系)
我看见他正进入银行。
I saw him operated on. (him与operate之间为逻辑上的动宾关系)
我看见(有人)给他做了手术。
(2)have, get后可接现在分词或过去分词作宾语补足语。
They had the fire burning all night. (burn动作一直在进行)
他们让火整夜烧着。
I will have my bike repaired tomorrow. (让别人去修)
明天我要让人修一下我的自行车。
5．现在分词的时态和语态
形式 意义 主动语态 被动语态
一般式 与谓语动词的动作同时或稍后发生 doing being done
完成式 先于谓语动词的动作完成 having done having been done
(四)独立主格结构
独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，也可以作定语。
1．名词/代词(主格)＋非谓语动词
Weather permitting, we shall play the match tomorrow. (permit的逻辑主语是weather而非we)
如果天气允许，我们明天就进行比赛。
2．名词/代词(主格)＋名词/形容词/副词/介词短语
The students were having a discussion, their faces (being) red with excitement.
学生们正在进行讨论，因为激动，他们的脸都红了。
The boy came in, book in his hand.
男孩走进来，手里拿着书。
[名师指津] 为使句子简洁、明快，独立主格结构中的冠词或代词也常省略。
(五)with/without＋宾语(名词/代词)＋宾语补足语
with/without＋名词/代词＋
[集训中明晰考点]
(1)动词不定式作状语，表示目的、结果、原因等；
(2)动词 ing形式作状语，常表原因、伴随、时间、结果等，与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系；
(3)动词不定式作结果状语时，常表示意想不到的结果；而动词 ing 形式作结果状语时，常表示自然而然的结果；
(4)过去分词作状语，分词与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。但有些形容词化的过去分词或短语既不表被动，也不表完成，而是表示一种状态，如lost (迷路的)，seated (坐着的)，hidden (隐瞒的)，lost/absorbed in (沉溺于)等；
(5)独立成分作状语，其形式不受上下文的影响。常用的有considering ...(鉴于；考虑到)；generally speaking(总的来说); judging by/from ...(从……来看；依据……来判断); supposing that ...(假定……); providing that ...(假定……); to tell the truth(说实话)；to be honest(老实说)等。
考点1 非谓语动词作状语
1．(2020·浙江1月高考)The first is declining birth rates，which means old generations are large (compare) to younger generations，and so，on average，the population becomes older than before.
解析：compared 结合句式结构可知，此处为非谓语动词，且compare与逻辑主语old generations是动宾关系，故填compared。compared to是固定结构，意为“与……相比”。
2．(2020·天津7月高考改编) (help) us prepare for the exam，the teacher suggested reading through our notes.
解析：To help 句意：为了帮助我们准备考试，老师建议我们通读笔记。此处是不定式短语作目的状语。
3．(2020·天津7月高考改编)The dancer's incredible performance had the audience on its feet (clap) for 10 minutes at the end of the show.
解析：clapping 句意：这位舞蹈演员的演出精彩绝伦，使观众在演出结束时站起来鼓掌达10分钟之久。句中的the audience与clap之间为主动关系，故用现在分词，构成have sb. doing sth.(让某人持续做某事)结构。
4．(2020·天津5月高考改编) (complete) in 1931, the Empire State Building, the highest skyscraper until 1954, inspired the imagination of the world.
解析：Completed 句意：帝国大厦于1931年竣工，是1954年以前最高的摩天大楼，它激发了全世界的想象力。complete与句子主语the Empire State Building之间是动宾关系，且动作已完成，因此用过去分词作状语。
5．(2020·天津5月高考改编)The local government doesn't have to sacrifice environmental protection (promote) economic growth.
解析：to promote 句意：地方政府不必为了促进经济增长而牺牲环境保护。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作目的状语，故用不定式。
考点2 非谓语动词作定语
(1)不定式作定语，要放在它所修饰的名词之后，表示一个将来的动作；
(2)分词作定语，单个的词放在所修饰的名词前(left 等除外)，短语放在所修饰的名词后。现在分词表示其动作正在发生或与谓语同时发生，过去分词表示其动作已经完成或没有时间性；在逻辑上被修饰的名词与现在分词是主谓关系，与过去分词是被动关系；
(3)动名词作定语，只放在名词前，说明该名词的性能或用途，不表动作，被修饰的名词与动词 ing形式在逻辑上没有主谓关系；
(4)to be done, being done, done 均可用作定语，且都表示被动意义，其区别在于：to be done 表示将来，being done 表示目前正在发生，done 表示过去已经发生。
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)They represent the earth (come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings.
解析：coming 空处作非谓语动词，而且the earth与come是主动关系，故用现在分词作后置定语，相当于which comes ...。
2．(2020·浙江7月高考)Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology (change) lives.
解析：to change 句意：农业让人们第一次体验到科技改变生活的力量。此处用不定式作定语，修饰technology，故填to change。
3．(2020·江苏高考改编)Technological innovations， (combine) with good marketing，will promote the sales of these products.
解析：combined 句意：技术创新与良好的市场营销相结合，将促进这些产品的销售。该句的谓语是will promote，故此处要填非谓语动词。句子主语Technological innovations与combine之间是被动关系，应用过去分词作定语。
4．(2020·北京高考)And third, tiger sharks have teeth perfectly (design) for cutting their food, so it is certain that the damage will be disastrous.
解析：designed 分析句子结构可知，teeth和design为逻辑上的动宾关系，故应用过去分词designed。
5．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)When we got a call (say)she was short listed, we thought it was a joke.
解析：saying 结合句意分析句子结构可知“ (say)she was short listed”作定语修饰前面的名词a call，且say与a call之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故使用v. ing形式。
考点3 非谓语动词作宾语
(1)当like, love, hate, prefer与would, should连用时，其后只能接不定式；
(2)当begin, start本身为进行时态或后接know, realize, understand等静态动词时，其后的动词只能用不定式；
(3)表示“需要”的need, want和require后接动词 ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动式都可以；
(4)介词后接动词作宾语，通常要用动名词，但表示“除……外”的介词but和except后接动词作宾语要用不定式。若前面有行为动词do，其后的不定式不带to；若前面没有行为动词do，则其后的不定式通常带to。
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)The next morning he hired a boat and set out (find) the well known painter.
解析：to find set out to do开始做……，为固定搭配。
2．(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)As well as looking at exhibits，visitors can play with computer simulations(模拟) and imagine themselves living at a different time in history or (walk) through a rainforest.
解析：walking 连词or连接living和walking。
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Scientists have responded by (note) that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion (错觉) that populations are higher than they actually are.
解析：noting 根据空格前的介词by可知，此处用动名词形式，故填noting。
4．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) A 90 year old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for (be) Britain's oldest full time employee — still working 40 hours a week.
解析：being for为介词，故其后的动词应用v. ing形式。
5．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of (die)early by running.
解析：dying 介词后用动词的 ing形式。
考点4 非谓语动词作宾语补足语
(1)分词作补语时，要看其与句子宾语之间的关系。被动关系用过去分词作补语， 主动关系用现在分词作补语；
(2)动词不定式作宾补时需注意：一感、二听、三使、五看，即：feel, hear, listen to, let, make, have, see, watch, observe, notice, look at后跟不带to的动词不定式作宾补。
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)They make great gifts and you see them many times (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.
解析：decorated see sth. done“看到某物被做……”，此处表示“看到礼物装饰着红包和祝福好运的信息”。them与decorate是被动关系，所以用过去分词作宾补。
2．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds (surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears.
解析：surrounding the soft clouds与surround之间是主动关系，且表示正在发生的情景，故用现在分词形式。
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Once his message was delivered, he allowed me (stay) and watch.
解析：to stay allow sb.to do sth.意为“允许某人做某事”。
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ) Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet.They are required (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.
解析：to process require sb.to do sth.“要求某人做某事”。
考点5 非谓语动词作主语和表语
(1)非谓语动词中能作主语的有动名词和不定式
①动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性的动作，不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的或尚未做的动作；
②it作形式主语，代替真正作主语的动词不定式或动名词。
(2)非谓语动词中能作表语的有现在分词、过去分词、动名词和不定式。形容词化的分词作表语，动词 ing形式表示“令人感到……的”，动词 ed形式表示“感到……的”。
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ) On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take (get) there.It was in the middle of Pearl City.
解析：to get 分析句子结构可知how long it would take ...为宾语从句，其中包含着it would take sb.＋时间＋to do不定式结构，表示做某事花费某人多少时间，故填to get。
2．(2021·哈尔滨模拟)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and (disappoint)．
解析：disappointed looked后面为表语部分，此处指一些人看起来很焦急、很失望。故填disappointed。
3．(2021·厦门模拟) (offer) the opportunity to speak at the graduation ceremony made me overjoyed.
解析：Being offered 分析句子结构可知，本句的谓语为made，故其前的内容在句中作主语，且offer与其逻辑主语I之间为动宾关系。故此处用动词 ing的被动形式作主语。
4．(2021·太原模拟)It's no use (regret) what you have done.
解析：regretting it's no use/good ... 和there's no use/ good ...中都用动名词作真正的主语。
考点6 独立主格结构和with复合结构
(1)独立主格结构：名词/主格代词(作逻辑主语)＋不定式/分词/形容词/副词/介词短语(作逻辑谓语)；
with复合结构：with＋名词/代词(作逻辑主语)＋不定式/分词/形容词/副词/介词短语(作逻辑谓语)；
(2)这两种结构中，动词不定式表示动作未发生，现在分词表示动作正在进行且与逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，过去分词表示动作已完成且与逻辑主语之间是被动关系。
1．(2020·北京高考)The problem of phone addiction (瘾) has been observed since a few years ago, with experts and psychologists (try) to increase awareness about this problem.
解析：trying 此处是with复合结构作状语，experts and psychologists和try为逻辑上的主谓关系且表示正在进行，故用try的现在分词形式trying。
2．(2021·广东梅州模拟)When they got there, the village seemed deserted, the only sign of life (be) one or two dogs lying under the tree.
