21世纪教育网 –全国领先的中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
第十四讲 八年级下 Units 3-4
1.下潜 _____________
2.准备好 _____________
3.吸引， 使喜爱 _____________
4.悬挂，吊 _____________
5.健壮的，健康的 _____________
6.幸运 _____________
7.大小 _____________
8.简单的 _____________
9.迷人的，可爱的 _____________
10.虽然，尽管 _____________
11.描述 _____________
12.到达，抵达_____________
13.需要，依靠 _____________
14.说明，形容 _____________
15.渔民 _____________
16.网 _____________
17.鸬鹚 _____________
18.柱；杆；桩 _____________
19.从事 _____________
20.用具；器具 _____________
21.剪刀 _____________
22.图案 _____________
23.文字；人物；角色 _____________
24.健康 _____________
25.婚礼；婚礼庆典 _____________
26.生面团 _____________
27.卡通片；动画片 _____________
28.录制；录音 _____________
29.基本的，基础的_____________
30.段；步；步骤_____________
31.友好的， 和善的 _____________
32.显得，看来；似乎_____________
33.演员 _____________
34.与……相配 _____________
35.播放 _____________
36.明星；体坛高手 _____________
37.队 _____________
38.分别地， 单独地_____________
39.警告；警示 _____________
40.角色扮演 _____________
41.符号_____________
42.泡；气泡 _____________
43.心思；思想_____________
44.粗略的_____________
45.速写；概述 _____________
46.程序 _____________
47.效果 _____________
48.详细的；细致的_____________
49.得分 _____________
50.神秘 _____________
51.岛 _____________
52.暴风雨 _____________
53.夹克衫；短上衣 _____________
54.海浪；波浪；波涛_____________
1. 剪纸 ________________
2. 到达(某数量、程度等)；至多有_______
3. 出发；动身 ________________
4. 为……准备好……_______________
5. 阻止……做某事 _________________
6. 起伏；上下波动 ________________
7. 天黑后；黄昏后 ________________
8. 扔进 ________________
9. 不再；再也不 ________________
10. (在某段时间内)一直；始终 ________________
11. 连环漫画 _____________
12. (眼睛)(因激动、惊奇)张大;睁大；瞪起___________
13. 决定；选定_________________
14. 摄像机 ________________
15. 同……比赛 _____________
16. 天气预报 ____________________
17. 救生衣 _____________________
18. 谢天谢地_____________________
19. 获得成功 _____________________
考点1. fit adj. 健壮的；健康的
例句：Although he is over 65, he is very fit and still enjoys working.
尽管他已年过65岁了，但他身体很好，仍然喜 欢工作。(8B U3)
练习：我们很健康，因为我们经常踢足球。
We ___ ____ ___because we often play football.
知识点链接 例句
①keep fit 保持健康 我们可以通过锻炼来保持健康。We can _____________ ____________ by doing exercise.
②(近)healthy adj.健康的 每天吃水果和蔬菜是健康的。_____________ ____________ _____________ ____________ fruit and vegetables every day.
③fit v.适合 I think this coat fits you very well.我觉得这件外套很_____________你。
考点2. pleasant adj. 友好的；和善的；文雅的
例句：Sarah is a pleasant girl. 莎拉是个友善的女孩。(8B U4)
练习：这位文雅的女士来自意大利。
The lady comes from Italy.
知识点链接 例句
①pleasant adj.令人愉快的；舒适的 We had a pleasant weekend.我们度过了一个_________周末。
②(近) friendly adj. 友好的be friendly to sb. 对某人友好 露西对同学们都很友好。Lucy_______ _______ _______her classmates.
③pleased adj. 感到高兴的；满意的be pleased with sth. 对某事/物感到满意 莉莉对考试成绩感到非常满意。Lily _________ very _________ _________her exam results.
考点3. stop v. 停止
例句：He ties a piece of grass around their necks to stop them from eating big fish.
他在他们的脖子上扎了一圈草，以阻止他们吃大鱼。 (8B U3)
练习：我阻止了我的爸爸在酒后开车。
I ____ my father the car after drinking.
知识点链接 例句
①stop sb. from doing sth.阻止某人做某事 我们应该阻止村民们砍树。We should ___________ the villagers ___________ ___________ down trees.
②stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事情 听到门铃声，我停止了洗碗。Hearing the doorbell, I stop_______________ the dishes.
③stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事情 听到门铃声，我停下来去开门。Hearing the doorbell, I stop _________ _________ the door.
被动语态(一)
一、 语态概述：
英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。
1. 主动语态：主语是动作的执行者。
Students clean the classroom every day.
( clean的动作是由主语students来执行的。)
2. 被动语态：主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。
The classroom is cleaned by students every day. 教室每天会被学生打扫。
(主语the classroom是动词clean的承受者。)
二、被动语态的构成：
被动语态的基本结构是“助动词be+动词的过去分词”，助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与连系动词be完全一样。变为否定式时，只需在助动词后面加上not即可。
形式 句型结构 例句
一般现在时的被动语态 主语＋am/is/are＋及物动词的过去分词＋(by＋人代宾格)＋其他 Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world. 世界上越来越多的人说汉语。
一般过去时的被动语态 主语＋be动词的一般过去时(was/were)＋及物动词的过去分词＋(by＋人代宾格)＋其他 This bridge was built ten years ago.这座桥被建于十年前。
一般将来时的被动语态 (1)主语＋shall/will be＋及物动词的过去分词＋(by＋人代宾格)＋其他(2)主语＋be going to be＋及物动词的过去分词＋(by＋人代宾格)＋其他 A new school will be built next year.明年一所新的学校将会被建起来。More factories are going to be built in my hometown. 我的家乡会建更多的工厂。
三、被动语态的用法：
1. 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。
This watch is made in China. 这块手表是在中国制造的。
2. 强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。
Many houses were washed away by the flood.许多房子被洪水冲走了。
2. 强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。
The work will be finished on time. 工作将会被按时完成。
3. 说话或发表意见时，为了显得客观公正，也常常用被动语态。
It is said that ... 据说……
It is reported that ... 据报道……
It is believed that ... 人们相信……
It is hoped that ... 希望……
4. 有些动词习惯上只用于被动语态。
I was born in Guangdong Province. 我出生于广东省。
四、主动语态变被动语态的方法：
1. 主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
2. 主动语态的谓语动词由主动语态形式变为被动语态形式：助动词be+动词的过去分词。虽然其人称和数随主语的变化而变化，但动词的时态保持不变。
3. 主动结构的主语变为介词by的宾语，组成介宾短语，放在被动结构的谓语动词之后。在无须说明动作的执行者或只强调动作的承受者时，by短语可以省略。
主动语态：My father repaired the car yesterday.
