第一板块 语法系列专项提能
奠基起始课——学好语法，从理清句子成分开始
无论是“理解”还是“表达”，均需建立在准确理解句子成分基础上。一个句子若没有句子成分的合理架构、有序排列，就会杂乱无章，不知所云。所以，学好语法，应从正确理清句子成分入手。
众所周知，句子有若干个组成部分，它们分别承担着不同的作用，组成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。英语中的句子成分分为主语 subject 、谓语 predicate 、宾语 object 、表语 predicative 、定语 attribute 、状语 adverbial 、补语 complement 和同位语 appositive 八种。
一、主语——习惯于发号施令，偶尔也会被赶下台
在句子中，主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主体。主语一般位于句子开头，且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里，如：疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等，句子主语也可以“下台”而位于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。
(2020·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)The farm is located at the foot of the hill near our school.(名词作主语)
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)To let China go to the world and let the world understand China is my first aim. (不定式短语作主语)
(2020·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)What touches me most is her full devotion to work. (what引导的主语从句作主语)
(2020·北京高考书面表达)It was shown that only ten percent students were able to be devoted to their study. (代词it充当形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语)
[名师指津] 当从句作主语时，为避免头重脚轻，可用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语(主语从句)后置。
二、谓语——坚决服从主语“领导”，执行命令雷厉风行
谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、状态或特征，常位于主语之后。谓语可由动词或动词短语、系表结构以及“助动词/情态动词＋实义动词”充当，有时态、语态和语气的变化，同时又受到主语人称和数的制约。谓语的构成如下：
1．简单谓语：由一个实义动词或动词短语构成。
(2020·北京高考书面表达)They advised getting the whole class involved in a brainstorm conference for studying more effectively.
(2020·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)The text mainly focuses on the story of a robot.
2．复合谓语：(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成；(2)由系动词加表语构成。
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)Through my introduction and efforts I can strengthen the friendship between China and Britain.
(2020·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)She is a warm hearted and dedicated teacher.
三、宾语——一直受到压制，有时“翻身农奴把歌唱”
宾语表示谓语动作的对象，一般位于及物动词或介词的后面，受到主语的限制和制约。宾语一般由名词(短语)、宾格代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式或宾语从句等充当，根据需要也可用it作形式宾语。宾语在被动结构中才会“翻身农奴把歌唱”成为主语。
1．双宾语(间接宾语＋直接宾语)
(2020·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)Serving as my role model, my mother has given me valuable spiritual wealth, and definitely, she deserves the highest praise！(me为间接宾语，infinite valuable spiritual wealth为直接宾语)
2．复合宾语(宾语＋宾语补足语)
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)I would like you to give us your guidance and encouragement.(you为宾语， to give us your guidance and encouragement为宾语补足语)
四、表语——最会察言观色，就看“主子”脸色
表语一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后，用以说明主语这个“主子”的身份、特征和状态等，一般由名词、名词性物主代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式(短语)、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句等充当。
(2020·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)Serious as he is and seldom expresses himself, he always cares about my study and life from all aspects.(形容词作表语)
(2020·江苏高考书面表达)More importantly, the other reason is that the documentaries present a splendid picture of China in front of their audiences — its history, food, art and so on.(从句作表语)
五、定语——鞍前马后搞服务，全心全意勤务兵
修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。定语服务于它所修饰或限定的名词或代词，可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词或定语从句等充当。定语有前置和后置两种情况，如短语结构、从句等作定语时，常置于被修饰词之后。
As you see, the students in our school are always hard working.(从句和介词短语作定语)
My dream to be admitted into my favorite university will come true.(非谓语动词作后置定语)
六、状语——行踪飘忽不定，却对动词“情有独钟”
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫作状语。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、条件、让步、方式、程度等意义。状语可由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、状语从句等充当。
状语在句子中的位置很灵活，所以说它“行踪飘忽不定”。常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般放在时间状语之前；一些表示频度的副词(如often, almost等)作状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后、实义动词之前。
高考中一般考查副词修饰动词的用法，故说它对动词“情有独钟”。
(2020·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)In my growing up, she frequently reminded me of the belief — to value education and to be helpful.(副词作状语)
(2020·天津高考书面表达)The ceremony was scheduled to be held on June 8. (介词短语作状语)
(2020·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)Learning the COVID 19 appeared, he put himself into the battle again without hesitation.(非谓语动词作状语)
(2020·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)I came across a problem when I was adapting an English text into a short play.(从句作状语)
七、补语——始终寄人篱下，永远成不了主人
补语也叫补足语，主要起补充说明的作用，最常见的是宾语补足语和主语补足语，所以说它寄人篱下，成不了“主人”。补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式(短语)、分词、介词短语或从句等充当。
(2019·江苏高考书面表达)Li Jiang will make the Chinese culture better known to British students.(过去分词短语作宾语补足语)
He was seen playing basketball on the playground yesterday.(现在分词短语作主语补足语)
八、同位语——总是玩失踪，特殊场合还是“显露原形”
对句子中的名词(短语)或代词作进一步解释、说明，与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。英语句子表达中一般情况下是没有同位语的，所以说它爱玩失踪。如果要对前面的名词的具体内容作进一步的说明，这时候就需要同位语，可谓“显露原形”。可以用作同位语的有：名词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、动名词和从句等。
(2020·浙江高考读后续写)When we were about to leave, the bear appeared from a distance, running towards us, with three other bears, a mother bear and two baby bears. (名词短语作同位语)
(2020·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)The most beloved and respected person around me is my teacher, Ms Li.(名词作同位语)
[强化落实训练]
Ⅰ.用以下符号划分句子成分
1. ， teachers and students are living and working .
2．Word came our school .
3．We haven't decided when to discuss the question again.
4.， parents are giving their children too much protection.
5．We should follow the advice.
6.， we jumped and cheered .
7.， he inspired me .
8．Music can make our mind
.
Ⅱ.指出下列句子属于方框内的哪种基本句式
A．S V(主＋谓)
B．S V P(主＋系＋表)
C．S V O(主＋谓＋宾)
D．S V O O(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾)
E．S V O C(主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)
1．To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
2．Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
3．Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now
4．The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
5．My father bought a new bike for me last week.
6．They found the house decorated with beautiful flowers.
7．They arrived here at 10：00 yesterday morning.
8．The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
答案：1.B 2.C 3.E 4.B 5.D 6.E 7.A 8.C
Ⅲ.单句改错并说明理由(从句子成分角度思考)
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Today I tried cooking a simply dish myself.
[改错] simply→simple
[理由] 此处应用形容词simple，在句中作定语修饰名词dish。
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)First, I wanted to be a fireman, whose uniform looked so coolly.
[改错] coolly→cool
[理由] 定语从句中looked为系动词，需用形容词而非副词作表语。
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)Now my dream is to opens a cafe.
[改错] opens→open
[理由] 分析句子结构可知，is后面的动词不定式短语作表语，不定式符号to后接动词原形，故将opens改为open。
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Still I unwilling to play the games with them sometimes.
[改错] I后加was
[理由] 句中缺少谓语动词，且根据行文时态，此处是一般过去时，故在表语 unwilling to ...前加系动词was。
5．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Everyone was silent, wait to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud.
[改错] wait→waiting
[理由] 句中已有谓语was silent，逗号后应用非谓语动词作伴随状语，因wait与逻辑主语everyone之间为主谓关系，故把wait改为现在分词waiting。
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题型技法:阅读理解7选5完形填空、语法填空、短
部专题专项提能m
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