解析：being 分析句子结构可知，“When they ... seemed deserted”为完整的句子，其与第二个逗号后的内容之间没有连词连接，且前后主语不一致，所以后面的内容是独立主格结构。此处表示主动意义，故用现在分词。
3．(2021·南京模拟)No agreement (reach), the representatives wanted another round of talks.
解析：reached 分析句子结构可知，逗号前后两部分之间没有连词，且前后主语不一致，“the representatives ...talks”为完整的句子，故逗号前的部分为独立主格结构；且reach与其逻辑主语agreement之间是动宾关系，所以用过去分词reached。
[自测中查漏补缺]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2021·乐山二模)The study also found response speeds to be affected, with students who had their phones on the desk responding (respond) more slowly in high pace tests.
2．For example, the proverb, “plucking up a crop to help (help) it grow”， is based on the following story.
3．(2022·赤峰高三模拟)One weekend, Roberta Ursrey's family went to the seaside for a travel.At first, everything went well.But suddenly, Roberta Ursrey saw her two sons struggling (struggle) against the tide 100 yards out from shore.
4．My mom and dad tried to help by giving (give) me simulated (模拟的) interviews one after another.
5．(2021·福州八县联考)However, in the arranged (arrange) marriages of the old days of China, there were indeed quite a lot of brides who cried over their unsatisfactory marriage and even their miserable life.
6．He was reported to have received(receive) 80,000 yuan for offering a four Chinese character answer on a pay for knowledge platform.
7．(2020·滨州模拟)As it was too deep to climb (climb)down, I hanged my gun to one of the men and slid down it.
8．(2020·邯郸模拟)If your friendship is going through huge tests, you may find yourself confused, lonely, and angry at the same time.Here are simple ways to keep (keep) your nearly lost friendship alive.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．Though I had difficulty walk back to my classroom, I still didn't tell anyone or even refused the offer of help from my classmates.walk→walking
2．After buy the tickets, we got into a boat.We went around seeing the beautiful sight.buy→buying
3．Many people usually think that listen to music is nice but not very important.listen→listening
4．The park was full of beauty, with the sun shining and birds sing.sing→singing
5．When you arrive, there will be a party for you organizing by my classmates.organizing→organized
6．Seen my words in print makes me extremely proud.Seen→Seeing
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2021·福州高三模拟)For a long time bats 1 (be) one of the most fearful creatures in the animal kingdom. Many pop culture associations with them are 2 (relate) to vampires (吸血鬼). Though these associations are complete misunderstandings, bats do have a dark side as a 3 (danger) disease vector (介体). So there is good reason to be exceptionally cautious if you come into contact with bats. However, the fact is 4 bats play a significant role in keeping a balanced ecosystem.
Many organic farmers have learned about the benefits of 5 (have) bats nearby to help manage the amount of pests that show up without pesticides. One brown bat — about 6 size of a human thumb — can consume about 600 mosquitoes and other unwanted insects within an hour. They make for a fantastic, almost essential 7 (add) to pest management on any farm.
Even large government organizations have realized the economic benefits of bats. The United States Geological Survey estimates that bats' contributions 8 pest management save the country 9 (rough) 3.7 billion dollars per year. Without them, we would likely experience a dramatic drop in food production, which would eventually make 10 (it) way into our weekly grocery bills.
语篇解读：本文主要介绍了蝙蝠在保持生态平衡及经济方面的重要作用。
1．have been 考查时态和主谓一致。根据该句中的“For a long time”可知，此处应用现在完成时，且主语为bats，所以填have been。
2．related 考查固定搭配。be related to意为“与……有关”，故填related。
3．dangerous 考查形容词。修饰名词应用形容词，故用形容词dangerous。
4．that 考查连接词。分析句子结构可知，此处引导表语从句，连接词在从句中不作句子成分，所以填that。
5．having 考查动名词。此处表示许多实行有机栽培的农民已经了解到(农场)附近有蝙蝠的好处。根据空前的介词“of”可知，此处用having。
6．the 考查冠词。此处表示一只大约人类拇指大小的棕色蝙蝠。the size of意为“……的大小”，为固定用法，所以填the。
7．addition 考查名词。根据空前的形容词”essential”并结合语境可知，此处用名词addition“添加物”。
8．to 考查介词。此处表示蝙蝠对害虫管理的贡献，所以填介词to。
9．roughly 考查副词。根据语境可知，此处表示蝙蝠对害虫管理的贡献为美国每年节省大约37亿美元。分析句子可知，此处应用所给词的副词形式，修饰数词。roughly意为“大约，差不多”。
10．its 考查代词。根据空后的名词“way”可知，此处应用形容词性物主代词its。
Ⅳ.短文改错
Nowadays，lots of people went running in their spare time.Some people want to lose weight when others run to keep up fit.Unfortunately, running is not always popularly among young people at school.In some school when it rains and it's too wet to play football or basketball, children have no choice but do cross country running instead.However, some students dislike do it.Running is beneficial to us physically and mentally, so we call it the healthy activity.You will find that even short runs can increase you energy and make you more likely to enjoy that life has to offer.So let's do running every day.
答案：第一句：went→go
第二句：when→while; 去掉keep后的up
第三句：popularly→popular
第四句：school→schools; but后加to
第五句：do→doing
第六句：the→a
第七句：energy前的you→your; 第二个that→what
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e
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算做某事
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an doing s
意味着做某事
g
忘记去做某事(未做
oing s
忘记做过某事(已做
regret to do s
对即将做的事表示遗憾(未做
eg
re
d
oing
对做过的事表示后悔(已做
try to do
力去做某事
ry doing s
着做某事
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o do S
继续做另外一件事
go on doing s
继续做原来做的
rene
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着去做某事(未做
rene
er
g s
得做过某事(已做
五)with/ without十宾语(名词/代词)十宾语补足语
现在分词(表主动与进行)
过去分词(表被动与完成)
with/ without十名词/代词
动词不定式(表将来)
形容词/副词/名词/介词短语虚拟语气
[语境中体悟用法]
朗读下面短文，体会、领悟虚拟语气的形式与用法。
My deskmate, Mary, treats me as if she were① my sister. She is nice but fat. If she were not so fat, she would look② like a super model. Last year, a doctor advised that she (should) eat③ more vegetables and fruits. He also made a suggestion that she (should) work out④ regularly. Besides, he insisted that she (should) walk⑤ to school. If she had followed the doctor's advice, she would not be⑥ so fat now. In other words, if the doctor had persuaded her to do so, she would not have become⑦ overweight.
This morning, Mary's mother bought her a new dress. It was really nice. But after she tried it on, she couldn't help shouting, “If only I were⑧ a little thinner! How I wish I hadn't eaten⑨ so much junk food before！” Were I Mary, I would make⑩ a weight loss plan. If I became overweight in the future, I would do sports every day. Now it is high time that she changed her lifestyle. Without a healthy lifestyle, she wouldn't be able to lose weight. I would rather she went swimming with me, but she insists that water sports are not suitable for her. So it is necessary that she (should) walk to school.
[用法体悟]
①as if引导的状语从句中，与现在事实相反时，从句的谓语动词用一般过去时。
②表示与现在事实相反的假设，if从句的谓语动词用一般过去时(be一般用were)，主句的谓语用would/should/could/might＋动词原形。
③⑤在advise, insist(坚决主张)等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，其中的should可以省略。
④在suggestion后的同位语从句中，谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，其中的should可以省略。
⑥为错综条件句，本句的虚拟条件句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。
⑦表示与过去事实相反的假设，if从句的谓语用“had＋过去分词”，主句用“would/should/could/might＋have＋过去分词”。
⑧⑨在表示愿望的动词wish后的宾语从句和If only(但愿)引出的句子中，需用虚拟语气。表示与现在事实相反，从句或if only后的句子的谓语动词用一般过去时；与过去事实相反，用过去完成时。
⑩如果if从句中含有were, had或should，可将if省略，然后将were, had或should提至主语前。即从句用部分倒装。
表示与将来事实相反的假设，if从句的谓语形式用一般过去时，或用“were to/should＋动词原形”，主句用“would/should/could/might＋动词原形”。
在It is (high) time that后的从句中，谓语动词用“should(不能省略)＋动词原形”或一般过去时。
本句为without引起的含蓄条件句，可转换为if从句。
would (had) rather后的宾语从句中用一般过去时表示与现在或将来相反，用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。
insist表示“坚持认为，坚持说”时，后面从句不用虚拟语气。
在it is necessary that引导的主语从句中，主语从句中的谓语动词用“(should)＋动词原形”。
[系统中整合规则]
(一)虚拟条件句的基本用法
1．if虚拟条件句
(1)基本构成
时间 if从句谓语动词形式 主句谓语动词形式
对现在的虚拟 过去式(be的过去式用were) should/would/could/might＋动词原形
对过去的虚拟 had＋过去分词 should/would/could/might＋have＋过去分词
对将来的虚拟 should＋动词原形 should/would/could/might＋动词原形
过去式(be的过去式用were)
were to＋动词原形
(2)错综时间虚拟条件句
当从句、主句所表示的行为发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所在的时间作出相应的调整。
If you hadn't left home without a word, your parents wouldn't be so worried now.
要不是你一言不语地离开家，你父母现在就不会那么担心了。(从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反)
(3)省略if的倒装句
if虚拟条件状语从句中出现were, had, should时，可省略if，把were, had, should提到句首，变为倒装句式。
Had he caught the morning train, he would not have been late for the meeting.
要是他赶上了早晨的火车，他就不会开会迟到了。
2．含蓄条件句
(1)有时假设的情况不用条件句表达，而是用but for, without等介词(短语)或上下文来表示。
We wouldn't have finished the project on time without your timely help.
如果没有你的及时帮助，我们就不能按时完成那项工程了。
(2)用连词otherwise, or等暗示后文与前面的情况相反，从而引出后文的虚拟语气。
I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meeting.
