辽宁省抚顺县高级中学高考英语语法专项：定语从句

一、知识点拨：定语从句，也称之为形容词性从句，在复合句中修饰、限定某一名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子。被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词；引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词可分为关系代词：that , which , who , whom, whose, as 在从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语；关系副词：when, where, why在从句中作状语。例如：
1. The man who lives next to us sells vegetables.
2. You must do everything that I do.
3. Do you remember the afternoon when we first met three years ago?
上面两句中的man和 everything, afternoon是被定语从句修饰的词，叫先行词，其后的黑体部分为定语从句，其中who和that, when叫关系词，分别在从句中作主语，宾语和状语。
二、认识定语从句：
划出下列复合句中的定语从句部分，找出各个句子中的先行词，关系词。仔细观察这些句子的特点，是否能理解定语从句的含义。
1. Your friend, who doesn’t work hard, asks you to help him cheat in the exam by looking at your paper.
2. Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts?
3. Make a list of reasons why friends are important to you.
4. This is because in the early days of radio, those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English.
5. We will reach Dali in Yunnan Province soon, where our cousins Dao Wei and Yu Hang will join us.
6. The number of people who were killed or injured reached more than 400,000.
7. But the million people of the city, who thought little of these events, were asleep as usual that night.
8. It was felt in Beijing, which is more than two hundred kilometers away.
9. A huge crack that was eight kilometers long and thirty meters wide cut across houses, roads and canals.
10. Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.
11. The time when I first met Nelson Mandela was a very difficult period of my life.
12. The school where I studied for only two years was three kilometers away.
13. This is the same book as I showed you the other day.
14. He didn’t come, as I had expected.
15. As we all know, the earth moves around the sun.
思考：定语从句分为限制性和非限制性定语从句两种。以上例句中1， 5， 7， 8， 14， 15 为非限制性定语从句，其余为限制性定语从句。你能看出它们的区别吗？
三、定语从句的关系词的语法功能
关系词
所指代的先行词的性质
在定语从句中充当的成分
适用于定语从句的种类
that
人、物、人和物
主语、宾语、表语
限制性定语从句
which
物、整个句子指代某事
主语、宾语、表语
限制性或非限制性定语从句
who
人
主语、宾语（非正式用语或口语）
限制性或非限制性定语从句
whom
人
宾语
限制性或非限制性定语从句
whose
人、物
定语
限制性或非限制性定语从句
as
人、物、整个句子指代某事
主语、宾语、表语
限制性或非限制性定语从句
where
表示地点的名词、或表示“模糊地点”的抽象名词（point, case, situation etc.）
地点状语
限制性或非限制性定语从句
when
表示时间的名词
时间状语
限制性或非限制性定语从句
why
表示原因的名词（reason）
原因状语
限制性定语从句
（一）关系代词用法扫描
1. that 可引导限制性定语从句，既可以指物也可以指人，在从句中常用作主语、宾语、表语，且在从句中作宾语时可以省略。如：
（1）Who is the person that shook hands with you just now?(主语)
（2）There are some films (that)I’d like to see. (宾语)
（3）Beijing is no longer the city that it used to be. (表语)
注意：that不用在非限制性定语从句中，而且介词提前时，直接跟在介词后作宾语时也不可以用that 。
如： The room in which we lived at that time was not clean. 此句中的which 不可以用that ，因为介词提前。若：The room which / that we lived in at that time was not clean. 介词没有提前则二者都可以使用。
考题回顾：
Do you still remember the chicken farm _______ we visited three months ago?
A. where B. when C. that D. what (2005 Beijing spring)
2. which 可引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，用于指物。在从句中常用作主语、宾语、表语。在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略；在非限制性定语从句和介词提前直接跟在介词后作宾语时不能省略。如：
（1）The book which appeared a year ago has already gone through several editions. （主语）
（2）This is a good book (which) I read a few years ago. （宾语）
（3）In the house we found some oranges, none of which was fit to eat. （宾语）
（4）The project, which lasted for four years, cost $1 billion .（主语）
（5）Her sister has become a lawyer, which she wanted to be. （表语）
which 的先行词还可以是整个句子。如：
He had failed in the English exam, which made his father very angry.
