构词法
[加后缀]
(一)变名词
1． ence, ance结尾的名词：
接受 accept — acceptance
出现/外表 appear — appearance
执行 perform — performance
抵制 resist — resistance
指导 guide — guidance
进入 enter — entrance
保险 insure — insurance
帮助 assist — assistance
忍受 endure — endurance/tolerate — tolerance
存在 exist — existence
发生 occur — occurrence
查阅/参考 refer — reference
偏好 prefer — preference
不同 differ — difference
2． tion, sion结尾的名词：
采纳/收养 adopt — adoption
防止 prevent — prevention
接收/接待处 receive — reception
解决 solve — solution
进化 evolve — evolution
建议 suggest — suggestion
编辑/版本 edit—edition
展览 exhibit—exhibition
打算/意图 intend — intention
认出 recognize — recognition
解释/定义 define — definition
保护 protect — protection
指导/方向 direct — direction
指令 instruct — instruction
建设 construct — construction
注射 inject — injection
感染 infect — infection
驳斥 reject—rejection
反对 object — objection/oppose — opposition
连接 connect — connection
收集 collect — collection
纠正 correct — correction
视察 inspect — inspection
挑选 select — selection
选举 elect — election
限制 restrict — restriction
反驳/矛盾 contradict — contradiction
保留 reserve — reservation
保存 preserve — preservation
保护 conserve — conservation
观察 observe—observation
挨饿 starve — starvation
组织 organize — organization
文明 civilize — civilization
认识 realize—realization
考试 examine — examination
考虑 consider — consideration
宣布 declare — declaration
装饰 decorate — decoration
灵感 inspire — inspiration
放松 relax — relaxation
交流 communicate — communication
占用/职业 occupy — occupation
满足 satisfy — satisfaction
申请/应用 apply — application
暗示 imply — implication
推荐 recommend — recommendation
口译/解释 interpret — interpretation
结合 combine — combination
操作/手术 operate — operation
贡献 contribute — contribution
分发 distribute — distribution
促进 promote — promotion
3． ment结尾的名词：
广告 advertise — advertisement
同意 agree — agreement
惊奇 amaze — amazement
吃惊 astonish — astonishment
宣布/通告 announce — announcement
安排 arrange — arrangement
评估 assess — assessment
发展 develop — development
失望 disappoint — disappointment
雇用/就业 employ — employment
鼓舞 encourage — encouragement
款待/娱乐 entertain — entertainment
装备 equip — equipment
政府 govern — government
改进 improve — improvement
投资 invest — investment
卷入 involve — involvement
管理 manage — management
惩罚 punish — punishment
要求 require — requirement
退休 retire — retirement
4． ness结尾的名词：
意识 aware — awareness/conscious —
consciousness
苦 bitter—bitterness
懒惰 lazy — laziness
孤独 lonely — loneliness
宁静 quiet — quietness
悲伤 sad — sadness
严重性 serious — seriousness
甜美 sweet — sweetness
稳定 steady — steadiness
厚度 thick — thickness
累 tired — tiredness
弱点 weak — weakness
冷/冷淡 cold — coldness
紧张不安 nervous — nervousness
思乡 homesick — homesickness
粗心 careless — carelessness
自私 selfish — selfishness
无私 selfless — selflessness/unselfish —
unselfishness
无助/无望 helpless — helplessness/hopeless —
hopelessness
5． ure结尾的名词：
快乐 please — pleasure
离开 depart — departure
暴露 expose — exposure
压力 press — pressure
失败 fail — failure
混合 mix — mixture
签名 sign — signature
6． ce结尾的名词：
缺席 absent — absence
出席 present — presence
信心 confident—confidence
方便 convenient — convenience
不同 different — difference
勤奋 diligent — diligence
距离 distant — distance
证据 evident — evidence
7． ship结尾的名词：
所有权 ownership
锦标赛 championship
友谊 friendship
手艺 craftsmanship
奖学金 scholarship
领导才能 leadership
艰难 hardship
关系 relationship
8． ing结尾的名词：
农业 farming
温暖 warming
园艺 gardening
学业 schooling
绘画 painting
意思 meaning
绘画 drawing
训练 training
衣物 clothing
感觉 feeling
(二)变形容词
1． y结尾的形容词：
阳光灿烂的 sun — sunny
多雨的 rain—rainy
被雪覆盖的 snow — snowy
有风的 wind — windy
有暴风雨的 storm — stormy
寒冷的 chill — chilly
多雾的 fog — foggy
有霜的 frost — frosty
冰冷的 ice — icy
2． al, ial结尾的形容词：
全球的 globe — global
文化的 culture — cultural
农业的 agriculture — agricultural
情景的 situation — situational
有条件的 condition — conditional
环境的 environment — environmental
化学的 chemistry — chemical
医学的 medicine — medical
原始的 origin — original
政治的 politics — political
实际的 practice — practical
理论的 theory — theoretical
音乐的 music — musical
感情的 emotion — emotional
国家的 nation — national
自然的 nature — natural
个人的 person — personal
偶尔的 occasion — occasional
身体上的 physics — physical
偶然的 accident — accidental
教育的 education — educational
官方的 office—official
有益的 benefit — beneficial
典型的 type — typical
有影响的 influence — influential
3． ful, less结尾的形容词：
感激的 thank — thankful/grate — grateful
充足的 plenty — plentiful
美丽的 beauty — beautiful
成功的 success — successful
可怕的 awe — awful
忠实的 faith—faithful
和平的 peace — peaceful
珍贵的/无价的 price — priceless＝invaluable
毫无价值的 value — valueless/worth — worthless
说不出话的 speech — speechless
上气不接下气的 breath — breathless
小心的/粗心的 care — careful/careless
多彩的/无色的 color — colorful/colorless
有用的/无用的 use—useful/useless
成果丰硕的/无成效的
fruit — fruitful/fruitless
强大的/无能力的 power — powerful/powerless
4． (i)ous结尾的形容词：
许多的 number — numerous
多山的 mountain — mountainous
冒险的 adventure — adventurous
紧张的 nerve — nervous
有毒的 poison — poisonous
危险的 danger — dangerous
灾难性的 disaster—disastrous
小心的 caution — cautious
营养的 nutrition — nutritious
宗教的 religion — religious
宽敞的 space — spacious
有抱负的 ambition — ambitious
神秘的 mystery — mysterious
5． able, (s)ible结尾的形容词：
(不)想要的 desire — (un)desirable
(不)舒服的 comfort — (un)comfortable
有(不)利的 favor — (un)favorable
(不)合适的 suit — (un)suitable
(不)可忍受的 bear — (un)bearable
(不)可忍受的 endure — (un)endurable
(不)可信的 believe — (un)believable
(不)可信的 credit — (in)credible
(不)可接近的 access — (in)accessible
看(不)见的 view — (in)visible
(不)可治愈的 cure — (in)curable
支付得起的 afford — affordable
适应力强的 adapt — adaptable
可更新的 renew — renewable
便携的 port — portable
多变的 change — changeable
可吃的 eat — eatable
可依靠的 rely — reliable
可行的 work—workable
有价值的 value — valuable
合理的 reason — reasonable
高兴的 enjoy — enjoyable
流行的 fashion — fashionable
6． tive结尾的形容词：
多产的 produce — productive
迷人的 attract — attractive
有创造力的 create — creative
保护的 protect — protective
预防性的 prevent — preventative
健谈的 talk — talkative
可供替代的 alter — alternative
相关的 relate — relative
有教育意义的 instruct — instructive
有竞争力的 compete — competitive
有效的 effect — effective
贵的 expense — expensive
7． ly结尾的形容词：
致命的 dead — deadly
活跃的 live—lively
友好的 friend — friendly
兄弟般的 brother — brotherly
有次序的 order — orderly
昂贵的 cost — costly
每月的 month — monthly
每天的 day — daily
(三)变动词
1． fy结尾的动词：
净化 pure — purify
简化 simple — simplify
美化 beautiful — beautify
证明正确 just — justify
使恐惧 terrible — terrify
使震惊 horrible — horrify
使合格 quality — qualify
分类 class — classify
认出 identity — identify
2． ize结尾的动词：
认识到 real—realize
使现代化 modern — modernize
使工业化 industrial — industrialize
使普及 popular — popularize
集权控制 central — centralize
使全球化 global — globalize
使理想化 ideal — idealize
使稳定 stable — stabilize
使正常化 normal — normalize
交往 social — socialize
使专门化 special — specialize
使物质化 material — materialize
总结 summary — summarize
记忆 memory — memorize
3． en结尾的动词：
变暗 dark — darken
加快 quick — quicken
削尖 sharp — sharpen
削弱 weak—weaken
松开 loose — loosen
变紧 tight—tighten
软化 soft — soften
使更明亮 bright — brighten
恶化 bad — worsen
减少 little — lessen
减轻/变亮 light — lighten
变黑 black — blacken
加宽 broad — broaden
缩短 short — shorten
加深 deep — depth — deepen
加长 long — length — lengthen
加宽 wide — width — widen
加高 high — height — heighten
加强 strong — strength — strengthen
4． e结尾的动词(注意发音变化)：
洗澡 bath — bathe
呼吸 breath — breathe
给……穿衣 cloth — clothe
[加前缀]
1．over “超过”
无意中听到 overhear
超过 overtake
睡过头 oversleep
推翻 overthrow/overturn
人口过剩 overpopulation
克服 overcome
忽略/俯视 overlook
2．re “重新”
康复/找回 recover
脱(衣服等)/移开 remove
重新开始 renew
回收利用 recycle
替代 replace
使恢复精力 refresh
改革 reform
复习 review
3．fore “前的”
预告 foretell
前额 forehead
预报 forecast
预知 foresee
4．pre “前的”
前提 precondition
预告 predict
战前的 pre war
幼儿园 preschool
预演 preview
5．ex “前的”
前妻 ex wife
前任总统 ex president
6．post “后的”
战后的 post war
研究生 postgraduate
7．multi “多的”
多媒体的 multimedia
多元文化的 multicultural
多项选择的 multiple choice
8．tele “远的”
电话 telephone
电视 television
电报 telegram
电信 telecommunications
望远镜 telescope
9．inter “相互的”
面试 interview
国际的 international
互联网 Internet
相互作用 interact
10．micro “微小的”
麦克风 microphone
微波 microwave
显微镜 microscope
11．auto “自动的”
汽车 automobile
自传 autobiography
亲笔签名 autograph
自动地 automatically
12．vice “副的”
副总统 vice president
副总理 vice premier
13．eco “生态的”
生态学 ecology
生态系统 ecosystem
环保的 eco friendly
[表否定的前缀和后缀]
1．in ， im /il ， ir
不活跃的 inactive
不贵的 inexpensive
缺乏经验的 inexperienced
随便的 informal
不完整的 incomplete
不方便的 inconvenient
独立的 independent
间接的 indirect
不重要的 insignificant
无能力的 incapable/incompetent
不合适的 improper/inappropriate
不精确的 inaccurate/incorrect/inexact
不充足的 inadequate/insufficient
不成熟的 immature
不耐烦的 impatient
不完美的 imperfect
不可能的 impossible
不礼貌的 impolite
不合逻辑的 illogical
不合法的 illegal
不规则的 irregular
不负责的 irresponsible
2．un
不寻常的 unusual
不安的 uneasy
不公平的 unfair/unjust
不知道的 unaware/unconscious
不确定的 uncertain
不受欢迎的 unpopular
不普通的 uncommon
不愉快的 unpleasant
不重要的 unimportant
不必要的 unnecessary
不成功的 unsuccessful
没被注意的 unnoticed
3．dis
消失 disappear
使灰心 discourage
揭露 disclose
发现 discover
不同意 disagree
不同意 disapprove
不服从 disobey
不诚实的 dishonest
不满意的 dissatisfied
可耻的 disgraceful
缺点 disadvantage
紊乱 disorder
4．mis
误导(v.) mislead
误导的(adj.) misleading
误解(v.) misunderstand
误解(n.) misunderstanding
滥用 misuse
拼错 misspell
不信任 mistrust
5．non
非营利的 non profit
直达的 non stop
不吸烟者 non smoker
防滑的 non slip
谬论 nonsense
非暴力政策 non violence
不可再生资源 non renewable resources
(一)动词与名词的转换
1．倒退(v.)He backed his car into the garage.