我那天病了，否则，我就参加运动会了。
(3)虚拟条件通过but暗示出来，模式为“虚拟情况＋but＋真实情况”。
I would have delivered a speech, but I had a cold that day.
我本来可以演讲的，但是那天我感冒了。
(二)虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法
1．主语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)某些It is/was＋形容词/过去分词/名词＋that引导的主语从句中，主语从句要用虚拟语气，即“should＋动词原形”，should可省略。
It's vital that we (should) take our safety driving seriously.
重要的是我们应该认真对待我们的安全驾驶。
(2)用于本句型常见的形容词、过去分词、名词
形容词 necessary, important, best, right, impossible, desirable, advisable, essential, urgent, strange等。
过去分词 通常表示提议、要求、命令等，如suggested, required, requested, demanded, urged, decided, proposed, ordered, desired, advised等。
名词 pity, regret, desire, rule, shame, honour, surprise等。
2．宾语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)宾语从句在表示“提议”“要求”“命令”“意志”等动词后，其谓语动词用“(should)＋动词原形”表示虚拟。常见的此类动词有insist (坚持要求，坚决主张), order, command, advice, suggest (建议), propose, recommend, ask, demand, require, request, urge, arrange, desire, intend, direct等。
He suggested that we (should) start off early the next day.
他建议我们第二天早点出发。
[名师指津] 当suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“坚持说，坚持认为”之意时，suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气，而使用陈述语气。
The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.
他脸上的微笑表明他对我们的工作很满意。
The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.
那个人坚持说他从没有偷过那笔钱。
(2)wish后接that引导的宾语从句用虚拟语气，其谓语动词的形式为：
时间 从句谓语动词形式
对现在的虚拟 过去式(be的过去式用were)
对过去的虚拟 had＋过去分词
对将来的虚拟 would/could/might＋动词原形
I wish (that) I were ten years younger.
但愿我能年轻十岁。
I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday.
我多希望昨天见到了那个电影明星。
(3)would rather后接宾语从句用虚拟语气，其谓语动词的形式为：
时间 从句谓语动词形式
对现在的虚拟 过去式(be的过去式用were)
对将来的虚拟
对过去的虚拟 had＋过去分词
I'd rather he had gone to the seaside with me the day before yesterday.
我希望他前天和我去海边了。
3．表语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)句子主语是表示“愿望”“劝告”“建议”“主张”“命令”“决定”等行为动词派生出来的同根名词时，其表语从句常用虚拟语气“(should)＋动词原形”结构。这类名词有suggestion, proposal, request, advice, decision, requirement等。
Our only request is that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.
我们唯一的要求是这事应该尽可能快地解决。
(2)虚拟语气可用于as if, as though引导的表语从句和方式状语从句：
时间 从句谓语动词形式
对现在的虚拟 过去式(be的过去式用were)
对过去的虚拟 had＋过去分词
对将来的虚拟 would/could/might＋动词原形
She looks as if nothing had happened to her.
她看起来好像什么事都没有发生似的。
He opened his mouth as if he would say something.
他张开嘴好像要说什么。
[名师指津] 如果从句中描述的事情可能会发生，那么从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。
It sounds as if it is raining.
听起来像是在下雨。
4．同位语从句中的虚拟语气
当表示建议、提议、命令、要求等的名词作主语或宾语时，其同位语从句中的谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。常见的这类名词有：
advice建议 decision决定 demand要求
desire渴望 idea想法 motion提议
order命令 plan计划 proposal提议
request要求 suggestion建议
We agreed to the order that the task (should) be completed at 5 o'clock.
我们都同意这个命令：五点完成这项任务。
5．两个特定句式中的虚拟语气
(1)if only引导的条件句及感叹句
对过去的虚拟 对现在的虚拟 对将来的虚拟
had＋过去分词 过去式(be的过去式用were) would/could/should/might＋动词原形
(2)It is (high/about/very) time (that) ...
从句中谓语动词用过去式或“should＋动词原形”。
If only I had seen the film.
要是我看过那部电影就好了。
It is high time that we should start/started out.
我们该出发了。
[集训中明晰考点]
考点1 虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的应用
1．(2020·江苏高考改编)If I hadn't been faced with so many barriers, I (be) where I am.
解析：wouldn't be 句意：我如果没有面对那么多的障碍，就不会有今天的我(我现在就不会在这个位置上)。根据if条件句中的hadn't been faced with ...可知，从句与过去事实相反，由此判断出本句是虚拟语气。再由主句中的I am可知，主句与现在事实相反，故用would do。
2．(2019·江苏高考改编)What a pity! You missed the sightseeing, or we (have) a good time together.
解析：would have had 句意：真遗憾！你错过了这次观光，否则，我们就可以在一起度过一段愉快的时光了。根据上文可知，是对过去事情的虚拟，与过去事实相反的假设，故填would have had。
3．(2019·天津高考改编)The workers were not better organized, otherwise they (accomplish) the task in half the time.
解析：would have accomplished 句意：工人们没有被更好地组织起来，否则他们就会在一半的时间内完成任务了。根据语境和句意可知，otherwise后面是虚拟语气，是对过去发生的事情的虚拟，故填would have accomplished。
4．(2018·北京高考改编)They might have found a better hotel if they (drive) a few more kilometers.
解析：had driven 句意：如果他们开车再多走几千米的话，他们或许就会找到一家更好的旅馆。主从句皆为对过去的虚拟，从句中应使用过去完成时表示对过去的虚拟。
考点2 虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用
1．(2018·江苏高考改编)It's strange that he (take) the books without the owner's permission.
解析：should have taken 句意：真奇怪，他居然没有得到主人的允许就把那些书拿走了。在it is strange that ...句式中，that 引导的从句要用“should＋动词原形”作谓语。再根据语境可知，应用完成时。
2．(2018·江苏高考改编)There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I (have) a second chance to become more involved.
解析：had 句意：在这个村子里有很好的社交生活，并且我希望我能再有一次机会更多地参与其中。动词wish后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。根据句意可知，此处表示与现在的情况相反，故用动词的过去式。
3．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ改编)Some classmates suggest we (go) to places of interest nearby.
解析：(should) go suggest表示“建议”，后面接宾语从句时，从句中谓语用should＋动词原形，should可省略。
4．(2021·大庆模拟)Eye doctors recommend that a child's first eye exam (be) at the age of six months old.
解析：(should) be 句意：眼科医生建议孩子应在六个月大时进行第一次眼睛检查。recommend表示“建议；主张”后接宾语从句时，要用(should＋) do的虚拟语气。
5．(2021·天津模拟)I wish I (not tell) her the news and then she wouldn't be worried now.
解析：hadn't told 句意：但愿我没有告诉她这个消息，那么她现在就不会担忧了。wish引导的宾语从句往往用虚拟语气。根据本题语境，表示与过去事实相反的愿望应用过去完成时。
考点3 虚拟语气在其他句型中的应用
1．(2021·哈尔滨模拟)Jack is a great talker.It' high time that he (do) something instead of just talking.
解析：did/should do 句意：杰克是个夸夸其谈的人。该是他做点什么而不是光说的时候了。it is high time that后加从句，从句谓语动词用should＋动词原形或者过去式。
2．(2021·海淀模拟)He messed the project up, but he behaved as if nothing (happen)．
解析：had happened 句意：他把这个项目搞糟了，但他表现的好像什么也没发生一样。该句表示对过去的虚拟，根据as if的虚拟规则，该处应用过去完成时态。
3．(2021·扬州模拟)It was Jack who cheated in the exam.Why are you talking to me as if I (do) it
解析：had done 句意：是杰克在考试中作弊。你为什么跟我说话，好像是我干的？该句表示对过去的虚拟，根据as if的虚拟规则，该处应用过去完成时态。
4．(2021·广东模拟)Look at the trouble you are in! If only you (follow) your parents' advice.
解析：had followed 句意：看看你现在所处的困境！你要是听从你父母的建议就好了。此处表示与过去事实相反的假设，要用过去完成时。
[自测中查漏补缺]
Ⅰ.用所给词的适当形式填空
1．It is required by law that a driving test (should) be taken(take) before a man gets a license.
2．I believe he must have had an accident; otherwise he would have arrived (arrive) on time.
3．The national smog serves as a constant reminder，indicating that it's high time we reflected/should reflect (reflect) on ourselves.
4．—How I wish I had passed (pass) the geography exam!
—So you're sorry that you didn't work hard.
5．—It would be (be) cool if I won this contest.I don't think I'm good enough, though.
—Give it a shot.You never know.
6．The Antarctica is so mystically described by some people.If only I had been (be) there before.
7．—It's a shame that you missed the lecture on the British culture given by Thompson.
—I would/should have attended (attend) it, but I was busy preparing for the coming exam.
8．—Did you make it at last
—Yes.But for your help，it would/could have caused (cause) a serious loss.
9．Most citizens strongly insisted that those who attacked the police with violence (should)be put (put) into prison.
10．I wish I had shared (share) the car journey home with my friends.Now they are watching the football match at home.
Ⅱ.语法填空
(2021·安徽名校联考)Have you ever wondered where Lego (乐高) came from Like many great inventions, the story is not only one of a great idea, 1 one of tons of hard work and perseverance (毅力)．
The story started in Denmark. Ole Christiansen was a carpenter 2 was struggling with his small business. His wife died 3 (short) after his fourth son was born. He had to work hard to support his family alone. He started making wooden toys, but they didn't sell well. He thought his toys needed a name, and he chose 4 name “Lego”．
Unfortunately, several years later, his workshop 5 (burn) to the ground. Soon, he started to make a few plastic toys. He got the idea of creating a “system” of toys that would build up kids' 6 (imagine) and creativity. He decided to stop 7 (make) wooden toys and focus only on the connected plastic toys. Then he started to build more and more kinds of 8 (model). Each one had to be of the 9 (high) quality, which can be reflected in Lego's motto — “Only the best is good enough.”