被动语态：The car was repaired by my father yesterday.
被动语态(二)
一、含有情态动词的被动语态：
含有情态动词的主动语态变为被动语态时，要把主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态中的主语；主动语态中的谓语动词变为“情态动词+助动词be+动词的过去分词”；主动语态中的主语变为介词by的宾语,放在句尾(如果不强调动作的执行者，by短语常常可以省略)。
二、含有情态动词的被动语态的基本结构：
形式 结构 例句
肯定形式 动作承受者+情态动词+be+动词的过去分词 16-year-old teenagers shouldn’t be allowed to drive. 十六岁的青少年不应该被允许开车。
否定形式 动作承受者+情态动词+not+be+动词的过去分词 The tree cannot be planted here. 这棵树不能种植在这里。
一般疑问句形式 情态动词+动作承受者+be+动词的过去分词 Your homework must be finished today.你的作业今天必须完成。
肯定回答 Yes, 动作承受者的人代主格+情态动词 —Should the classroom be cleaned？教室应该被打扫吗？—Yes, it should. 是的，应该。
否定回答 No, 动作承受者的人代主格+情态动词+not —Must the report be handed in today 这本报告今天必须上交吗？—No, it needn’t. 不，没有必要。
三、现在完成时的被动语态：
主动语态表示主语为动作的执行者；被动语态表示主语为动作的承受者。现在完成时的被动语态强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，但主语为动作的承受者，表示“……已经被……”。
四、现在完成时的被动语态的基本结构：
形式 结构 例句
肯定形式 动作承受者+has/have+been+动词的过去分词 Wild animals have been protected by laws these years.这些年来野生动物被法律保护着。
否定形式 动作承受者+has/have+not+been+动词的过去分词 Those books have not been paid. 那些书还没付款。
一般疑问句形式 Has/Have+动作承受者+been+动词的过去分词 Has the computer been repaired 这台电脑修好了吗？
肯定回答 Yes, 动作承受者的人代主格+has/have —Have the windows been cleaned 这些窗户擦了吗？—Yes, they have. 是的，擦了。
否定回答 No, 动作承受者的人代主格+has/have+not —Has the tree been watered 这棵树浇水了吗？—No, it has not. 不，还没有。
【典例1】（2021深圳中考）
When he was little, he __________ (influence) by his mother who was interested in literature.
【答案】was influenced
【解析】本题考查时态和语态。根据句意，在他很小的时候，他受到了对文学感兴趣的母亲的影响。由空后的by his mother,及空前的When he was little,可知空处应填入一般过去时的被动语态：was/were done,主语为he,所以填入was influenced,表示被影响。故答案为：was influenced。
【典例2】（2021广州中考）
这款机器人是由一位十岁的小学生发明的。
This robot _________ __________ by a ten-year-old pupil.
【答案】was invented
【解析】根据题干，可知此处是被动语态。时态是一般过去时，主语是单数，接was+过去分词。
【考点突破】
1. Our school library _______ with plants, lovely desks and chairs, so I feel relaxed while studying or reading there. (2021江苏南京)
A. decorates B. decorated C. is decorated D. was decorating
2. --- It was amazing that Huoshenshan Hospital ______ in such a short time at the beginning of 2020.
--- Yes. That’s China Speed. (2020辽宁营口)
A. built B. is built C. was built D. has built
3. That machine is broken. It ________ tomorrow. (2020天津)
A. repaired B. was repaired C. will repair D. will be repaired
4. --- Do you need any help (2020湖北武汉)
--- No, thanks. We a lot of support since last year.
A. have offered B. have been offered C. were offered D. were offering
5. Waste paper shouldn’t everywhere. It’s our duty to keep our city clean.
A. throw B. be thrown C. is thrown D. are thrown
一、用所给单词的适当形式填空
1. We _______________ (invite) to the concert by Peter last week.
2. When __________the remote control __________ (buy)
3. The homework _________________ (finish) by my little brother soon.
4. Thousands of bikes __________ (make)in the factory every year.
5. The poor dog ____________ (hit) by a car yesterday.
6. A fashion show ________________ (hold) next Saturday at the school hall.
7. The first computer _______________ (invent) by Charles Babbage.
8. —Is the environment good around your city
—Yes. Many trees ____________ (plant) every year.
9. The streets are dirty this morning because they ________________ (clean) after the night market closed.
10. None of them knew about the plan because it _____________ (keep) as a secret.
二、用所给单词的适当形式填空
1. The gift for her birthday ______________ (must/buy) today.
2. A lot of trees ________________ (plant) by them since then.
3. All the preparations for the meeting ______________ (complete), and we are ready to start.
4. The lost cat __________________ (not/find) so far.
5. The lady is badly hurt in the accident. She __________ (must/send) to the hospital at once.
6. The plants in the park ___________________ (should/water) every day.
7. The Moon usually _________________ (can/not/see) in the daytime.
8. Should the shopping bags ____________ (use) in the shopping mall
9. The exercise _______________ (should/do) after class by students.
10. Children under 5 _______________ (can/take) to the cinema by their parents for free.
三、语法填空
A
Paper cutting is a(n) 1.___________ (tradition) Chinese folk art with a long history.
