2022届高考英语二轮复习：阅读理解细节理解题 导学案
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| 名称 | 2022届高考英语二轮复习：阅读理解细节理解题 导学案 |  | |
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2022-01-02 09:57:04 | ||
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2022届高考英语二轮复习：细节理解题 导学案
细节理解题在英语高考阅读理解中占了较大的比重，但此类题型相对比较简单，只需要根据题干中的关键词，回到原文定位信息区间，稍加比对，就能得出答案。因此，对于这类题目要力求读得快、找得准、答得对，力争不丢分，保住基本分才能得高分。
一、细节理解题的分类
在考题中，答题信息可以直接在文中获取的，我们称之为直接信息题，这类试题主要出现在每年每套题的阅读理解A篇的信息类文本中。
需要对文中两个或多个信息点进行归纳概括的，我们称之为归纳概括题。
正确选项是对文中信息进行了同义转换，我们称之为语意转换题。
需要对文中提供的数字进行简单计算才可得出答案的，我们称之为数字计算题。
二、解题方法与步骤（根据题干定位很重要！！！！）
不论哪类细节题，我们在弄清题目所问之后，第一步，在题干中选定定位词(如专有名词、数字、缩略词，以及能体现问题中心的名词或动词等)；第二步，用选定的定位词(一般用1或2个)去文中寻找答题信息句，即信息定位；第三步，仔细阅读找到的信息句及其上下句，将信息句与各选项比较，选出正确答案。即“一定二找三比较”。
三、高考真题实践
1．直接信息题→定位题干信息
解题关键：阅读题干，找准关键词 ☆速读文章，寻找题干关键词 ☆比对选项与原文
广告、演出信息、航班时间表等应用文的阅读，不必阅读全文，宜采用“题干定位”法。先看题目，从题干中提取关键信息，采用速读技巧快速定位，仔细比对选项与文中细节，确定答案。
［典型例题］2021年全国甲卷 21题
Take a view, the Landscape（风景）Photographer of the Year Award, was the idea of Charlie Waite, one of today’s most respected landscape photographers. Each year, the high standard of entries has shown that the Awards are the perfect platform to showcase the very best photography of the British landscape. Take a view is a desirable annual competition for photographers from all corners of the UK and beyond.
◇Who would most probably enter for Take a view
Writers B.Photographers C.Painters D.Tourists
点拨：第一步，读题干，确定Take a view为定位词。第二步，用定位词文中找到Take a view is a desirable annual competition for photographers from all corners of the UK and beyond. 可知，对于来自英国和世界各地的摄影师来说，Take a view是一项令人向往的年度比赛。第三步，对比各项只有B项正确
［对点练习］1. 2020年新高考Ⅰ卷·2
3 Grand Prizes: Trip to Washington, D.C. for each of three winners, a parent and one other person of the winner’s choice. Trip includes round-trip air tickets, hotel stay for two nights, and tours of the National Air and Space Museum and the office of National Geographic World.
6 First Prizes: The book Sky Pioneer: A Photobiography of Amelia Earhart signed by author Corinne Szabo and pilot Linda Finch.
50 Honorable Mentions: Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners, who will each receive a T-shirt in memory of Earhart’s final flight.
◇What will each of the honorable mention winners get
A. A plane ticket. B. A book by Corinne Szabo.
C. A special T-shirt. D. A photo of Amelia Earhart.
2.2020年全国Ⅰ卷·22
Train Information
All customers travelling on TransLink services must be in possession of a valid ticket before boarding. For ticket information, please ask at your local station or call 13 12 30.
While Queensland Rail makes every effort to ensure trains run as scheduled，there can be no guarantee of connections between trains or between train services and bus services.
Lost property (失物招领)
Call Lost Property on 13 16 17 during business hours for items lost on Queensland Rail services. The lost property office is open Monday to Friday 7:30 am to 5:00 pm and is located (位于) at Roma Street station.
◇ At which station can you find the lost property office
Altandi. B. Roma Street. C. Varsity Lakes. D. Fortitude Valley.