支持(v.)You are not alone, and we are all backing you.
背后(n.)She's the kind of person who talks about you behind your back.
2．领导(v.)He headed the rebellion.
朝……行进(v.)He headed his boat for the shore.
头(n.)He was shot in the head, dead.
3．缺乏(v.)I lack words with which to express my thanks.
缺乏(n.)Lack of proper funding is making our job more difficult.
(二)动词与形容词的转换
1．越过(v.)The dog succeeded in clearing the fence.
清理(v.)He cleared the table by taking plates, forks and knives away.
清楚的(adj.)To make yourself clear without using facial expressions can be very difficult.
2．打扫(v.)Your shoes need cleaning.
干净的(adj.)Try to keep your room clean and tidy.
3．意味着(v.)What do you mean by saying that
吝啬的(adj.)He has always been mean with his money.
(三)形容词与名词的转换
身体好的/井 well
好的/罚款 fine
公平的/展览会 fair
主要的/首领 chief
耐心的/病人 patient
安全的/保险箱 safe
坚定的/公司 firm
稳定的/马厩 stable
相对的/亲戚 relative
平淡的/平原 plain
满意的/内容 content
具体的/混凝土 concrete
(一)合成形容词
1．adj.＋present participle
漂亮的 good looking
闻着芳香的 sweet smelling
随和的 easy going
长相一般的 ordinary looking
2．adv.＋present participle
永久的 ever lasting
职位高的 high ranking
畅销货 best selling goods＝bestseller
3．adv.＋past participle
著名的 well known
新婚的 newly married
本地制造的 locally produced
坚信的 firmly believed
密切相关的 closely related
广泛接受的 widely accepted
穿着随意的 informally dressed
容易形成的 easily formed
牢固的 strongly built
高度发达的 highly developed
人口稠密的 densely populated
正式发行的 officially released
正式承认的 officially recognized
4．n.＋present participle
省时的 time saving
耗能的 energy consuming
爱好和平的 peace loving
制片的 film making
伤心的 heart breaking
令人惊叹的 breathtaking
说英语的 English speaking
解决问题的 problem solving
令人垂涎的 mouth watering
赢利的 profit making
5．adj.＋n.＋ ed
心不在焉的 absent minded
心地善良的 kind hearted
目光短浅的 short sighted
近视的 near sighted
左撇子的 left handed
头发花白的 white haired
长尾巴的 long tailed
和蔼可亲的 good natured
脾气坏的 bad tempered
思想开明的 open minded
狭隘的 narrow minded
头脑简单的 simple minded
6．n.＋ ed
详细的 detail — detailed
有经验的 experience — experienced
有天赋的 gift — gifted/talent — talented
有技能的 skill — skilled
(二)合成名词
缺点 drawback
框架 framework
人类 mankind
发源地 birthplace
壁炉 fireplace
木柴 firewood
标志性建筑 landmark
手电筒 flashlight
车前灯 headlight
床上用品 bedclothes
白昼 daylight
白天 daytime
夜间 night time
日出 sunrise
傍晚 sunset
阳光 sunshine
城市商业区 downtown
小山坡 hillside
团队合作 teamwork
瀑布 waterfall
降雨量 rainfall
视力 eyesight
薄饼 pancake
仓库 warehouse
聚会 get together
标题 headline
雷暴 thunderstorm
化妆品 make up
机构 set up
机场 airport
飞机场 airfield
瞭望台 lookout
收银台 checkout
倒计时 countdown
牙刷 toothbrush
战时 wartime
密码 password
关键词 keyword
军舰 warship
周工作日 weekday
养育 upbringing
周末 weekend
车间 workshop
爆发 outbreak
野生动物 wildlife
沙尘暴 sandstorm
PAGE
18(共67张PPT)形容词、副词
[语境中体悟用法]
1．朗读下列句子，体会、领悟形容词充当的句子成分。
①Abraham Lincoln was a self made man.作定语
②He was so tired that he fell asleep sitting in his chair.作表语
③Martin found the work slightly dull.作宾补
④I have something important to tell you.作后置定语
2．朗读下列句子，体会、领悟副词在句中的作用。
①He said quite positively that he would come.修饰动词
②It's simply wonderful to see you！修饰形容词
③I heard pretty clearly then.修饰其他副词
④Your coat is just behind the door.修饰介词短语
⑤Frankly, I am not satisfied with your work.修饰句子
[系统中整合规则]
(一)用法
形容词在句中主要作定语、表语和宾语补足语，常和名词、代词有关联；副词主要修饰动词、形容词和副词，也可在句首表状态。
(二)形容词变副词的规则
一般情况加 ly common→commonlyimmediate→immediately
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾，将y改为i然后加 ly steady→steadilybusy→busily
以 le结尾，去掉e加 y simple→simply gentle→gently
以 ic结尾，加 ally economic→economicallyscientific→scientifically
[名师指津] (1)注意形近词 hard与hardly，前者表示“努力”，后者表示“几乎不”。
(2)deep, high, slow等本身是副词，加上 ly后还是副词，此时前者表示具体，后者表示抽象。
(三)形容词与副词比较等级的构成
形容词和副词的比较等级分为：原级、比较级和最高级。原级即形容词和副词的原形。比较级和最高级的词形变化分规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1．规则变化
词形分类及变化构成 原级 比较级 最高级
单音节词和少数双音节词 一般加 er或 est talllong tallerlonger tallestlongest
以e结尾的，只加 r或 st nicefine nicerfiner nicestfinest
以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的，先双写该辅音字母再加 er或 est bighotfat biggerhotterfatter biggest hottestfattest
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的，先变y为i再加 er或 est happyeasy happiereasier happiest easiest
其他双音节词和多音节词 在前面加more或most difficultbeautiful moredifficultmorebeautiful mostdifficultmostbeautiful
[名师指津] 表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent, extreme, perfect等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。
2．不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good/well better best
bad (badly)/ill worse worst
many/much more most
little less least
far farther/further farthest/furthest
old older/elder oldest/eldest
(四)形容词与副词比较等级的用法
1．平级比较
(1)用as ...as ...或not ...as/so ...as引导
Henry is a worker as good as Peter (is)．
亨利和彼得一样都是好工人。
(2)as＋形容词＋as＋数量词＝数量词＋形容词
The building is as tall as 100 meters.
＝The building is 100 meters tall.
这幢楼有100米高。
2．表示比较的特殊结构
(1)表示一方程度随另一方程度平行变化时，用“the＋比较级 ...，the＋比较级 ...”，意为“越……，就越……”。
The busier he is, the happier he feels.
他越忙，就越感到高兴。
(2)不与其他事物相比较，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级＋and＋比较级”结构，意为“越来越……”。
Our school is becoming more and more beautiful.
我们学校正变得越来越漂亮。
(3)表示“和……一样不……”时，用“no＋比较级＋than”结构。
You are no taller than I.
你和我一样矮。
3．比较级形式表示最高级意义的表达方式
(1)否定词＋比较级
(2)比较级＋than＋
I have never spent a more worrying day.
这是我度过的最令人焦虑的一天。
Every morning he arrives earlier than any other student in the class.
＝Every morning he arrives earlier than all the other students in the class.
＝Every morning he arrives earlier than anyone else in the class.
＝Every morning he arrives earlier than any of the other students in the class.
＝Every morning he arrives earlier than the rest of students in the class.
每天早上他都是班里来得最早的学生。
4．最高级的常用句型
(1)形容词最高级(＋名词)＋表示范围的状语
She is the most active student in our class.
她是我们班最活跃的学生。
(2)one of＋形容词最高级＋名词复数
Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in our country.
＝Shanghai is among the biggest cities in our country.
上海是我们国家最大的城市之一。
(3)序数词＋形容词最高级＋名词
Africa is the second largest continent in the world.
非洲是世界上第二大洲。
5．倍数表达法
(1)倍数＋as＋形容词/副词原级＋as
(2)倍数＋形容词/副词的比较级＋than
(3)倍数＋the＋名词＋of
(4)倍数＋what从句
Our classroom is three times as large as theirs.
＝Our classroom is three times larger than theirs.
＝Our classroom is three times the size of theirs.
我们的教室是他们教室的三倍大。
The length of the road is four times what it was three years ago.
这条路的长度是三年前的四倍。
[集训中明晰考点]
在句中作定语、表语和宾语补足语一般要用形容词；修饰动词、形容词和副词或整个句子，要用副词。
考点1 形容词与副词的句法功能
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Landing on the moon's far side is (extreme) challenging.
解析：extremely 修饰形容词challenging应用extreme的副词形式extremely。
2．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Bamboo：Chinese love their“Lucky Bamboo” plants and you will see them often in their homes and offices. (certain) during the holiday period, this plant is a must.
解析：Certainly 此处修饰整个句子，用副词Certainly，注意首字母要大写。
3．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Branches of Plum Blossoms (梅花)：The (beauty) long branches covered with pink colored buds (蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations.
解析：beautiful 由于空后的中心词是名词branches，所以用形容词。
4．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been (poor) studied; however, biologists calculate that there are about 20,000－25,000 polar bears worldwide.
解析：poorly 设空处修饰谓语动词has been studied，作状语，应用副词形式，故填poorly。
5．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)But then we got an official letter and we were blown away.We are so proud of her.“It's (wonder)．”
解析：wonderful 设空处前有系动词is，应用形容词作表语，故此处应用形容词wonderful。
考点2 形容词、副词的比较级
(1)根据比较等级的句式判断，如果后面有than就用比较级；
(2)有时候比较级结构中并不出现than，而是根据语境判断出用比较级；
(3)当空格前有表示程度的词或词组，如a bit, a little, much, far, a great/good deal, a lot等或有still, even等词时，需填比较级；
(4)表示“越……，就越……”用“the＋比较级 ..., the＋比较级 ...”结构。
1．(2020·浙江1月高考)The first is declining birth rates, which means old generations are large compared to younger generations, and so, on average, the population becomes (old) than before.
解析：older 结合句意和下文的than before可知，这里意为“比以前更加年老”，故填older。
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion (错觉) that populations are (high) than they actually are.