Paper cuttings 2.___________(use) during festivals to decorate gates and windows. The main cutting tools are simple: paper and scissors or a knife. Clever craftsmen (手艺人) are very good at 3.___________(cut) in the theme of daily life. When you look at works created by paper cutting 4.___________(careful), you will 5.___________(amaze) by the true-to-life expression of the figure’s appearance and thoughts.
Although other art forms, like painting, can show similar scenes, paper cutting still stands out for its beautiful lines and patterns 6.______________are all hand-made. Learning about cutting a piece of paper 7.________(be) easy but mastering (精通) 8._______ is very difficult. One must hold the knife upright (竖直地) and press on the paper without much strength. Any carelessness will lead 9._________ damage to the whole image. Craftsmen try 10.___________ (create) a circle like the moon, a straight line like a stem (干) of wheat, and a square like a brick. They have to be careful and keep practising to make the scenes seem as alive as possible.
B
Momoko Sakura (三浦美纪), writer of Chibi Maruko-chan series (《樱桃小丸子》), died of cancer on 15 Aug, 2018 in Japan. She was only 53. “I feel so sad about her 1.___________ (die), which came too early. 2.___________ the bright smile of Maruko-chan and her friends will keep shining in the minds of readers from kids to adults,” wrote Aida, the editor-in-chief of Ribbon, in a statement 3.___________ (post) on the magazine’s website.
Sakura’s cartoon series proved to be 4.___________ (extreme) popular in the 1980s. The animation series became a great success in the 1990s. The 5._________(one) theme song of the series, Odoru Ponpokorin (《大家来跳舞》), also became 6.________ hit, selling more than 1.73 million copies.
Chibi Maruko-chan 7.___________(love) around the world. Not like most cartoon characters—she’s a bit lazy and doesn’t like 8.___________(do) her homework. Many interesting stories happen at home or at school. Her family members and classmates have a lot of fun in their daily lives. She has a lot of humorous sayings as well.
The animation series has 9.___________(be) on in more than 60 countries and regions throughout the world. The little girl reminds audience 10.________ their happy childhood moments.
四、单项选择
1. You need to be ready ____________ the competition.
A. for B. to C. at D. of
2. -- The monkeys are so happy.
-- Yes. And they are jumping ____________.
A. down B. up C. up and down D. down and up
3. ____________ he is 4 years old, he can play the piano very well.
A. But B. Although C. Because D. If
4. A family picture ____________ on the wall in the living room.
A. hangs B. hanged C. is hanged D. is hung
5. Many trees and flowers ____________ next year to make Guangzhou more beautiful.
A. will plant B. will be planted C. will planted D. being plant
6. She appears _________ enough time to finish the job.
A. to have B. have C. having D. had
7. American English is different __________ British English.
A. for B. from C. with D. in
8. --- How often do I need to feed the dog
--- It ________ food every day, or it will be hungry.
A. must give B. must be give C. must be given D. must be giving
9. He said so loudly ________ everyone could hear him clearly.
A. for B. that C. to D. as
10. People’s life began to get better _________.
A. in the early 1990s B. in the early 1990
C. at the early 1990s D. at the early 1990
五、根据下列句子及所给单词的首字母写出所缺单词。
1. David does exercise to keep f________.
2. The film is interesting. I am sure it will a_______ a lot of people.
3. This n_________ is used to catch fish.
4. With the help of satellites, news can r_________ every corner of the world.
5. You can’t swim or d__________ in the Dead Sea.
6. Do you like the c_______ called Tom and Jerry
7. The dove is used as a s________ of peace.
8. The tie m_______ your shirt. And it only costs 10 dollars.
9. My favourite movie s_________ is Tom Cruise.
10. I am in the school football t_________ We play football every day.
六、根据所给的汉语内容,用英语完成下列句子。
1. 政府将给多达3000 人提供食物。
The government will provide food for_________ _________3,000 people.
2. 我们必须在太阳出来之前出发。
We must _________ _________before the Sun comes out.
3. 请避免在天黑以后独自外出。
Please avoid going out alone______ ______.
4. 机不可失,时不再来。
Time or opportunity lost will return_________ _________.
5. 鲍勃一直都很忙。
Bob has been busy_________ _________ _________.
6. 她最后选中了一件红色的外套。
She ________ _________a red coat at last.
7. 你们今晚和哪个足球队比赛
Which football team will you _________ _______tonight
8. 谢天谢地! 我们都安全了。
___________________! We are all safe.
9. 天气预报说明天天晴。
The _______ ________says it will be sunny tomorrow.
10. 如果你努力,你就会成功。
You will______ _________if you try.
11. 小船随着海浪上下颠簸。
The boat went _________ _________ _________the waves.
12. 惊讶使她瞪大了眼睛。
The surprise made her eyes_________ _________.