2、间接信息题（语意转换）→同义互释转换
解题关键：阅读题干，找准关键词 ☆扫读原文，锁定信息 ☆用同义、近义或反义的语言转换
间接信息题相比直接信息题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。在做间接信息题时，要做到“两关注”“一防范”。“两关注”是指关注正确选项的两个特征：一是同义词替换或释义，即把文中语言(词汇和结构)改头换面，来表达相同的意思；二是对文章信息的归纳。“一防范”是指防范干扰选项的逼真性，稍有不慎就会落入命题人设置的陷阱中。因此，在做细节理解间接信息题时，要根据所找信息，分析选项，对比其中所用词汇，避免误选答案。必要时要对原文信息进行归纳，然后比对选项，进而选出正确答案。
［典型例题］2020年全国Ⅰ卷·33
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have taken it a step further—changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. “We're thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,” explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
◇ What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineers
A. To detect plants' lack of water. B. To change compositions of plants.
C. To make the life of plants longer. D. To test chemicals in plants.
点拨：由第二句 “These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they're short of water”可知，这些传感器是用来检测植物是否缺水的。故选A项，lack of water与be short of water同义。
［对点练习］1.(2020年全国Ⅱ卷·26)
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of the children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls.
◇ How do boys differ from girls in puzzle play
A. They play with puzzles more often.
B. They tend to talk less during the game.
C. They prefer to use more spatial language.
D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
2.(2018年全国Ⅱ卷·25)
Many of us love July because it’s the month when nature’s berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.
Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C…
When combined with berries or slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter.
Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.
◇Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas
To make them smell better. B. To keep their colour.
C.To speed up their ripening. D. To improve their nutrition.
3.数字计算题：“加减乘除”巧破解
解题关键：阅读题干，找准关键词 查找段落，划定信息 计算数据，整合分析
一般涉及年龄、时间、价格、距离等的简单计算。一般而言，数字计算题只要找到原文出处，经过简单换算就可找出正确答案，但命题者往往会采取偷换概念、变更细节等手段设置干扰项，考生若不仔细比较，很容易失分。
解题方式：一定：将题干中的数字、名词等确定为定位词
二找：在文中找到相关数据 三运算：将相关数据进行计算，选出答案
特殊词： 40%off (打6折), fortnight两周,dozen 十二，score二十,decade 十年，
one out of five=one in five 五个当中有1个， free of charge=for free免费，discount折扣
［典型例题］2020年新高考Ⅰ卷·1
Prizes
3 Grand Prizes: Trip to Washington, D.C. for each of three winners, a parent and one other person of the winner’s choice. Trip includes round-trip air tickets, hotel stay for two nights, and tours of the National Air and Space Museum and the office of National Geographic World.
◇ How many people can each grand prize winner take on the free trip
A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Six.
点拨：根据Prizes部分中的“Trip to Washington, D.C. for each of three winners, a parent and one other person of the winner’s choice.”可知，每位获奖者都可以带一名家长和另一名由获奖者选择的人员。因此，每位获奖者可以带两个人，故选A项。
［对点练习］(2018年全国Ⅲ卷·25)
…In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30,000.
Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. …For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.
◇ What do we know about those who first dug for gold in Dawson
A. Two-thirds of them stayed there. B. One out of five people got rich.
C. Almost everyone gave up. D. Half of them died.
4. 归纳概括题
［典型例题］2020年新高考Ⅰ卷·4
Mauer, of Edgar, Wisconsin, grew up on a farm in a family of 10 children. Her dad worked at a job away from the farm, and her mother ran the farm with the kids. After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her tuition (学费), because there was no extra money set aside for a college education. After graduation, she worked to help her sisters and brothers pay for their schooling.
◇ What did Jennifer do after high school
A. She helped her dad with his work. B. She ran the family farm on her own.
C. She supported herself through college. D. She taught her sisters and brothers at home.
点拨：根据选段中的“After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her tuition, because there was no extra money set aside for a college education.”可知，高中毕业后，珍妮弗上了一所当地的技术学院,靠打工来支付学费，因为家里没有额外的钱用来支付大学教育。由此可见，珍妮弗高中毕业后自食其力上大学，故选C项。
［对点练习］(2020年新高考Ⅱ卷·32)
Rainforests are home to a rich variety of medicinal plants, food, birds and animals. Can you believe that a single bush (灌木丛) in the Amazon may have more species of ants than the whole of Britain! About 480 varieties of trees may be found in just one hectare of rainforest.