解析：higher 根据空格后than they actually are可知，应用形容词的比较级，故填higher。
3．(2018·浙江6月高考)There could be an even (high) cost on your health.
解析：higher 此处表示这么做可能还会让你付出更高的健康代价。根据even可判断，此处要用形容词的比较级。
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years (long) than non runners.
解析：longer 根据空后的than和语境可知，此处应该使用副词比较级形式，故填longer。
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)As a result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.Even (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.
解析：worse 根据语境可知，此处表示程度的加深，所以用副词比较级形式，even worse表示“更糟糕的是”。
6．(2017·浙江6月高考)Sixteen years (early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring to cook a meal.
解析：earlier sixteen years earlier表示“早在16年前”。此时的earlier相当于before，一般直接跟在时间名词的后面。
考点3 形容词、副词的最高级
(1)表达在某个范围内“最……”，使用“the＋形容词/副词的最高级＋比较范围”结构。表示范围的标志词有in, of, among等；
(2)当空格前有the second/third ..., one of ...等词时，需填最高级；
(3)有些词本身就含有最高级含义，不能再用最高级，如favorite, wonderful, exhausted等。
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait (画像) done so he called all great artists to come and present their (fine) work, so that he could choose the best.
解析：finest 根据句意及后文的choose the best可知，此处应用形容词最高级。
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)He screams the (loud) of all.
解析：loudest 根据空前的the以及空后的of all可知，此处应用副词最高级。
3．(2020·太原模拟)This festival is a holiday of great significance and the one with the (long) history.
解析：longest 根据语境及空前的the可知，应用最高级。
4．(2020·太原模拟)I want to live my life that way — to take it into the world and live it to the (full)．
解析：fullest live life to the fullest“充实地生活”。
5．(2020·太原模拟)Antarctica, the coldest place on Earth, is the fifth (large) continent in the world.
解析：largest 表示“第几个最……”，英语中也要用最高级。
[自测中查漏补缺]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2020·北京高考)Second, tiger sharks are so strong and aggressive that they can easily (easy) hit a person.
2．(2020·浙江1月高考)This is particularly (particular) true in the US.The second reason is that people are living longer.
3．(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)In the 18th and 19th centuries, wealthy(wealth) people travelled and collected plants，historical objects and works of art.
4．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)They also shared with us many traditional (tradition) stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists.
5．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Her years of hard work have finally (final) been acknowledged after a customer nominated (提名) her to be Cheshire's Woman Of The Year.
6．(2021·西安模拟)The poor man was shocked (shock) to hear this and they finally took the issue to court to get the right judgment.
7．Now it has become one of the biggest (big) international art festivals in Asia, providing a platform for artists at home and abroad to exchange ideas.
8．(2021·合肥模拟)“Before I came to Egypt, the tourism agency told me repeatedly (repeat) to bring cooling balm as a gift to make the trip easier (easy)，” said Mr Ye, a 25 year old whose family sells Chinese medicine online.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．With these changes, people's pace of life has been quickened and people's work has been made more efficiently.efficiently→efficient
2．But he stays outside the list of the world's 10 rich people.rich→richest
3．The meeting obvious proved to be a turning point for both of them, promoting the birth of Alibaba and later cooperation with Jerry Yang.obvious→obviously
4．To realize my dream, I must learn as much as I can to get into a good medical college, where I can make fully preparations for the job of a doctor.fully→full
5．But Katie thought owning their own bikes would make wonderfully memories for every child.wonderfully→wonderful
6．But when he had recovered three days later, he felt amazing at the effect of the Chinese medicine.amazing→amazed
7．Standing on the highest place, I felt so greatly.greatly→great
8．She works hardly and has been a model teacher for ages.hardly→hard
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2021·高三开封模拟)One place that has left a lasting 1 (impress) on me is the island of Lesvos in Greece. I went there for 2 holiday with some of my friends. We felt that we deserved a bit of sun and a chance 3 (relax) after having studied so hard.
Strangely enough, even though I went there for a well earned rest, I 4 (actual) worked harder than I had ever done before. Instead of spending my days on the beach sunbathing and swimming in the sea, I ended up 5 (help) the locals deal with the endless arrival of refugees (难民), many of 6 were struggling to get to the beach after their boats had turned over.
Anyway, this holiday turned out to be one of the most 7 (forget) of my life, but for all the wrong reasons. Often, when I'm alone these days, I 8 (disturb) by the memories of the faces of parents who couldn't find their children, and the sound of people screaming 9 help. 10 the people of Lesvos did to help these people, opening their homes to them and sharing the few possessions they themselves owned, was absolutely amazing. I was completely touched by the generosity of the people of Lesvos.
1．impression 考查名词。空处被形容词lasting和冠词a修饰，故应用名词的单数形式，所以填impression。
2．a 考查冠词。holiday意为“假期”，此处是可数名词，且第一次在语境中出现，表示泛指，又holiday的发音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a修饰。
3．to relax 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处应用动词不定式作后置定语。
4．actually 考查副词。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰动词worked，应用副词形式，在句子中作状语，所以填actually。
5．helping 考查非谓语动词。end up doing sth.为固定用法，故填help的动名词形式helping。
6．whom 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为refugees，表示人，所以用“代词＋of＋whom”结构来引导该从句。
7．unforgettable 考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，空处被the most修饰，应为形容词，又根据第一段中的“One place that has left a lasting 1 (impress) on me is the island of Lesvos in Greece”可知，此处表示最难忘的，故填unforgettable。
8．am disturbed 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处为主句的谓语，又根据其后的被动语态符号“by”和句子主语I以及该句中的“these days”可知，此处应用一般现在时的被动语态，所以填am disturbed。
9．for 考查介词。根据语境可知，此处表示人们高声呼救的声音，scream for sth.意为“为某事高声喊”，为固定用法，所以填介词for。
10．What 考查主语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导主语从句，在从句中作did的宾语，表示“……的事物”，所以填What。注意：that引导主语从句时在从句中不充当句子成分。
Ⅳ.短文改错
Life can be tough sometimes because there is always something unexpected happened, which may tire or even stop us.However, we can't choose to escape.We are supposed take responsibility for ourselves and our families.Several year ago, my father lost my job and was unemployed for a long time. So he didn't take it seriously. Instead, he believed he had an enough time to rest and think about how to make a newly living. Now he had received a well paid job offer. So, when you are faced with challenges, choosing to believe good things are in the way.
答案：第一句：happened→happening
第三句：supposed后加to
第四句：year→years; my→his
第五句：So→But
第六句：去掉enough前的an; newly→new
第七句：had→has
第八句：choosing→choose; in→on
PAGE
9(共34张PPT)代词、介词(介词短语)
[语境中体悟用法]
朗读下面短文，体会、领悟加黑代词的意义及在句中充当的成分。
We① students should get on well with each other②.But in fact, something unpleasant can happen from time to time. For example, yesterday afternoon, it③ was fine. All④ of us went out to the playground. Some were playing games and others⑤ were playing football when two boys of us quarreled and then fought. Every one⑥ of us was confused because they were ever very good friends and nobody⑦ could exactly tell what⑧ they fought for. Neither⑨ of them wanted to give in to the other⑩.I thought it wrong of them to do so. So I tried to tell them that we should put ourselves in others' shoes, but both of them were too angry to calm down. It was not until our headteacher came that they parted. In my opinion, it is necessary for us to calm down and solve problems that we meet. Only those who can easily forgive and forget will get a more comfortable life.
[用法体悟]
①we是人称代词的主格，在本句中作主语。
②each other与one another是相互代词，在句中只能作及物动词或介词的宾语。本句中的each other作介词with的宾语。
③it是人称代词的主格，在本句中作主语，表示“天气”。
④all是不定代词，在本句中作主语。
⑤some ... others ...是固定句式，表示“一些人……另一些人……”。此处，some和others是不定代词，在句中作主语。
⑥every one是不定代词，在本句中作主语，注意，every one常接of短语，但everyone(＝everybody)不与of短语连用。
⑦不定代词nobody(＝no one)表示“没有一个人”，在本句中作主语。
⑧what是连接代词，引导宾语从句，并在从句中作宾语。
⑨不定代词neither指两者中“没有一个”，在本句中作主语。
⑩不定代词the other特指两者中的“另外一个”，在本句中作介词to的宾语。
it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的不定式。
them是人称代词的宾格，在句中作宾语。
ourselves是反身代词，在本句中作put的宾语。反身代词在句中一般作宾语，也可作主语或宾语的同位语。
不定代词both表示“两者都”，在本句中作主语。
it在此用于构成强调结构，it was not until ... that ...是对not until ...句式的强调。
it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式短语。
those是指示代词，表示“那些人”，相当于those people。
[系统中整合规则]
(一)人称代词、物主代词与反身代词
1．基本用法
类别 主格 宾格 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 反身代词
功能 作主语 作宾语、同位语等 作定语 作主语、表语或宾语 作宾语、表语或同位语
第一人称 I(我) me my mine myself
we(我们) us our ours ourselves
第二人称 you(你) you your yours yourself
you(你们) you your yours yourselves
第三人称 he(他) him his his himself
she(她) her her hers herself
it(它) it its its itself
they(他们) them their theirs themselves
2．反身代词的习惯用法
与介词搭配 by oneself独自地 for oneself亲自of oneself自动地 in oneself 本质上；本身
与动词搭配 come to oneself 苏醒；恢复知觉dress oneself 打扮；自己穿衣devote oneself to 致力于；献身于behave oneself 表现得体；有礼貌apply oneself to 专心致志于help oneself to 随便吃/用enjoy oneself 玩得开心
(二)it的用法
1．it的基本用法
用法 例句
指天气、季节、时间、距离、环境等 It is early spring now, but it is already hot.现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了。
代替前面提过的事物、群体、想法、内容等或代替指示代词 Although he didn't like the movie, I decided to see it anyway.尽管他不喜欢这部电影，但我还是决定去看一看。
指不知性别的孩子和婴儿或不明身份的人(由于某种原因而不知对方是谁) The baby is crying.It might be hungry.婴儿在哭，可能是饿了。
2．it作形式主语或形式宾语
常用句型
it作形式主语 It is a pity/shame that ... 真可惜……It is no wonder that ... 难怪……It seems/appears that ... 似乎/看来……It looks/seems as if/as though ... 看起来好像……It happens that ... 碰巧……It occurs to/comes to/strikes/hits sb.that ... 某人突然想起……It is said/reported that ... 据说/据报道……It is certain that ... ……是一定的It is no use/good doing ... 做……没有用/好处It takes sb.some time to do ...做……花费某人若干时间
it作形式宾语 ①主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep ...＋it＋adj./n.＋(for/of sb.) to do/that从句②主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep ...＋it＋useless/worth/worthwhile/no use/no good/a waste of time (money/energy ...)＋doing ...