思考：在上面几个例句中，关系词which 是否都可以替换成that？ 请说出理由。你知道在先行词指物时，关系代词that和which 什么情况下可以互换，什么情况下只能用that什么情况下只能用which ？


考题回顾：
（1）Yesterday she sold her car, _________ she bought a month ago. (2008 Zhejiang)
A. when B. where C. that D. which
（2）His movie won several awards at the film festival, _______ was beyond his wildest dream. A. which B. that C. where D. it (2007 Shanghai)
3. who & whom 可引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，用于指人，who为主格在从句中作主语。whom为宾格，在从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可以省略。但是在介词提前直接跟在介词后作宾语以及在非限制性定语从句中不可以省略。如：
(1)The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.
(2)This is the girl (whom)you have been looking for these days.
(3)The person with whom you stayed last night is my brother.
(4)His mother, whom he loved deeply, died in 1867.
考题回顾：
Women _______ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _______ don’t. (2006 Beijing)
A. who; / B. / ; who C. who; who D. / ; /
4. whose 和名词搭配可以引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，可用于指人或物，在从句中作定语。如：
（1）The boy whose parents are peasants works hardest in the class.
注意： 此句中 whose parents = the parents of whom = of whom the parents
（2）He lives in the room whose window faces south.
注意：此句中 whose window= the window of which= of which the window
即， whose 的先行词指人时，whose + n. = the+ n. + of whom = of whom + the +n. ;
whose 的先行词指物时, whose + n. = the + n. + of which = of which + the + n.
考题回顾：
Look out! Don’t get too close to the house _______ roof is under repair. (2006 Fujian)
A. whose B. which C. of which D. what
5. as 可以引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语。在限制性定语从句中当先行词与特定结构as, so, the same, such连用，或先行词本身就是the same, such时，关系代词用as。如：
（1）He is such a good listener as every teller would like to have.(宾语)
（2）She is so kind a teacher as we all like. (宾语)
（3）It is no longer the same city as it used to be. (表语)
（4）She will give you as much advice as is needed. (主语)
as 引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词是整个句子。as常译成“正如……” “就像……”
如：(1) He didn’t come, as I had expected. = As I had expected, he didn’t come.
(2) As we all know, he is good at German. = He is good at German, as we all know.)
(3) As was mentioned above, we all believed you.
= We all believed you, as was mentioned above.
注意：只有关系代词as 引导的定语从句位置较灵活可以放在句首、句中、句末。
考题回顾：
（1）______ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.
(2005 Zhejiang) A. When B. After C. As D. Since
（2）The Beatles, ________ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. (2006Tianjin) A. what B. that C. how D. as
6.介词/介词短语 + 关系代词引导的定语从句（常用于此结构的关系代词有： which , whom, whose +n.）
这个结构中介词的使用，要看与从句中动词的搭配关系，或与先行词之间的搭配关系或句子含义上的需要。如：
（1）We’ll never forget the day on which we went camping. (on the day)
（2）The woman to whom we spoke is from the USA. (speak to sb. )
（3）His glasses, without which he was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.
(由句意决定)
（4）Mr. Li, in whose department my uncle works, is very strict with his employees.
(work in his department)
特例：(1)They climbed to the top of the tower, from where they could see what was happening in the distance.
(2) The book was written in 1946, since when the education system has witnessed great changes. (2007 Shanxi)
考题回顾：
(1) I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction ________ she had come. (2006 Chongqing)
A. of which B. by which C. in which D. from which
(2) We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us, _______ we gave some bells and glasses. (2006 Hunan)
A. to which B. to whom C. with whom D. with which
7. “代词/数词 + of + which/ whom”结构引导的定语从句。 如：
Your speech was heard by a group of five judges, all of whom agreed that it was the best one this year.