◇ What can we learn about rainforests from the first paragraph
A. They produce oxygen. B. They cover a vast area.
C. They are well managed. D. They are rich in wildlife.
5. 课外作业：完成衡水金卷3-6页的EFGHIJK(35分钟完成)
细节理解题在英语高考阅读理解中占了较大的比重，但此类题型相对比较简单，只需要根据题干中的关键词，回到原文定位信息区间，稍加比对，就能得出答案。因此，对于这类题目要力求读得快、找得准、答得对，力争不丢分，保住基本分才能得高分。
一、细节理解题的分类
在考题中，答题信息可以直接在文中获取的，我们称之为直接信息题，这类试题主要出现在每年每套题的阅读理解A篇的信息类文本中。
需要对文中两个或多个信息点进行归纳概括的，我们称之为归纳概括题。
正确选项是对文中信息进行了同义转换，我们称之为语意转换题。
需要对文中提供的数字进行简单计算才可得出答案的，我们称之为数字计算题。
二、解题方法与步骤（根据题干定位很重要！！！！）
不论哪类细节题，我们在弄清题目所问之后，第一步，在题干中选定定位词(如专有名词、数字、缩略词，以及能体现问题中心的名词或动词等)；第二步，用选定的定位词(一般用1或2个)去文中寻找答题信息句，即信息定位；第三步，仔细阅读找到的信息句及其上下句，将信息句与各选项比较，选出正确答案。即“一定二找三比较”。
三、高考真题实践
1．直接信息题→定位题干信息
解题关键：阅读题干，找准关键词 ☆速读文章，寻找题干关键词 ☆比对选项与原文
广告、演出信息、航班时间表等应用文的阅读，不必阅读全文，宜采用“题干定位”法。先看题目，从题干中提取关键信息，采用速读技巧快速定位，仔细比对选项与文中细节，确定答案。
［典型例题］2021年全国甲卷 21题
Take a view, the Landscape（风景）Photographer of the Year Award, was the idea of Charlie Waite, one of today’s most respected landscape photographers. Each year, the high standard of entries has shown that the Awards are the perfect platform to showcase the very best photography of the British landscape. Take a view is a desirable annual competition for photographers from all corners of the UK and beyond.
◇Who would most probably enter for Take a view
Writers B.Photographers C.Painters D.Tourists
点拨：第一步，读题干，确定Take a view为定位词。第二步，用定位词文中找到Take a view is a desirable annual competition for photographers from all corners of the UK and beyond. 可知，对于来自英国和世界各地的摄影师来说，Take a view是一项令人向往的年度比赛。第三步，对比各项只有B项正确
［对点练习］1. 2020年新高考Ⅰ卷·2
3 Grand Prizes: Trip to Washington, D.C. for each of three winners, a parent and one other person of the winner’s choice. Trip includes round-trip air tickets, hotel stay for two nights, and tours of the National Air and Space Museum and the office of National Geographic World.
6 First Prizes: The book Sky Pioneer: A Photobiography of Amelia Earhart signed by author Corinne Szabo and pilot Linda Finch.
50 Honorable Mentions: Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners, who will each receive a T-shirt in memory of Earhart’s final flight.
◇What will each of the honorable mention winners get
A. A plane ticket. B. A book by Corinne Szabo.
C. A special T-shirt. D. A photo of Amelia Earhart.
2.2020年全国Ⅰ卷·22
Train Information
All customers travelling on TransLink services must be in possession of a valid ticket before boarding. For ticket information, please ask at your local station or call 13 12 30.
While Queensland Rail makes every effort to ensure trains run as scheduled，there can be no guarantee of connections between trains or between train services and bus services.
Lost property (失物招领)
Call Lost Property on 13 16 17 during business hours for items lost on Queensland Rail services. The lost property office is open Monday to Friday 7:30 am to 5:00 pm and is located (位于) at Roma Street station.
◇ At which station can you find the lost property office
Altandi. B. Roma Street. C. Varsity Lakes. D. Fortitude Valley.