(三)不定代词
1．both, all, either, neither与none的区别
代词 用法
both (1)表示“两者(都)”。(2)作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。(3)与not连用表示部分否定，意为“两者并不都……”。(表示全部否定需用neither)
all (1)指三者或三者以上的人或物的“全部”。(2)作主语，指人时，谓语动词通常用复数形式；指事物的整体或抽象概念时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。(3)与not连用表示部分否定。(表示完全否定需用none)
either (1)表示“(两者中的)任何一个”。(表示三者或三者以上的人或物中的“任何一个”需用any)(2)作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
neither (1)表示“(两者)都不”。(2)单独作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。(3)后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数形式，也可用复数形式。
none (1)表示“(三者及三者以上中)无一个”或“没有一点儿”。(2)后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数形式，也可用复数形式。(3)既可指代可数名词，也可指代不可数名词。
2．the other, another, others与the others的区别
代词 用法
the other 可单独使用，特指两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”。
another 泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替单数可数名词。另外，another后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词(名词表示的事物被看作一个整体)”，表示“另外的……(多少)”。
others/the others others只能单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some连用。特指“整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或事物”时用the others。
[集训中明晰考点]
考点1 作形式主语和形式宾语时必须用it
1．(2018·浙江6月高考)Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap can be to eat out.
解析：it 此处应用it作形式主语，动词不定式短语to eat out为真正的主语。
2．(2021·南昌模拟)And improved body condition makes easy for you to carry out daily tasks.
解析：it 分析句子结构可知，空处应用it作形式宾语，句中形容词easy作宾语补足语，后面的不定式短语是真正的宾语。
3．(2021·湖南雅礼中学模拟)When they grow older than three years old, is easier for girls to catch colds than boys.
解析：it 句意：当他们长到超过三岁时，女孩儿比男孩儿更容易感冒。此处it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式短语。
4．(2021·无锡模拟) was a desperate race against time to land the plane before it ran out of fuel.Fortunately, the young pilot made it eventually.
解析：It 句意：在飞机燃料耗尽之前着陆是一场与时间的绝望竞赛。幸运的是，这位年轻的飞行员做到了。it在此作形式主语，真正的主语是to land the plane before it ran out of fuel。
考点2 人称代词、物主代词、反身代词
(1)人称代词主格作主语，宾格可作及物动词或介词的宾语，也可作表语或同位语；
(2)形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，在句中只能作名词或动词 ing的前置定语，不能单独使用；
(3)名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词＋名词”，可单独作主语、表语和宾语，也可与of连用作后置定语，但不能单独作定语；
(4)反身代词常在enjoy, teach, hurt, buy, introduce等动词和by, for, to, in, of等介词后作宾语；含有反身代词的固定短语也是常考点。
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Data about the moon's composition, such as how much ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether (it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.
解析：its 所填词修饰后面的plans，故填it的形容词性物主代词形式its。
2．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ短文改错改编)“Not that way，”my mom tried to stop (I) but failed.
解析：me 作动词stop的宾语，应该用宾格，故填me。
3．(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)As well as looking at exhibits，visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine (they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.
解析：themselves imagine sb. doing sth.“想象某人做某事”。主语是visitors，故用反身代词themselves，指“他们自己”。
4．(2019·北京高考)Nervously facing challenges, I know I will whisper to (I) the two simple words “Be yourself”．
解析：myself 本句主语为I，宾语与主语同指一人，应用反身代词。whisper to oneself为固定短语，表示“低声对自己说”，故填myself。
5．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find (they) alive.
解析：them 空格处作find的宾语，人称代词作宾语时，要用其宾格，故填them，指代上文的gorillas。
考点3 that, those可以指代前面提到的名词
单数和不可数名词用that指代，名词复数用those指代，此时名词和that, those后面一般有后置定语；此外，that还可用于指代上文提到的事情，this指代下文要说的事情。
1．(2021·南昌模拟)To her joy, Della earned first the trust of her students and then of her colleagues.
解析：that 句意：使她高兴的是，Della首先赢得了她的学生的信任，然后又获得了她的同事的信任。空后面的“of her colleagues”与前面的“of her students”是同样的结构，因此此空应该用that来替代the trust，以避免重复。
2．(2021·哈尔滨模拟)At our factory there are a few machines similar to described in this magazine.
解析：those 句意：我们工厂里有一些机器与这本杂志里描述的那些机器很相似。根据句意可知，空格处指的是the machines，同时the machines被described in this magazine修饰，应用those替代，故填those。
3．(2021·邢台模拟)To my amazement, the life of France and Italy seemed more pleasant and relaxing than of Toronto.
解析：that 代指前面的the life，故用that。
4．(2021·石家庄模拟)He said the vegetables were smaller than grown in fresh water.
解析：those 代指前面提到的名词vegetables。他说这些蔬菜比种在淡水中的蔬菜小。
考点4 another, other, others
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ短文改错改编)The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and animals.
解析：other 句中的animals是复数形式，所以修饰该名词的限定词应该用other。可数名词复数前用other，意为“其他的”。
2．(2021·枣庄模拟)Some people use the air to sustain them while they sit around and feel sorry for themselves. breathe in the air and use the energy it provides to make a magnificent life.
解析：Others others泛指“其他人”。与前面的some构成some ... others ...句式。
3．(2021·洛阳模拟)Many singles say the regular dating scene has led them from one bad experience to .
解析：another 此处表示从一个不愉快的经历到另一个(不愉快的经历), another“另一个”。
[自测中查漏补缺]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2021·贵州平坝一中模拟)They had to chase the overprotective mother away first, so that they could get close enough to rescue the baby.
2．(2021·辽宁沈阳二中模拟)When tea and coffee were first introduced to Europe in the 18th century, people had different ideas about their (they) use.
3．It is important to think about the people of a destination country and how tourism affects them.
4．Yesterday evening, just before dusk, I spotted a pigeon badly tied up with a sharp string, hitting the wall and the tree branches, to free himself (he) from the kite string.
5．After the boy ate one apple, he asked for another.
6．(2020·青海平安一中冲刺)Nobody likes to talk about death, but the reality is — everyone is going to die at one point, and none of us know the day, or the hour.
7．(2020·西安教学质量检测)All of us have read thrilling stories.In many of them (they) the hero had only a limited and specified time to live.
8．Both teams were in hard training; neither was willing to lose the game.
9．(2020·黄山模拟)Some great people can see possibilities where others see only problems.
10．(2020·湖南雅礼中学模拟)When we look at someone, maybe even ourselves (us), we see the external clay.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．My parents took me to see our doctor, who told me what was a good idea to eat only a little.what→it
2．It is a very precious present from mine Canadian teacher, which I treasure very much.mine→my
3．At 10：00, we put on performances, like singing and dancing.Then they played games together! they→we
4．My father is the man I respect most.Strict as he may be, he never fails to show her care and consideration.her→his
5．About 36% of them are fond of surfing the Internet, which helps him know about the latest news and current affairs in the world.him→them
6．Yesterday, one of my favorite stamps was lost, which made me really upset.I looked for it everywhere and asked everybody in the room, but still couldn't find them.them→it
Ⅲ.语法填空
What is art It is very difficult to come 1 with a thorough answer.Tons of people have their own opinions and think they know what art 2 (true) is.Most people's answers are too general to distinguish what art is.Art is a creative form of work, 3 (design) to have a purpose and show emotion.
There is a purpose to every piece of artwork.Therefore 4 artist had to start with a unique idea, or reason for 5 they're creating.Historically, art has many different purposes for being made.Artists have made art for logical 6 (purpose) like entertainment, communication, and sometimes just to express 7 (they)．The first time I made art, it was in kindergarten.I remember a mini house glued on paper for my family.Art has to have a connection between the artist and the actual art project itself.As is the case with the Statue of Liberty, and freedom.
Art's final goal is 8 (stir) up some type of emotion.Plenty of artists express their feelings in a piece of art.Then the artist's feelings 9 (absorb) by the audience, causing them to have 10 (emotion) reactions to the visual.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了什么是艺术，艺术的目的是什么以及艺术的最终目的等情况。
1．up 考查固定短语。come up with意思是“想出；提出”。
2．truly 考查副词。修饰后面的is，指艺术真正是什么，作状语。
3．designed 考查非谓语动词。design与art之间构成被动关系，因此使用过去分词。
4．an 考查冠词。此处表示泛指，且artist以元音音素开头，故填an。
5．what 考查宾语从句。设空处引导的从句作for的宾语，且在从句中作create的宾语。
6．purposes 考查名词复数。like后面列举的内容表明目的很多，故使用复数形式。
7．themselves 考查代词。根据意思，表达他们自己，使用express themselves。
8．to stir 考查非谓语动词。根据句子的意思， 艺术的最终目的是激起一些感情。再根据句子的结构来判断，此处要用动词不定式作表语。
9．are absorbed 考查时态和语态。由上文可知，此处叙述一般事实，应用一般现在时。设空处与主语为被动关系，因此使用被动语态。
10．emotional 考查形容词。修饰后面的名词，使用形容词作定语。
Ⅳ.短文改错
High school is very important in one's lifetime. Nowadays, the movies about the high school time are so popular, and the stories are overstated. My high school life is so different of those in the movies. In the past two years, study occupied most of my time. I fought for the future with my classmates. We studied hardly and shared our opinion about the difficult points together. When I made a great progress, I was so happy, but when I fell behind, I would not give up. I grew up and became patience. I was not a little girl anymore. In the spare time, I would go to play basketball with my friends, that became the most excited thing at that time. Though the high school life was simple, I gained a lot. I would never forget the classmates who studied with them together.
答案：第二句：and→but
第三句：of→from
第四句：study后加has
第六句：hardly→hard; opinion→opinions
第七句：去掉great前的a
第八句：patience→patient
第十句：that→which; excited→exciting
第十二句：them→me
[语境中体悟用法]
朗读下面短文，体会、领悟画线加黑部分。思考什么词前用介词；有哪几类介词；介词的搭配要注意什么。
Born in Beijing①， Yuan Longping graduated from Southwest Agricultural College② in 1953③， and since his graduation④ he has devoted himself to⑤ agricultural education and research. His pioneering research has helped rid China of⑥ hunger within three decades⑦. In 1973, in cooperation with⑧ others, he was able to cultivate a type of hybrid rice species which had great advantages over⑨ others and whose output would increase by⑩ 20 percent than that of common ones. With higher yields than previous varieties, Professor Yuan's new crop, regarded as the fifth invention after China's Four Major Inventions ， has quickly improved China's food supply. Without any hesitation ， he shared his knowledge and technology with foreign scientists, so farmers in more than ten other countries besides China have thus benefited from his work, gaining access to his technology. In return ， he was awarded many international awards for his great achievements. In his spare time, Dr. Yuan loves playing the violin and listening to music. Every night, he reads for half an hour about various topics before he goes to sleep. But he cares for nothing more than his research and he goes to the fields twice a day by motorbike， which has left a strong impression on us.