Thanks to his perseverance, kids can enys, movies, amusement parks and clothing. But none of this would have existed at that time if he 10 (give) up when times were hard.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。叙述了丹麦的一个木匠Ole Christiansen创造乐高玩具的经过。
1．but 考查连词。短语not only ... but(also) ...“不仅……而且……”，故填but。
2．who/that 考查定语从句。此处为定语从句，修饰先行词carpenter，指人，且关系词在从句中作主语，故填who/that。
3．shortly 考查副词。shortly after表示“不久之后”，故应填副词shortly。
4．the 考查冠词。name为可数名词，此处表示特指，故用定冠词the。
5．was burned/burnt 考查动词的时态和语态。根据several years later可知，此处描述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时，且主语workshop与burn之间构成被动关系，故填was burned/burnt。
6．imagination(s) 考查名词。空处和creativity并列，故填名词，imagination作“想象力”讲时，既可作可数名词，也可作不可数名词，故填imagination(s)。
7．making 考查固定搭配。根据语境可知，此处应用stop doing sth.表示“停止正在做的事”，故填making。
8．models 考查名词复数。model为可数名词，且根据空前的more and more kinds of可知，应填名词的复数形式models。
9．highest 考查形容词最高级。根据句意以及空前的the可知应填形容词最高级highest。
10．had given 考查虚拟语气。此处表示与过去事实相反的情况。故填had given。
Ⅲ.短文改错
Dear Tom，
I'm glad to hear that you are considering make up with Peter. If I am you, I would consider a bike as a birthday present for him.
As far as I know, Peter is always in poor health, so he should take more exercises by riding a bike to have his body build up. In the meanwhile, you can often go out by bike together, which is helpful on rebuilding your friendship. Besides, taking a bike is environmentally friendly means of transport. It is convenient to get around as well. Apart from giving him a gift, and you can also adopt other means, such as traveling, seeing a movie, having dinner and going shopping. No matter how you do, being sincere was the most important. Don't hesitate, and try to take action. I really hope that we can make up and be good friends forever.
Yours，
Li Hua
答案：第一句：make→making
第二句：am→were
第三句：exercises→exercise; build→built
第四句：on→in
第五句：is后加an
第七句：去掉第一个and
第八句：how→what; was→is
第十句：we→you
PAGE
9(共41张PPT)情态动词
[语境中体悟用法]
朗读下面短文，体会、领悟情态动词在具体语境中的含义，掌握其形式变化及其用法。
Lucy is an outgoing lady. She can① play many kinds of musical instruments. Actually, she could② play the piano when she was 8 years old. Lucy also keeps taking exercise every day. She says that she has to③ do some sports because she must④ keep slim.
“You shall⑤ get fat soon if you don't take exercise every day.” She usually says to her friends.
As for her, an elegant lady, should⑥ try to keep fit. However, last week, she found that she might⑦ put on weight and she was worried and decided to lose weight. And these days she is always thinking that she may⑧ succeed soon if she tries all her best. However, she is always lack of time because she ought to⑨ take care of her children.
One night after supper, she walked quickly in order to go dancing at the Tomorrow Park but she was late. On her way, she thought that the dancing must have begun⑩， and the coach could have taught or shown many new moves. She was afraid that her friends might have left before she got there. She was regretful then. She should have had supper earlier, or she could have taken a taxi ， and indeed she needn't have taken a bath in advance. When she reached the park finally, she found nobody was there. She remembered suddenly that it had been reported on the radio that there would be a heavy rain that night.
[用法体悟]
①can在此表示能力。
②could在此表示能力，是can的过去式。
③have to表示“不得不”，强调客观需要。
④must表示“必须”，强调主观想法。
⑤shall表示说话者的意图、允诺、告诫、警告等，常用于陈述句的第二、第三人称。
⑥should表示劝告或建议，意为“应该”。
⑦might在此是may的过去式，表示“可能”。
⑧may表示“可能”。
⑨ought to意为“应该”，表示义务或责任，比should语气重。
⑩must have done表示对过去已经发生的事的肯定推测，意为“一定已经做了某事”。
could have done表示对过去情况的推测，意为“可能已经做了某事”。
might have done表示“或许已经做了某事”。
should have done表示“本应该做某事(但实际上没有做)”，有责备和懊悔之意。
could have done 意为“本来可以做某事(但实际上没有做)”，有懊悔之意。
needn't have done表示做了本来不必去做的事情，意为“本不必做某事(但实际上却做了)”。
[系统中整合规则]
(一)情态动词的基本用法
1．can/could
(1)表示能力，“能，会” (2)表示请求，“能，可以”
(3)表示允许，“能，可以” (4)提建议“可以”
(5)表示可能性：可能(问句或否定句)
I can answer the question.我能回答这个问题。
Can you help me with it？能帮我一下吗？
That can't be Mary.She's in hospital.
那不可能是玛丽，她住院了。
What can they be doing？他们可能在干什么呢？
2．may/might
(1)表示允许 (2)表示可能 (3)表示祝愿
You may come if you wish.如果你愿意你可以来。
This coat may be Peter's.这件大衣可能是彼得的。
May you succeed！祝你成功！
3．must
(1)表示必要，“必须”
(2)表示坚持，“偏要，非要”
(3)表示不可避免，“必定会”
(4)表示推断，“一定，准是”
I must study hard.我必须努力学习。
Must you make so much noise
你非得弄出这么多噪声吗？
You must be tired after your long walk.
你走了那么远的路，一定累了。
4．shall
(1)在疑问句中征求意见(主语是I, we, he)
(2)表示说话者给对方的承诺、命令、警告等
(3)表示强制，意为“必须，应该”
Shall we begin now？我们现在开始，好吗？
You shall have a new dress for your birthday.
你过生日一定得有件新衣。
Each competitor shall wear a number.
每个参赛者要戴一个号码。
5．should
(1)表示责任或义务 (2)表示推断“可能，应该”
(3)表示“竟然” (4)表示不感兴趣、惊讶
(5)表示“万一”(条件句)
He should work harder.他应该工作更加努力。
It's strange that he should be late.真奇怪，他竟会迟到。
If I should be free tomorrow，I'll come.
万一明天有空，我就来。
6．will/would
(1)表示愿意 (2)表示请求 (3)表示真理“总是”
(4)表示过去的习惯 (5)表示要求“一定”
(6)表示对目前情况的预测“一定，大概”
He will take you home.他愿意送你回家。
Will/Would you go with me？你愿意和我一起去吗？
He would get up early when he lived in the country.
他住乡下时总是早起。
You will report to me afterward.你稍后一定要向我报告。
(二)情态动词表推测
情态动词 用法
must 只能用于肯定句中，意为“一定；必定”。
can/could 用于疑问句中，意为“可能”；用于否定句中，意为“不可能”，语气强烈。
may/might 用于肯定句中表示不十分肯定的推测，意为“有可能”；用于否定句中意为“可能不”，表示一种不太确定的语气。
[名师指津] (1)肯定句中一般用must/may/might；否定句和疑问句中一般用can/could；
(2)表示对现在的推测用“情态动词＋do”，表示对过去的推测用“情态动词＋have done”；
(3)语气的肯定程度：must(十分肯定)>may(不太肯定)>could/might(可能性较小)。
(三)“情态动词＋have done” 的含义和用法
情态动词＋have done 含义和用法
must have done 过去一定做过……(肯定句)
can/could have done 过去不可能做过……(否定句)过去可能做过……吗？(疑问句)
could have done 本来能够做但实际上却未做(肯定句)
may/might have done 过去可能做过……(肯定句) 过去可能没有做过……(否定句)
should/ought to have done 本来应该做但是实际上未做……(肯定句)本来不应该做而实际上做了……(否定句)
needn't have done 没必要做而实际上做了……
[集训中明晰考点]
考点1 情态动词的基本用法
1．(2020·天津7月高考改编)Jim says we stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy.
解析：can 句意：吉姆说只要我们保持房子干净整洁，我们就可以暂住在他的房子里。can在句中表示允许、许可，意为“可以”。
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ改编)As a kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watch them, my parents not let me.
解析：would 表示过去的习惯，应用would。
3．(2017·天津高考改编)My room is a mess, but I not clean it before I go out tonight.I can do it in the morning.
解析：need 句意：我的房间一团糟，但是我今晚外出前不必打扫。我可以在早晨打扫。根据句意可知，need not表示“不必”。故填need。
4．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ改编)We can (choose) between staying at home and taking a trip.
解析：choose 情态动词can后面接动词原形。
5．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Truly elegant chopsticks might (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.
解析：be made 根据语境可知，筷子是被制造的。此处为含有情态动词的被动语态might be done。
考点2 情态动词的推测用法
1．(2018·北京高考改编)In today's information age, the loss of data cause serious problems for a company.
解析：can/may 句意：在当今的信息时代，数据的丢失可能会给公司带来严重的问题。根据句意可知，设空处表示一种可能性。故填can/may。
2．(2021·南通模拟)You be Carol.You haven't changed a bit after all these years.
解析：must 句意：你一定是卡萝尔。这么多年后你一点儿都没变。根据语境可知，此处应该用情态动词表示推测，由下文“这么多年后你一点儿都没变”可推知此处为非常肯定的猜测。故填must，意为“一定”。
3．(2021·济南模拟)People are recycling many things which they (throw) away in the past.
解析：would/could/might have thrown 句意：人们正在回收利用很多他们过去可能会扔掉的东西。根据句意可知．从句是说过去可能会做的事。故填would/could/might have thrown。
4．(2021·天津模拟)—Many people in England love to give advice on weather reporting.
—Yes, but I think the weather office's computers be more accurate.
解析：ought to/should 句意：“很多英国人喜欢给天气预报提建议。”“是的，但我认为气象办公室的计算机应该更准确一些。”but一词表示后文是提出意见，意思是说“按情理应该……”是一种客观性推测。
5．(2021·天津模拟)There is no light in Smith's room.Therefore, he be at home.