2、间接信息题（语意转换）→同义互释转换
解题关键：阅读题干，找准关键词 ☆扫读原文，锁定信息 ☆用同义、近义或反义的语言转换
间接信息题相比直接信息题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。在做间接信息题时，要做到“两关注”“一防范”。“两关注”是指关注正确选项的两个特征：一是同义词替换或释义，即把文中语言(词汇和结构)改头换面，来表达相同的意思；二是对文章信息的归纳。“一防范”是指防范干扰选项的逼真性，稍有不慎就会落入命题人设置的陷阱中。因此，在做细节理解间接信息题时，要根据所找信息，分析选项，对比其中所用词汇，避免误选答案。必要时要对原文信息进行归纳，然后比对选项，进而选出正确答案。
［典型例题］2020年全国Ⅰ卷·33
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have taken it a step further—changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. “We're thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,” explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
◇ What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineers
A. To detect plants' lack of water. B. To change compositions of plants.
C. To make the life of plants longer. D. To test chemicals in plants.
点拨：由第二句 “These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they're short of water”可知，这些传感器是用来检测植物是否缺水的。故选A项，lack of water与be short of water同义。
［对点练习］1.(2020年全国Ⅱ卷·26)
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of the children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls.
◇ How do boys differ from girls in puzzle play
A. They play with puzzles more often.
B. They tend to talk less during the game.
C. They prefer to use more spatial language.
D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
2.(2018年全国Ⅱ卷·25)
Many of us love July because it’s the month when nature’s berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.
Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C…
When combined with berries or slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter.
Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.
◇Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas
To make them smell better. B. To keep their colour.
C.To speed up their ripening. D. To improve their nutrition.
3.数字计算题：“加减乘除”巧破解
解题关键：阅读题干，找准关键词 查找段落，划定信息 计算数据，整合分析
一般涉及年龄、时间、价格、距离等的简单计算。一般而言，数字计算题只要找到原文出处，经过简单换算就可找出正确答案，但命题者往往会采取偷换概念、变更细节等手段设置干扰项，考生若不仔细比较，很容易失分。
解题方式：一定：将题干中的数字、名词等确定为定位词
二找：在文中找到相关数据 三运算：将相关数据进行计算，选出答案
特殊词： 40%off (打6折), fortnight两周,dozen 十二，score二十,decade 十年，
one out of five=one in five 五个当中有1个， free of charge=for free免费，discount折扣
［典型例题］2020年新高考Ⅰ卷·1
Prizes
3 Grand Prizes: Trip to Washington, D.C. for each of three winners, a parent and one other person of the winner’s choice. Trip includes round-trip air tickets, hotel stay for two nights, and tours of the National Air and Space Museum and the office of National Geographic World.
◇ How many people can each grand prize winner take on the free trip
A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Six.
点拨：根据Prizes部分中的“Trip to Washington, D.C. for each of three winners, a parent and one other person of the winner’s choice.”可知，每位获奖者都可以带一名家长和另一名由获奖者选择的人员。因此，每位获奖者可以带两个人，故选A项。
［对点练习］(2018年全国Ⅲ卷·25)
…In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30,000.
Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. …For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.
◇ What do we know about those who first dug for gold in Dawson
A. Two-thirds of them stayed there. B. One out of five people got rich.
C. Almost everyone gave up. D. Half of them died.
4. 归纳概括题
［典型例题］2020年新高考Ⅰ卷·4
Mauer, of Edgar, Wisconsin, grew up on a farm in a family of 10 children. Her dad worked at a job away from the farm, and her mother ran the farm with the kids. After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her tuition (学费), because there was no extra money set aside for a college education. After graduation, she worked to help her sisters and brothers pay for their schooling.
◇ What did Jennifer do after high school
A. She helped her dad with his work. B. She ran the family farm on her own.
C. She supported herself through college. D. She taught her sisters and brothers at home.
点拨：根据选段中的“After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her tuition, because there was no extra money set aside for a college education.”可知，高中毕业后，珍妮弗上了一所当地的技术学院,靠打工来支付学费，因为家里没有额外的钱用来支付大学教育。由此可见，珍妮弗高中毕业后自食其力上大学，故选C项。
［对点练习］(2020年新高考Ⅱ卷·32)
Rainforests are home to a rich variety of medicinal plants, food, birds and animals. Can you believe that a single bush (灌木丛) in the Amazon may have more species of ants than the whole of Britain! About 480 varieties of trees may be found in just one hectare of rainforest.
◇ What can we learn about rainforests from the first paragraph
A. They produce oxygen. B. They cover a vast area.
C. They are well managed. D. They are rich in wildlife.
5. 课外作业：完成衡水金卷3-6页的EFGHIJK(35分钟完成)