[用法体悟]
1．介词的基本用法：
①in地点介词，在某个城市、国家等范围较大的地点前用in；小地点，如station, airport, corner等前面常用at；
③表示年、月的名词前用介词in；
④since“自……以后，从……以来”，表示自过去一直持续到现在，谓语动词通常使用完成时；
⑦介词within后面接一段时间，表示“不超过，在……的范围内”；
with在此表示“伴有，具有；伴随着”，此外with还有“由于；关于；和……一致”等意思；
after表示“在……之后”；
besides表示“除了……之外”；
for后不接时间点，只与一段时间相搭配；
about在此表示“关于，在……方面”；
by在此表示“乘(交通工具)”；
2．固定搭配中的介词：
②从某所学校毕业用graduate from；
⑤介词to与动词devote构成词组devote oneself to表示“致力于……”；
⑥短语rid sb. of表示“使某人摆脱”；
⑧固定搭配in cooperation with表示“与……合作”；
⑨固定搭配have advantages over表示“比……有优势”；
⑩短语increase by表示“增加了”，强调增加幅度；
be regarded as“被视为”，此处在句中作定语，故用regarded as形式；
without any hesitation表示“毫不犹豫地”；
短语benefit from表示“从……中受益”；
access后常接介词to搭配构成短语access to表示“可获得/利用某物或到达某地”；
短语in return，表示“作为回报”；
leave a strong impression on sb.给某人留下深刻的印象。
[系统中整合规则]
(一)4个常用介词
1．against的用法
含义 例句
反对；违背；与……相反 Are you for or against the plan 你是赞成还是反对该计划？
触；碰；撞；紧靠；倚靠 Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back against a big tree.吉姆累了，背靠着一棵大树很快便睡着了。
与……竞争 We will be competing against the best companies in Europe.我们将会和欧洲的顶级公司竞争。
防备，抵御 They took measures against the fire.他们采取了防火措施。
以……为背景，衬托 The hill looks more beautiful against the blue sky.在蓝天的映衬下，山峰看起来更美丽。
2．at的用法
含义及用法 例句
用在表示地点、场合、方位等的名词前，表示“在某处” I'll pick you up at the airport at 2 o'clock this afternoon.今天下午两点我会到机场接你。
用在表示时刻、钟点、期间、……岁、时节等的名词前 He left school at (the age of) 16.他16岁便离开了学校。
表示“以，按(价格、速度、数量等)” Admission is at normal charges and you don't need to book.以正常价格收取门票费，你无需预约。
表示“因……而；一听到/看到/想到……就……” We were frightened at the terrible sight.看到这可怕的景象，我们被吓到了。
表示“朝，向(某方向、目标)” He shot at the target but missed it.他向目标射击，但是没射中。
表示“在……方面” She's hopeless at managing people.她对人事管理一窍不通。
3．by的用法
含义及用法 例 句
(时间)不迟于，在……之前 He is sure to come by three o'clock.他三点之前肯定会来。
(位置)靠近，在……旁边/附近 On a cold evening, it is pleasant to sit by the fire.在寒冷的夜晚，坐在炉火旁边很舒服。
表示“(标准、度量、数量)根据，按照，以……计算”，常用结构为“by＋the＋单数可数名词” They sell eggs by the dozen.他们按打卖鸡蛋。We rent the car by the day.我们按天租用汽车。
(表示程度、数量)相差 We lost the match by one goal.我们以一球之差输了这场比赛。
经过，经由 They came in by the back door.他们是从后门进来的。
靠，用，通过(某种方法、手段) You can reserve the tickets by phone.你可以通过电话订票。
“被/由……”(常置于表被动的动词后，后接动作的执行者) He was knocked down by a car.他被一辆小汽车撞倒了。
4．for的用法
含义 例句
(表示目的或功能)为了 Are you learning English for pleasure or for your work 你学英语是出于消遣还是为了工作？
(表示对象或用途)给，对 The problem was that it was too expensive for everyday use.问题是这对日常使用来说太贵了。
(表示原因)因为，由于 Bill was arrested for dangerous driving.比尔因危险驾驶而被拘捕。
(表示时间、距离、数量)达，计 We drove for miles before we found a gas station.我们开车数英里后才找到一个加油站。
(表示等值或比例关系)换取 He agreed to pay 300 dollars for the picture.他答应付300美元买下那幅画。
支持，赞成 How many people voted for the proposal？有多少人投票支持这项提议？
至于，关于，就……而言 It's cold for the time of year.在一年的这个时节天气是冷了些。
(表示去向)往，向 A few days later she would be leaving for New York.过几天她就要动身去纽约了。
(表示陈述或问题的对象)适于，适合于 I'm sure she's the ideal person for the job.我确信她是这个职位的理想人选。
(二)3种介词固定搭配
1．介词与动词构成的搭配
call for需要 pay for为……付款
apply for申请 search for寻找，搜索
wait for等待 begin with以……开始
2．介词与名词构成的搭配
(1)at＋n.表示状态
at a loss 不知所措 at peace 处于和平状态
at war 处于交战状态 at work 在工作
(2)on＋n.表示状态
on exhibition/show 在展出
on fire 着火
on sale 出售，打折
on the way 在途中
(3)by＋n.表示方式
by accident偶然地 by air/plane乘飞机
by chance偶然 by coincidence碰巧
(4)in＋n.表示方式
in cash用现金付款 in depth在深度上
in detail详细地 in height在高度上
(5)of＋n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词)
of benefit有益处的 of help 有帮助的
of importance重要的 of significance有意义的
(6)out of＋n.表示状态
out of balance失去平衡 out of breath上气不接下气
out of control失去控制 out of date过期；过时
(7)under＋n.表示被动
under attack遭到袭击 under pressure在压力下
under treatment在治疗中 under control处于控制之中
3．介词与其他词构成的搭配
next to紧挨着 instead of代替
apart from除……之外 according to根据
along with 随着 regardless of不管，不顾
but for 要不是 up to直到；由……来决定
[集训中明晰考点]
考点1 for的常考点
(1)for常用于表示目的；
(2)for表示交换，常与buy, sell, exchange等词连用；
(3)leave A for B “离开A地去B地”；head for “朝……方向去”；search for“搜寻”；
(4)wait for sb.to do sth./ arrange for sb.to do sth.；
(5)其他短语中。
1．(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Museums must compete people's spare time and money with other amusements.
解析：for compete for ...with ...“为了……而与……竞争”，为固定搭配。
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Modern methods tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid 1980s, and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area.
解析：of/for 名词method后常接介词of/for, 表示“……的方法”，此处表示追踪北极熊数量的现代方法，故填介词of/for。
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I was searching these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing.
解析：for search for为固定搭配，意为“寻找，搜索”。
4．(2021·重庆模拟)After graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town.So I decided to leave home New York, where I might have a better chance to find a good job.
解析：for leave home for New York表示“离开家去纽约”。
考点2 in的常考点
1．(2020·浙江7月高考)Some time after 10, 000 BC, people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived ， through agriculture.
解析：in 分析句子结构可知，they lived 是定语从句，修饰先行词the world；根据语法常识知，live常和介词in搭配，意为“居住在……”。省略了的关系代词作in的宾语。
2．(2019·北京高考)First celebrated 1970, the Day now includes events in more than 190 countries and regions (地区)．
解析：in 表示“在哪一年”用介词in。
3．(2018·浙江11月高考)One cup of coffee the late afternoon or evening will cause them to stay awake almost all night.
解析：in in the late afternoon为固定搭配，意为“在傍晚”。
4．(2021·遂宁模拟)The violin sang with a quality of music so beautiful that the collector could only listen amazement.
解析：in 固定搭配in amazement意为“惊奇地”。
考点3 on的常考点
(1)在描述身体姿势时，常用on表示接触点，如：lie on one's back仰卧，get down on one's knees跪下；
(2)表示“以……为食；以……为燃料(或动力)来运转”；
(3)其他短语中。
1．My house is the left side of the street.
解析：on on the left side of “在……的左边”。
2．(2021·大庆模拟)The injured man was lying motionless his back.
解析：on lie on one's back“仰卧”。
3．(2021·石家庄模拟)Together they give off a smell very similar to the krill (磷虾) that many sea birds feed .
解析：on feed on“以……为食”。
4．(2021·临沂模拟)It is a fixed truth that this form of learning is the increase.
解析：on on the increase“在增长中”；on the decrease“在减少中”。
5．(2021·枣庄模拟) an autumn afternoon, we were sent to a farm where we learnt to plant potatoes there.
解析：On 具体到某一天的上、下午、晚上用on。再如：on a raining morning; on a windy evening。
考点4 with, without的常考点
(1)without表示“没有；缺乏；不和……在一起；无……相伴；不用；不拿；不带”，可用作with的反义词；
(2)with/without后可以接复合宾语；
(3)with/without介词短语可以用作定语，修饰名词，还可以用作状语，修饰动词或整个句子。
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ短文改错改编)Still I was unwilling to play the games them sometimes.
解析： with with sb.意为“和某人一起”。
2．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India, for example, most people traditionally eat their hands.
解析：with with one's hands“用某人的手”，介词with意为“用”。
3．(2015·广东高考)One day, the cow was eating grass when it began to rain heavily.While making great efforts to run away, she fell over the hill and died.Then the Johnsons had to make a living the cow.
解析：without 根据语境可知，奶牛在慌忙躲雨的时候，不小心摔死了，因此约翰逊一家人就不得不在没有了奶牛的情况下谋生。故填without。
考点5 to的常考点
(1)表示方向、时间、程度、范围等，如：from north to south, ten minute to nine, to a certain；
(2)表示对比、对立、对应等，如：inferior ... to, contrary to；
(3)表示目的、对象等，如：drink to one's health, be kind to；
(4)表示所属关系，配合、按照等，如the key to, sing to。
1．(2019·浙江6月高考)The answer this question is not clear.
解析：to 句意：这个问题的答案并不明朗。the answer to ...“……的答案”。
2．(2021·贵阳模拟)Several days ago, he showed the public a limited edition car, which is especially made his personal taste.
解析：to to his personal taste“按照他个人的品位”。
3．(2021·遵义模拟)He had a radio in his hand and was dancing cheerfully the music.
解析：to dance to the music“随着音乐跳舞”。
4．(2021·长沙模拟)Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their own volunteer run shops, but Mr Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution these villages without a local shop.
解析：to a solution to“……的解决办法”。
考点6 含有as或at的固定搭配
1．(2021·洛阳模拟)Gandhi, an Indian national hero, was honored the father of the Indian nation.
解析：as be honored as“被誉为”。
2．(2021·郑州模拟)Take the album's hit single “Hello” an example.
解析：as take ... as an example“以……为例”。
3．(2021·泰安模拟)The only reason a man would sell his house a low price would be because he was desperate for money.
解析：at at a low price“以很低的价钱”。
4．(2021·成都模拟)We are walking the speed of one mile an hour.
解析：at at the speed of“以……速度”。
考点7 其他固定搭配中的介词
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist earth, Mother Nature.
解析：on 此处on earth相当于in the world，意思是“在世上，在人间”。
2．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Bamboo plants are associated health, abundance and a happy home.
解析：with be associated with“与……有关，与……联系”。
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)We were first greeted with the barking by a pack dogs, seven to be exact.
解析：of a pack of为固定搭配，表示“一群……”，故填of。
4．(2021·济宁模拟)Before she could react, I gave her a big hug and told her she didn't need to keep it a secret me.
解析：from keep sth.a secret from sb.表示“不把某事告诉某人”。
5．(2021·长沙模拟)We should take some measures to fight pollution.
解析：against fight against“和……做斗争”。
[自测中查漏补缺]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2021·兰州模拟)Students often must go from one class in one building to the next class in another building across campus.
2．(2021·双流中学模拟)At that time, they were two teenagers.