重点单词
重点短语
语言考点梳理
语法精讲精练
目标导练
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中考一轮复习
牛津版（深圳广州）
第十四讲 八年级下Units 3--4
1.下潜 __________
2.准备好 __________
3.吸引， 使喜爱 __________
4.悬挂，吊 __________
5.健壮的，健康的 __________
6.幸运 __________
ready
attract
hang
fit
luck
dive
重点单词
7.大小 _____________
8.简单的 _____________
9.迷人的，可爱的 _____________
10.虽然，尽管_____________
11.描述 _____________
12.到达，抵达_____________
13.需要，依靠_____________
size
simple
lovely
although
describe
reach
require
14.说明，形容 _____________
15.渔民 _____________
16.网 _____________
17.鸬鹚 _____________
18.柱；杆；桩 _____________
19.从事 _____________
20.用具；器具_____________
description
fisherman
net
cormorant
post
practise
tool
21.剪刀 _____________
22.图案 _____________
23.文字；人物；角色 _____________
24.健康_____________
25.婚礼；婚礼庆典 _____________
26.生面团 _____________
27.卡通片；动画片 _____________
scissors
pattern
character
health
wedding
dough
cartoon
28.录制；录音 _____________
29.基本的，基础的 _____________
30.段；步；步骤 _____________
31.友好的， 和善的 _____________
32.显得，看来；似乎 _____________
33.演员 _____________
34.与……相配 _____________
record
basic
stage
pleasant
appear
actor
match
35.播放 _____________
36.明星；体坛高手_____________
37.队 _____________
38.分别地， 单独地_____________
39.警告；警示 _____________
40.角色扮演 _____________
41.符号 _____________
play
star
team
separately
warning
role-play
symbol
42.泡；气泡 _____________
43.心思；思想 _____________
44.粗略的 _____________
45.速写；概述 _____________
46.程序_____________
47.效果 _____________
48.详细的；细致的_____________
thought
bubble
rough
sketch
program
effect
detailed
49.得分 _____________
50.神秘 _____________
51.岛 _____________
52.暴风雨 _____________
53.夹克衫；短上衣 _____________
54.海浪；波浪；波涛 _____________
score
mystery
island
storm
jacket
wave
1. 剪纸 ________________
2. 到达(某数量、程度等)；至多有 ________________
3. 出发；动身 ________________
4. 为……准备好……_____________________
5. 阻止……做某事 _______________________________
6. 起伏；上下波动 ________________
paper cutting
up to
set off
get … ready for …
stop/keep/prevent … from doing sth.
up and down
重点短语
7. 天黑后；黄昏后 ________________
8. 扔进 ________________
9. 不再；再也不 ________________
10. (在某段时间内)一直；始终 ________________
11. 连环漫画 _____________
12. (眼睛)(因激动、惊奇)张大;睁大；瞪起___________
13. 决定；选定_________________
after dark
throw into
no more
all the time
comic strip
pop out
decide on
14. 摄像机 ________________
15. 同……比赛 ____________________
16. 天气预报 ____________________
17. 救生衣 _____________________
18. 谢天谢地_____________________
19. 获得成功 _____________________
play against
video camera
weather forecast
life jacket
thank goodness
make it
考点1. fit adj.健壮的；健康的
例句：Although he is over 65, he is very fit and still enjoys working. 尽管他已年过65岁了，但他身体很好，仍然喜 欢工作。(8B U3)
练习：我们很健康，因为我们经常踢足球。
We ___ ____ ___because we often play football.
are very fit
语言考点梳理
知识点链接 例句
①keep fit 保持健康 我们可以通过锻炼来保持健康。
We can by doing exercise.
②(近)healthy adj. 健康的 每天吃水果和蔬菜是健康的。
fruit and vegetables every day.
keep healthy/fit
It’s healthy to eat
知识点链接 例句
③fit v.适合 I think this coat fits you very well.我觉得这件外套很 你。
适合
考点2. pleasant adj.友好的；和善的；文雅的
例句：Sarah is a pleasant girl.
莎拉是个友善的女孩。(8B U4)
练习：这位文雅的女士来自意大利。
The lady comes from Italy.
pleasant
知识点链接 例句
①pleasant adj. 令人愉快的；舒适的 We had a pleasant weekend.
我们度过了一个 周末。
②(近) friendly adj. 友好的 be friendly to sb. 对某人友好 露西对同学们都很友好。
Lucy her classmates.
is friendly to
愉快的
知识点链接 例句
③pleased adj. 感到高兴的；满意的 be pleased with sth. 对某事/物感到满意 莉莉对考试成绩感到非常满意。
Lily very
her exam results.
pleased with
is/was
考点3. stop v.停止
例句：He ties a piece of grass around their necks to stop them from eating big fish. 他在他们的脖子上扎了一圈草，以阻止他们吃大鱼。 (8B U3)
练习：我阻止了我的爸爸在酒后开车。
I my father the car after drinking.
stopped from driving
知识点链接 例句
①stop sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事 我们应该阻止村民们砍树。
We should the villagers
down trees.
②stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事情 听到门铃声，我停止了洗碗。
Hearing the doorbell, I stop .
the dishes.
③stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事情 听到门铃声，我停下来去开门。
Hearing the doorbell, I stop .
the door.
stop
from cutting
washing
to
open
被动语态(一)
一、 语态概述：
英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。
1. 主动语态：主语是动作的执行者。
Students clean the classroom every day. 学生每天打扫教室。(clean的动作是由主语students来执行的。)
语法精讲精练
2. 被动语态：主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。
The classroom is cleaned by students every day. 教室每天会被学生打扫。(主语the classroom是动词clean的承受者。)
二、被动语态的构成：
被动语态的基本结构是“助动词be+动词的过去分词”，助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与连系动词be完全一样。变为否定式时，只需在助动词后面加上not即可。
形式 句型结构 例句
一般现在时的被动语态 主语＋am/is/are＋及物动词的过去分词＋(by＋人代宾格)＋其他 Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world. 世界上越来越多的人说汉语。
形式 句型结构 例句
一般过去时的被动语态 主语＋be动词的一般过去时(was/were)＋及物动词的过去分词＋(by＋人代宾格)＋其他 This bridge was built ten years ago.
这座桥被建于十年前。
形式 句型结构 例句
一般将来时的被动语态 (1)主语＋shall/will be＋及物动词的过去分词＋(by＋人代宾格)＋其他 (2)主语＋be going to be＋及物动词的过去分词＋(by＋人代宾格)＋其他 A new school will be built next year.
明年一所新的学校将会被建起来。
More factories are going to be built in my hometown. 我的家乡会建更多的工厂。
三、被动语态的用法：
1. 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。
This watch is made in China.
这块手表是在中国制造的。
2. 强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。
Many houses were washed away by the flood.