She has three daughters, none of whom lives with her.
I bought so many books, the first of which I liked best.
考题回顾：
(1) It is reported that two schools, _______ are being built in my hometown, will open next year. (2007 Sichuan) A. they both B. which both C. both of them D. both of which
(2) Last week, only two people came to look at the house, ________ wanted to buy it. (2007Anhui) A. none of them B. both of them C. none of whom D. neither of whom
8. 定语从句中的主谓一致
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。如：
I , who am your friend , will leave for Beijing tomorrow.
Mary is often late for class, which makes our teacher very unhappy.
He is one of the students who ________ (want) to be a doctor in the future.
He is the only one of the students who ________ (want) to be a doctor in the future.
注意对比上面（3）（4）两句，用括号里所给动词的正确形式填空。
（二）关系副词用法扫描
1. 关系副词when (=on /in/during/at which)可引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，在从句中作时间状语，先行词是表示时间的名词。如：
(1)July and August are the months when it is hottest in my hometown.
(2)We will put off the party until next weekend, when we won’t be busy.
考题回顾：
Because of the financial crisis, days are gone _______ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night. (2009 Jiangsu) A. if B. when C. which D. since
2. 关系副词where(=on/in/at which)可引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，在从句中作地点状语，先行词是表示地点的名词或表示“模糊地点”的抽象名词(point, stage, case, situation, condition, activity 等)。如：
(1)We went up to the room, where chairs were placed side by side in front of a long table.
(2)The company set up an Internet website where people from all over the country can exchange their experiences.
(3) We are just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk.
考题回顾：
(1)I walked in our garden, ________ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees. A. which B. when C. where D. that (2005 Liaoning)
(2)Some pre-school children go to a day care center, ________ they learn simple games and songs. (2007 Quanguo1) A. while B. there C. then D. where
(3)Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases __________ beginners of English fail to use the language properly. (2007 Shanxi) A. which B. as C. why D. where
(4)After graduation she reached a point in her career _______ she needed to decide what to do. (2007Jiangxi) A. that B. what C. which D. where
3. 关系副词why(=for which)可引导限制性定语从句，在从句中作原因状语，先行词是表示原因的名词 reason 。（在口语或非正式用语中关系副词why还可以省略。）如：
（1）Do you know the reason why he was late?
（2）They list many good reasons why we should learn more English words.
考题回顾：
While animals learn about things by their senses as we do, they do not think nearly as much, and this is the reason _________ they do not improve more rapidly.
A. what B. where C. why D. which
四、定语从句中关系词的选择
在高考中定语从句的考点多是考查关系词的选择，那么如何选择定语从句中的关系词呢？第一步：看先行词（看先行词指代人还是物，有无特殊词修饰限定）；第二步：看定语从句中缺少什么成分（缺少主语、宾语、表语选关系代词；缺少状语选关系副词或介词+关系代词）；第三步：看定语从句的种类（是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句）。如：
1.The reason ________ he gave for his being late was acceptable.
A. why B. for which C. that D. because
2.I’ll never forget the day _______ we spent together in the countryside.
A. that B. when C. during which D. where
3. This is the only answer ______ we think is right.
A. who B. that C. what D. which
五、定语从句与其它句式的比较
1. ①It is such a heavy box that he can’t lift it. (状从)
②It is such a heavy box as he can’t lift. (定从)
2.① As is known to us all, Mark Twain is a great American writer. (定从)
②It is known to us all that Mark Twain is a great American writer. (主从)
3. ①It was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekong River.