3．(2021·大庆模拟)Guan Yu, a general from the Three Kingdoms Period (A.D.220－280), is a good example of this kind of character.He is famous for being very loyal to his emperor, Liu Bei.
4．Because of poverty they must go out onto the street and ask people for money.
5．They demanded that they be allowed to fill their arms with many possessions as they could carry out.
6．(2020·遵义模拟)With his head down, the farmer said，“It was very easy, your highness.I simply cut the branch that the bird was sitting on.”
7．These photographs are used for the class yearbook, which is a printed book about all the students in the school.
8．(2020·宜宾模拟)If you see two zebras standing close to each other and it looks like they're biting each other, don't worry.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．We enjoyed a grander sight by climbing a greater height. climbing后加to
2．On the first place, vehicles sending large quantities of poisonous gases are a major source.On→In
3．With an effort, all the books were free from of rain.去掉of
4．The 87 year old scientist says his achievements would not have been possible with the Communist Party of China, and that he is willing to make his last contribution to the country.with→without
5．By Sunday afternoon, the glue had set, and after two coats of bright white paint, the chair was of perfect.去掉perfect前的of
6．A week before Earth Day, posters were put up around our school, calling upon us to join the actions for a greener earth.join后加in
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2021·山西省八校高三第一次联考)The New York City Police Department (NYPD) has a new way to figure out if citizens feel safe. The department is using something 1 (call) a “sentiment (情绪) meter”， which asks people whether they feel safe in their neighborhood and whether the police are 2 (responsibility) in their mind.
“This is a huge problem here. All the crime numbers that we want are easy 3 (lay) out, but unless people feel safe, we're not doing our job 4 (entire)，”Commissioner James P. O'Neill told the newspaper. A company hired by the NYPD 5 (take) advantage of social media platforms to survey up to 7,500 New Yorkers. Survey questions included: “Do the police officers in my neighborhood treat local people 6 respect？” and “ Do the police in my neighborhood listen and take the concerns of local people into 7 (consider)？” The results showed that 6.6 out of 10 New Yorkers trusted the police.
“We want to figure out 8 you don't feel safe in your neighborhood，” O'Neill said. “Maybe it is a quality of life condition that isn't being addressed. Maybe it's abandoned 9 (vehicle). Maybe there are other problems going on.” The NYPD hopes in 10 long term the information can be used to tailor manpower to each police station in the city.
语篇解读：文章介绍了纽约警察局调查民情的新方法。
1．called 考查非谓语动词。call与something是逻辑上的动宾关系，且此处表示动作已经完成，故用过去分词called。
2．responsible 考查形容词。根据句意“在他们心目中，警察是否负责”。可知用responsible。
3．to lay 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处是名词/代词＋be＋形容词＋to do结构，do和主语是逻辑上的动宾关系，但是不定式要用主动形式表示被动含义。
4．entirely 考查副词。除非人们感觉安全，否则我们没有完全尽到我们的职责。此处用副词修饰动词。
5．took 考查动词的时态。根据语境和下文所用的一般过去时可知，此处描述的是过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。
6．with 考查介词。小区的警察是怀有敬意地对待当地的住户的吗？with在此表示“带着，怀有”。
7．consideration 考查名词。此处是take ...into consideration“考虑到”。注意：切不可看到into就以为此处填动词的 ing形式。
8．why 考查名词性从句。根据下文提到的一些原因可知，此处表示“我们想要搞清楚你们为什么感觉不安全”。宾语从句中表示为什么，所以用why引导。
9．vehicles 考查名词复数。或许是废弃的汽车。虽然主语是it，但是它指代的是一种原因，而vehicle是可数名词，空前无冠词，故用复数表类指。
10．the 考查冠词。in the long term“从长远来看”，所以用the。
Ⅳ.短文改错
I'm so sorry to hear that you have been suffering from sleepless for a long time. To help your recover soon, I'd like to advise you to turn to traditional Chinese medicine. As is known to us all, traditional Chinese medicine is practical but effective when using to treat some pared with the high cost of western medicine, it has a reasonable price, so you don't need to be worried your budget.Additional, unlike western medicine, traditional Chinese medicine has more side effects. Therefore, if you agreed, I'd like to recommend a doctor to you, which I'm sure will offer you an ideal treatment. Please don't hesitate to ask me for help whenever do you think it's necessary. I hope you'll have a speedy recovery.
答案：第一句：sleepless→sleeplessness
第二句：your→you
第三句：but→and; using→used
第四句：worried后加about
第五句：Additional→Additionally; more→fewer
第六句：agreed→agree; which→who
第七句：去掉whenever后的do
PAGE
20(共86张PPT)名词、冠词
[语境中体悟用法]
朗读下面短文，体会、领悟加黑名词的类别和用法。
Born on August 23, 1988 in America①， Jeremy Shu How Lin② is a professional basketball③ player who was on the Huston Rockets④ of the National Basketball Association (NBA)⑤. But, to some degree, many Chinese fans⑥ and coaches⑦ take him as a Chinese guy or at least are willing to imagine him a Chinese⑧ just because he has a typical Chinese face and his parents were born in China. Jeremy Lin has recently become a success⑨ and attracted the world's⑩ attention, which gives Chinese people a lot of imagination and pride .As we know, in most people's eyes, Jeremy is a miracle.
In June, 2012, when Jeremy took his third trip to China, a large crowd came to meet him, among whom there were various fans including some families ， some children and even some women players . They brought cameras to take photos with their idol. Jeremy had fun with his supporters and expected to come back again.
[用法体悟]
(1)①②④⑤为专有名词，其中④⑤是由普通名词构成的专有名词；
(2)③处为名词作定语，修饰中心名词player；
(3)⑤处of the National Basketball Association与⑩处的world's为名词所有格形式，无生命名词的所有格一般用“of＋名词”表示，有生命的人或物的所有格则用“名词＋'s”表示；
(4)⑥⑦ 为可数名词的复数形式。名词变复数，一般情况下直接加 s，如⑥；以s，x，sh，ch结尾的名词加 es，如⑦；以辅音字母＋ y结尾的，改y为i再加 es，如 ；以f或者fe结尾的词，改f为v，再加 es；以o结尾的单词，一般加 s，如 ，少数加 es；另有一些单词或合成名词存在不规则变化，如 ；
(5)⑧处a Chinese在句中作宾语补足语，Chinese在此处为单数名词；另：Chinese单复数同形，类似的有deer, sheep, fish, means, Japanese等；
(6)⑨处a success为抽象名词具体化，表示“一位成功人士”；
(7) 在此表示“人”，为集合名词，表示复数意义，类似的有 cattle(牲畜), police(警察)等；
(8) 处的imagination与pride为不可数名词，前可以用little, a little, a bit of, some, much, a lot of, plenty of, a great deal of, a large amount of等修饰；
(9) 为抽象名词，没有复数形式，前面不能加冠词a, an；
(10)可数名词不可单独出现，要么用其复数形式，要么前加限定词，如文中的a miracle, his third trip, cameras等。
[系统中整合规则]
(一)可数名词的复数形式
1．规则名词的6种复数变化形式
变化规则 例词
一般情况下 在词尾直接加 s month→months
以 s， x， ch， sh结尾的名词 在词尾加 es glass→glassesmatch→matches
以辅音字母＋ y结尾的名词 变y为i再加 es country→countriesfactory→factories
以元音字母＋ y 结尾的名词 在词尾直接加 s holiday→holidaysmonkey→monkeys
以 o结尾的名词 一般在词尾加 s photo→photos
有些在词尾加 es potato→potatoes
以 f， fe结尾的名词,
一般要变f或fe为v再加 es,self→selves
wolf→wolves
少数直接加 s,belief→beliefs
2．可数名词复数的3种不规则变化形式
类型 例词
单复数同形 deer, sheep, means, series, Chinese, Swiss, aircraft, spacecraft, species, fish
变内部元音 foot→feet, tooth→teeth, mouse→mice, man→men, woman→women
外来名词 medium→media (媒体)phenomenon→phenomena (现象)analysis→analyses (分析)
3．合成名词复数的2类变化形式
(1)若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数；若无中心词，则把最后一个词变成复数。
passer by→passers by, sister in law→sisters in law, grown up→grown ups
(2)“man/woman＋n.”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数，如：women engineers。
(二)不可数名词
1．常见的24个不可数名词
单词 词义 单词 词义
fun 乐趣 homework 家庭作业
progress 进步 equipment 设备
bread 面包 wealth 财富
knowledge 知识 room 空间
work 工作 weather 天气
music 音乐 news 新闻；消息
traffic 交通 meat 肉
word 消息 luck 运气
advice 建议 housework 家务
information 信息 furniture 家具
milk 牛奶 baggage/luggage 行李
orange 橙汁 money 钱
2．抽象名词的具体化
抽象名词(不可数) 具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词)
surprise惊讶 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事
success成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)
honour荣誉 an honour受尊敬的人或一种荣誉
failure失败 a failure一个(件)失败的人(事)
beauty美；美丽 a beauty美丽的人或事物
pleasure乐趣 a pleasure一件乐事
[集训中明晰考点]
考点1
前有冠词、物主代词等限定词时，被修饰的中心词应为名词；在句中作主语、宾语、表语时应考虑名词
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Chinese New Year is a (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.
解析：celebration 空前有不定冠词a，故空处应为可数名词单数，所以填 celebration。
2．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)Filled with (curious), the artist packed his bags and left.
解析：curiosity 空前为介词 with，故空处应用名词形式作介词的宾语，所以填curiosity。
3．(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Historical (accurate) is important but so is entertainment.
解析：accuracy 根据语境和空前的修饰词Historical可知，此处应用名词形式作主语，所以填accuracy。
4．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a (believe) that populations are increasing.
解析：belief 根据空前的a可知，短语leading to后接的是名词作宾语，故本空填believe的名词形式belief。
5．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting (compete) to watch, together with the story behind it.
解析：competition 根据空前的不定冠词an和形容词interesting可知，此处应填compete的名词单数形式competition。
6．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)This switch has decreased (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
解析：pollution decrease“降低，减少”，后应接名词作宾语，故填pollution。
考点2
可数名词前如果没有冠词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词等限定词，应用其复数形式表示复数含义
1．(2018·浙江6月高考)Making Chinese (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.
解析：dishes 此处dish是可数名词，其前无限定词，故用其复数形式泛指多种中国菜。
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.
解析：crowds 根据空格前面的形容词terrible可知此处填名词，crowd表示“人群”，是可数名词，前面没有限定词，所以用名词的复数形式。
3．(2021·合肥模拟)We usually expect Hollywood (hero) to show up on our screens and defeat the bad guys.
解析：heroes hero是可数名词，其前无限定词，故用其复数形式泛指好莱坞英雄。
4．(2021·太原模拟)They may be too young to tell right from wrong without the guidance of their parents.Some may take illegal (activity)．
解析：activities activity是可数名词，其前无限定词，故用其复数形式泛指非法活动。
考点3 固定用法中的复数名词和不可数名词
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ短文改错改编)Next I broke the eggs into a bowl and beat them quickly with (chopstick)．
解析：chopsticks chopstick意为“筷子”，常以复数形式出现。
2．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)The far side of the moon is of particular (interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so than the familiar near side.