许多房子被洪水冲走了。
3. 说话或发表意见时，为了显得客观公正，也常常用被动语态。
It is said that ... 据说……
It is reported that ... 据报道……
It is believed that ... 人们相信……
It is hoped that ... 希望……
4. 有些动词习惯上只用于被动语态。
I was born in Guangdong Province. 我出生于广东省。
四、主动语态变被动语态的方法：
1. 主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
2. 主动语态的谓语动词由主动语态形式变为被动语态形式：助动词be+动词的过去分词。虽然其人称和数随主语的变化而变化，但动词的时态保持不变。
3. 主动结构的主语变为介词by的宾语，组成介宾短语，放在被动结构的谓语动词之后。在无须说明动作的执行者或只强调动作的承受者时，by短语可以省略。
主动语态：My father repaired the car yesterday.
被动语态：The car was repaired by my father yesterday.
被动语态(二)
一、含有情态动词的被动语态：
含有情态动词的主动语态变为被动语态时，要把主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态中的主语；主动语态中的谓语动词变为“情态动词+助动词be+动词的过去分词”；主动语态中的主语变为介词by的宾语,放在句尾(如果不强调动作的执行者，by短语常常可以省略)。
二、含有情态动词的被动语态的基本结构：
形式 结构 例句
肯定形式 动作承受者+情态动词+be+动词的过去分词 16-year-old teenagers shouldn’t be allowed to drive. 十六岁的青少年不应该被允许开车。
否定形式 动作承受者+情态动词+ not+be+动词的过去分词 The tree cannot be planted here. 这棵树不能种植在这里。
一般疑问句形式 情态动词+动作承受者+be+动词的过去分词 Your homework must be finished today.
你的作业今天必须完成。
形式 结构 例句
肯定回答 Yes, 动作承受者的人代主格+情态动词 —Should the classroom be cleaned？教室应该被打扫吗？
—Yes, it should. 是的，应该。
否定回答 No, 动作承受者的人代主格+情态动词+not —Must the report be handed in today 这本报告今天必须上交吗？
—No, it needn’t. 不，没有必要。
三、现在完成时的被动语态：
主动语态表示主语为动作的执行者；被动语态表示主语为动作的承受者。现在完成时的被动语态强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，但主语为动作的承受者，表示“……已经被……”。
形式 结构 例句
肯定形式 动作承受者+has/have+ been+动词的过去分词 Wild animals have been protected by laws these years.
这些年来野生动物被法律保护着。
否定形式 动作承受者+has/ have+not+been+动词的过去分词 Those books have not been paid. 那些书还没付款。
四、现在完成时的被动语态的基本结构：
形式 结构 例句
一般疑问句形式 Has/Have+动作承受者+been+动词的过去分词 Has the computer been repaired 这台电脑修好了吗？
肯定回答 Yes, 动作承受者的人代主格+has/have —Have the windows been cleaned 这些窗户擦了吗？
—Yes, they have. 是的，擦了。
否定回答 No, 动作承受者的人代主格+has/have+not —Has the tree been watered 这棵树浇水了吗？
—No, it has not. 不，还没有。
【典例1】（2021深圳中考）
When he was little, he ______________ (influence)
by his mother who was interested in literature.
was influenced
by his mother,及空前的When he was little,可知空处应填入一般过去时的被动语态
【典例2】（2021广州中考）
这款机器人是由一位十岁的小学生发明的。
This robot _________ __________ by a ten-year-old pupil.
可知此处是被动语态。时态是一般过去时。
was invented
1. Our school library _______ with plants, lovely desks and chairs, so I feel relaxed while studying or reading there.
(2021江苏南京)
A. decorates B. decorated
C. is decorated D. was decorating
【解析】本题考查被动语态。主语Our school library和decorate是被动关系,所以此处应用被动语态,故选C。
【考点突破】
C
2. --- It was amazing that Huoshenshan Hospital ______ in such a short time at the beginning of 2020.
--- Yes. That’s China Speed. (2020辽宁营口)
A. built B. is built
C. was built D. has built
【解析】本题考查时态和语态。Huoshenshan Hospital与动词build是被动关系,故用被动语态。时间状语at the beginning of 2020表示过去,故用一般过去时的被动语态。故选C。
C
3. That machine is broken. It ________ tomorrow.
(2020天津)
A. repaired B. was repaired C. will repair D. will be repaired
【解析】句意:那台机器坏了。它明天将被修好。本题考查动词的时态和语态。It指代上文提到过的That machine,与repair为被动关系,故此处需用被动语态。由tomorrow可知,此处应该用一般将来时的被动语态,故答案为D项。
D
4. --- Do you need any help (2020湖北武汉)
--- No, thanks. We a lot of support since last year.
A. have offered B. have been offered C. were offered D. were offering
【解析】本题考查被动语态。由本句的时间状语since last year可知此处应该用现在完成时,故排除C、D。本句中动词offer与主语We为被动关系,由此可知应用被动语态,故本题选择B。
B
5. Waste paper shouldn’t everywhere. It’s our duty to keep our city clean.
A. throw B. be thrown
C. is thrown D. are thrown
【解析】 此题考查语态。Waste paper 与动词throw为被动关系,“废纸被乱扔”,因此此处应用被动语态, 又因为情态动词shouldn’t 后面接动词原形,故答案为B。
B
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第十四讲 八年级下 Units 3-4
1.下潜 dive
2.准备好ready
3.吸引， 使喜爱 attract
4.悬挂，吊 hang
5.健壮的，健康的 fit
6.幸运 luck
7.大小 size
8.简单的 simple
9.迷人的，可爱的 lovely
10.虽然，尽管 although
11.描述 describe
12.到达，抵达 reach
13.需要，依靠 require
14.说明，形容 description
15.渔民 fisherman
16.网 net
17.鸬鹚 cormorant
18.柱；杆；桩 post
19.从事 practise
20.用具；器具 tool
21.剪刀 scissors
22.图案 pattern
23.文字；人物；角色 character
24.健康 health
25.婚礼；婚礼庆典 wedding
26.生面团 dough
27.卡通片；动画片 cartoon
28.录制；录音 record
29.基本的，基础的 basic
30.段；步；步骤 stage
31.友好的， 和善的 pleasant
32.显得，看来；似乎 appear
33.演员 actor
34.与……相配 match
35.播放 play
36.明星；体坛高手 star
37.队 team
38.分别地， 单独地separately
39.警告；警示 warning
40.角色扮演 role-play
41.符号 symbol
42.泡；气泡 bubble
43.心思；思想 thought
44.粗略的 rough
45.速写；概述 sketch
46.程序 program
47.效果 effect
48.详细的；细致的 detailed
49.得分score
50.神秘 mystery
51.岛 island
52.暴风雨 storm
53.夹克衫；短上衣 jacket
54.海浪；波浪；波涛 wave
1. 剪纸 paper cutting
2. 到达(某数量、程度等)；至多有up to
3. 出发；动身 set off
4. 为……准备好……get ready for
5. 阻止……做某事 stop… from doing sth.