解析：can't 句意：Smith的房间里没有灯光。因此，他不可能在家。可知此处表示否定的推测，即Smith“不可能”在家。
考点3 “情态动词＋have done”结构
1．(2020·天津5月高考)You have scolded him for his poor performance.After all, he had done his best.
解析：shouldn't 句意：你本不应该因为他表现不佳而责骂他。毕竟，他已经尽力了。shouldn't have done sth.“本不应该做某事”，符合语境。
2．(2021·海淀模拟)If we had paid enough attention to the issue of the heavily overloaded vehicles, the tragedy of the collapse of an overpass in Wuxi (be) avoided.
解析：could have been 句意：如果我们对超载车辆问题给予足够重视的话，就可以避免无锡立交桥垮塌的悲剧。本句为“情态动词＋have done”结构，结合句意表示“本来可以；本来能够”应用could have done结构，且主语与谓语动词avoid构成被动关系，故应用could have been done形式。
3．(2021·徐州模拟)Their team (get) first prize in the 4×100 relay race, but the last runner fell down half way.
解析：could have got 根据句意和fell down可知这里是讲述过去的事情，用情态动词＋have done结构，could have done过去本可以做却实际上没有做。
4．(2021·天津模拟)I have one regret about the time I spent in high school: I (take) more advanced classes that are really helpful in college.
解析：should have taken 句意：我对我的高中时代有一个遗憾：我本应该学一些在大学里很有帮助的高级课程。根据“I have one regret”可知，此处表示“本应该做而没有做”，所以用should have taken。
5．(2021·郑州模拟)It turned out that the hotel was so near.I (take) the taxi.
解析：needn't have taken 句意：结果证明这家宾馆非常近。我本不必乘坐出租车。needn't have done表示“本不必做某事而实际上做了”。故用needn't have taken。
[自测中查漏补缺]
Ⅰ.用适当的情态动词填空
1．When I was a child, I could watch TV whenever I wanted to.
2．—What are you doing this Saturday
—I'm not sure, but I might go to the Rolling Stones concert.
3．The door would not open, no matter how hard she pushed.
4．One of our rules is that every student shall wear school uniform while at school.
5．They should/could have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed.
6．—Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now
—I am afraid you must，in case he comes late for the meeting.
7．We need not have bought so much food now that Suzie won't be with us for dinner.
8．—Who can be phoning us at this time of night
—It might be your sister.
9．You needn't worry about the driving test — it's just a piece of cake for you.
10．—I saw your aunt shopping in the supermarket yesterday.
—It couldn't have been her.She was watching TV with me all day long.
Ⅱ.语法填空
Tea culture is defined by the way tea is made and 1 (consume), by the way the people communicate with tea, 2 by the aesthetics (美学) surrounding tea drinking.It includes aspects of tea production, tea brewing, tea arts and ceremony, society, history, health, ethics, education, and communication and media issues.
Tea ceremonies, with 3 (it) roots in the Chinese tea culture, differ among eastern countries.However, it may also differ in preparation, such as in Tibet, 4 tea is commonly brewed with salt and butter.
Different regions also favor different 5 (variety) of tea black, or oolong, and use different flavorings, such as milk, sugar or herbs.The temperature and strength of the tea likewise varies 6 (wide)．
Due to the importance of tea in Chinese society and culture, tea houses can 7 (find) in most Chinese neighborhoods and business districts.
Tea culture in China differs 8 that of Europe, Britain or Japan in such things as preparation methods, tasting methods and the occasions for which it is consumed.Even now, in both casual and 9 (form) Chinese occasions, tea is consumed regularly.In addition to 10 (be) a drink, Chinese tea is used in traditional Chinese medicine and in Chinese cuisine.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了茶文化，包括茶的制作和消费方式，人们与茶的交流方式，并说明茶道起源于中国及中国的茶文化与其他国家的不同。
1．consumed 考查动词的语态。分析句子可知，空处的词和made都是从句中谓语动词的一部分，都应用过去分词的形式，故填consumed。
2．and 考查连词。分析句子可知，前后两句为并列关系，故填and。
3．its 考查代词。分析句子可知，空中的词修饰名词roots作定语，应用it的形容词性物主代词，故填its。
4．where 考查定语从句。分析句子可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Tibet，在从句中作地点状语，故填where。
5．varieties 考查名词复数。根据下文列出的茶可知，这里是不同种类的茶，variety作为种类是可数名词，应变为复数形式，把y变i加es，故填varieties。
6．widely 考查副词。分析句子可知，空处的词修饰动词varies作状语，应用副词形式，故填widely。
7．be found 考查语态。分析句子可知，空中缺少谓语动词，位于can后应用动词原形，且主语和谓语之间是被动关系，故填be found。
8．from 考查介词。短语differ from意为“不同于”，故填from。
9．formal 考查形容词。分析句子可知，空中的词修饰名词occasions作定语，应用形容词，故填formal。
10．being 考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知，in addition to为固定短语，意为“除……之外”，to为介词，后应接动名词，故填being。
Ⅲ.短文改错
In our life, we often regret what we did and what we couldn't did. Actually, it doesn't benefit to us at all. As for most of us, we missed many chance to earn more money, to get a high position and to realize our dreams. We often regret that we didn't seize those opportunities, thus feel upset. Although we do know regretting the past is no benefit, yet we still shouldn't help doing it.
To avoid the problem below, we need to pay more attention to what you are doing now, making us busier and having no time to recall the past. Moreover, we'd better set reasonable goals one by one. Only by doing so must we struggle for our future better.
答案：第一句：第二个did→do
第二句：去掉to
第三句：chance→chances; high→higher
第四句：feel→feeling
第五句：no前加of; shouldn't→can't
第六句：below→above; you→we
第八句：must→can
PAGE
8(共32张PPT)主谓一致
[语境中体悟用法]
朗读下面短文，体会、领悟主谓一致遵循的规则有哪些？具体使用条件是什么？
My seatmate②， James, whose parents have been teaching① English in Guangzhou for ten years, comes② from the United States, which is③ one of the most developed countries in the world. He as well as his parents enjoys④ living in Guangzhou because neither James nor his parents find⑤ it difficult to adapt to the life in China. In their opinion, many a custom here is⑥ easy to understand and ten years is⑦ enough for them to get used to all the customs.
I, together with James, extremely like⑧ English but physics seems⑨ rather difficult for us. Besides, both he and I are⑩ very fond of reading story books, and the Arabian Nights is one of the most interesting books that have been read by us.
Our class is united as a big family. Now the class are preparing for the coming sports meet, so large quantities of our recent time have been spent on it. What we need is a qualified coach because being trained properly is of great importance. We each are all aware that each of us plays an important role in our class. We have decided to hold a celebration if getting a good result but when and where we are going to hold it hasn't been decided .
[用法体悟]
主谓一致一般遵循三个原则：语法一致、意义一致与就近一致。
①遵循语法一致原则，主语为复数名词parents, 故谓语动词用复数形式have been teaching。注意关系代词whose作定语修饰parents，不影响主语。
②遵循语法一致原则，主语为My seatmate, 故谓语动词用单数形式 comes。注意James为同位语。
③遵循意义一致原则，主语为关系代词which，指代的是前面的the United States，形式上是复数，但意义为单数，表示一个国家，故谓语动词用is。
④遵循语法一致原则，主语后接as well as等词或短语时，谓语动词的单复数形式与主语保持一致。
⑤遵循就近原则，由neither ...nor连接并列主语时，谓语动词的单、复数由邻近的主语而定。
⑥遵循语法一致原则，“many a(很多)＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
⑦遵循意义一致原则，表示时间的复数名词作主语时，通常看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。
⑧遵循语法一致原则，主语后面接说明主语的修饰语together with，谓语动词不受修饰成分的影响，仍保持同主语一致的关系。
⑨遵循意义一致原则，以 ics结尾表示学科的名词作主语时，通常表示单数意义，谓语动词用单数形式。
⑩遵循语法一致原则，当主语是both ... and连接的并列结构时，如果主语指的是两个或两个以上的人或物，则谓语动词用复数。
遵循意义一致原则，复数形式的专有名词作主语，通常作为整体看待，谓语动词用单数。
遵循语法一致原则，在“one of＋复数名词＋定语从句”结构中，如果前有the only, the very, the等限定词时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式；如没有这些限定词和修饰语，定语从句的谓语动词采用复数形式。
遵循意义一致原则，集体名词class如果作整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式；如果作个别成员看待，谓语动词用复数形式。
遵循语法一致原则，当“(large) quantities of＋可数名词复数或不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
当what引导主语从句作主语时，谓语动词的数应根据意义一致的原则来决定。
遵循语法一致原则，非谓语动词(动词的 ing形式、不定式)作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
遵循语法一致原则，当each作同位语时，不影响主语与谓语之间的关系，如we each are, are由主语we的形式决定；当“each＋of＋名词/代词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
遵循语法一致原则，从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
[系统中整合规则]
主谓一致指谓语动词必须在人称和数上与句子的主语保持一致。主谓一致一般遵循三个原则：语法一致原则，意义一致原则与就近一致原则。语法一致原则是指主语和谓语在单复数形式上保持一致；意义一致原则是谓语动词的单、复数取决于主语所表达的概念；就近一致原则是当主语是两个或两个以上的并列名词或代词时，谓语动词与最近的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。
三个原则
语法一致 主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；反之，谓语动词用复数形式。
“many a＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
由and或both ...and ...连接并列名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
主语后接with, along with, together with, like, except, but, besides, as well as, including, no less than等词或短语时，谓语动词的单复数形式与主语保持一致。
one, everyone, each one, each ...and ...作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
不定代词either, neither 和由every ， some ， no ， any 等构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。(none后的谓语动词根据情况可用单数，也可用复数)
意义一致 由and连接的两个名词作主语，如果主语是同一个人、同一件事或同一个概念(and后面无冠词)，则谓语动词用单数形式。
family, class, group, team, company 等集体名词作主语时，如果表示整体概念，谓语动词用单数形式；如果表示其中的成员，谓语动词用复数形式。
police (警察)，people等形式上是单数，但通常被用作复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式。
blind, old, young, poor, rich 等形容词与the连用，表示一类人，在意义上是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。
news, maths, physics, politics(政治)等词的形式是以 s结尾，但意义上是单数，作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。
表示时间、距离、重量、金钱的名词作主语，通常被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。
“the＋姓氏名词的复数形式”表示“某夫妇/一家人”。作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
就近一致 there be句型或here be句型中有并列主语时，谓语动词be在数上与最近的主语保持一致。
由either ...or(或者……或者)，neither ...nor(既不……也不，两者都不)，not only ... but also(不但……而且), or (或者), whether ...or(是……还是), not ...but (不是……而是)等连接的并列名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式与最近的主语保持一致。
[集训中明晰考点]
考点1 谓语动词只用单数的情况
(1)主语是单数，谓语动词用单数；(2)many a/more than one/the number of＋名词作主语时，谓语动词只用单数；(3)单个动名词、不定式、从句作主语时，谓语动词常用单数；(4)表示时间、距离、金额、重量等的复数名词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式；(5)不定代词someone，somebody，something，anyone，anybody，anything，no one，nobody，nothing，everyone，everybody, everything, either, neither, the other, another, one 单独作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
1．(2020·浙江1月高考)Something significant is happening to the world population — it is aging.The median (中位数的) age of an American in 1950 (be) 30 － today it is 41 and is expected to increase to 42 by 2050.