解析：interest 空处为固定结构“be＋of＋抽象名词”，be of particular interest＝be particularly interesting，故填名词interest。
3．(2021·开封模拟)Knowing that, my mum and I made careful (prepare) for the celebration.
解析：preparations 固定搭配make preparations for“为……做准备”中preparation要用复数形式。
4．(2021·济南模拟)But at home he is a strict parent who is hard on me and has high (expect) of me.
解析：expectations expectation表示“期望”时，常用复数。
5．(2021·太原模拟)He has made great (contribute) to the development of our company.
解析：contributions “对……做贡献”的固定表达：make a contribution to或者make contributions to。
考点4 名词与其修饰语保持数的一致
(1)much, a little, a great deal of等接不可数名词；
(2)some, a lot of, lots of, plenty of等接复数名词或不可数名词；
(3)these, those, several, many, all, both, various, a pair of, a variety of, different或数词等接复数名词；
(4)many a接单数名词。
1．(2019·北京高考)No matter what you like to do, there is a way to get involved in various (activity) on Earth Day.
解析：activities 空格前有形容词various修饰，表示“各种各样的活动”，应用复数形式，故填activities。
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ短文改错改编)All the football (player) on the playground cheered loudly, saying that I had a talent for football.
解析：players player为可数名词，其前有All修饰，应用复数形式。
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ短文改错改编)Since I was a kid, I've considered different (job) I would like to do.
解析：jobs job意为“工作，职位”，是可数名词，且根据前面的形容词different可知，应用复数形式。
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all (cause)．
解析：causes 此处的cause是可数名词，表示“原因”。根据设空处前的all可知，应该使用复数形式，故填causes。
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side (effect) such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
解析：effects 根据空格前面的some以及空格后面列举的两个例子“overweight and heart disease”可知，应用effect的复数形式。
考点5 作主语的名词与谓语动词保持数的一致
1．(2020·浙江1月高考)For Japan, the (number) are more striking — 22 in 1950,46 today and 53 in 2050.
解析：numbers 根据下文的are可知这里应用number的复数形式，故填numbers。
2．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ) Recent (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.
解析： studies Recent是形容词，修饰名词，“Recent ”在句中作主语，根据谓语动词show可知，主语需要用复数形式。
3．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ短文改错改编)The teenage (year) from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.
解析：years 此处指13～19 岁的年龄，且谓语动词用了were，故用名词复数形式。
4．(2021·湖北部分重点中学联考)My best (memory) of Chinese food were when I first learned to use the chopsticks.
解析：memories 根据该句中的谓语动词were可知，此处的主语要用名词的复数形式，故填memories，表示“记忆”。
考点6 名词的数与上下文语境保持一致
1．(2020·浙江7月高考)Later, they learned to work with the (season), planting at the right time and, in dry areas, making use of annual floods to irrigate (灌溉) their fields.
解析：seasons 结合语境“他们学习随季节的变化而劳作”可知，一年有四个季节，需用复数形式。故填seasons。
2．(2018·浙江11月高考)One study showed that (woman) who drank a lot of coffee, like eight or more cups per day, while they were pregnant were more likely to have children with birth defects.
解析：women 结合“they were pregnant”以及that引导的宾语从句的谓语动词were可知，此处要用woman的复数形式women。
3．(2021·衡阳模拟)We should not be (slave) of money.
解析：slaves 句意：我们不应该成为金钱的奴隶。根据主语we可知，应用复数名词。
4．(2021·南昌模拟)Experts hope the whole society pay more attention to the mental health of (adolescent)．
解析：adolescents 句意：专家们希望全社会都来关心青少年的心理健康。根据句意可知，此处泛指“青少年”，应用复数形式，故填adolescents。
考点7 以 's结尾的名词的所有格
(1)单数名词和不以 s结尾的复数名词一般在词尾加 's，如：the girl's book, Women's Day。以 s结尾的复数名词在后面加 '，如：Teachers' Day。
(2)用于表示店铺、医院、住宅及公共建筑等的名词时，所有格之后的shop, house, home等常省略。
1．(2021·运城模拟)Since most students are in need of a nap, proper arrangements should be made so that students can have a good rest after a whole (morning) hard work.
解析：morning's 此处表示“一整个上午的努力学习之后”，应填名词所有格morning's。
2．(2021·济南模拟)To the (girl) surprise, he thrust the flowers into the girl's lap.
解析：girl's to one's surprise“令某人吃惊的是”，为固定短语，此处要用名词所有格。
3．(2021·青岛模拟)In two (week) time Bergqvist's ice creation will be nothing more than a pool of water.
解析：weeks' 以 s结尾的复数名词的所有格只在后面加'。
4．(2021·绵阳模拟)When I finally arrived at my (friend) he lent me lots of clothes.
解析：friend's 句意：当我终于到达我朋友家时，他借给我许多衣服。此处表示“朋友的家”，应用friend's，其后的home可省略。
[自测中查漏补缺]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She is determined to carry on with her education (educate)．
2．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia's biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top attraction (attract)．
3．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C., influenced the development (develop) of chopsticks.
4．(2021·日照模拟)Recent studies (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.
5．(2021·太原模拟)Ecotourism is typically defined as travel to places where the unique plants，animals and cultural heritage are the primary attractions (attraction)．
6．The British have many traditions (tradition) but there is nothing more quintessential (典型的) than taking afternoon tea.
7．Many of these had benefited from the government's special new policies encouraging people to start their own businesses (business)．
8．(2020·临沂模拟) There are various types of tea that offer different health benefits (benefit) and flavours.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．I would appreciate it if you could give me a reply at your earliest convenient. convenient→convenience
2．Firstly, it is of vital important to have a positive attitude. important→importance
3．I restarted to pick up my confident again. confident→confidence
4．It is necessary that one should eat various kind of healthy food, such as fish, eggs, vegetables and fruits. kind→kinds
5．By the way, after the contest, I am to drop in at your universities to visit you.
universities→university
6．Some sellers were shouting at the top of their voice to attract people's attentions.
attentions→attention
7．To my great joys, Mary took good care of me. joys→joy
8．Why not come and join us if you want to know more informations about our future space school informations→information
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2021·武汉质检)What makes the sea turn red and causes thousands of fish to die As far back as anyone could remember, the blame was placed on the “red tides”. In 1947, scientists finally connected the red tides with a microscopic sea organism (有机体) 1 (call) the dinoflagellate (沟鞭毛藻)．
The dinoflagellate is so tiny 2 many of these organisms may be contained in 3 single drop of water. It stands on the borderline between plants and animals in its classification. It produces its own food, as plants do. But it moves 4 ( free ) and eats other organisms, as animals do.
Dinoflagellates are normally only one of the many kinds of organisms found in plankton. Plankton is the name given to all very small 5 (form) of sea life. However, when the air and water 6 ( be ) calm and warm, dinoflagellates multiply at 7 (amaze) speed. The surface of the water appears 8 (cover) with a red carpet.
The dinoflagellates give off a poison. Many fish die. Their bodies are washed up on the beach. Beaches are not fit 9 any use. Fish that are not killed may become 10 (poison) to animals or people who eat mercial fishing comes to a stop.
As dinoflagellates consume all the food and oxygen in an area, they die. After a time, the sea returns to normal. But when conditions are right, the red tide comes again.
语篇解读：沟鞭毛藻是一种极其微小的生物，它们释放毒气，导致大量的鱼类中毒死亡，繁盛时会造成海水变红，形成“赤潮”。
1．called 考查非谓语动词。此处表示该有机体被称作沟鞭毛藻，故应用过去分词called。
2．that 考查固定用法。此处考查“so ...that ...”引导结果状语从句，表示“如此……以至于……”。
3．a 考查冠词。“drop”为可数名词，此处初次提到且表示泛指，又single的发音以辅音音素开头，故要用不定冠词a。
4．freely 考查词形转换。修饰动词moves要用副词，故填freely。
5．forms 考查名词复数。form在此意为“种类”，为可数名词；根据空前的“all”可知，此处要用名词复数形式。
6．are 考查主谓一致和时态。从句的主语为“the air and water”，表示两种物质，故从句的谓语动词要用复数形式；又此处陈述的为客观情况，故用一般现在时，故填are。
7．amazing 考查形容词。此处应用形容词amazing修饰名词speed，表示“令人惊讶的速度”。
8．to be covered 考查非谓语动词。此处考查固定用法appear to do sth.“似乎要做某事”，且由语境可知，此处表示水面似乎被“红毯”覆盖，故要用动词不定式的被动形式。
9．for 考查介词。be fit for意为“适合”，为固定搭配。
10．poisonous 考查形容词。become为连系动词，后应接形容词作表语，故填poisonous。
Ⅳ.短文改错
To support the activity name “Green Travel, Start with Me”， I talk to my parents about my ideas. They were very supportive, say they would not drive work from then on. In the following weeks，as they promised, I went to school by bike every day, while my parents went to work by bus. Though we were tired, but we all felt happily. Last Friday, the class meeting was held. Some parents were invited, including my father and mother. We shared our thought during the meeting. All of us held the same view which environmental protection is so important for our life.
答案：第一句：name→named; talk→talked
第二句：say→saying; drive后加to
第三句：they→we
第四句：去掉but; happily→happy
第五句：the→a
第七句：thought→thoughts
第八句：which→that
[语境中体悟用法]
朗读下面短文，体会、领悟加黑冠词的具体用法。
Tom, a classmate① of mine, is a Lei Feng② in our class, who is always ready to help others. Henry, whose father is a teacher③， is considered to be the most diligent④ student in our class, who is the first⑤ one to get to school and the last⑥ one to leave every day. He believes the harder you study, the more⑦ knowledge you'll get. Tom likes watching TV while Henry enjoys listening to the radio⑧. Both of them are working for the Students' Union⑨. They are of an age⑩ and I am a year older than they are.
We are good friends because we have a lot in common. First of all, the three of us were born in the 1990s . Secondly, we all like playing the violin and love sports. We play football twice a week even if we are now in Senior Grade Three. Thirdly, we not only respect teachers and the elderly but also care for the disabled . For example, we often go to a village near our school to look after the Browns ， both of whom were lamed in an accident. I remember that on a Saturday afternoon we chatted with the Browns so happily that we didn't go back home until the sun set.
[用法体悟]
1．使用不定冠词的情况：
(1)泛指“一个”，如①；
(2)表示“一个像……一样的人”，如②；
(3)职业名词前，表示类别，如③；
(4)表示数量“一”，如 ，“每一”，如 ，“某一” 如 ；
(5)用于固定搭配中，如⑩ 。
2．使用定冠词的情况：
(1)用于形容词最高级前，如④；
(2)用于序数词或表示序列的next, last前，如⑤⑥；
(3)用于固定句式中：the＋比较级 ...，the＋比较级 ...，如⑦；
(4)用于固定搭配中，如⑧；
(5)用于由普通名词构成的专有名词中，如⑨；
(6)用于逢十的年代前，表示“在某世纪几十年代”，如 ；
(7)用于西洋乐器名词前，表示演奏某乐器，如 ；
(8)用于形容词或分词前，表示一类人，如 ；
(9)用于姓氏复数名词前，表示夫妇或一家人，如 ；
(10)用于独一无二的事物前，如 。
[系统中整合规则]
(一)不定冠词
表示类指或某类中的“任何一个”。 A child not only needs food and clothing, but love as well.