6. 起伏；上下波动 up and down
7. 天黑后；黄昏后 after dark
8. 扔进 throw into
9. 不再；再也不 no more
10. (在某段时间内)一直；始终 all the time
11. 连环漫画 comic strip
12. (眼睛)(因激动、惊奇)张大;睁大；瞪起pop out
13. 决定；选定decide on
14. 摄像机 video camera
15. 同……比赛 play against
16. 天气预报 weather forecast
17. 救生衣 life jacket
18. 谢天谢地 thank goodness
19. 获得成功 make it
考点1. fit adj.健壮的；健康的
例句：Although he is over 65, he is very fit and still enjoys working.
尽管他已年过65岁了，但他身体很好，仍然喜欢工作。(8B U3)
练习：我们很健康，因为我们经常踢足球。
We are very fit because we often play football.
知识点链接 例句
①keep fit 保持健康 我们可以通过锻炼来保持健康。We can keep healthy/ fit by doing exercise.
②(近)healthy adj. 健康的 每天吃水果和蔬菜是健康的。It’s healthy to eat fruit and vegetables every day.
③fit v.适合 I think this coat fits you very well.我觉得这件外套很适合你。
考点2. pleasant adj.友好的；和善的；文雅的
例句：Sarah is a pleasant girl.
莎拉是个友善的女孩。(8B U4)
练习：这位文雅的女士来自意大利。
The pleasant lady comes from Italy.
知识点链接 例句
①pleasant adj.令人愉快的；舒适的 We had a pleasant weekend.我们度过了一个愉快的周末。
②(近) friendly adj. 友好的be friendly to sb. 对某人友好 露西对同学们都很友好。Lucy is friendly to her classmates.
③pleased adj.感到高兴的；满意的be pleased with sth. 对某事/物感到满意 莉莉对考试成绩感到非常满意。Lily is/was very pleased with her exam results.
考点3. stop v.停止
例句：He ties a piece of grass around their necks to stop them from eating big fish.
他在他们的脖子上扎了一圈草，以阻止他们吃大鱼。 (8B U3)
练习：我阻止了我的爸爸在酒后开车。
I stopped my father from driving the car after drinking.
知识点链接 例句
①stop sb. from doing sth.阻止某人做某事 我们应该阻止村民们砍树。We should stop the villagers from cutting down trees.
②stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事情 听到门铃声，我停止了洗碗。Hearing the doorbell, I stop washing the dishes.
③stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事情 听到门铃声，我停下来去开门。Hearing the doorbell, I stop to open the door.
被动语态(一)
一、 语态概述：
英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。
1. 主动语态：主语是动作的执行者。
Students clean the classroom every day.
( clean的动作是由主语students来执行的。)
2. 被动语态：主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。
The classroom is cleaned by students every day. 教室每天会被学生打扫。
(主语the classroom是动词clean的承受者。)
二、被动语态的构成：
被动语态的基本结构是“助动词be+动词的过去分词”，助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与连系动词be完全一样。变为否定式时，只需在助动词后面加上not即可。
形式 句型结构 例句
一般现在时的被动语态 主语＋am/is/are＋及物动词的过去分词＋(by＋人代宾格)＋其他 Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world. 世界上越来越多的人说汉语。
一般过去时的被动语态 主语＋be动词的一般过去时(was/were)＋及物动词的过去分词＋(by＋人代宾格)＋其他 This bridge was built ten years ago.这座桥被建于十年前。
一般将来时的被动语态 (1)主语＋shall/will be＋及物动词的过去分词＋(by＋人代宾格)＋其他(2)主语＋be going to be＋及物动词的过去分词＋(by＋人代宾格)＋其他 A new school will be built next year.明年一所新的学校将会被建起来。More factories are going to be built in my hometown. 我的家乡会建更多的工厂。
三、被动语态的用法：
1. 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。
This watch is made in China. 这块手表是在中国制造的。
2. 强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。
Many houses were washed away by the flood.许多房子被洪水冲走了。
3. 说话或发表意见时，为了显得客观公正，也常常用被动语态。
It is said that ... 据说……
It is reported that ... 据报道……
It is believed that ... 人们相信……
It is hoped that ... 希望……
4. 有些动词习惯上只用于被动语态。
I was born in Guangdong Province. 我出生于广东省。
四、主动语态变被动语态的方法：
1. 主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
2. 主动语态的谓语动词由主动语态形式变为被动语态形式：助动词be+动词的过去分词。虽然其人称和数随主语的变化而变化，但动词的时态保持不变。
3. 主动结构的主语变为介词by的宾语，组成介宾短语，放在被动结构的谓语动词之后。在无须说明动作的执行者或只强调动作的承受者时，by短语可以省略。
主动语态：My father repaired the car yesterday.
被动语态：The car was repaired by my father yesterday.