解析：was 主语为age，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式；根据in 1950可知，此处的时态为一般过去时，所以填was。
2．(2020·浙江7月高考)And, as more children were born，more food (need)．
解析：was needed food和need之间是被动关系，因此用被动语态；由上文的were born可知此处用一般过去时；且food在此处为不可数名词，作主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。因此填was needed。
3．(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Often，only a small part of a museum's collection
(be) on display.Most of it is stored away or used for research.
解析：is 主语是a small part，谓语动词用单数；此处说明事实，并且根据后一句的时态可知用is。
4．(2020·江苏高考改编)If you look at all sides of the situation, you'll find probably a solution that (suit) everyone.
解析：suits 分析句子结构可知that everyone是that引导的定语从句，根据if条件句中的look和主句中的you'll find可知，that从句应用一般现在时。再根据先行词是单数名词a solution可知，suit用第三人称单数形式。
5．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Leaving the less important things until tomorrow (be) often acceptable.
解析：is 单个的动名词短语Leaving the less important things until tomorrow作主语，所以谓语动词用单数形式；此处表示客观情况，用一般现在时。
考点2 谓语动词只用复数的情况
(1)主语是复数，谓语动词用复数；(2)a number of/many/a good many/quite a few＋名词复数作主语时，谓语动词用复数；(3)集合名词如people, police, cattle等，形式上是单数，但意义上是复数，作主语时谓语动词用复数；(4)主语为“the＋形容词”表示一类人时，谓语动词常用复数。
1．(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)The parts of a museum open to the public (call) galleries or rooms.
解析：are called 分析句子结构可知，句中缺少谓语，主语the parts与动词call之间为被动关系，且此处说明事实，故用一般现在时的被动语态。
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
解析：are 分析句子结构可知，本句由多个分句并列组成。其中设空处所在分句的主语为six，为复数概念，谓语应用复数形式，本句叙述一般事实，应用一般现在时，故填are。
3．(2021·邯郸模拟)A great number of children whose parents had died in the earthquake (be) sent to live with families in other cities.
解析：were a great number of＋n.作主语时，谓语动词用复数，又因had died提示这里用一般过去时，故答案为were。
4．(2021·银川模拟)The cowboy rounded up the cattle that (be) eating grass here and there.
解析：were that指代先行词cattle，在定语从句中作主语，故谓语动词用复数，根据语境可知用一般过去时，故填were。
考点3
多个名词作主语时谓语动词的单复数视具体情况而定(1)and连接两个名词作主语时，若表示不同的人或物，概念是复数，谓语动词用复数；若连接的两个名词是同一人、同一物、同一概念，如a singer and dancer，bread and butter, going to bed early and getting up early等，或前面有many a/more than one/every/each修饰时，谓语动词用单数；(2)with/as well as/along with/together with/rather than/including/plus/besides/in addition to/except连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词的形式由该结构前的名词或代词的形式决定，即采用就远原则；(3)not only ... but also .../or/either ... or .../neither ...nor .../there be连接并列主语时，谓语动词的单复数由靠近它的名词或代词决定，即采用就近原则。
1．(2021·皖南八校模拟)—Where are the specialists to be from tomorrow
—Many a German expert and many a British specialist (invite) to be present.
解析： has been invited 句意：“明天到场的专家们来自哪里？”“很多德国和英国的专家已经被邀请出席了。”由语境可知，这个句子强调对现在的影响，且专家们是被邀请，故用现在完成时的被动语态。又因“many a/an＋n.＋and＋many a/an＋n.”作主语时，谓语动词用单数，故答案为has been invited。
2．(2021·甘肃诊断)Ted, a British boy, along with his parents (invite) to visit a Chinese calligraphy exhibition in London last Saturday.
解析：was invited 句意：上周六，英国男孩Ted和他的父母一起被邀请参观了在伦敦举办的中国书法展。本句中的主语为Ted，与invite之间为被动关系，且时态为一般过去时，故填was invited。
3．(2021·望江模拟)Either my teacher or our headmaster (be) to hand out the prizes to those gifted students in the meeting hall.
解析：is 句意：要么是我的老师，要么是我们的校长要在会议厅给那些有才华的学生颁奖。当either ... or ...连接两个主语时，谓语动词采用就近原则，这里靠近be的主语为单数名词our headmaster，故答案为is。
4．(2021·济宁模拟)The father, along with his four children, (go) to hangzhou.When they will be back has not been fixed.
解析：has gone to 句意：这位父亲和他的四个孩子去杭州了。他们什么时候回来还没有定下来。along with连接并列主语时，谓语动词与前面的主语保持主谓一致，根据下一句可知，说话时他们不在现场。故填has gone to。
考点4 同一主语在不同情况下跟不同形式的谓语动词
(1)some/none/plenty of/a lot of/lots of/百分数，分数＋of/the rest of/the majority of/part of＋名词，谓语动词的单复数由名词的单复数形式决定；the rest/the remaining作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由它们所表达的单复数含义决定；(2)单复数同形的名词，如means, species, series, aircraft, crossroads, sheep, deer等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由该名词的单复数含义决定；(3)集合名词，如family, class, team, audience, army, public, population等以单数形式出现时，若看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数，若强调该集体的成员，谓语动词用复数；(4)all作主语，指人时，谓语动词常用复数；指情况时，谓语动词常用单数；none作主语时，若指不可数名词，谓语动词用单数；若指人或可数的物，谓语动词单复数皆可。
1．(2020·天津5月高考改编)A survey carried out last year showed that 80% of the middle aged in this city (be) in favour of the proposal for health care reform.
解析：were 句意：去年进行的一项调查显示，这个城市80%的中年人赞成医疗改革的提议。当“几分之几(百分之几)＋of＋名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词的“数”应该与of后面的名词保持一致。the middle aged是“定冠词＋形容词”结构，指一类人，表示复数意义。句中时间状语是last year，主句用一般过去时，因此从句也应该用一般过去时。
2．(2021·汕头模拟)The class (be) watching TV when I entered the room.
解析： were class作主语，强调每一个成员的个体行为时，谓语动词用复数。一般来说，一些具体行为，如看电视、吃饭等都属于每一个成员的个体行为，故此处应为were。
3．(2021·石家庄模拟)This new species (identify) as part of the sauropod family of dinosaurs.
解析：was identified 根据语境可知，动作已发生，时态用一般过去时，又因identify和species为动宾关系，故用被动语态。species是单复数同形的名词，根据this可知，这里是单数，故答案为was identified。
4．(2021·黄山模拟)All my family (like) watching TV together every Sunday evening.
解析：like 根据every Sunday evening可知，表示经常反复发生的动作，用一般现在时。family是集体名词，这里侧重个体成员，谓语动词用复数。故答案为like。
[自测中查漏补缺]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2021·柳州模拟)When the publisher introduced the The Legend of the Condor Heroes, it was referred (refer) to as a Chinese version of Game of Thrones (《权力的游戏》)．
2．(2021·内江三模)The same belief in the value of cultural exchanges is shared/has been shared (share) by the two festivals.
3．Part of the reason why releasing balloons is permitted (permit) in so many places is that some balloons do break down eventually.
4．(2021·南昌模拟)Facial recognition technology has been extended (extend) into many areas of school life so far.
5．(2021·南宁模拟)The word was created (create) about 50 years ago by former Vogue editor, Diana Vreeland, who used it to describe young people's impact on fashion and music.
6．(2021·淄博模拟)Leaving the less important things until tomorrow is (be) often acceptable.
7．It is reported that many a new house is being built (build) at present in the disaster area in Gansu Province.
8．The only thing you can do is (be) to control your attitude.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．I am thankful that there is good, honest, and kind people around still. is→are
2．However, too much exposure to phones are bad for people in terms of health. are→is
3．Ms Brown, it's you that has changed my life and made my dream come true. has→have
4．What's more, in the process of fighting, we get close to success, as the saying goes that failure are the mother of success. are→is
5．As the economy grow, more opportunities are appearing than before. grow→grows
6．In my opinion, cheating in exams are wrong. are→is
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2021·湖南名校联考)Chinese people are proud of their food. However, when foreigners talk about Chinese food, they express opinions 1 your expectations.