表示泛指“某个”。当说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词；或由不定冠词构成的名词词组往往带有不确定的含义，相当于a certain；或专有名词前加不定冠词，表示具有某种特性的人或物、某一位不认识的人或某个不确定的时间。 I have a question to ask you.In a sense what you said is true.All of a sudden, she burst into tears.Experts think that the recently discovered painting may be a Picasso.
表示量指。不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，但数量概念没有one强烈。 Suddenly they heard a loud voice.
表示“每”，相当于per，用在表示价格、速度、频率等的短语中。 Prices start at ￡13.95 a yard for printed cotton.
用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前，使之具体化。表示“一个……的人或事”。 He suddenly appeared on a rainy night, which was a great surprise to us.
不定冠词用于序数词前，表示“再一，又一”。 Live a good, honorable life.Then when you get older and think back, you'll get to enjoy it a second time.
(二)定冠词
用在表示特定的人或事物，或者双方都知道的人或事物，或者指上文已经提到过的人或事物之前。 Take your time — it's just a short distance from here to the restaurant.
用在世界上独一无二的事物前。 The earth goes around the sun.
用于序数词或形容词、副词的最高级前。 Is this the first time that you have visited Qingdao？
用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人或夫妇俩；或用于形容词或分词前，表示“某一类人或事物”。 The explosion saw people rush to help the injured.
用在世纪前或用在逢十的年代前，后者表示“在某世纪几十年代”。 It's said that corn was grown a lot in the 17th century.
(三)零冠词(不用冠词的情况)
专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词。 He is living in Canada now.
季节、月份、星期、节假日、一日三餐前一般不加冠词。 We usually have breakfast at 7 o'clock in the morning.
语言、学科名称、球类运动、棋类游戏等名词前不用冠词。 I'm interested in English.
表示头衔和职位的名词作表语、同位语、补足语或与姓氏连用时，其前通常不用冠词。 Dr.Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, “A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford or Cambridge.”
系动词turn(变成)后的单数名词作表语不用冠词。 His brother has turned writer.
as/though引导让步状语从句，单数可数名词提前构成倒装时，其前不用冠词。 Hero as/though he is, he has some shortcomings.
(四)冠词用于固定搭配中
不定冠词用于固定搭配中 an average of平均 for a while一会儿as a result因此，结果 as a rule 通常as a whole总体上 as a matter of fact事实上at a loss不知所措 in a hurry匆忙in a word总之 in a sense在某种意义上
定冠词用于固定搭配中 all the time一直 in the end 最后by the way顺便说一下 in the distance在远处in the way挡道 on the whole总的来说at the same time同时 on the other hand另一方面to tell the truth说实话 for the time being暂时
零冠词用于固定搭配中 at present目前 take part in参加in peace平静 by chance/accident碰巧on purpose故意 on business因公出差ahead of time提前 in advance提前by law根据法律 by mistake错误地
[集训中明晰考点]
考点1
泛指一类人或事物中的一个用不定冠词a/an；a/an的选择要看后面单词音标的第一个音素
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ短文改错改编)For example, every morning, my dad has to have bowl of egg soup while I have to eat an apple.
解析：a 此处泛指一碗鸡蛋汤。
2．(2020·浙江1月高考)A child born in the US today has very realistic chance of living beyond 100 and needs to plan accordingly.
解析：a 根据下文的chance可知，这里语意表示“非常实际的一个可能性”，故填不定冠词a，表示泛指。
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)When we got a call saying she was short listed, we thought it was joke.
解析：a 此处表示“我们以为那是一个玩笑”，设空后的joke为可数名词，此处泛指“一个玩笑”，应用不定冠词，且joke的读音以辅音音素开头，故填a。
4．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ短文改错改编)Each of my cafes will have a different theme and unique style.
解析：a style为可数名词，此处泛指一种独特的风格，且unique的读音以辅音音素开头，其前应用不定冠词a。
5．(2021·河南八市联考)Peter Fox, who is electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project.
解析：an 泛指一个电气工程师，且electrical的读音以元音音素开头，故填an。
考点2
特指前面提到过的或谈话双方都知道的人或事物用定冠词the
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) Of nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
解析：the 此处特指“已知的19个北极熊亚种群中”，故填定冠词the。
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over top.
解析：the top是名词，前面要用冠词，此处特指在(地铁的)顶部建造一个结实的顶，所以填定冠词the。
3．(2021·哈尔滨模拟)The Chinese people are more confident about and more capable of reaching goal of national renewal than ever before.
解析：the 此处特指“实现民族复兴”这一目标，应用定冠词the。
4．(2021·重庆模拟)After taking a boat I arrived at island province of Hainan.
解析：the 名词island province有后置定语修饰，故该名词是特指，应用定冠词the。
考点3 定冠词the的一些固定用法
(1)最高级前用the；(2)序数词前用the；(3)独一无二的事物名称前用the；(4)在表示演奏某种乐器时，西洋乐器前要加the，如play the piano弹钢琴；(5)形容词前加the表示一类人；(6)世纪或逢十的年代前用the；(7)固定句式“the＋比较级 ... the＋比较级”中用the。
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)The plum trees are first to flower even as the snow is melting (融化)．
解析：the 序数词前用定冠词the。
2．(2021·河南八市联考)If you are a new mother suffering from postnatal depression, you should know that you are not alone.Other women have had same experience.
解析：the same前要加定冠词the。
3．(2021·惠州模拟) more learned a man is, the more modest he usually becomes.
解析：The 句意：一个人越博学，通常就变得越谦逊。根据句子结构可判断，此句使用了“the＋形容词/副词比较级 ...，the＋形容词/副词比较级 ...”结构，意为“越……，就越……”。
4．(2021·江淮十校联考)Modem adverts began to appear in 18th and 19th centuries, since advances in printing techniques allowed more detailed images to be produced in newspapers and magazines.
解析：the 在世纪或逢十的年代前要用定冠词the，此处表示“在18世纪和19世纪”。
考点4 固定搭配中的冠词
1．(2020·浙江7月高考)This style of farming lasted for quite a long time.Then, with rise of science, changes began.
解析：the with the rise of意为“随着……的崛起”，是固定短语。类似的结构有：with the development of。
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
解析：the 固定搭配over the past 25 years意为“在过去的25年里”，故用定冠词the。
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Unexpectedly, I'm face to face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at top of her lungs.
解析：the at the top of one's lungs为固定搭配，意为“用最大的声音，声嘶力竭地”。
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)When fat and salt are removed from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.As result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.
解析：a as a result为固定搭配，意为“结果”。
[自测中查漏补缺]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2021·双流中学模拟)Many teenagers think that parkour is quite a cool sport.
2．(2021·六安模拟)“My wallet is no longer in use.I can buy and eat whatever I want with a tap of my phone，”said Li Jinlong, an overseas Chinese student from Cambodia.
3．(2021·临沂模拟)The 46 year old professor of fine art at Tsinghua University has been working to make oracle bone inscriptions into emojis.
4．The students returned to school with a sense of achievement, a feeling that they helped people in need.
5．Huge wall paintings, sculptures and priceless antiques were carried away by the ton, and today are being exhibited in the museums of a dozen countries.
6．This money is then used to have a big welcome party in the midnight time.
7．(2020·益阳模拟)What Naomi found was an ancient fossil called an ammonite (菊石)．
8．(2020·绵阳模拟)Anyone can make a difference.It doesn't matter how old or young you are.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．Some mentioned the inspiring Chinese Dream put forward.And the others talked enthusiastically about their understanding of the Chinese Dream. 去掉others前的the
2．Step by step I followed him and finally climbed to a top of the mountain.a→the
3．What a bad weather! I hate it because I can't go out to play.去掉a
4．In word, people have an easier life nowadays.word前加a
5．What silly boy! I felt badly hurt.silly前加a
6．61% of the students surveyed turn to their friends or schoolmates for help when they are in the trouble.去掉trouble前的the
7．But I will have some duties too, because my grandparents often need the hand with housework and gardening.the→a
8．Tomorrow she is going to attend a important meeting, at which she will be given a medal for her advanced deeds.第一个a→an
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2021·南昌高三模拟)Many athletes have been told that smiling while 1 (sweat) will make their efforts feel easier. A marathon runner smiled widely through the final miles of his fastest ever marathon; afterward, he said what he had hoped 2 (be) that the smiling would relax him to the finish line. But there has been little solid scientific evidence to support this idea. In recent years several studies 3 (examine) whether deliberately smiling can make changes to how people feel psychologically during races. 4 few have looked at the physical effect 5 sports performance.
Researchers decided 6 (gather) a group of experienced runners and have them alternately smile broadly as they ran. Many of the runners found it difficult to smile throughout the whole session, though. Their smiles became 7 (increase) fixed and unnatural. Such false smiles make 8 (few) facial muscles (肌肉) start working than the sincere version and most likely result in less 9 (relax) and performance improvement. So the key to using a happy smile to make you 10 better runner may be to smile sincerely and often near a race's end, but in 30 second bursts, rather than constantly.
语篇解读：文章主要介绍了运动时微笑的作用以及如何微笑效果更好。
1．sweating 考查动名词。分析句子结构并结合语境可知，空处与smiling为同时发生的动作，表示出着汗微笑着，故填sweating。
2．was 考查主谓一致和时态。分析句子结构可知，空处作谓语，其主语为“what he had hoped”，故谓语动词应用单数形式；且根据该句中的“said”可知，此处应用一般过去时，故填was。
3．have examined 考查动词的时态。根据句中的时间状语In recent years可知，应该用现在完成时，且主语“several studies”为复数，故填have examined。
4．But 考查连词。根据空后的“few”可知，此处表转折，故填But。
5．on 考查介词。此处考查固定搭配effect on sth.“对……的影响”。
6．to gather 考查非谓语动词。此处考查固定用法decide to do sth.“决定做某事”，所以用to gather。
7．increasingly 考查副词。副词修饰形容词，故用副词increasingly修饰其后的“fixed and unnatural”。
8．fewer 考查比较级。根据该句中的“than”可知，此处表示比较的含义，故用比较级fewer。
9．relaxation 考查名词。由该空后的“and”可知，空处与名词词组performance improvement并列，故填名词relaxation。
10．a 考查冠词。此处表示使你成为一个更好的赛跑运动员，且better的发音以辅音音素开头，故填a。
Ⅳ.短文改错
With our activity approach, I'm now writing to invite you to join us.Here are some detail about it.
The activity will be organized to a farm from 9：00 am to 2：00 pm the next Sunday.What we had to do is gather together at the school gate at 8：30 am.We are expected to pay a visit to the farm first.After that we will enjoy picking vegetables by ourself.We also have the opportunity to look after animals for a while, without that I will be disappointing because of my passion for animals.Knowing that you're really into nature, I believe you will definite have an good time.
答案：第一句：approach→approaching
第二句：detail→details
第三句：第二个to→on; 去掉next前的the
第四句：had→have
第六句：ourself→ourselves
第七句：that→which; disappointing→disappointed
第八句：definite→definitely; an→a
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