被动语态(二)
一、含有情态动词的被动语态：
含有情态动词的主动语态变为被动语态时，要把主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态中的主语；主动语态中的谓语动词变为“情态动词+助动词be+动词的过去分词”；主动语态中的主语变为介词by的宾语,放在句尾(如果不强调动作的执行者，by短语常常可以省略)。
二、含有情态动词的被动语态的基本结构：
形式 结构 例句
肯定形式 动作承受者+情态动词+be+动词的过去分词 16-year-old teenagers shouldn’t be allowed to drive. 十六岁的青少年不应该被允许开车。
否定形式 动作承受者+情态动词+not+be+动词的过去分词 The tree cannot be planted here. 这棵树不能种植在这里。
一般疑问句形式 情态动词+动作承受者+be+动词的过去分词 Your homework must be finished today.你的作业今天必须完成。
肯定回答 Yes, 动作承受者的人代主格+情态动词 —Should the classroom be cleaned？教室应该被打扫吗？—Yes, it should. 是的，应该。
否定回答 No, 动作承受者的人代主格+情态动词+not —Must the report be handed in today 这本报告今天必须上交吗？—No, it needn’t. 不，没有必要。
三、现在完成时的被动语态：
主动语态表示主语为动作的执行者；被动语态表示主语为动作的承受者。现在完成时的被动语态强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，但主语为动作的承受者，表示“……已经被……”。
四、现在完成时的被动语态的基本结构：
形式 结构 例句
肯定形式 动作承受者+has/have+been+动词的过去分词 Wild animals have been protected by laws these years.这些年来野生动物被法律保护着。
否定形式 动作承受者+has/have+not+been+动词的过去分词 Those books have not been paid. 那些书还没付款。
一般疑问句形式 Has/Have+动作承受者+been+动词的过去分词 Has the computer been repaired 这台电脑修好了吗？
肯定回答 Yes, 动作承受者的人代主格+has/have —Have the windows been cleaned 这些窗户擦了吗？—Yes, they have. 是的，擦了。
否定回答 No, 动作承受者的人代主格+has/have+not —Has the tree been watered 这棵树浇水了吗？—No, it has not. 不，还没有。
【典例1】（2021深圳中考）
When he was little, he __________ (influence) by his mother who was interested in literature.
【答案】was influenced
【解析】本题考查时态和语态。根据句意，在他很小的时候，他受到了对文学感兴趣的母亲的影响。由空后的by his mother,及空前的When he was little,可知空处应填入一般过去时的被动语态：was/were done,主语为he,所以填入was influenced,表示被影响。故答案为：was influenced。
【典例2】（2021广州中考）
这款机器人是由一位十岁的小学生发明的。
This robot _________ __________ by a ten-year-old pupil.
【答案】was invented
【解析】根据题干，可知此处是被动语态。时态是一般过去时，主语是单数，接was+过去分词。
【考点突破】
1. Our school library _______ with plants, lovely desks and chairs, so I feel relaxed while studying or reading there. (2021江苏南京)
A. decorates B. decorated C. is decorated D. was decorating
【答案】C
【解析】本题考查被动语态。主语Our school library和decorate是被动关系,所以此处应用被动语态,故选C。
2. --- It was amazing that Huoshenshan Hospital ______ in such a short time at the beginning of 2020.
--- Yes. That’s China Speed. (2020辽宁营口)
A. built B. is built C. was built D. has built
【答案】C
【解析】本题考查时态和语态。句意:——2020年年初,火神山医院在如此短的时间内建成,这太令人惊讶了。——是的。那是中国速度。Huoshenshan Hospital与动词build是被动关系,故用被动语态。时间状语at the beginning of 2020表示过去,故用一般过去时的被动语态。故选C。
3. That machine is broken. It ________ tomorrow. (2020天津)
A. repaired B. was repaired C. will repair D. will be repaired
【答案】D
【解析】句意:那台机器坏了。它明天将被修好。本题考查动词的时态和语态。It指代上文提到过的That machine,与repair为被动关系,故此处需用被动语态。由tomorrow可知,此处应该用一般将来时的被动语态,故答案为D项。
4. --- Do you need any help (2020湖北武汉)
--- No, thanks. We a lot of support since last year.
A. have offered B. have been offered C. were offered D. were offering
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查被动语态。句意:——你们需要帮助吗 ——不,谢谢。我们从去年起被给予了许多支持。由本句的时间状语since last year可知此处应该用现在完成时,故排除C、D。本句中动词offer与主语We为被动关系,由此可知应用被动语态,故本题选择B。
5. Waste paper shouldn’t everywhere. It’s our duty to keep our city clean.
A. throw B. be thrown C. is thrown D. are thrown
【答案】B
【解析】此题考查语态。Waste paper 与动词throw为被动关系,“废纸被乱扔”,因此此处应用被动语态, 又因为情态动词shouldn’t 后面接动词原形,故答案为B。
一、用所给单词的适当形式填空
1. We _______________ (invite) to the concert by Peter last week.
2. When __________the remote control __________ (buy)
3. The homework _________________ (finish) by my little brother soon.
4. Thousands of bikes __________ (make)in the factory every year.
5. The poor dog ____________ (hit) by a car yesterday.
6. A fashion show ________________ (hold) next Saturday at the school hall.
7. The first computer _______________ (invent) by Charles Babbage.
8. —Is the environment good around your city
—Yes. Many trees ____________ (plant) every year.
9. The streets are dirty this morning because they ________________ (clean) after the night market closed.
10. None of them knew about the plan because it _____________ (keep) as a secret.
二、用所给单词的适当形式填空
1. The gift for her birthday ______________ (must/buy) today.
2. A lot of trees ________________ (plant) by them since then.
3. All the preparations for the meeting ______________ (complete), and we are ready to start.
4. The lost cat __________________ (not/find) so far.
5. The lady is badly hurt in the accident. She __________ (must/send) to the hospital at once.
6. The plants in the park ___________________ (should/water) every day.
7. The Moon usually _________________ (can/not/see) in the daytime.
8. Should the shopping bags ____________ (use) in the shopping mall
9. The exercise _______________ (should/do) after class by students.
10. Children under 5 _______________ (can/take) to the cinema by their parents for free.
三、语法填空
A
Paper cutting is a(n) 1.___________ (tradition) Chinese folk art with a long history.