(强调句)
②I am fond of my sister, who first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekong River. (定从)
③It was the farm where we worked together. (定从)
④It was on the farm that we worked together. (强调句)
4. ①I don’t want to travel to the place where the customs are different from ours. (定从)
②I don’t want to travel where the customs are different from ours. (状从)
5. ① She did all she could to help us. (定从)
② She did what she could to help us. (宾从)
六、巩固训练 高考真题回顾
2010年高考真题
1.(全国I 24). As a child, Jack studied in a village school, is named after his grandfather. A. which B. where C. what D. that
2.(全国II 16). I refuse to accept the blame for something _____ was someone else’s fault.
A. who B. that C. as D. what
3.(北京卷27). Children who are not active or diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. A. what B. whose C. which D. that
4.(福建卷24).Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet life has developed gradually. A. that B. where C. which D. whose
5.(湖南卷28). I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school _______I met in the English speech contest last year.
A. who B. where C. when D. which
6.(江苏卷32). The newly built café, the walls of_______ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work.
A. that B. it C. what D. which
7.(江西卷31).The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister she would stay for an hour. A. where B. who C. which D. what
8.(山东卷24). That’s the new machine ______ parts are too small to be seen.
A. that B. which C. whose D. what
9.(陕西卷11). The old temple _______ roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair.
A. where B. which C. its D. whose
10.(四川卷10). After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling， turned out to be a wise decision. A. that B. which C. when D. where
11.(天津卷8).—Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut?
—You should try the barber’s ______ I go. It’s only 15.
A. as B. which C. where D. that
12.(重庆卷28). In China, the number of cities is increasing development is recognized across the world. A. where B. which C. whose D. that
13.(浙江卷3). The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of __ left their village homes for a better life in the city. A. whom B. which C. them D. those
14.(上海卷38). Wind power is an ancient source of energy we may return in the near future. A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from which
2009年高考真题
1. She brought with her three friends, none of I had ever met before.
(2009全国卷I) A. them B. who C. whom D. these
2. My friend showed me round the town, ______ was very kind of him. (2009全国卷II)
A. which B. that C. where D. it
3. They’ve won their last three matches, ________ I find a bit surprising actually.
(2009辽宁) A. that B. when C. what D. which
4. Whenever I met her, _________ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. （2009山东）A. who B. which C. when D. that
5. I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city ______ name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind. (2009湖南)
A. which B. of which C. that D. whose
6．Many children， parents are away working in big cities，are taken good care of in the village．(2009安徽) A．their B．whose C．of them D．with whom
7. It’s helpful to put children in a situation they can see themselves differently. (2009福建) A. that B. when C. which D. where
8. ---What do you think of teaching, Bob?
---I find it fun and challenging. It is a job ___ you are doing something serious but interesting. (2009北京) A. where B. which C. when D. that
9．I have reached a point in my life ______ I am supposed to make decisions of my own. （2009浙江） A. which B. where C. how D. why
10. Life is like a long race _____we compete with others to go beyond ourselves. (2009重庆) A. why B. what C. that D. where
11. She’ll never forget her stay there ________ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. (2009四川) A. that B. which C. where D. when
12．Gun control is a subject ____ Americans have argued for a long time. (2009陕西)
A．of which B．with which C．about which D．into which
13. A person ______ e-mail account is full won’t be able to send or receive any e-mails. (2009天津) A. who B. whom C. whose D. whoever
2008年高考真题
1. I’ll give you my friend’s home address, ______ I can be reached most evenings.
A. which B. when C. whom D. where
2. They will fly to Washington, ________ they plan to stay for two or three days.
A. where B. there C. which D. when
3. By nine o’clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, ___________ appeared a rare rainbow soon.
A. of which B. on which C. from which D. above which
4.All the neighbors admire this family, ________ the parents are treating their child like a friend. A. why B. where C. which D. that
5. Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers ________ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law. A. where B. when C. who D. which
6. The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, ________ are beyond our control. A. most of them B. most of which C. most of what D. most of that
7. For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, ________ New York is an example. A. for which B. in which C. of which D. from which