As I grew up in the UK, the Chinese food I was used to eating was 2 I now recognize as Guangdong food because most Chinese immigrants to the UK came from Guangdong. The typical dish 3 (order) there would be pork in sweet and sour sauce. When most British people attempted 4 (pronounce) words in Chinese, they actually made the sound of Cantonese. So hearing Mandarin (普通话) is kind of 5 huge shock to some British people, who think it sounds completely different from the words they have heard!
British people's 6 (think) on Chinese food is probably changing, though. Chinese American chef, Ken Hom, who 7 (work) on British TV for over 30 years, says: “Chinese food in the 1980s in the UK was mainly sweet. Now more regional (地方的) Chinese food from Sichuan, Hunan and other areas of China 8 (see). These various cuisines become successful here and 9 (taste) Chinese dishes also broaden their appeal to the British.”
But what do foreigners think when they come to China and eat real Chinese food In my experience, the impression usually is 10 (amazing) good.
语篇解读：作者从自己的经历出发，讲述了中国菜系在英国的发展状况，从最初英国人认识的粤菜到如今的川菜、湘菜等，地方菜系已经被英国人认可。
1．beyond 考查介词。依据下文的内容可知，外国人对中国菜的看法会出乎你的预料。beyond (sb.'s) expectations“超出(某人的)预期”。
2．what 考查表语从句。从句中的谓语recognize是及物动词，其后缺少宾语，因此用what引导。recognize sth. as ...意为“认为某物是……”。
3．ordered 考查非谓语动词。空处作后置定语修饰dish，且dish与动词order之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词ordered。
4．to pronounce 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处应用非谓语动词作宾语。attempt to do sth.“努力/尝试/试图做某事”。
5．a 考查冠词。shock在此处意为“令人震惊的事”，为可数名词，且表示泛指，故填不定冠词a。
6．thought/thinking 考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作主语，因此用名词thought/thinking“看法，想法”，再依据空后的is可知用单数形式。
7．has been working/has worked 考查时态。依据句中的for over 30 years可知，这位美籍华人已经在英国电视台工作了30多年，因此用现在完成进行时或现在完成时。
8．is seen 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。空处作谓语，根据时间状语Now和语境可知用一般现在时，主语是表示单数概念的more regional (地方的) Chinese food，与动词see之间是被动关系，故填is seen。
9．tasty 考查形容词。空处作定语修饰Chinese dishes，故填形容词tasty“美味的”。
10．amazingly 考查副词。该空要填的词修饰形容词good，因此用所给词的副词形式。
Ⅳ.短文改错
Time flies but my summer vacation is over.During this vacation, I had done many meaningful things.However, picking up rubbish while climb a mountain impresses me most.It was a hot day, so I left for my destination early in the morning where it was cool. Upon arrival, I found one of the visitors who came earlier were collecting rubbish.He looked for every piece of rubbish careful.Thinking it was also my responsibility to raise people's aware of environmental protection, I set about picking up rubbish with them.Soon, many other people joined in us.This experience taught me if we make more efforts, we will make difference to the world.
答案：第一句：but→and
第二句：had→have
第三句：climb→climbing
第四句：where→when
第五句：were→was
第六句：careful→carefully
第七句：aware→awareness; them→him
第八句：去掉joined后的in
第九句：difference前加a
PAGE
9(共36张PPT)时态与语态
[语境中体悟用法]
朗读下面短文，体会、领悟加黑部分的时态、语态。
I am Li Fan, chairman of the Students' Union. I am writing① to draw your attention to some improper behaviour in our campus: littering and scribbling. It has been making② our school dirty and unpleasant. I always feel ashamed whenever I see③ this. It is clearly not appropriate for a student to litter and scribble about. Last week, the Students' Union held④ a meeting to seek some solutions to these problems. We were having⑤ a heated discussion when our headmaster came and joined us. After the meeting, the headmaster said that the school had made⑥ efforts to improve this situation and more dustbins would be placed⑦ around. Recently, the Students' Union has set up⑧ specific rules against such behaviour. At the same time, all of us should develop good habits and behave ourselves. We believe that, with the joint efforts of both teachers and students, our school will become⑨ a more enjoyable place in the near future.
[用法体悟]
①现在进行时，表示现在正在发生的动作。
②现在完成进行时，表示从过去开始一直延续到现在并有可能继续下去的动作。
③一般现在时，表示经常性或习惯性动作。
④一般过去时，表示在过去某个时间里(last week上周)所发生的动作。
⑤过去进行时，表示在过去某一时间正在进行的动作。
⑥过去完成时，表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。
⑦过去将来时，表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或将要存在的状态。另外此处主语dustbins为动作的承受者，所以用被动语态。
⑧现在完成时，表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
⑨一般将来时，表示在将来某一时刻要发生的动作或存在的状态。
[系统中整合规则]
(一)动词的基本形式
1．一般现在时第三人称单数形式的构成
构成规则 原形 单数形式
一般在动词后直接加 s help helps
以 s, x, ch, sh等结尾和以“辅音字母＋o”结尾的动词加 es express expresses
mix mixes
wash washes
watch watches
do does
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的动词，变y为i再加 es rely relies
2．现在分词的构成
构成规则 原形 现在分词
一般情况下直接加 ing buy buying
以不发音的字母 e结尾的，去掉e再加 ing continue continuing
ride riding
以重读闭音节结尾，且词尾只有一个辅音字母的，双写这个辅音字母再加 ing put putting
occur occurring
prefer preferring
少数以 ie结尾的，变ie为y，再加 ing die dying
lie lying
以 oe, ee, ye结尾的，直接加 ing agree agreeing
dye dyeing
3．规则动词的过去式、过去分词的构成
构成规则 原形 过去式 过去分词
一般情况下加 ed help helped helped
以不发音的 e结尾的直接加 d like liked liked
live lived lived
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的动词，变y为i再加 ed try tried tried
study studied studied
cry cried cried
以重读闭音节结尾，且词尾只有一个辅音字母的，双写这个辅音字母再加 ed stop stopped stopped
nod nodded nodded
permit permitted permitted
[名师指津] 在英式英语中，travel的过去式和过去分词为travelled, travelled，而在美式英语中则为traveled, traveled。类似的动词还有quarrel, model, dial, signal等。
(二)一般时态
时态 谓语动词形式(以do为例) 一般用法 例句
一般现在时 do/does 表示现在的经常性、习惯性动作或存在的状态 ①I'm tall. ②I get up early every day.
一般过去时 did 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。一般过去时只强调过去 ①We had a test yesterday. ②We often played together when we were children.
一般将来时 ①will/shall＋动词原形 ②be(am/is/are) going to＋动词原形③be(am/is/are) about to＋动词原形/be(am/is/are) on the point of＋动名词④be(am/is/are) to＋动词原形 表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态 ①—Dr.Jackson is not in his office at the moment. —All right.I will call him later. ②Look at the dark clouds.It is going to rain. ③The train is about to start. ④They are to meet at the gate of the school.
过去将来时 ①should/would＋动词原形②was/were(going/about) to＋动词原形 表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态 He said he would be here at nine o'clock.
(三)进行时态
时态 谓语动词形式(以do为例) 用法 例句
现在进行时 am/is/are doing ①说话时正在发生的事②现阶段正在发生的事③与always等连用表示赞扬、厌烦等语气 ①I'm chatting with you. ②I'm learning to drive these days. ③He is always helping others.
过去进行时 was/were doing ①过去某一阶段正在发生的事②表示委婉语气③过去某一时候正在发生的事 ①I was learning to drive last summer. ②I was wondering if you could give me a lift. ③He was reading this time yesterday.
将来进行时 will/shall be doing 将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作 At this time tomorrow, I'll be taking a test.
(四)完成时态
时态 谓语动词形式(以do为例) 用法 例句
现在完成时 have/has done ①到现在为止已发生或完成且对现在有影响 ②从过去某一时刻一直延续到现在③用于特定句型中，如This is the first time that ...等 ①I have finished my work. ②I have learned English for 6 years. ③This is the first time that I have been here.
过去完成时 had done ①到过去某一时刻之前已完成，即过去的过去 ②从过去某一时刻一直延续到另一个过去时间③用于特定句型中，如This was the first time that ...等 ①He said he had finished it. ②He said he had lived there for 3 years. ③This was the first time that he had been here.
将来完成时 will have done 将来完成时表示到将来某一时间，某一动作将会完成 By this time of next year, all of you will have become college students.
(五)各种时态下的被动语态的构成
现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时
一般式 am/is/ are done was/ were done will/shall be done would/ should be done
进行式 am/is/are being done was/were being done
完成式 have/has been done had been done will/shall have been done would/ should have been done
(六)被动语态的用法及关注点
1．不知道或没有必要指明动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态；需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身时也常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。
2．只有及物动词才有被动语态。
3．主动形式表示被动意义的几种情况。
(1)表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词，如read, write, sell, wash, clean, cook, catch, draw, cut, photograph, peel等，常与well, badly, easily, smoothly等副词连用，用主动形式表示被动意义。
The book sells well.这本书卖得很好。
(2)系动词appear, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, prove等后接形容词作表语，用主动形式表示被动意义。
Her voice sounds beautiful.她的嗓音听起来很美妙。
(3)open, close, lock, move, keep等动词常与won't, can't, wouldn't, hardly, scarcely等连用，及表示“开始”“结束”的动词，如：begin, start, finish, end等，常用主动形式表示被动意义。
This drawer won't lock.这个抽屉锁不上。
[集训中明晰考点]
考点1 一般时态
(1)对于一般时态的考查以其基本用法为主；
(2)主将从现：主句是一般将来时，时间状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句一般要用一般现在时；
(3)一些特定的时间状语往往能够决定句子用何种时态。如：every＋时间段， sometimes, usually, on Sunday等常和一般现在时连用； ...ago, the other day, in 2018, last week, just now等常和一般过去时连用；tomorrow, next week, in＋一段时间等常和一般将来时连用。
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)China has become the first country to land a spacecraft on the far side of the moon.The unmanned Chang'e 4 probe (探测器) — the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess — (touch) down last week in the South Pole Aitken basin.