Paper cuttings 2.___________(use) during festivals to decorate gates and windows. The main cutting tools are simple: paper and scissors or a knife. Clever craftsmen (手艺人) are very good at 3.___________(cut) in the theme of daily life. When you look at works created by paper cutting 4.___________(careful), you will 5.___________(amaze) by the true-to-life expression of the figure’s appearance and thoughts.
Although other art forms, like painting, can show similar scenes, paper cutting still stands out for its beautiful lines and patterns 6.______________are all hand-made. Learning about cutting a piece of paper 7.________(be) easy but mastering (精通) 8._______ is very difficult. One must hold the knife upright (竖直地) and press on the paper without much strength. Any carelessness will lead 9._________ damage to the whole image. Craftsmen try 10.___________ (create) a circle like the moon, a straight line like a stem (干) of wheat, and a square like a brick. They have to be careful and keep practising to make the scenes seem as alive as possible.
B
Momoko Sakura (三浦美纪), writer of Chibi Maruko-chan series (《樱桃小丸子》), died of cancer on 15 Aug, 2018 in Japan. She was only 53. “I feel so sad about her 1.___________ (die), which came too early. 2.___________ the bright smile of Maruko-chan and her friends will keep shining in the minds of readers from kids to adults,” wrote Aida, the editor-in-chief of Ribbon, in a statement 3.___________ (post) on the magazine’s website.
Sakura’s cartoon series proved to be 4.___________ (extreme) popular in the 1980s. The animation series became a great success in the 1990s. The 5._________(one) theme song of the series, Odoru Ponpokorin (《大家来跳舞》), also became 6.________ hit, selling more than 1.73 million copies.
Chibi Maruko-chan 7.___________(love) around the world. Not like most cartoon characters—she’s a bit lazy and doesn’t like 8.___________(do) her homework. Many interesting stories happen at home or at school. Her family members and classmates have a lot of fun in their daily lives. She has a lot of humorous sayings as well.
The animation series has 9.___________(be) on in more than 60 countries and regions throughout the world. The little girl reminds audience 10.________ their happy childhood moments.
四、单项选择
1. You need to be ready ____________ the competition.
A. for B. to C. at D. of
2. -- The monkeys are so happy.
-- Yes. And they are jumping ____________.
A. down B. up C. up and down D. down and up
3. ____________ he is 4 years old, he can play the piano very well.
A. But B. Although C. Because D. If
4. A family picture ____________ on the wall in the living room.
A. hangs B. hanged C. is hanged D. is hung
5. Many trees and flowers ____________ next year to make Guangzhou more beautiful.
A. will plant B. will be planted C. will planted D. being plant
6. She appears _________ enough time to finish the job.
A. to have B. have C. having D. had
7. American English is different __________ British English.
A. for B. from C. with D. in
8. --- How often do I need to feed the dog
--- It ________ food every day, or it will be hungry.
A. must give B. must be give C. must be given D. must be giving
9. He said so loudly ________ everyone could hear him clearly.
A. for B. that C. to D. as
10. People’s life began to get better _________.
A. in the early 1990s B. in the early 1990
C. at the early 1990s D. at the early 1990
五、根据下列句子及所给单词的首字母写出所缺单词。
1. David does exercise to keep f________.
2. The film is interesting. I am sure it will a_______ a lot of people.
3. This n_________ is used to catch fish.
4. With the help of satellites, news can r_________ every corner of the world.
5. You can’t swim or d__________ in the Dead Sea.
6. Do you like the c_______ called Tom and Jerry
7. The dove is used as a s________ of peace.
8. The tie m_______ your shirt. And it only costs 10 dollars.
9. My favourite movie s_________ is Tom Cruise.
10. I am in the school football t_________ We play football every day.
六、根据所给的汉语内容,用英语完成下列句子。
1. 政府将给多达3000 人提供食物。
The government will provide food for_________ _________3,000 people.
2. 我们必须在太阳出来之前出发。
We must _________ _________before the Sun comes out.
3. 请避免在天黑以后独自外出。
Please avoid going out alone______ ______.
4. 机不可失,时不再来。
Time or opportunity lost will return_________ _________.
5. 鲍勃一直都很忙。
Bob has been busy_________ _________ _________.
6. 她最后选中了一件红色的外套。
She ________ _________a red coat at last.
7. 你们今晚和哪个足球队比赛
Which football team will you _________ _______tonight
8. 谢天谢地! 我们都安全了。
___________________! We are all safe.
9. 天气预报说明天天晴。
The _______ ________says it will be sunny tomorrow.
10. 如果你努力,你就会成功。
You will______ _________if you try.
11. 小船随着海浪上下颠簸。
The boat went _________ _________ _________the waves.
12. 惊讶使她瞪大了眼睛。
The surprise made her eyes_________ _________.
【答案】
一、
1. were invited
2. was, bought
3. will be finished
4. are made
5. was hit
6. will be held
7. was invented
8. are planted
9. weren’t cleaned
10. was kept
二、
1. must be bought
2. have been planted
3. have been completed
4. has not been found
5. must be sent
6. should be watered
7. cannot be seen
8. be used
9. should be done
10. can be taken
三、
A
1. traditional
2. re used
3. cutting
4. carefully
5. be amazed
6. which/that
7. is
8. it
9. to
10. to create
B
1. death
2. But
3. posted
4. extremely
5. first
6. a
7. is loved
8. doing
9. been
10. of
四、1-5 ACBDB 6-10 ABCBA
五、
1. fit
2. attract
3. net
4. reach
5. dive
6. cartoon
7. symbol
8. matches
9. star
10. team
六、
1. up to
2. set off
3. after dark
4. no more
5. all the time
6. decided on
7. play against
8. Thank goodness
9. weather forecast
10. make it
11. up and down
12. pop out
重点单词
重点短语
语言考点梳理
语法精讲精练
目标导练
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