解析：touched 句子主语是The unmanned Chang'e 4 probe，谓语动词是touch。根据时间状语last week可判断用一般过去时。touch down意为“(飞机等)降落，着陆”。
2．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)“This really excites scientists，” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says，“because it (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed.”
解析：means 根据直接引语中的excites, have可判断用一般现在时；主语是it，故谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
3．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers (carry) special significance.
解析： carries 由上文中的is可知，用一般现在时；句子主语是动名词短语decorating with ...，所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
4．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary(传奇的)artist, they smiled and (point) down the river.
解析：pointed and连接两个并列谓语动词，前后时态应一致。
5．(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, (form) the core collection of the British Museum which opened in 1759.
解析：formed 根据语境可知，应用一般过去时。
6．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene (declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36 year old business.
解析：declared 根据设空处后的从句中谓语动词had的时态可知，本句叙述发生在过去的事情要用一般过去时。
考点2 进行时态
(1)考查以基本用法为主；
(2)常和现在进行时连用的一些特定的时间状语有now, at present, at this time等。
1．(2018·北京高考改编)Susan had quit her well paid job and (work) as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.
解析：was working 句意：去年“我”去看望苏珊的时候，她已经辞去了那份高薪的工作，正在社区做志愿者。根据句意可知，此处强调过去的时间正在进行的动作，因此用过去进行时。
2．(2017·天津高考改编)I (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
解析：was driving 句意：我正开车去伦敦，就在那时我突然发现我走错路了。be doing ...when ...“正在做……，这时突然……”，此时主句用过去进行时，when后面的句子用一般过去式。
3．For the past four days I (take) part in a disability arts festival as a member of a choir (合唱团) set up specially to perform at this festival.
解析：have been taking 此处强调“一直在参加”，用现在完成进行时。
考点3 完成时态
(1)一些特定的时间状语往往能够决定句子用何种时态。如：by the end of last year, before I came here等常和过去完成时连用；during/in/over the last(past) few years(months, weeks ...), in recent years, so far, up to now等常和现在完成时连用；
(2)by引导时间状语从句的时态规律：
by＋过去时间，句子用过去完成时；
by＋将来时间，句子用将来完成时；
by＋现在时间(now)，句子用现在完成时。
(3)it's the first time that后面从句用现在完成时；it was the first time that后面从句用过去完成时。
1．(2020·浙江7月高考)By about 6000 BC, people (discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise.
解析：had discovered 根据时间状语by about 6000 BC(到大约公元前6000年为止)可知，空格处的谓语动词需用过去完成时，故填had discovered。
2．(2020·7月天津高考改编)The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and (remain) around that level ever since.
解析：has remained 句意：医学院的数量在20世纪90年代早期达到了18所，自那以来一直保持在这个数量左右。根据句中的时间状语ever since(自从……以来)可知，需用现在完成时，而句子主语是the number of medical schools，所以谓语用第三人称单数。
3．(2020·江苏高考改编)Instead of getting down to a new task as I (expect), he examined the previous work again.
解析：had expected 句意：他没有像我期望的那样着手做新的工作，而是又检查了一遍先前的工作。根据句意可知，expect动作发生在examined之前，表示“过去的过去”，用过去完成时。
4．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.
解析：have reported 根据句中时间状语In recent years可知，应用现在完成时。
5．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I (make) over the years.
解析：have made 分析句子结构可知，I (make) ...为省略了引导词的定语从句，先行词friends为复数概念。设空处在从句中作谓语，主句为一般现在时，根据时间状语over the years可知，此处应用现在完成时。
6．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Diets have changed in China — and so too has its top crop.Since 2011, the country (grow) more corn than rice.
解析：has grown 由时间状语Since 2011可知此处语境表示的是从过去的某个时间开始，一直持续到现在，故用现在完成时。且主语the country是单数，故填has grown。
考点4 被动语态
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)“This really excites scientists，”Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University，says，“because it means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon (construct)．”
解析：is constructed 整句话的时态为一般现在时，且the moon与construct(组成，构成)之间是被动关系，故用一般现在时的被动语态。
2．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)The artist was sure he would (choose)，but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor's chief minister, the old man laughed.
解析：be chosen 主语he和动词choose之间是被动关系，空格前有would，故用“be＋过去分词”。
3．(2020·浙江1月高考)People tend to focus on the first factor.However, greater attention should (place) on longevity (长寿)．
解析：be placed 结合句意可知，此处attention与place构成被动关系。又因空前是情态动词should，故填be placed。
4．(2020·天津5月高考改编)—The machine is working again!
—Yes, it broke down yesterday, but it (fix)．
解析：has been fixed 根据句意可知，机器现在正在工作，因此这台机器已经被维修好了，应用现在完成时的被动语态。
5．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)On the last day of our week long stay, we (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
解析：were invited 由本句中的时间状语On the last day可知，此处表示发生在过去的动作，且主语we与invite之间为被动关系，应用一般过去时的被动语态，故填were invited。
[自测中查漏补缺]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2021·泉州模拟)They looked at more than 200 studies of the content and associated (associate) health gains of organic and non organic food.
2．(2021·成都模拟)This sport became (become) more popular in the 1990s when many films were made on it.
3．It always lifts (lift) my spirits, but now I know that it is an act of gratitude (感激) to the musicians and the music.
4．From now on, instead of seeing the usual black rubbish cans all over the school, you will see (see) three different colors of rubbish cans.
5．(2021·郑州质检)In general, preparing for new debate topics usually includes (include) brainstorming arguments, researching a resolution (解决), and doing debate practice.
6．(2021·六安模拟)In terms of the “new four great inventions”， Charlie Dai, principal analyst of American market research company Forrester, said, “So far these products and services have improved (improve) customer experience, promoting national and global economy at the same time.”
7．(2021·广州模拟)Even today, classic poems are appreciated (appreciate) by a lot of people.
8．(2021·太原阶段性测评)Furthermore, the amount of sleep has changed (change) greatly over the past 15 years.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．Jack lives in a small town in England.He usually stayed in his own country during the holidays.stayed→stays
2．Last summer, I went hiking in the Yellow Mountain with my friends.Everything goes well at first but something terrible happened later.goes→went
3．When my English teacher told me that I had chosen as a competitor, I devoted myself to the preparations.had后加been
4．We can chat a lot online or face to face, which really worked.worked→works
5．It was at the Red Store that I found a broken rocking chair and put it in the back of my truck.The seat is split into two, from front to back.is→was
6．This morning, I, together with my parents, go to the second hand book market near my home.go→went
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2022届高三·广州调研)We all know clean water is important for good health. But now we also know we should watch 1 we keep our water in. Plastic bottles hardened with a dangerous material 2 (call) BPA can release a chemical into our water that harms our bodies. Since 2011, many countries 3 (ban) plastic with BPA from use in food containers and feeding bottles. But are other non BPA plastics safe
Plastic labeled BPA free might use other chemicals that have 4 (harm) effects on health. 5 (Study) have shown that low levels of those chemicals might have the same effects as BPA. So, what should people do The 6 (good) material to drink from is glass, 7 has no chemicals that can poison water.
Another good choice 8 a water container is a stainless steel (不锈钢) bottle. Stainless steel bottles are better than aluminum (铝) bottles, which are covered with thin plastic 9 (protect) the metal from acids (酸). There are many good food grade stainless steel water bottles on the market.
If you do decide to use a reusable plastic water bottle, avoid 10 (keep) it in the sun. Sunlight and hot liquid speed up the release of chemicals into your drinking water.
语篇解读：用BPA硬化而成的塑料瓶在存放水时会释放一种对身体有害的化学物质，一些标明不含BPA的塑料也可能使用了对健康有害的其他化学物质。存放水的最佳材料是玻璃，不锈钢也是不错的选择。
1．what 考查宾语从句。根据下文中的“Plastic bottles”可知，此处表示我们现在应该留意存放水的地方。分析该句结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，在从句中作介词in的宾语，表示“……的事物”，故用what引导该宾语从句。
2．called 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，a dangerous material 和动词call之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故用call的过去分词形式作后置定语。
3．have banned 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据该句中的时间状语“Since 2011”可知，该句应用现在完成时，又主语many countries为复数，故填have banned。
4．harmful 考查形容词。空处修饰名词effects，故用harm的形容词形式harmful，表示“有害的”。
5．Studies 考查名词的复数。根据该句中的“have shown”可知，该句主语应为复数，且此处study作“研究，调查”讲，是可数名词，故用study的复数形式。
6．best 考查形容词的最高级。上文介绍了两种对身体有害的塑料存水容器，结合该句中的“The”并根据语境可知，此处表示用来喝水的最好的材料是玻璃。故用形容词的最高级形式。
7．which 考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，先行词为glass，故用which引导该从句。
8．for/as 考查介词。根据本句句意可知，此处表示用途，故用for或者as。
9．to protect 考查动词不定式。该句意为：不锈钢瓶比铝瓶好，铝瓶上覆盖着薄薄的塑料以保护金属不被酸腐蚀。空处表示目的，故用动词不定式。
10．keeping 考查动名词。avoid doing sth.为固定用法，意为“避免做某事”。
Ⅳ.短文改错
Dear Tim，
Realizing I might have behaved rude when receiving your gift at my birthday party, I'm writing to say sorry. I'm grateful to have received such nice a gift. According to Chinese tradition, I say “thank you” that day. But I didn't tear up the package in your presences. I forgot Americans are used to open the package of a gift for the moment it's received. It wasn't until my mother mentioned it when I realized my inappropriate behavior. So, please forgive me for your thoughtlessness. This incident serves as reminder that I must learn more about culture differences.
Li Hua
答案：第一句：rude→rudely
第二句：such→so
第三句：say→said
第四句：presences→presence
第五句：open→opening; 去掉the moment前的for
第六句：when→that
第七句：your→my
第八句：reminder前加a; culture→cultural
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